A new map for urban development in Egypt, depending on mega projects of renewable energy * Muhammad Salem
** Taher Osman The global index of renewable energy classified Egypt to the rank of twenty ninth for the most attractive countries in the renewable energy sector [3].
Abstract Egypt has advantages in renewable power generation from various resources such as solar power, wind power, and hydro power. However, Egypt witnessed a shortage of energy production, especially during last two years; therefore, the Egyptian government has set an ambitious goal of renewable energy supplying twenty per cent of national electricity by 2020(double the current share).
On the other hand, Egypt faces numerous challenges, including rapid population growth, high population density, dwindling natural resources, and rising unemployment, especially in southern regions; therefore, Egypt needs plenty of mega projects to face those challenges [4].
In this context, Egypt shall witness establishing plenty of mega projects for renewable energy production during the next few years. Those mega projects shall be established in remote zones, where the competitive advantages of renewable energy production are concentrated.
Establishing mega projects in renewable energy sector could be considered as a viable solution to a number of Egypt’s problems. It tackles energy shortages and reduces the soar unemployment rates. Moreover, its environmental impacts are very limited.
Directing the mega projects toward remote areas shall reduce migration to overpopulated areas. This, in turn, will contribute in achieving the balance between inhabited and uninhabited areas. In addition to enhancing equity and decrease the regional disparities, particularly among northern regions and southern regions.
Furthermore, reliance on renewable energy will allow higher rate of natural gas exports; therefore saving hard currency for Egypt [5]. Egypt’s inhabitant area can be increased from less than 6% to 11% of total area of Egypt, especially if Egypt succeeded in directing proposed mega projects towards desert areas and achieve integration between those projects.
Moreover, Renewable energy projects can supply the required energy for constructing new communities in the Egypt’s Desert, and supplying required energy for different activities.
In addition to, supplying those projects with required energy and water, and renewable energy can play vital role during this process.
This research discusses the advantages of renewable energy production in Egypt, and how the mega projects in renewable energy sector could contribute in drawing a new map for urban development in Egypt. In addition, this research focuses on three promising zones; Suez Gulf, West of Mania, and Lake Nasser, which can strongly contribute in shaping new features for sustainable urban development in Egypt.
This research argued that mega projects of renewable energy can strongly contribute in shaping new features for urban development in Egypt, focusing on three promising zones; Suez Gulf, West of Menia and Lake Nasser.
Keywords— Urban Development, Renewable Energy, Mega Project, Promising Zones, Egypt
I.
II.
Methodology
The research depended on a qualitative methodology, through analysis for documents and reports, which including but not limited to, “National Urban Development Framework in Arab Republic of Egypt”, “Urban Development Plan for Egypt 2030”, “Annual report of New and Renewable Energy Authority ” and “Future of Energy in Egypt”.
Introduction
Renewable energy is the coming future and the best choice for securing energy demand to the next generations with clean environment. And Egypt is considered a very rich country of renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar. Every year, different locations in Egypt offer 2,400 or more hours of solar operation. Furthermore, the country has excellent wind conditions whereas, hours of operation in areas with the highest wind speeds can reach up to 3,900 hours per year [1, 2]
The data sources were from General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP), New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), and Institute of National Planning. In addition to a few of theses and journals. III.
* Muhammad Salem Faculty of Urban and Regional Planning / Cairo University Egypt
[email protected]
A.
Renewable Energy in Egypt
Current status for Renewable Energy Production in Egypt
Although, Egypt enjoys exceptional conditions for the production of renewable energy, the production of renewable energy still very limited, less than ten per cent of total production.
** Taher Osman Department of Architecture and Urban Design / Kyushu University Japan
[email protected]
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The following table shows the current status of renewable energy projects in Egypt (as of 2014) [6]. TABLE I.
Technology
Status
Size MW
Location
PV
Main Contract PQ
200
Aswan
Gabal El Zeit
Wind
Main Contract Bid
220
Suez
Gulf of Suez
Wind
Main Contract Bid
250
Suez
Gulf of Zayt
Wind
Execution
120
Red Sea
Hydro
Execution
40
Asuyet
Wind
Complete
200
Red Sea
PV
Complete
20
Wind
Complete
545
Suez
64
Naga Hammadi
Kom Ombo
Assiut Barrage & Hydropower Plant Ministry of Electricity / Gabal El Zeit Wind Farm Kureimat Hybrid Power Plant: Solar Island Package Naga Hammadi Barrage
The Egyptian Solar Radiation Atlas illustrates the direct solar radiation for the country, which average from 5.4 to 9 (kWh/m2) of annual daily direct solar radiation, from north to south (See Fig. 1).
CURRENT STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS IN EGYPT (AS OF 2014)
Project
Zafarana
Such conditions are supported by 9–11 hours of sunlight per day, with few cloudy days throughout the year.[7]
Cairo
Hydro
Complete
Best Zone for Solar Energy Production
The Table explains that the Gulf of Suez zone has the highest potentials for wind energy . As a result, the majority of wind farms were built along the shores of the Suez Gulf. On the other hand, the Egyptian government has set an ambitious goal of renewable energy supplying twenty per cent of national electricity by 2020 (double the current share) including a twelve per cent contribution from wind energy, six per cent from hydro energy and two per cent from solar energy. Besides Egyptian Solar plan to install about 3500 MW from solar energy by 2027 [7].
Figure 1. Egypt Annual Average of Solar Radiation
In addition, NREA announced that 67 solar applicants and 27 wind applicants have been selected to take part in developing over 4.3 GW of renewable energy projects in the country [6]. And recently, The Egyptian Ministry of Electricity received a proposal for a massive renewable energy investment in the country from Siemens Company worth €10 billion to set up 10 GW of renewable energy capacity [8]. B.
The solar atlas of Egypt refers to huge suitable locations for solar power plants including Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) or Photovoltaic (PV). The total recommended projects for those locations are around 1863 MW installed capacity of PV and about 1935 MW installed of CSP. Moreover the Egypt coastal strip at the Mediterranean and Red Sea have a good potential for CSP with water desalination projects with estimated capacity of about 2.1 GW of installed power and 1.7 Mil. m3 of installed desalination water [9, 10].
Renewable Energy Potentials and Areas of Competitive Advantages
In addition, solar maps of Egypt indicate locations, which have competitive advantages for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Photovoltaic (PV) applications. Such locations exist in south of Egypt at Abu Simbel, Toshka, Kom Umbo, Esna, Marsa Alam, Quseir, West and South of Safaga, Hurgada, Kuraymat, and Farafra Oasis [9, 11].
There is a large potential for renewable resources in Egypt which, have remained largely untapped, particularly for solar and wind energy. 1) Solar Energy Egypt lies among the Sun Belt countries with annual global solar insolation ranging from 0571to 2680 kwh/m2/year from North to South and annual direct normal solar irradiance ranging from 1970 to 3200 kwh/m2/year also from North to South with relatively steady daily profile and small variations making it very favorable for utilization[9].
2) Wind Energy The Egyptian Wind Atlas illustrates the distribution of wind-generation potential in Egypt at a height of 50meters. Pink, red, and purple areas indicate areas with economic potential for wind energy generation, while yellow areas represent marginal ones (see figure 2)
2
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Figure 4. Natural gas production and consumption in Egypt
After of being an exporter of oil and gas, Egypt is now struggling to meet its own energy needs. Whilst Egypt has proven oil reserves of 4.4 billion barrels and proven natural gas reserves of 78 trillion cubic feet, an ever increasing percentage of its daily production is being used to meet the country’s growing energy needs [15].
Figure 2. Egypt Wind Atlas
On the other hand, Egypt is facing a growing water scarcity, the Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia and the continuous global warming is complicating the issue. Results would affect agriculture in the first place, which is considered the most important economic sector in Egypt [5].
Wind Atlas of Egypt identifies substantial wind resources along the Gulf of Suez, especially in Gulf of AlZait, whereas wind speed reached to 10.5 m/s. Then, west and east of Nile, near to Al-Mania governorate with wind speed average 7 m/s. Other areas, such as East of Al Owaynat, Sinai and the north coast, present moderate potential with wind speeds in the range of 5–7 m/s [9, 12]. C.
Thus, Egypt will probably depend on seawater desalination to fill the deficit, which will consume large amounts of energy. Renewable energy could supply the required energy. As well as, renewable energy sources are not using water like traditional energy. Only CSP is using water in the cooling process, but air-cooling can be applied to save water usage. However, the excess energy in the cooling process of CSP can be used in seawater desalination.
Importance of Renewable energy production for Egypt
1) Tackle current shortage of energy Egypt’s demand for energy is growing rapidly and the need to develop alternative power resources is becoming ever more urgent, due to current shortage of conventional energy resources.
Thus, Egypt needs new sources of energy and renewable energy can be the best solution for energy production; especially it has no economic or social negative impacts [16]. In addition, Renewable energy production shall encourage plenty of mega projects to be established in the desert areas.
Egypt depends on fossil fuel resources for energy production, particularly oil and natural gas. This has the obvious effect on losing the use of these resources as a source of hard currency. Moreover, most of those resources are subsidized as well [13, 14].
2) Economic and social benefits Renewable Energy in Egypt, not just a solution to the energy crisis, investment in renewable energy will create a new chance for jobs, with an estimated 75,000 new job provided through design, manufacturing, installation, operational services and sales related to solar and wind systems, while achieving greater social justice through integrating the poor into economic activities [5].
Furthermore, Egypt's consumption either from oil or natural gas became outpaces its production and figures 3 and 4 show the gap between production and consumption during last decade [15]
Moreover, there are plenty of other social and economic benefits are expected from renewable energy projects:
Figure 3. Oil production and consumption in Egypt
3
Attracting direct foreign investments
Reserving the traditional energy sources; therefore saving hard currency
Increasing domestic security by providing the energy instead of importing it
Maximizing human security: by using local sources with no environmental impacts on the society
the development obstacles [13]. And the Fig. 6 shows internal migration directions in Egypt
Improving the health of the people and reducing the diseases caused by negative environmental impacts of traditional energy production
The economic evaluation for those renewable projects refers to that, the wind energy is the commercial technology till now and expected decrease in the investment cost of CSP and PV projects for next years.[17]. Thus, the Egyptian government plans to expand wind capacity over the coming years as part of a plan to increase wind generation to 7.2 GW by 2020 [9]. 3) Environmental benefits The environmental impacts of wind and solar projects in Egypt are limited, the general view of the land locations which used for the wind farms or solar power plants are desert lands, it means that most of the environmental impacts are very low and in some regions neglected. Thus, development of renewable energy can be a key feature for urban development in Egypt [6]. IV. A.
Urban development in Egypt
Figure 6. Internal migration in Egypt
Current status
The flow of migration is mainly to Greater Cairo as a center of all activities, investments, and services. Greater Cairo and Alexandria absorb more than 73% of the internal migration on the national level. This leads to the unbalance in the urban system, and if this trend will continue, it will increase the development obstacles [13].
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East with population of 90 million inhabitant [18]. The spatial distribution of the population in Egypt is characterized by centralized in the valley and the Delta on an area does not exceed 6% of the area of Egypt. The Fig. 5 shows the current distribution for Egypt’s population according to statistics of 2014[19].
Urban development directions shall include; curbing rate of rural to urban migration by directing investments to depressed regions in south of Egypt, and new development frontiers along Gulf of Suez and Lake Nasser. In addition to, attracting population to desert areas outside the Nile Valley and Delta though various incentives, particularly job opportunities and energy resources[12] [20]. On the other hand, Egypt suffers from increasing of poverty ratio, particularly in south of Egypt. Human development report stated that twenty two percent of Egypt’s population lives in poverty, majority of those populations are living in southern regions [21] (see Fig. 9).
Figure 5. Population distribution in Egypt
There are several reasons of the spatial concentration of population in the Wadi and Delta and on top of these reasons, the problem of supplying water and energy as well as the huge investments for going out toward the desert [4]. Egypt’s population have been migrating towards employment opportunities in urban centers, due to the polarization of job opportunities, services and investments in such centers, particularly in Greater Cairo and Alexandria. While, migration to the desert urban communities has been practically insignificant [5, 13].
Less than 22% From 22% to 38%
The flow of migration is mainly to Greater Cairo as a center of all activities, investments, and services. Greater Cairo and Alexandria absorb more than 73% of the internal migration on the national level. This leads to the unbalance in the urban system, and if this trend will continue, it will increase
More than 38%
Figure 7. Distribuation of poverty in Egypt
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B.
Mega Projects of Renewable Energy and Urban Development in Egypt
Urban Development constraints
V.
As matter of fact, wide areas in Egypt are not valid for urban development, for instance, sand dunes, mountain areas, ground cracks etc., which spread in western desert, eastern desert, and Sinai. In addition to other areas require special regulations for urban development and Fig. 8 shows those areas.
There is a dire need for major changes in urban development, including the opening of new land for development, not only for the present 90 million people, but also for the expected addition of 50 million by the year 2050 [18, 23]. Mega projects of renewable energy can play a vital role during this process, whereas, renewable energy can supply the required energy for proposed activities in new areas such as, industrial areas, eco-tourism areas, and reclamation new agriculture lands through water desalination or through supplying energy for water system [5, 10]. Furthermore, constructing new communities in the Egypt’s Desert. Moreover, the allocated land for renewable energy projects can be used in different purposes, for example, the land of wind farms can be used for another purposes like farming. Wind-energy advocates contend that less than 1% of the land would be used for foundations and access roads, the other 99% could still be used for farming. [7] Government of Egypt has ambitious goal to expand the inhabited area from five percent into eleven percent in the near future [4].
Figure 8. Challenges of urban Development
The Egyptian deserts could play a basic role in urban development, due to several motivations; most of the natural resources on the national level lay in those areas, deserts are the only available place for any new urban development process outside the Wadi and the Delta, they are virgin lands, it is possible to apply adequate modern technology[4].
Thus, several mega projects were proposed in an attempt to create other inhabitable areas with good incentives to attract some of the Egyptian population. Such projects include but are not limited to New Suez Canal project and reclamation of 1.5 million feddan. Mega projects of renewable energy can supply required energy for those projects [12].
Deserts development would reduce the problems of the valley as it would conserve the existing agricultural land in the valley and absorb the over urban and rural population growth [13, 14, 22]
Such Mega projects need deep understanding for urban development issues, especially issues of imbalance of urban system and regional disparities. In addition to, careful consideration to the integration process with other mega projects. Accordingly, the mega projects of renewable energy shall be located in promising zones, which can maximize the benefits of renewable energy and take into account previous issues.
According to the study of Urban Development Plan for Egypt 2030, there are fifteen areas having the priority for future development and Fig. 9 shows those areas.
VI.
Promising Zones
Promising zones were defined according to a few criteria as following;
Figure 9.
Development areas priority in Egypt
5
Competitive advantages of renewable energy
Diversity of economic activities in the zone
Location near to desert areas outside the Valley and the Delta (a strategic goal to achieve the balance )
Located in southern of Egypt (near to undeveloped regions for decreasing the regional disparities)
Avoiding natural constraints, and not conflict with any strategic plan for Egypt
The proposed zone can be integrated with other proposed projects, particularly, mega project of reclamation of 1.5 million feddan
Moreover, the allocated sites for renewable energy projects from New and Renewable Energy Authority were taken into consideration during selection process. 1) Gulf of Suez Zone This zone is located along the shore of the Gulf of Suez, characterized by stretching plain, there is no specific feature requires preservation, and has competitive advantages in Wind energy production.
New Communities
Allocated Area for Wind Farms
This zone includes 1420 km2 allocated area from NREA (between Gabal El Zayt and Ras Gharib). In addition to, a few of various activities such as, touristic activities and mining activities, which could attract private and foreign investments; therefore job opportunities and population [16].
New urban corridor
This region is considered to be one of the uninhabited desert regions that could perhaps host up to 20,000 MW of rated installed wind farm capacity. The operation of wind farms in this region will supply required energy for all proposed activities, a new sub- center for urban development in Egypt.
New Communities
Fig. 10 illustrates the allocated area for wind energy production on the West shore of the Suez Gulf
Figure 11. Allocated area in West of Mania Zone
The mega projects of wind energy in this zone will create plenty of jobs, supplying required energy for other mega projects and could be a new sub-center for urban development in Egypt. B.
Lake Nasser Zone
This zone situated near to lake Nasser (from Kom Ombo to Toshka) in Aswan governorate. This zone has competitive advantages in solar energy production using Photovoltaic System and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). According to Global Energy Network Institute, a concentrated solar power plant has the capacity of supplying huge amount of energy in this zone [24]. This zone includes 15.3 Km2 allocated area from NREA in Kom Ombo for solar plant. In addition to, plenty of proposed mega projects such as reclamation of agriculture lands in Toshka (more than 150,000 feddan), touristic activities, and industrial area (see Fig.12).
Figure 10. Allocated area for RE on Gulf of Suez Zone
2) West of Mania Zone This zone includes 4236 km2 allocated area from NREA for wind farm. In addition to a few of proposed mega projects such as reclamation of agriculture lands in western Mania (more than 0.5 million feddan), new urban corridors, and new urban communities (New Al-fashsn, New Smalout, and New Malawy).
Solar Energy production
The Average wind speeds in this zone ranges between 7 – 8 m/s. Implementing of a wind farm plant in proposed location shall supply good amount of energy. Thus, this zone has competitive advantages in wind energy production.
Figure 12. Nasser Lake zone
The mega projects of solar energy in this zone could supply required energy for other mega projects and could be a new sub-center for urban development in south of Egypt.
Fig. 11 illustrates the allocated area for wind energy production on the West of Mania and surrounding projects
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VII.
Results
Such mega projects of renewable energy can support implementation of other development visions in Egypt, such as AL-baz corridor and Suez Canal corridor.
Leap frog policy is probably the suitable policy for Egypt during short term to achieve the required balance in urban system.
VIII.
The mega projects of renewable energy has the capability of meeting Egypt’s demands of energy; even it offers a promising prospect for covering the fundamental needs of power for proposed mega projects in remote regions, where connection to the public electrical grid is either not cost effective or not feasible.
Discussion
This research discuss the reflections of renewable energy projects to urban development map in Egypt. However such projects require a deep analysis for the Cost and Benefit, which need a separate research.
In addition, mega projects of renewable energy in those zones could integrate with other proposed projects in agriculture, industrial, mining and tourism sectors to insure success for such mega projects.
Such Mega projects shall require high investments cost, so it shall be allocated with very high level of accuracy, taking in consider spatial dimension and national goals. In addition to, the integration process with other national projects.
The depressed regions, such as that of south of Egypt, shall get a fairer share of investments, generating employment opportunities, thus declining the rates of internal migration to both Cairo and Alexandria and reducing the poverty ratio in south of Egypt
Furthermore, renewable energy requires a certain level of technological advancement, continuous Research and Development (R&D). Accordingly, renewable energy transitions are a little bit complex in nature and require the involvement of multiple stakeholders.
Directing the mega projects toward desert areas shall reduce migration to overpopulated areas. This, in turn, will contribute to strike a balance between inhabited and uninhabited areas. In addition to enhancing equity and improve distribution of wealth and opportunities, particularly among northern and southern of Egypt.
Egypt has a good chance for achieving sustainable urban development depending on mega projects of renewable energy. However, there are some challenges may be faced, such as, low prices of fossil fuels and electricity (Egypt are among the lowest prices in the world), due to highly subsidize. This subsidize has a negative effect on competitively of renewable energy production. However, the government is currently developing an integrated energy strategy that includes new energy prices to reduce the energy subsidy bill.
Mega projects of renewable energy in promising zones shall attract population and investments, and the overall impact is facilitating the processes of polarization reversal depending on proposed mega projects, new investments and new migrations towards such zones.
Creation of new sub centers in promising zones for urban development outside Al-Wadi and Al-Delta
Decreasing of current regional disparities
On the other hand, current distribution of energy projects in Egypt refers to 85 per cent approximately of total projects concentrated around Cairo, and 15 per cent is concentrated near to Aswan, where hydropower is generated [1]. The current status probably represent a security risk for Egypt. Mega projects of renewable energy could support decentralized policy in Egypt; as they are distributed in desert areas away from existing centralization pattern.
Increasing of inhabitants areas to reach 11% of total area of Egypt; therefore achieving more balance in urban system.
Mega projects of renewable energy can create new opportunities of jobs in remote areas; therefore, attracting population towards those areas.
Mega projects of renewable energy may have plenty of reflections to urban development map in Egypt as following:
Egypt’s inhabitant area can be increased from less than 6% to 11% of total area of Egypt, especially if Egypt succeeded in directing proposed mega projects towards desert areas and achieve integration between those projects.. In addition to, supplying those projects with required energy and water, and renewable energy can play vital role during this process . The following Fig. 14 illustrates urban development map for Egypt, depending on mega projects of renewable energy
Figure 13. Reflections of mega projects in renewable energy sector on Urban Development map in Egypt
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Integrated Mega Projects
Mediterranean Sea
Wind Energy Projects Solar Energy Projects Allocated lands for RE Production
Reclamation Lands (project of 1.5 Mill. Fed.) Approved Industrial Areas Allocated lands for Mining activities Touristic Activities New Communities Existing Agriculture
Nature reserves
Gulf of Suez Zone West of Mania Zone
Red Sea Western Desert
Lake Nasser Zone Figure 14. Urban Development Map of Egypt
IX.
References
Conclusion
[1]
Egypt is a very rich country by the renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar. Therefore it became a must to adopt the renewable energy after current shortage of energy in Egypt.
[2]
The mega projects of renewable energy have plenty of direct and indirect benefits. The most important of direct benefits; tackle the current shortage of energy, creating new job opportunities, and directing investments towards undeveloped areas in desert zones.
[3] [4]
While, the indirect benefits; achieve the balance in urban system, decrease regional disparities, and support other mega projects. And, this research gives a greater attention to the indirect benefits and its reflections to urban development map in Egypt.
[5]
In the light of national goals, this research proposes three promising zones for establishing renewable energy projects; shoreline of Suez Gulf, Nasser lake, and West of Mania, which have competitive advantages in renewable energy production.
[7]
[6]
[8]
Such mega projects of renewable energy production in promising zones shall contribute in drawing a new urban development map for Egypt.
[9]
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Mostafa, M., Challenges to Energy Transition in Egypt: A Study of Wind and Solar Sectors, in Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences. 2014, University of Potsdam, Germany: Potsdam. IRENA, Pan-Arab Renewable Energy Strategy 2030, in Roadmap of Actions for Implementation 2014, The International Renewable Energy Agency: Masdar City. Young, T.E., Renewable energy country attractiveness indices 2013. GOPP, National Urban Development Framework in Arab Republic of Egypt, General Organization for Physical Planning, Editor. 2014, Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development: Cairo. World Bank, Reshaping Egypt’s Economic Geography: Domestic Integration as a Development Platform. 2012, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department. Eversheds and PwC, Developing renewable energy projects, in A guide to achieving success in the Middle East. 2015. NREA, Annual Report 2013, Ministry of Electricity and Energy, New and Renewable Energy Authority Cairo, Egypt. p. 15. Mahapatra, S. Siemens Proposes €10 Billion Renewable Energy Investment In Egypt. 2016 [cited 2016 February 10th]; Available from: http://cleantechnica.com/2016/02/10/siemensproposes-e10-billion-renewable-energy-investment-egypt/. CAPMAS, Future of Energy in Egypt (Arabic). 2014, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics: Cairo, Egypt.
[10] Dyaa Abdou and Abdel Aziz Ibrahim, Solar Water Pumps: The Case of Egypt’s Desert. 2013. [11] Chow, J., R.J. Kopp, and P.R. Portney, Energy Resources and Global Development. Science, 2003. 302(5650): p. 1528-1531. [12] Mohammed, M. and M. Ragheb, Desert Development Corridor Energy Systems Integration, in Role of Engineering Towards A Better Environment. 2014, Faculty of Engineering: Alexandria, Egypt. [13] Abd-Elaal, M.R.M., Renewable Energy And Sustainable Urban Development In Hot Arid Regions, in Städtebau-Institut. 2008, Universität Stuttgart. [14] Mohi-Eldin, E.M.F.A.E.A., An Assessment for Technical, Economic, and Environmental Challenges Facing Renewable Energy Strategy in Egypt, in FACULTY OF ENGINEERING. 2011, KASSEL UNIVERSITY: KASSEL, GERMANY. [15] EIA. International energy data and analysis. 2015 [cited 2016 22 March ]; Available from: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=EGY. [16] Georgy, R.Y., Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Egypt National study, in Mediterranean and National Strategies for Sustainable Development. 2007, Plan Bleu. [17] Mastny, J.L.S.a.L., Prospects of the Renewable Energy Sector in Egypt. 2010, Worldwatch Institute. [18] CAPMAS. Population of Egypt, Estimation 2016. 2016 [cited 2016 19 March]; Available from: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/HomePage.aspx. [19] CAPMAS, Population of Egypt, Estimation 2014, S. Department, Editor. 2014, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics: Cairo, Egypt. [20] GOPP, Urban Development Plan for Egypt 2030. 2016, General Organization for Physical Planning: Cairo, Egypt. [21] UNDP, Egypt Human Development Report in United Nations Development Programme, H. Handoussa, Editor. 2010, Institute of National Planning: Cairo. [22] Tomaney, J., Place-Based Approaches to Regional Development. 2010. [23] 23. El-Baz, F., Development Corridor for Sustainable Growth in Egypt, in Sustainability and the Future conference, Centre for sustainable Future Studies, Editor. 2011: British University in Egypt. [24] Meisen, P. (2007) Renewable Energy Potential of the Middle East, North Africa.
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About Author (s):
Muhammad Salem is an Egyptian planner who graduated from Faculty of Urban & Regional Planning, Cairo University in 2006. He was among the top students in the class, which qualified him to be a teaching assistant at the department of Regional Planning. Then, he got his M.Sc. degree from the same department. His research interests include Sustainable Urban Development, Housing planning, Land use planning, Spatial Development and metropolitan growth management. He is also interested in using GIS and spatial analysis tools for supporting urban and regional planning. Moreover, He is a certified expert at General Organization of Physical Planning (GOPP) in Egypt. Taher Osman is currently a Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Kyushu University, Japan. In his doctoral research, He developed a mathematical computer simulation model to predict the future spatial form of rapidly growing metropolitans. He measured the urban expansion process to understand the urban expansion process in the context of urban activities, economic growth and urban governance. This research required knowledge in a wide range of topics and subjects that are crucial to understanding urban growth process and its temporal and spatial dynamics.
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