electronics engineers' handbook

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ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK

Donald Christiansen

Editor in Chief

President and principal, Informatica; Fellow, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Fellow, World Academy of Art and Science; Eminent Member, Eta Kappa Nu; Editor Emeritus, IEEE Spectrum; former Staff Director, IEEE; Registered Professional Engineer; formerly Editor in Chief, Electronics; Engineering Group Leader, CBS Electronics. ~

Assistant Editors Consulting Editor

Ronald K. Jurgen, Edward A. Torrero Donald G. Fink

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Fourth Edition

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Electronics engineers' handbook I Donald Christiansen, editor.---4th ed. p. em. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-021077-2 (he) I. Electronics-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Christiansen, Donald. TK7825.E34 1996 621.381-dc20 96-32698 CIP

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Copyright© 1997, 1989, 1982, 1975 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 41 5 6 7 8 9 0

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Contributors Preface I

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Part 1 ISBN 0-07-021077-2

The sponsoring editor for this book was Steve Chapman, the editing supervisor was Suzanne Ingrao, and the production supervisor was Pamela Pelton. It was set in Times Roman by ProImage Corporation.

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Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.

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This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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