New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
ISSN: 0028-8330 (Print) 1175-8805 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzm20
Enabling and driving aquaculture growth in New Zealand through innovation Andrea C. Alfaro, Andrew G. Jeffs & Nick King To cite this article: Andrea C. Alfaro, Andrew G. Jeffs & Nick King (2014) Enabling and driving aquaculture growth in New Zealand through innovation, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 48:3, 311-313, DOI: 10.1080/00288330.2014.933115 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2014.933115
Published online: 19 Sep 2014.
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Date: 03 April 2017, At: 19:52
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2014 Vol. 48, No. 3, 311–313, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2014.933115
INTRODUCTION Enabling and driving aquaculture growth in New Zealand through innovation Aquaculture is currently the world’s fastest growing food sector, and is well placed to meet the growing demands for aquatic food. Around 50% of the global fish and seaweed food supply is cultivated, amounting to about 68 million tonnes and worth US$106 billion in 2008 (Bostock et al. 2010). Based on population growth estimates, it is anticipated that an additional 40 million tonnes of aquatic food will be required by 2030 (FAO 2006). Aquaculture production is developing, ex‐ panding and intensifying rapidly throughout the world with a strong focus on new species and improvement of systems and practices. The importance of food security is increasing, both from a food safety perspective and in terms of supply volume consistency. Rapid growth in the global middle class has increased demand for high quality aquatic food products. International markets clearly show strong preference towards countries with reliable and high quality track records, and targeted efforts to reduce environmental impacts and increase sus‐ tainability. New Zealand is well placed in this endeavour, with a reputation for eco-friendly production practices and strict quality assurance programmes, especially for shellfish. Currently, we are at a critical point in New Zealand’s economic development. The New Zealand Government, through the aquaculture strategy and action plan (MPI 2012), has recognised the huge eco‐ nomic potential of aquaculture exports, and is com‐ mitted to developing this industry to annual sales of NZ$1 billion by 2025. This potential, together with recent changes in the resource management and aquaculture laws, have opened doors and op‐ portunities for growth in seafood production and management of cultivated aquatic resources. Of particular interest will be the development of new high value species, such as abalone, geoduck, flat © 2014 The Royal Society of New Zealand
oysters, trout, kingfish and eels, and value-added products through strong investment in research and innovation. The papers in this special issue highlight the wide scope of current research for new and existing species, and some key biotechnological advances currently underway in New Zealand. While there is a diverse range of species investigated, including abalone, oysters, sea cucumbers, geoduck, crayfish, eels and finfish, we have attempted to organise the contributions to the special issue into five subheadings: larval development; reproduction; farming and production; nutrition and health; and molecular and genetic tools. The increasing reliance on hatchery-produced shellfish seed has faced numerous production challenges that centre on insufficient understanding of larval developmental processes and requirements. Alfaro et al. (2014) placed attention on neurophysiological responses to chemical stimulation during larval development of the abalone, Haliotis iris, with a view to improving larval production processes. Suneja et al. (2014) focused on improving cryopreservation techniques of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae to increase reliability and flexibility of hatchery-reared oyster larvae. A key step across aquaculture production is the availability of a dependable parental stock or broodstock to maintain a consistent seed resource. In the case of the Chilean flat oyster (Ostrea chilensis), Alipia et al. (2014) developed a cost-effective, noninvasive method to evaluate reproductive state that would increase security of gamete production. To support the newly developing geoduck (Panopea zelandica) industry, Le et al. (2014) exposed twoyear old individuals to different temperature and feeding regimes to improve gonadal condition and gamete production.
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Introduction
Diversification of farming techniques, and im‐ provements in production processes, continue to offer cost-effectiveness and security to New Zealand’s growing aquaculture industry. Two finfish species of high value, yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and hāpuku (groper, Polyprion oxygeneios), have been identified in a review by Symonds et al. (2014) as being biologically, technically and economically viable for farming in New Zealand. Size-grading effects were examined for New Zealand shortfin eels (Anguilla australis) with consequences for improved farming in tank operations (Hirt-Chabbert et al. 2014). Zamora et al. (2014) investigated an innovative approach of co-culturing sea cucumbers (Australostichopus mollis) under Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) farms, and their findings show good synergy and high feasibility for co-culturing these species. Development and application of effective diets and maintenance of healthy stocks is central to all aquaculture species. The use of probiotic bacteria as additives to commercial formulated feeds were tested by Hadi et al. (2014) in feeding trials of New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris), showing positive improvements in growth rates. Using DNA sequencing techniques, Connell et al. (2014) identified a range of zooplankton prey in the natural diet of phyllosoma of crayfish (Jasus edwardsii) and slipper lobster (Scyllarus sp. Z), with significant implications for future development of effective artificial diets for crustacean larvae. A review of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins risks to New Zealand shellfish aquaculture is provided by MacKenzie (2014), highlighting the need for constant vigilance of shellfish health parameters and careful evaluation of potential im‐ pacts of farming site expansions. At the cutting-edge of aquaculture research are a variety of relatively new biotechnological advances, including molecular and genetic tools and -omics approaches that have begun to show great applicability to a range of aquaculture problems and bottlenecks. Camara & Symonds (2014) present a review of genetic improvements and applications through established and developing breeding programmes of six aquaculture species. Focusing on finfish aquaculture, Lokman & Symonds (2014)
deliver a review of current -omics technologies and potential applications to sustainably grow our aquaculture industry. The contributions in this special issue provide a glimpse of the current research focus in New Zealand aquaculture. We believe that if this level of investigation and innovation is to continue and grow to meet the goals of our aquaculture strategy, stronger integration of research tools and applications will be needed across institutions and industries. Further efforts to foster international collaborations with top researchers will ensure that we continue to secure a leading role in research and innovation in the aquaculture sector. Collaboration between researchers and industry during the research and implementation phases will be critical to turning this new knowledge into economic benefit, and realising the full potential of the aquaculture sector. Andrea C. Alfaro Division of Applied Sciences Auckland University of Technology Email:
[email protected] Andrew G. Jeffs Leigh Marine Laboratory University of Auckland Email:
[email protected] Nick King Cawthron Institute Nelson Email:
[email protected] References Alfaro AC, Young T, Bowden K 2014. Neurophysiological control of swimming behaviour, attachment and metamorphosis in black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) larvae. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 314–334. Alipia TT, Mae H, Dunphy BJ 2014. Non-invasive anaesthetic method for accessing the brood chamber of the Chilean flat oyster (Ostrea chilensis). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 350–355. Bostock J, McAndrew B, Richards R, Jauncey K, Telfer T, Lorenzen K et al. 2010. Aquaculture: global
Introduction status and trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences 365: 2897–2912. Camara MD, Symonds JE 2014. Genetic improvement of New Zealand aquaculture species: programmes, progress and prospects. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 466–491. Connell SC, O’Rorke R, Jeffs AG, Lavery SD 2014. DNA identification of the phyllosoma diet of Jasus edwardsii and Scyllarus sp. Z. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 416–429. FAO Fisheries Department 2006. State of world aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper no. 500. Rome, FAO. 134 p. Hadi JA, Gutierrez N, Alfaro AC, Roberts RD 2014. Use of probiotic bacteria to improve growth and survivability of farmed New Zealand abalone (Haliotis iris). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 405–415. Hirt-Chabbert JA, Sabetian A, Young OA 2014. Effect of size grading on the growth performance of shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) during its yellow stage. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 385–393. Le DV, Alfaro AC, King N 2014. Broodstock conditioning of New Zealand geoduck (Panopea zelandica) within different temperature and feeding ration regimes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 356–370. Lokman PM, Symonds JE 2014. Molecular and biochemical tricks of the research trade: -omics
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approaches in finfish aquaculture. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 492–505. MacKenzie AL 2014. The risk to New Zealand shellfish aquaculture from paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 430–465. Ministry of Primary Industries 2012. The government’s aquaculture strategy and five-year action plan to support aquaculture. Wellington, Ministry of Primary Industries. www.fish.govt.nz/en-nz/Commercial/ Aquaculture/Aquaculture+Strategy/default.htm (acc‐ essed 26 August 2014). Suneja S, Alfaro AC, Rusk AB, Morrish JR, Tervit HR, McGowan LT et al. 2014. Multi-technique approach to characterise the effects of cryopreservation on larval development of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 335–349. Symonds JE, Walker SP, Pether S, Gublin Y, McQueen D, King A et al. 2014. Developing yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and hāpuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) for New Zealand aquaculture. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 371–384. Zamora LN, Dollimore J, Jeffs AG 2014. Feasibility of co-culture of the Australasian sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) with the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in Northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48: 394–404.
