AbstractâPlug-in office electronic equipment are generally accepted as more challenging in the field of nonintrusive appliance load monitoring (NILM) due to ...
Electronic Circuit Survey for Office Load Monitoring and Identification Dawei He, Liang Du, Ronald Harley, Thomas Habetler
Yi Yang
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, US
Innovation Center Eaton Corporation Milwaukee, WI
Abstract—Plug-in office electronic equipment are generally accepted as more challenging in the field of nonintrusive appliance load monitoring (NILM) due to the similar characteristics of these loads. This paper presents the results of a survey of front-end DC power supply circuit topologies and electrical operation principles for the most popular plug-in office electronic equipment. The front-end topologies study forms the base to analyze the validity of the steady state features used in the previous research. This analysis helps to identify redundant features and drive to an optimized feature selection from the power electronics' point of view. The electrical operation principles study shows the necessity and feasibility of additional features that can be used to compensate the limitation of applying only steady state features for the load identification.
I.
INTRODUCTION
ELECTRICITY consumption in the building sector accounts for about 75% of the total electricity generation in the U.S [1]. Of the primary electricity used by commercial buildings, about 37% is consumed by plug-in loads, and the plug-in loads’ end-use is anticipated to grow by 78% between 2008 and 2030 [2]. Among all the plug-in loads, office electronic equipment, defined as those loads with dc/dc converter and working power usage below 75 watts shown in Figure 1, attracts the most attention due to the total large electricity consumption and continuous growth. An energy saving solution based on automatic identification of Plug-in loads is proposed to provide finer granularity information about the energy consumption of Plug-in loads by device types (classes) and operating status, and therefore to allow the building owners to make optimized and actionable energy operating decisions. Furthermore, this work also serves the foundation of demand side management in a smart grid. However, due to the complexity and nuance of devices and appliances in this category, it is often challenging, if not impossible, to distinguish the loads are very similar, e.g. DVD players, set-top boxes, and PC monitors, etc. These loads often have similar consumption patterns in terms of wattage, sinusoidal and resistive in nature, as shown in
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Table I. This paper addresses this problem by first studying the front-end topologies of such loads as listed in Table I Table I A LIST OF OFFICE ELECTRONIC LOADS AND THEIR FEATURES Features Name of Loads PC (Laptop) ( 30W
Small
MFD/Printer/Scanner
> 45W
Large
PC Monitor
> 45W
Small
Hard Drive
< 15W
Small
V.
Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory under Award Number DE-EE0003911 and Eaton Corporation. REFERENCES [1] [2]
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CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
An in-depth survey and study of power supply circuit topologies has been conducted in this research, and this paper presents the results of the survey and preliminary analysis. The analysis shows that the traditional steady state features are often redundant and also inefficient to address the load classification and identification problem, especially for electronic devices. A more efficient and optimized feature space is desired in the further analysis of circuit topology. It is also recognized by the authors that the steady state features alone are insufficient to distinguish the entire load. A more general electrical operation research and the user behavior research are needed to make NILM perform better. VI.
[5] [6]
[7]
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DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government.
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