Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=970993

Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=970993

BETWEEN ASBESTOSIS AND CLAIMS GENERATED BY LITIGATION

DISPARITIES SILICOSIS

SCREENINGS AND CLINICAL STUDIES Lester Brickman

CONTENTS

514

Introduction

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in textiles

involved

was

of

physicians

in-

material

involved

in

cement

involved

friction

Each X-ray was read by three chest The study found no cases This asbestos-related lung disease

N/A

459

asbes-

manufactur-

in

asbestos

10 were

8.1

35

factories

21 were

Taiwan

91

FORMOSAN 1138 1992

in

tos-related

with

as-

insulated

closets

individuals

146 had

in

224

34

15.2%

Small

irregular

opacities

which

unex

were

sepa rated for this analysis One of the two readers graded 31 X-rays with an ILO posed

populations

out

reading of

stud-

found

more than

and

The study included exposed

36

1/0

or higher

The average

used rounding

up

and of

the

the

other

two was

10

years

their

Delet

al

Interobserver

5-9

years pass

had

0-4

yrs pass

in Subjects

sification ferred

Clas-

the

since

exposure

unknown

Evaluation

in

asbestos

time

trade

Surveillance

et al

Diseases tion

and

of

clear

Trade

Sites

INDUS

was

Readers

were

and

169

54%

to

have

Readers

first

One

Reader

38% Reader Two found 36% and Reader Three found 178

1/0

or higher

results

were

The

Construc-

Workers

of Energy 43

at

Nu-

AM

MED 5592003

17

averaged

years

and

workers

most

available

for

workers

for

years

nary Disease

in

Pu/moBoilermak-

94% small

were

all

the

three

were

site

own

Reader

In

study

subsets

and

each

of site

workers had

its

ILO The

opacities

were

described

as

consistent

not

There

divided by

irregular

or

those

140

the

were

opacities

and

was

of

1/0

average

in trade

the

5.4%

trade

cians laborers

the

140

electri-

pipefitters

whom

2602

of con-

struction

time

Asbestos-Related

DOE

at the

categories

exposure

with

to

as-

bestos

for

data existed

average was in the

26.4

trade

Boilermakers/Welders

who averaged

18 years

534

34

6.4%

All

of

stitial

the

inter-

abnor-

this

independently

two Readers

each

253

three

in the

27.9

carpenters

et

found

the since

time

Workers

Respiratory

Among

Department

Demers

There

960-641990

De-

R.Y

200

42.6%

years and

32.6

average

469

to asbestos

exposure was

417

exposure

exposure

average

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB NO 90-108

meat

asbestos

silica

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VII INTL PNEUMOCONIOSES

at

had

52 had

Re-

Compensation

for

in

time

instances first

27

Of those included

Variability

ILO 1980

the

Using

42

exposure

had

was

dos

since

pass

first

read

The authors included

al

AM

ers

17

327

1990

MED

INDUS

in

trade examina-

the

were

tions

between

1986

the

Fis-

Construction and

Drywall et

Asbestos

INDUs

al

402

40

Exposure

HYGEINE

AM

Assoc

1979

workers

had

40.9%

10-14

ties

ex-

workers

had

were if ir-

opaci-

were

pre-

had

al

Findings

Respiratory

Among

From

suits vey

tronworkers

in the

ropolitan

New

York

Area

and

Identification

Hazards

BRIT

1991

Clinical

ReSur-

Met-

of Health

From Asbestos 48 INDUS MED 404

of

at

employed

at construction

sites

but not

routinely

asbestos

62.3% trade

for

been

over

had

using

in the

20 years

been

in the

14.4%

10-20 years had been in

trade

for

trade

under

years making in erage time years was

7.13%

Small

irregular

type

trade

years

AM

40

Of

the

1/0

or higher

or

or higher

Parenchymal

graphic

abnormalities

sema

positive the

INDUS

Cr prevalence

to that

found

by work-

insulation

ASSOC

HYGEINE

omitted with

individuals 17

had

had

exhibited

worked

60 had

of

readings of

readings

concomitant

consistent

also

1/1

radio

with

emphy

pleural for

The

20 years

abnor with

consistent

associated

MED

dry

of

population

53

more

bestos

that

features

changes or

positive

18

asbestos

407 footnote 62

22

35

similar

among

INDUS

av

mean la 25.7

62

out by

separated

positive

in this is

malities the

10 the

869

opacities

products had

22.8%

tency

tapers

ers

10

in the

were

consensus was

Results were

asbestosis

wall

which

results

of exposure

years

The authors note

over 26 years

Ironworkers

22.9

reached

the

once

20-

category

et

recorded

were

others

83.3%

Fis-

Five readers read

10-19

thus

chbein

11 N130 1/0 11-20 N255 1/07 20N1491/025

0-9

20-24 years 10 work-

in

out by yrs

separated

1/0

had

their

in

trade

15-19

years 26 workers

ers

were

Results

results

no explanation

offered

or

sent

31

years

Readings

regular

years of

in

conservative

but

lower zones

abnormal

28 workers

posure had

0-9

onset

the

45

19

workers

since

110

construction

Drywall trade

located

more

the

analysis

and

figuration

were

chbein

con-

irregular

1987

and

of

were

malities

conducted

at

effects

409

48

as-

BRIT

E.A

Asbestos-Related

Gaensler

Crocidolite

A.M

Filter

Goff

and

Paper

Disease

in

Plants

Workers

in

OF THE VIITH INTERNATIONAL

ture

PNEUMOCONIOSES

asbestos

filter

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB NO 90-108 at

397

of

1990

37.9%

manufacand

Asbestosrelated

radio

graphic

abnor

The X-rays were

read by two

readers

The X-rays were

read by two

Read

malities

Mixing

papers with

cellulose

cigarette

fil

ters 67 persons

ex

posed

77

en-

specialty

making

203

small

mills

in the

gaged

PROCEEDINGS

two

at

old paper

Chrysotile

to chrysotile

136 persons

to

exposed

crocidohte

E.A

Radiographic

Gaensler

et

al

of

Asbestosis

out Continued

PROCEEDINGS

Progression With

or With-

Exposure OF THE

in

Six

of workers

sets

were

studied

filter

paper

manufacturing

PNEUMOCONIOSES

electrical

at

386

1990

Irregular

14.4%

opacities

sumed

small

preasbesto-

sis

gasket

VIITH INTERNATIONAL

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB NO 90-108

254

manufac-

plant

turing

1764

shipyard

insulation

plant

sis

is

that

our impression

asbesto

Among

before 1950

exposed

first

study

that

disappearing disease

persons 47.6%

fibrosis had developed .. number decreased to 18.0% for 19501959 and among those first exposed after 1959 only 2.0% had developed as bestosis PROCEEDINGS OF THE

plant

board

manufacturing

The authors concluded confirmed

insulation

manufacturing

ers

plant

VIITH INTERNATIONAL PNEUMOCONIOSES 387 GarciaClosas

et

al

Asbestos-Related in Construction

27

AM

1995

INDUS

Diseases Carpenters

MED

115

Construction ters

55

506 other

welding

jobs

such

painting

repair average

time

in trade

graded

at

for the

as

or

3.2%

Small

opacities

brosis

fi-

Results were reached

to blind

20

higher

resulting

the

consistent

not graded

20

1/0

on

at

consensus

The study mixed with 1200

readers

X-rays were

groups others

based

by two

markings

with X-rays 1/0

20

interstitial

and

ship

individuals

631

carpen-

Millwrights

CONFERENCE

or

readers with higher

Interstitial

fibrosis are

not

but in the

31

years

the

age

for

those

who

were

Gitlin

et

al

Comparison

of

of Chest

Interpretations

Radiographs Related

Readers

11

Changes

RADIOLOGY

843

no

was

18.4

AcAD

2004

years

physicians

by

attorneys

Chest Radiographs jects

with

Abnormalities

ILO

Between tions 21

and

AM

in

Sub-

Asbestos-Related Comparison

Reading

MED

INDUS

855

1992

due

to

to

in

readings graded the

tradi-

non-

out

of

or higher

430

84

19.5%

1/0

or

and

the

most

lent

in the

and

fields

brosis

prevamid-

iower lung

fi-

asbestos-

related

jobs

radio-

graphic changes

fi-

since

ex

asbestos

was

opaci-

ties

higher

mean time first

Irregular

die

at

most

the

maintenance

posure

43.5

years

mean duration

of exposure

was

4.4

years Pleural

Hisanaga ai

et

Plaques

lar Opacities

diographs

on

and

Irregu-

Chest Ra-

Among

Con-

of

as

graded

84

the

men with lung

their

4.5%

cluded

at exposure occurred electrochemical indus-

the

abnormality

expo-

groups

brosis

readers read each

total readings

95.9%

recognized

tries

Six

the

1/0

or

original

of the

492

films

2952 The number at 1/0 total

is

2952 reads

higher

472

of

of from

calculated in-

492

the

reads were

litigation

1/0

at

asbestos

Exposed

for

opacities

parenchymal

alleg-

tionally

1/0

Small

repre-

with X-rays graded

Categoriza-

Clinical

4.5%

respiratory

sure et

22

retained

persons

senting

492

interpreted

by

changes

Hilt

plaques

pleural

Chest radiographs

ing

al

and

at 0/0

graded

had

previously

Asbestos

for

aver

was

Construction carpenters electricians

workers

plasterers steel-

6864

83

1.21%

32

showed ir

regular ties

and

opaci 51

Evaluation

of medical

and

was

conducted

to

history the

radiological

garded were

as

by side

were

asbestos-related

based

Reader

changes

on

and

one

consensus radiologist

This study

previously read

as

occupational

determine to

if

re

Results of

one

reading

reclassified

having

be

side

X-rays

condition

consistent

with an asbestiform mineral

exposure

using

the

ILO system

struction

Workers Pro-

frame

ceedings

of Ninth

Interna-

plumbers

on

others

tional

Conference

Diseases

Kyoto

opaci

ties

Japan

1997

J.M

Pulmonary

Hughes

Determinant

Weill

rounded

painters

Respiratory

cupational

286-89

Oc-

showed

workers

Induced

Fibrosis

Lung

Population Cement

Workers

as

of AsbestosCancer

in

of Asbestos

Workers

in

two

New

asbestos

Ce-

in

Orleans

839

79

9%

Small

This

opacities

is

ment plants mean age

ied

of those

read by

was

studied

follow-up

originally

45

years

908

study

examined

in

three

readers

the

results

median

the

using

population which

stud

The X-rays were

individuals

presented

of

1969

of

are

three

the

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE VIITH INTERNATIONAL PNEUMOCONIOSES

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB No 90-108 at Ia-

370

1990

Radiologic Changes

kobsson

et

al

in

As-

Cement Workers 52 OCCUPATIONAL ENvTL bestos

MED 201995

Blue

collar plant

median

time

years the

median

since

20%

Small

first

The X-rays were

irregular or

opacities

parenchymal abnormality

23.5

on

time

19.7

job was

36

workers

was

exposure

174

asbestos

cement

years

Median year of start of employment was 1951

and

the

read by

median

The study reported rays 174 of ers

The

ers

are

of

considered

unexposed

the

were

these

results

five

readings were results

exposed

29 unexposed separately

readers

used of

203

workworkin the

review

range 1920-1967 Jankovic Reger

Health

Hazard Evaluation

Report- United

Workers ion

International

NIOSH

MHETA 1989

Rubber

Investigation

87-017-1949

Tire the

Un-

workers United

Workers Union ticipants

yrs old

part

of

Rubber

study

were

par-

over

0.20%

Small

opacities

irregular

International

all

987

40

shape

and

dominantly the

pre in

lower lung

zones

The X-rays were and

in

the

median

read by

three

readings were

readers

used

Ka-

Studies

on

gamirnori

Categories

et al

niosis in

X-ray

Pneumoco-

Intl

nedy

et

tory

Diseases

pan

166-169

MED 673 K.H

Ku-

Interaction

burn

et al

Age and ing

in

and

AM

or

Chest

Insu-

INDUS

Current and

retired

construction

insula-

Cigarette

SmokRadioof

Diffuse

Fibrosis 80

MED

377

1986

Wives

of

had the

been

twenty and

their Interaction

Age ing

and

in

16

18.2%

employed

of Asbestos Cigarette

Producing

SmokRadio-

19

7.06%

Parenchymal

The X-rays were

fibrosis

two

was

or

had

opaci-

nary

more

pulmo-

fibrosis

lung changes

probably

For purposes

review are

being

read independently

of

typical

asbes-

tosis

metic average used

to

by

1986

five

of of

three

unex

of

An

exposed

the

interpret

separate

two

insulators

Kilburn

the

review

into

arith

was

physicians

X-rays

for

all

groups

only

in-

exposure brought

in

to

by

husbands

Insulators

419

73

17.4%

Small

irregular

opacities

The study uses diffuse fuse

the

e.g 80

fibrosis and

fibrosis

AM

dif

interchangea

MED

lung changes

diffuse pulmonary

asbestosis

terms

pulmonary

interstitial

Typical

377

this

the

bly See

MED

of

posed and two

Pulmonary

of Diffuse Fibrosis 80

of

broken

studies one

graphic Evidence

AM

for this

reevaluation

readers

study was

Diffuse

at

contact

initial

Irregular ties

for

years

this

269

workers

shipyard

asbestos

al

88

shipyard the

workers

the-home

Kil

However

older

women

et

criteria the

1/0

graded

1.35%

aged 50 years or

tors

with asbestos

burn

participants

used

their

K.H

the of

health

conducted

study

of subjects

was 67

of

results

in the

4959

were

X-rays was

chest

initial

number

higher

the

the

there

the

because

Ja-

of Asbestos

Producing

Pulmonary

In

of

physicians

1991

graphic Evidence

AM

1986

and

by

1997

Construction

20

lators

in

Respira-

Kyoto

reading

initial

agency

Abnormalities

Radiograph

Among

The

performed

Conference

Function

Lung

N/A

Proceedings

on Occupational

Ken-

812.68%

to

Exposure

Mineral Dusts

S.M

3024

workers

dust

Japan

With

Workers

Japanese

Ninth

in

Classification

Occupational

of

Mineral

in

Changes for

of

377

asbestosis

fibrosis.

K.H

Ku-

burn

et

at

Interaction

and

Age

in

ing

of Asbestos

Smok-

Cigarette

Radio-

Producing

graphic Evidence

Diffuse

Fibrosis 80

Pulmonary

AM

of

MED

1986

377

Male shipyard workers 20 years or more from

260

107

Irregular

41.2%

ties

parenchy-

mal

asbestosis

shipyard

initial

employment and probable

con-

initial

with asbestos

tact

cruited

in

32 aged

had

profusion

or

more

1/0

Kit-

burn

Warshaw

Airway

Obstruction

bestosis

Studied in

Workers

in

in

As-

Shipyard

PROCEEDINGS

ployed

smokers

PNEUMOCONIOSES

mean age was

408

used

or

296

in ship

of

at 1/0

X-rays graded people

the

except

who had

or

never

asbestosis

interchangeably with diffuse

is

pul

106

Profusion

35.8%

irregular

in

of opaci-

The study or higher

refers as

to

ILO readings

of

1/0

asbestosis

ties

construction

ship

of those studied

1990

had than

age groups

higher percent

The term parenchymal

some

and

new

at

all

smoked

the

em-

mostly

OF THE VIITH INTERNATIONAL

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB No 90-108

For

71-85

oldest

monary fibrosis

Boilermakers

repair

by those

higher

higher

K.H

the numbers also who ever smoked and never

This study separated

smoked 1/0

20

71-85

62.5%

of

re-

of

1981

opaci-

the

52.5

the

years

mean amount of time of

to

exposure

tos

be

27.3

was

study

the

had

have

posed

to

for the

eligible

to

asbes

years

individual

ex

been

for at least

15

years

Koskinen

et

at

Abnormali-

Radiographic ties

Among

struction bestos

Finnish

Workers 24

industry

1998

HEALTH

WORK 109

550

asbestos

workers

study was

10 years

struction

and

in

534

2.8%

Small lung

irregular

opacities

indicative interstitial

limited

those employed least

18943

456 shipyard

workers workers

SCANDINAVIAN

ENVT

construction

17937

and As-

Shipyard

Industry

Con-

to

monary

of put-

criteria

opacities

for testing

clearly

tial

fibrosis

ing

mild

1/1

consistent

for at

bilateral

pleural

con-

indicating visceral

ii

was

positive

with

consistent

interstitial

findings

corn-

fibrosis

The

1/0

and

unilateral

or

fibrosis

with plaques

intersti

indicat

opacities

iii

findings

marked abnormalities of the known to be caused

pleura not

menced

work before

or

1980

year

in

work before 1980

number of

commenced

The

work before 1976 mean date of onset of was

exposure

mean duration was

ployment

asbestos

the

positive

au

the

who

individuals

were

three-quarters

4% 124

which

4133

the

or greater with

file

with an occupational

diagnosed of

1/0

as

on

are

that

way

determine

to

total

The

in

disease

asbestosis

was

26 years

duration

average

Of

screened

em

of

results

read

x-rays

calculations

thor

1960

the

consistent

findings

plaques

pleural

calculations

required

indus

in asbestos

try and

bilateral

study presented

or

iv

and

infection

with

commenced

yard and

year

by

ship

of

was

exposure

years

et

Lefante

An

al

Reader

Workers

Analysis of X-ray

Readers crease

Agreement Do Significantly

Reader

Reliability

Five

in-

Classification

Over

That of

Three

Readers in PROCEEDINGS OF THE VIITH INTERNATIONAL

the

employed

manufacture

man-made

1168

19

1.62%

Small

opacities

Five readers each

of

41 to

the

76

readers and

the

in this

used

from 19

read

The study presented

fibers

mean age was ranging

in

of

1/0

10.4% read

review

who read

one

the

all

the

least

X-rays of each

median which is Of the five readers the

most

higher and

or

the

results

positive

positive

the

one

read

who C..i

0.8%

read

PNEUMOCONIOSES

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB NO 90-108 at

S.M l.J likoff

Levin Se-

482

1990

RadiologicalAbnormalities

Custodians

and

York

Asbestos

Exposure

Among Custodians of the New York City Board of 31 ANNALS Education N.Y ACAD Sci 653 1991

City

Education

before

tween

New

66%

custodial

begun

tions

of

Board

of had

work

1965 examina-

were 1985

done

be

and

1987

660

105

16%

Parenchymal changes tent

with

films

mainly

asbes-

weeks tem by

tosrelated

X-ray

consis-

scarring

to

were

assess

later

Dr

first

re-read Irving

read

at the

quality and using Selikoff

the

site

few

ILO

sys

66%

these

20

had

Lillis

et

Radiographic in

ties

Active

and

Insulators

bestos

insulators

86.8%

had

Onset of Exposure

and

With

mal and

Pleural

AM

ParenchyFri

INDUS

retired

30

brosis

MED

asbestos testing in

19

1981

as-

2790

1683

Small

60.3%

opacities

or

years

more from onset of

Relationships

Dyspnea

20

From

of Duration

Smoking

earlier

years

Abnormali-

Asbestos

Effects

work

begun

30

at least

al

at least

onset of

exposure

possible

24%

had

since

years

ence

of

of

pres-

ing

showed

also

Study

contributes

of

severity

that

to the

smok

cigarette

and

prevalence

interstitial

fibrosis

intersti

pulmonary

fibrosis

performed between

cities

and

tial

mdithe

eating

exposure was

irregular

1983

1991 Metadilogkul

Occupational

Asbestosis

All

and

Related

factories

Su-

eases

panachart

posed

Asbestos

Among

Workers

To Asbestos

Ex-

1987

PROCEEDINGS

in

Thailand

Dis-

in the

workers

Ministry of that

used

24

5.2%

34

were

in

plus

OF THE VIITH

The study

defines

one

least

an-

ing

of

does

crite-

na

or greater

1/1

1/0

or

INTERNATIONAL

normalities

PNEUMOCONIOSES

cases

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB NO 90-108

plus

at

331

the

greater

31

of

subject

another

Thus

the

identify

the

al

et

read

or

the

study

number

of

without

other

34 were

possible

had

an

abnormality

x-ray

X-rays

of

Function Interstitial

Long-term tors

145

Radiographic

Fibrosis

Asbestos

AM

REV

in

2611

Insula-

1/0

were defi pneunmoconiosis cases the subject has reading of 1/1 The X-rays were read by two

nite

of Pulmonary to

ab

consistent

with

1990

Relationship

at

plus

readers Miller

ILO

an

as

or greater

other abnormality

not

graded

asbestosis

1/0

reading graded

or 1/0

other

process

N/A

either

1/1

Industry

asbestos

production

660

by

registered

Insulators enrolled

who were in the

on January who had at yrs

union 1967

least

from onset

2611

of

and

30 ex-

1557

Small

59.63%

opacities sistent

irregular

conwith

terstitial

monary

in-

pul fibrosis

All

films

Reader

were

Dr

read by Lilis

the

same

RESPIRATORY 263 Miller

DISEASE

to

Asbes-

Among Power Plant Workers 1990 unpub-

tos

lished

on

manuscript

Power ited

file

was

those for

or

subjects

they

all

20

R.L

Muret

al

of

Effects tions

Low

Concentra-

of Asbestos

graphic and Observations

in

285

1271

1971

on

those

was

Mur-

phy Jr

et

al

of

Effects tions

Low

of Asbestos

in

Pipe Coverers 285

and

1271

1971

Myint

Small Airway

Myint

Findings

at the

these

in

plaques

zero

more than was

readings

One

Reader

Reader

40%

45

found

sub-

pleural

5146% subjects

in

plaques

of

two

found

graded

review

pleural

and

jects

In

43.56%

X-ray readings study

cal

of

an

did

been

that

11

44 had

the

more than

of

and

employed

sis

their

on average for 17.1

21

Per

the

22.34%

the

study

an

epidemiologi

years

cal

MED

of

diagnosis

found

that

the

had

21

with slight

as-

asbes

6consistent

When

the

2/3

to

P30/1

and

the

1/0 3/2

The X-rays were

3/3

ILO categories 1/I

1/2

2/1

2/2

3/4

read by

three

readers

and

asbestosis

Con-

and

asbestosis

readings

10/0

above did

with

with moderately

asbestosis

with advanced

1none

w/ asbesto

consistent

4consistent

5consistent

tosis

number

by

consistent

ILO system was developed the authors added footnote of how to convert

as-

bestosis

94

not

3questionably

advanced of

coded

2abnormal

bestosis

diagnosis

asbestosis

found

had

Results were

to

epidemiologi-

employed

for

addition

the

mdi-

Shipyard

ENGL

trols

for this

found

opaci-

more than

44

and Epidemiologic

Observations

used

years

Pipefitters

Clinical

Radio-

Environmental graphic

R.T

fJoncentra-

101

studied

exposed

R.L

1/0

small

Two

Reader

opacities

The average

films

showed

1/0

1965

years 45

44.55% 30

0% with

by two

interpreted

One found

Reader and

1.75%

sub-

sequent

ties

more

or

each

average

for 17.4

MED

of

Readers

of

none

initial/

irregular

80%

shipyard

November

vidual

Shipyard

and Con-

ENGL

trols

in

thus

em-

in the

ployed

Epidemiologic

Pipe Coverers

30

the

were

Radiographs

asbes-

latency

Pipe coverers

Clinical

Radio-

Environmental

of

of

tosis

were

1982 worked in in

114 had

years

as-

definite

cases

years

1962 or before the

lim-

who were

to

exposed

more

No

.88%

114

workers

plant

identified

by

bestos

participation

with author

phy Jr

caused

in

1981-1983

Exposure

Benign

Tested

posure

1992

of as-

bestosis

Impairment Screening

of

Asbestos

workers

different

tradessheet

in

639

183 were

29% 1/1

or

The authors refer

to

the

This study included 70 re-

results

could

insulators

not be segregated

but for

the

use .1

639 Asbestos Exposure

Workers

History

with

of 20

yrs in PROCEEDINGS THE VIITH

OF

metal workers

pipefit-

ters

boil-

insulators

ermakers

ers

PNEUMOCONIOSES

subjects

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB No 90-108 at

375

be

to

been

and

oth-

to

of asbesto-

profusion

3/3

20 or

X-

in chest

between

have

for

exposed

as

dent

ray

included had

mci-

suits

sis

bricklayers

workers

iron

INTERNATIONAL

higher

1/1-

This study of

section

not

did

X-rays read

the

number

action

synergistic and

smoking

cigarette

the

identify

1/0

as

Results support of

in

insulator

in the

expo

asbestos

sure

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VILTH

more years.

INTERNATIONA

1990

PNEuM0c0NIO SES

CONFERENCE at

Ohar

et

Patterns

Changing

bestos-Induced

al

ease

Lung

CHEST

125

in

744

As-

Entry

Dis-

documented

2004

was

criteria

work-

asbestos

place

3383

were

expoof

9.2%

312

1/1

375

N/A

Chest

This study

higher

more

sure

latency

than

10 years and an

radiographs were

reader and reviewed

or

of

X-rays read

that

cigarette

abnormal

chest

X-ray

greater

consistent

with

the

opacities

tory

of

asbestos

his-

not

did

physician the

identify

smoking of

prevalence

number

The study found

1/0

as

read by

by

with

associated

is

parenchymal

expo

sure

Oksa al

et

Parenchymal Fibrosis

in

21

Workers

MED

561

and

Pleural

Construction

AM

1992

INDUS

Construction of

the

81% to

verified

asbestos

age duration sure

workers

437 studied

was

3.7

exposure the of

437

70

16%

were

1/1

higher

or

Small

irregular

99%

opacities of

the

time and

lung tial

were

cen-

the

the

eluded

of

intersti-

of

40%

those with

lung disease

typical

175

tween

and

parts

readings

in

dominantly low

individuals

had

The study

expo-

tral

and

437

gory

appeared

the

the

16%

pre-

aver-

years

Of

asbes

categories

reader

1/1

did 0/1

in the

in the

not and

0/1-1/0

cate

distinguish 1/0

or greater

The X-rays were

study 70

or higher

of 1/1

and are

be-

only

in

read by one

tos-related

ease

21

INDUS at

R.B et

Reger

al

Cases

of Alleged

Related

Asbestos-

Disease

Ra-

MED

OCCUPATIONAL

MED

564

N/A

read by

three

re-reading

of

X-rays were

as

study

was

had

that

condition

having

been

found

with an

as-

tos-related

mineral

ex-

legal

claims

jury

re-readings

consistent

bestiform

1990

1088

1.82%

439

previ-

designated

ously

32

Re-evaluation

diologic

Tireworkers

dis

AM

posure

had

that

disease for

been

The study

did

the

and

small

not

read not

A.Z

Roe-

Respiratory

skay

et al

bestos-Exposed ers 29 459

Health

AM

As-

in

Ironwork-

INDUS

MED

1996

in

gan

average

length

time

since

al

The

Relation

Among

Pul-

to

Plumbers

monary Function

Chest

welders

Roentgenographic

Abnor-

refrigeration

and

malities Status

Exposed

in

Smoking

an AsbestosCohort

138

AM

ers

irregular

opacities

0.8

the

the

to

spanned

basis

asbes

for filing

in

as

profusions

all

than 0/1

greater

identify

separately greater

must have

inclusion

validity

than

reads

of

is

been

0/1 the

very does

therefore the

readers independently

review evaluated

The lower of the two was The opacities bilateral were

X-rays

6.6% of

the

of

higher and

1/0

or

All

7.5%

half

the

and

upper

pipefitters

and

participants

years

the

oth

681

132

Parenchymal

19.38%

fibrosis

tti

in

7.5% with an ILO reading in 0.9% unilateral

in the

lower lung zones

cases were zones

extended

to

and the

The X-rays were

in

mid

also

1990

mean age

42.1

Two

the

selected

of

steamfitters

the

among was

Small

years

in trade

froml937

et

7.5%

years calendar

years

Rosen-

24.5

from

ranging 51.7

joining

was

38

Michi-

ironworkers

union

stock

547

Asbestos-exposed

their

affect

the

include

Oil

This

asbestos-related

an

total positive

number with

for

positive as

those with readings since

readers

439 X-rays

read by two readers

REV

RESPIRATORY DISEASE 272 1988 Rossiter

U.K

C.E

bestosis

Naval

mean duration trade

As-

Dockyards

Study

Survey

of

the

P.G

Aged 50-59 Yrs 36 BRIT

Sample

Population

MED

INDUS

281

UK

1979

in

who were

59 yrs old

Harries

years

workers

Shipyard the

in the

17.1

was

this

what

called

high expo-

the

3.85% 1/1

N/A

This study

or

of

were

separated

the

rest

did

not

X-rays read

trades

higher

they

from

trades

43

were

study

separated

sure

1117

50-

individuals

or

greater 31

and

exposure

The

laggers

were high exposure

results

39

viduals

High

sprayers

number

the

identify

1/0

as

12

30.8%

regular

graded

at 1/1

1078

mdi-

exposure

2.9% graded

at

1/1

or

greater Naval

Rossiter

Royal

C.E

Asbestosis

et

al

ject

Dockyards

Research

Nine-Year

Study of

Men

Asbestos

in

Follow-Up to

SOcY MED

ROYAL

gers

asbestos

men

and masons

of

U.K

port

about in

253

28

11%

were

lag-

store-

1/1

higher

using

or

Small

irregular radio-

opacities

graphic paren-

This study of

not

did

X-rays read

as

read independently

number

the

identify

each

1/0

X-ray was

readers

by

abnor

chymal

cement small

subgroup

1980

337

mostly sprayers

asbestos

Devonport 73

Dockyard

Pro-

Exposed

workers

Shipyard

malities

Devon workers

worked

one-half

high exposure

trades

Rubin

The

Ringen-

in

Use of Court Experts

Asbestos

F.R.D

bach

35

137

Litigation

1991

Plaintiffs

in asbestos

litigation

claiming

10

The courts

15.38%

perts

asbestos

nonmalignant related

65

illness

ex-

submitted

The court appointed to

perts

diagnoses

of

records

asbestosis

and

Though

did

not

list

X-

ray readings

plied were

review

the

including

read

assuming as

the

that

are

ten

X-rays not

diagnosed

sup-

X-rays

or higher because

1/0

claimants were

medical

re-reading

the X-ray readings

am

ex

medical

ten

plaintiffs

these

with asbesto

sis Saito al

et

Study

On

Associated

Among Shipyard

Asbestos-

Lung

Former

Diseases U.S

Workers

Naval in

Workers Naval

pan 62.1

in the

shipyard median

years

U.S

248

in Ja-

age was

divided

into

232

Small

93.5%

opacities small

irregular

and

nodular

opacities

Very only

high

results

asbestos

are

exposure

function

of

but

welding

also

sandblasting and other dusty ship

repair

and

br

building

work

work

not

in

tz1

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VIITFI INTERNATIONAL

two groups

Therefore

had

chymal

PNEUMOCONIOSES

tion

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PuB No 90-108 at

1990

362

Asbestos-Induced

Schwartz

Fibrosis

et.al

Lung

Function

REV

RESPIRATORY

DISEASE I.J

Selikoff

at

et

Impaired

AM

141

had Group mean job duration of

was

Merchant

tween

States

Seamen

INDUS

MED

47

292

25

of

1211

32.7

17%

Defined

asbes-

pro-

tosis as

of

as

Lilis

fusion

in

of

1/0

ers

in the

dustry

and to

Construction

in the

Canada

Asbestos

ARCHIVES

HEALTH

Work-

sea-

X-rays taken

united

In-

States

Relationship

Sheet-metal

3324

be-

556

Small

16.73%

opacities

and 1987

between

1986

irregular

The onset fore

1939

lung paren-

ied

Of

chyma

started

in the

215

Small

21.2%

radiological

and

1987 employed 35 years

least

ENVTL

duration from asbestos 39.5

in-

X-rays taken

Exposure

301991

1015

workers

construction

dustry

reread by two

was

1949

in the

for at

distinguishing

parenchymal

lation

brosis

onset of

tent

fi-

consis-

with

effects

of asbestos

years

based

Evaluation of

et

al

Occurrence

tosis

Among

of Asbes-

Insulation

Insulation

workers

from

unions

local

1117 in

422

Radiological

37.7%

change

as the

in to

Exposed

the

ILO

1996

which

results

of

that

this

145

to

Work-

Profusion Score

ENVTL MED this

study were

adjusted

with

individuals

included

Re

Radio-

An

references

were

1/0

al

et

Large

Asbestos

OCCUPATIONAL

in the

808

study

0/1

the

to

read

original

study

Of those years

and

0/1

Miller

Two

without

results

of

on

Fibrosis

graphic

1991 The

the

readings

of Spirometric Function

forces

53

had

49.5

individuals

This study presented

However

interstitial

was

ab-

occurred be exposure had almost 11% of those stud-

these

normalities

mean

exposure

opacities

of in

later

ings

Selikoff

10% sam-

other readers

1940 and employment between and only 8.1% had started in 1970

exclude

I.J

corn

or

1990

Sheet-Metal

as

fibrosis

parenchymal

greater

BRIT

Radiological Abnormalities

Among

profusion

paren

interpreted

One reader was used then pie

or Selikoff

was

years

marine

1985

206

mini-

years

Merchant

men

Marine

for

employed

mum

of

development

years

Sheet metal workers

Among

United

42.7

the

fibrosis

pneumoconiosis

years

trade

Radiological

Abnormalities

bined

33.2

1986 average time

1990

321

Asbestotic

Pleural

about

of

about

D.A

and

Group mean job dura-

studied

since

the

who had 40 onset

of

or

exposure

more there

Workers

ACAD

New York

United

in the

132

States

ANNALS

Scis 139

New

and

Jersey study was

1965

ducted

1117

in

1963

of

individuals

18.26%

ied

sole

con-

criteria

evidence

the

bestosis

more

or

since

onset

of

X-ray

those with

the

onset

in

to of

percent

abnormal

were

had 35

years

an abnormal

was

Among as-

pulmonary

stud-

of

of

was

94.2% that

X-ray readings

No ILO

10.4%

used This review

tern

was

pass

sults

of

expo-

X-rays using

the

Read by

Readers

uses

study which

later

since

years

reread

sys

re

the

these

ILO system

sure

Sheers et al

UK

Naval

bestosis

Dockyards

Study

Methods

in the

of Workers bestos

MED Silber-

schmid

et

al

favor

in Rail-

Using

Railway

with exposure

Year

bestos

ILO

1980

in

years sure

yrs

studied

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB No 90-108

was

Asbestos

Employed struction

and in

Disease

in

Building

Con-

MED

771

small

as

five

This study

did

number of X-rays read

the

identify

1/0

fibrosis

opacities

175

2112% were

as-

1/1

N/A

This study was

the

higher

operative

view

are

those

ation

of

that the

criteria in

same

in

twice

results

such

are

1981

used

stated

in the

cases

the

populations

and

because

re

reevalu

will

be

used This study did not identify the number of X-rays read as 1/0 The

those

of

done

The 1986

1986

or

rays

were

read by two

readers

72% 60 and

old

and

employed

pipefitin build-

construction

number

27

OCCUPATIONAL

ing

chymal

not

expo-

of

years

Plumbers ters

Pipefitters

mality paren-

mean age

the

between

70 yrs

Related

Plumbers

first

47%

65.1

were

abnor-

related

more than 30

for

PNEUMOCONIOSES

1990

Asbestosor

more

to

32%

for

WITH

381

1/1

higher

more than 40 since

studied

OF THE INTERNATIONAL

3%

in

employees

As-

Exposure-

20

were

exposed

heavily

with

drawn

those

of

674

United

stratified

was

sample

PROCEEDINGS

at

et

INDUS

Chest Radiographs

Classifi cation

N.L

Kingdom

As-

to

1978

Follow-Up

Sprince

Surveillance

BRIT

195

in the

workers

Exposed

35

Male naval dockyard

Radiological

road Employees bestos

As-

of

years

employment was

mean of 24.3

153

12

7.8%

Parenchymal

Seven

abnormality

readings of

defined

1/1

irregular

as

small

opaci-

of

those 1/0

individuals

and

The X-rays were

studied

had readings

had of

read by one

reader

ties

1985

tJ

E.C

Stein

Respiratory

Mar

Plumbers The

shall

Morbidity and

and

PROCEEDINGS

Smoking OF THE

Plumbers

in

union

since

PNEUMOCONIOSES

30.5%

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB NO 90-108 at

334

had

years

VIITH INTERNATIONAL

42

12.2%

than

less

of size

Of

or

and

pate

profusion

1/0

Opacities

had

16-25

24%

chymal

had

with asbes-

797

the

individuals

invited

Those

tended

be older

respond

of

to

statethus

living

out

group

represented

to partici

who

343 accepted

not

did

the

.1

and

retired

study .subset

younger.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE VIITH INTERNATIONAL PNEUMOCONIOSES

CONFERENCE

tosis

and

than

less

paren-

possible

26-

or

change

consistent

years

had

latency

years

greater

years

exposure

first

19%

1990

343

about

latency

latency 35

pipefit-

chapter

26.4% 15

and

New York

ters in

Between

Relationship

Asbestos

in

Pipefitters

read by one

at 334 Reader

the

X-rays were

35

yrs

William

Pleuropulmonary

Weiss

Among

Peter

in Relation

Theodos

L.S et

al

Welch

Asbestos

Disease Workers

manufacturing

plants

aged

been

1978

than

The National Worker

Asbestos

Screening Radiologic

Disease

Program Findings

tional

Sheet Metal

nation

Group 25

INDUS

Metal

Sheet

MED

634

Exami-

AM 1994

ited

more

amined

20 years

study

ex-

The average time worked in the

time

of

the

among

over

40

had at

1/0

average sheet

being

yrs

tering

32.8

was

metal worker

years

the

was

since

trade

35 with

those

en

17.3

X-rays graded or

malities

lim-

in

to

all

the

cases

typical

men over 40

and

were

clas-

sensus

ILO

greater

1178

Small

12.3%

Parenchymal

opacities

abnormalities asbestos-related

abnormalities

in

1986

years and

Almost

opaci-

were

in

9605

in the

starting

industry

of

types

read

of

of

years

jointly

X-ray

and

old

abnor were

asbestosis

found

The X-rays

classified

by con-

sification

at least the

The

ties

years

employed

before

20%

irregular

Sheet metal workers first

20

have

for

working 30

98

40 and

43%

42

over

trade

Na-

as-

bestos

Smoking and Type of Exposure 20 OCCUPATIONAL MED 341 to

two

in

Employees

Each

X-ray was

read by one

reader

Crj

A.J

Zitting

Small Lung nd PleuralAb-

hic

Radiograp Opacities normalities

of

Conse-

as

quence

of Asbestos

sure

an Adult

in

Representative Finnish

adult

sample

3601

506

N/A

The X-rays were

14.05%

popu-

lation

Expo-

ENvT

WORK

VIAN

HEALTH

three

limited

to

H.E

Significanc

Small

Studies

of Exposed Populations

STUDY GROUP EXPOSURE

Excluded

OR HIGHER I/O

of

Opa

RIT

13

1976

6166

801

13%

OPACiTY

the

Category review

of

study catego

in

is

unexposed

DETAIL

N/A

The atihors no

had

in the

is

INDUS

not included

because

miners

not included of

and

ing

An Epidem iologic Asbestos-R

elated

Study

of

Chest X-

Chang es to Identify Work Area of High Risk

workers

Shipyard ployed

shipyard

ray

in

dian age

em-

West Coast

in

with of

me-

49 years

3903

515

abnrml

N/A

with clear

was 1/0

massive

markedly thickening

multiple

increased

and

eligible

to

have

as

show

or greater

X-ray were

individuals

include

had read

is

to coal

To be

subject

it

review

exposure

that

either

and

unexposed

silica

the

review

exposed

excluded

intensive

opacities

with

The 515

are

possibly

Those

gory

in the

who

This study

exposure

in the

study

small

coalminers

studied

asbestos

previous X-ray

al

in

Review

for the

et

in this

included

TYPE LANGUAGE USED

in radio-

of Coalminers 33

Coalminers

Irregular

cities

from

dust

Anton-

probably

exposed and

Those

and

di

was

categories

those

in the

because

Culver

readers

group

populations

Amandus

USA MED

the

possibly

cluded

STUDY

graphs

read by two

survey

exposed

ries

470

DETAILS

al

into

are

14 Clinical

et

vided

unlikely

1995

AUTHOR

on

exposed

Population21

SCANDINA

Based

fibrosis or

excluded

in the

first

pleural bilateral

interstitial

cate

plaques pleural

disease

Shipyard

APPLIED

median

Population

HYGEINE

INDUS

13

ployment

em-

first

There

33 me-

was

dian duration

1989

110

at

age

ployment

1/0

sented

em-

of

no

is

way to The

as

bestos

probably

A.C

Asbestos-Related

Friedman

Disease and

et

Comparison

of

CT

269

with

to

150

ROENTGENOLOGY

60

2135%

N/A

on

one

year

of

the

oc-

exposure to 55 of the 60

men

chest

previous

disease

parenchymal

This study diagnosed

related the

were

of

pected

sus-

asthma

exposure

and

or 21

disease

and

without

asbestosis

as

and

pleural

malignancy of

the

19 were

asbestosis

be-

interpreted

with parenchymal

pleural

meso-

having

thelioma

with

nosed

disease

pleural

others

jects

dis

based

selected

X-rays

asbestos

asbestos

no

is

excluded

is

asbestos-related

cupational

included had

There

were

subjects

indicating

as

to

no

ILO categories

This study of 60 cause

exposure

asbestos

at least

1988

of

history

occupational

and

Chest Radiography

AM

Men

Pleural

Asbestosis

related

not

67.3%

the

of

cussion

related related

12% and

exposure

abnormality

are

pre

asbestos

possibly

7.5%

are

asbestos

probably

13.2%

yrs

how many

tell

results

or higher

60

sub-

diag and

asbestosis

had parenchymal disease

pleural

from

lung

cancer

P.G Har-

Radiological

ries et

Exposed val

to

Survey

Asbestos

Dockyards

INDUS

MED

29 274

of in

Men

U.K

Na-

workers

BRIT

ports

1972

the

Naval

dockyards

from

study

results

includes

of

Sheers study enport ports

four

the of

and adds

1966

Daythree

3856

N/A

N/A

This study

is

excluded

because

list

the

it

fibrosis

pulmonary

determination ings lung

of

3856

to

have

sis

of

to

is

based

function

examinations

pears

does

it

ILO scores though does number found with confirmed

not provide

the

be

12

condition the

asbestosis

on

on

this

X-ray and

testing

Based

tested

However

read

clinical

this criteria

0.3% were

found

listed that

equivalent

of

ap

diagno

Ka-

Studies

gamimori al

et

on Changes

in Cate-

Pneumoconiosis

gories

for

X-ray

Classification

Mineral Dusts of

Ninth

4959

67

1.35%

NIA

Japan

These panel the

Proceedings

were on

of

evaluated

by an

excluded

is

the

official

This

pneumoconiosis

study

suits

to

because

higher prevalence

being

used

of

re

mdi

which

re-evaluation

cate

of

part

the

fibrosis

is

review

in the

Con

International

on

ference

in

With Oc-

Exposure

cupational

to

exposed dusts

in

Workers

Japanese

Workers mineral

Occupational

Respiratory Diseases Japan

1997

reproducing

1986

nai

Langlands

Insulation fast

ai

at

Workers

at

Work

MED

in Belin

Morbidity

INDUS

Still

origi

study

J.H.M

et

166-69

Kyoto

Insulators

162

N/A

N/A

Men

cation

BRIT

28

the

1971

217

This study

causes

Liddeil

F.D.K

Radiological et

ai

Fibre

in

Exposure Workers

sotile

Yrs

Changes

at

Chry-

Asbestos aged

60

mine workers years

or

515

136

N/A

26.4%

older

Aged 60-69 Mines 26

ing

Thetford

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 8891982

McMillan G.H.G et

Effects

al

and

tack

to

of

Smoking

Rates

Lesions

Pleural

to

268

Related

Asbestos

Dust 37 BRIT

MED

At-

1980

INDUS

Shipyard the

U.K

workers dockyards

in

1731

N/A

N/A

using

were

did

system

the

ciassifi

from

of this

Campbell

supra because

in

proximity

addition

this

not use

to

and were

manufacturing In

sub

the

contain

asbestos

not

in the

subjects

in

products

products

This study

as

subjects

included

using such

excluded

cation

the

excluded

not

products

asbestos

of Pulmonary

Exposure

is

not involved

are

on

were

others

ANNALS

is

This study jects

deaths of

re-evaluated

1982 which

ILO

the

The authors evaluated

of

Some

died

study were

and

not use

did

system

of

miners

review the

ILO

classifi

r1

ERA

Report

Mere-

tos

wether

Dust

et

al

on

of Asbes-

Effects

Dust on

the

HM

Industry

tionery

Office

As-

in the

Suppression

bestos

and

Lungs

Sta-

London

facturing

insulating

materials

from

cally the

UK 1930

manu-

workers

Textile

been

46.6%

Radiological

Of

between

years 84 10 and 230

15

for

and

in

This study was published

363 workers

amined

done

Of

to

133

that

the

showed

had

be-

ex

It

but only 133 had 363 studied 95

definite

an X-ray

is

-a

fibrosis

The data

dust

asbestos

due

1930

was an ILO system

there

fore

26.17%

for

more than 20 years 28 for

diffuse

an X-ray

21

employed

of

fibrosis

practi-

examined

363

had

62

signs

asbestos

pure

133

not

for the

available

19

between

14 years and

for less

than

10

years

L.C et

Oliver

Asbestos-Related

Radio-

graphic Abnormalities

al

Public School

Pearle J.L

N/A

This study examined

for

X-rays only

plaques

pleural

Shipyard

workers

131

N/A

N/A

in the

Exposure

This study cation

not use

did

system

to

ILO

the

describe

its

classifi

results tr1

of Functional

Ab

and Roentgenographic normalities

N/A

1990

Smoking and Duration of Production

120

custodi-

INDUS

629

Asbestos

school

ans

Custodians

TOXICOLOGY

HEALTH

Public

In

in

Shipyard

Workers 24 OCCUPATIONAL

MED

37

1982 Robin al

et

Clinical

Radiological

and

Functional Abnormalities

Among

Workers

bestos-Cement

of an AsFactory

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE VIITH INTERNATIONAL PNEUMOCONIOSES

in

Workers France ing

and

in

factory

fibrocement roofing

nents

in

mainly producpipes

compo-

92

N/A

N/A

This study does the

provide five

PET

persons

monary ral

not present

X-ray readings results

were

fibrosis

thickening

pulmonary

results

of

The study does and

found

states to

have

that

pul pleu

nine with benign

and 57 with

fibrosis

and

associated

nonmalignant

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB No 90-108 at

Rubino G.F et al

405

Cessation

Among Miners

Cha nges

After

Miners

Chrysotile

William

Cigarette tos

and

sis

104

In

330

in Italy

imity

SCIS

nor

et

al

Smok ing AsbesFibro-

Pulmonary

Asbestos

textile

mill

100

36

36%

not use to

of 11

Clinical

Studies

STUDY GROUP EXPOSURE

of Radio-

Pneumoconiosis Blue 131

Blue in

of in

an

not in

such

using

prox

products of

asbestos

Un-

ILO

the

of Unexposed

OR HIGHER 1/0

collar

employees

non-industry

1422

0.21%

the

because

it

classification

results

Instead

fibrosis

is

did

system

used

the to

term

charac

results

Populations

OPACITY

DETAIL

TYPE LANGUAGE USED N/A

Read by

Readers

three

independ

ently

jobs

U.S

southern

Popu

Collar

AM REV

RESPIRATORY

et

using

review

this

were

products

excluded

is

the

record

terize

graphic Appearance

lation

from

subjects

manufacturing

pulmonary

1971

exposed

of others

in the

This study

DISEASE

STUDY

684

N/A

workers

AM REV

Prevalence

the

products

DETAILS

Cas-

are excluded

addition

asbestos-containing

Review

tellan

Miners

Asbestos

Chrysotile

RESPIRATORY

R.M

N/A

1979

Weiss

AUTHOR

2137.5%

56

of Exposure

ANNALS N.Y ACAD

223

00

1990

Radiologic

157

changes

pleural

DISEISE

1985

Cordier

Epidemiologic

al

tion

of

Related

Investiga-

Respiratory to

Exposure

Effects

Environmental to

Asbestos

In-

Three

groups

tionally

occupa-

exposed

ronmentally

working

envi-

exposed

in asbestos-

1108

174

15.7%

N/A

For purposes excluded posed

only

subjects

of fibrosis

of this the

because

caused

have

review

occupationally the

ex

prevalence

by working

in build-

side

insulated

insulated

Buildings

ARCHIVES ENVTL.HEALTH

42

at

303

least

no

for

buildings 15

years

known

tional

Alan

Readers and Asbestos

US Navy

Ducatman

Medical

tremely suits

occupa-

as

insulation

ex

is

low The study recorded re an average of two Readers

and

exposure

1987

asbestos

with

ings

with

nonexposed

et

ai

MED

OCCUPATIONAL

Employees

105029

2799

N/A

2.8%

30

Surveillance

In

this

study

644

number

the

was

als studied

ber with X-rays read

1988

was 3778

3.51%

outlier

Reader

more 1/0

to

likely

as

find

other readers

excluded

meta-analysis

because

the

23

from

of

1777

films to

ranging

in

5779 which

the

seven

studies

did

not read

Readers

each

same films instead

read

excluding an

X-rays were

that the

Meyers the

num

the

or higher

1/0

am

individu

who was 5-100 times

or higher than

This study was

of

and

105029

Reader

number from were

not reread

by other readers

D.M stein

Epet

ai

Without

to

industrial

from 142

niosis

Classi-

Population

sure Findings entiated

ILO

of

Application fication

to

Expobe

Adults

admitted

university

ter

200

to

medical

36

18%

N/A

cen-

Meyers

Pneumoco-

tions

four

caused

that

higher

am

et

al

Slate

of Exposure Dust

in

North

to

Men

Wales

toral

chosen rolls

from

elec-

402

39

9.7%

N/A

their

while he

1/0

all

or

read by Effects

1/0

from

the

or higher

ten

The group

the

higher

condi and

fibroses

been

exposed

adjusts

the

number he does not

including

were

of

may have

that

However

53

1984

J.R Glover

he excludes

who had medical

individuals

Differ-

see text

meta-anaiysis

79

note

36 with readings

Philadelphia

AM

ROENTGENOLOGY

In

supra

1/0

or

adjust

readings

that

Each X-ray was

readers studied

those exposed

was

to slate

divided

into

silica and

37

BRIT

152

MED

INDUS

those

1980

unexposed

population study

also

Hilt

Asbestos-Related

Radio-

graphic Changes

Chest X-rays of

Screen-

Popula-

This study

describes

previous screening males

21453 older

of

Telemark

25

1.8%

N/A

The study found and

Norway

86 was

tion

of

Since

the

study and

1995

et

Function

Radiograph

Among

Ja-

kobsson

20

MED

673

Radiological et

and

Chest

Abnormalities

Construction

lators

AM

Insu-

INDUS

the

no

from

the

Employed bus meand

chanics grain

and

149

4.7%

retired

civic

Parenchymal

fi-

This study tion

brosis

work-

is

There

used were

The X-rays were

ers

the

results

review

read by one in the

two

am

results

in this

reader

insulator

separate

see

groups

read independently

by two readers

1991 Changes

in

Cement Workers 52 OCCUPATIONAL Asbestos

ENVNTL

por of

part

authors provided

the

The X-rays were

nedy

or higher was unexposed

predominant

exposed

including

Lung

1/0 the

were asbestos

to

means of excluding those occupation ally

S.M Ken-

read by

18.1%

that

exposed

prevalence

0.4%

county

This

with

opacities

The X-rays were

occupationally

40

aged

in the

or

1388 of

MED

ENVTL

tion 37 189

in

General

the

10cm

of 10

Classification

ing

ILO

by

unexposed

review

readers

three

Bjorn

in this

correlated

smoking

et

the

Only

used

is

MED

20

1995

White from

collar

an

workers

asbestos

ment plant

in

Ce-

Sweden

29

6.8%

Small

irregular

opacities

Part

or

of

this

included cause

it

workers ently

by

study

in the also

is

separated

exposed

examined

X-rays were five

readers

out and

review 174 blue read

be collar

independ

K.H

Ku-

Interaction

burn

et

Age

al

and

in

ing

of Asbestos

Smok-

Cigarette

Radio-

Producing

graphic Evidence fuse

80

Pulmonary

AM

of

Dif-

Samples in pie

of

population

Michigan of

and

census

2514

321.27%

tract

1986

377

This study had

opaci-

pulmonary

fibrosis

lung

changes

typical

asbestosis

was

an

three

and two

two

used

physicians

X-rays and

There

were

to interpret

arithmetic

an

were

unexposed

included here

are

groups

unexposed one

study the

Only

of

categories

were

insulator

exposed of

five

two

populations

diffuse

in

California

Fibrosis

MED

Irregular ties

sam-

the

average

was

for the

rela

used Saito

et

Study

On

Associated

Among

AsbestosDiseases

Lung

U.S Naval

Former

Workers in PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Shipyard

This was

an unexposed

40

22

57%

in the

control

Small

irregular

group study of US Naval

opacities

yard workers

opacities

mean age

of

small

Japan

in 67.2

and

nodural

No

explanation

is

offered

tively

high prevalence

niosis

in the

control

not occupationally

of

pneumoco of

group

persons

to

exposed

asbes

tos

years

VIITH INTERNATIONAL PNEUMOCONIOSES

CONFERENCE DHHS NIOSH PUB NO 90108 A.J et

Zitting

at

1990

362

Small

Radiographic and

Opacities normalities

quence sure

in

Pleural

as

Conse-

of Asbestos

HEALTH

Representative of adult lation

Finnish

sample popu-

3494

408

11.7%

N/A

Two

radiologists

Based

on

vided

into

bly

in this

WORK 470

read

three

the

the

survey

exposed unlikely

21

SCANDINAVIAN

1995

Expo-

an Adult

Population

ENVT

Lung Ab-

possibly

are

was

exposed

Those

limited

to

di

proba

categories

exposed

review

X-rays

group

and

included category

Clinical

AUTHOR

STUDY

Studies

of Unexposed

STUDY GROUP EXPOSURE

Populations

OR HIGHER 110

DETAILS

William

Cigarette

Weiss

Diffuse sis

99

Smoking and

AM REV

RESPIRATORY

all

67

1969

and

1.4%

N/A

to

This study suits

term

Cigarette

Weiss

Diffuse sis

14

Smoking and Fibro-

Pulmonary

of

ARcHIVES

HEALTH

564

ENVTL

1967

routine

chest

fluograms Philadelphia losis

and

ciation

photo-

at the

Health

system

999

313.1%

N/A

in

This study suits

term

that

times higher

than

are

because

the

Instead

the

is

re ILO

the

the

using

fibrosis

used

prevalence

fibrosis

pulmonary

was

smok

in cigarette

non-smokers is

excluded

not provided

classification

Tubercu-

excluded

pulmonary

diffuse

three

physician

Adults undergoing

is

not provided

The study found

had

ers

William

are

classification

Central

X-ray Unit and

DETAIL

TYPE LANGUAGE USED

Health

Associations

private

40

from the Review

OPACiTY

Tu-

Philadelphia

bercuiosis

2825

to

who came

adults

the

DISEISE

offered

Screening

Fibro-

Pulmonary

Excluded

system

pulmonary

because using

Instead

fibrosis

the

the

is

re

ILO the

used

Asso

between

z1

March

11 1966 and April 12 1966 ri