International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 3, Issue 1, January- 2014
ISSN (Online) 2278- 5841 ISSN (Print) 2320- 5156
Energy efficient cluster based approach in wireless Ad-hoc networks: Survey Divya Rai
Lalit V kulkarni
[email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT: - A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of different mobile nodes. These nodes can communicate with each other over wireless networks using wireless links. The energy saving is an important challenge of wireless network using routing protocols. The energy efficiency is an advantage of a cluster based approach in wireless network. This paper discusses the survey of different protocols like LEACH and CBR. If any sensor node consume more energy during communication then this nodes goes into dead state. Entire network goes break down. And performance of the parameters of the sensor network also degrades. So we are here given importance of energy efficiency in this survey paper for Mobile ad-hoc network. This paper analyses the better performance of routing protocols. And effect of energy consumption on different parameters of the network like throughput, packet delivery rate, packet loss etc. Keyword: Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), routing protocols (RP), energy consumption, Packet delivery rate, Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), Cluster based routing (CBR).
1 INTRODUCTION Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a kind of wireless ad-hoc network on top of the link layer ad-hoc network. It is distributed network where mobile nodes are connected together by wireless links without any fix infrastructure like base station, fixed links, routers, centralized servers. The primary application in mobile ad-hoc network are useful in many areas as vehicular network, communication in front line, disaster recovery areas , space and astronomy related project, pollution monitoring and medical and many more. Mobile ad-hoc network have few challenges like limited wireless transmission range, broadcast nature of wireless medium, unpredictable mobility, restricted battery power, limited bandwidth, multihop routing, dynamic topology,
www.ijrcct.org
security. Among them efficient utilization of energy is one of the important concerns as nodes are battery operated [1]. Routing is the process of establish a connection and packet forwarding from source node to sink node. It carried out two steps, first selecting the route for different pair of source –sink and transmit the data packet to the target node. Various protocol and data structure are available to maintain the routes and to execute this process. Routing in ad-hoc network has some distinct characteristics such as energy of nodes which depends on the limited power supply battery, mobility of nodes which may cause frequent route failure and wireless channels required variable bandwidth compared to wire network. This may be categorized under following routing models , one-hop model ,multihop model , and cluster- based model .This survey paper is paying attention on reducing energy consumption within each node and achieve high packet delivery ratio , which is also help to increase the network lifetime[2]. The hierarchal routing scheme also could not support mobility in wireless network. LEACH (lowenergy adaptive clustering hierarchy) protocol uses randomized rotation of cluster-head evenly distribute energy load among the nodes in the network. The protocol has some advantages its application are limited on fixed sensor nodes. But this protocol is not appropriate in mobility centric environment because the mobility of sensor nodes after the set-up phase of clusters within a round, this protocol causes serious data loss in mobility centric areas [3-4]. Only LEACH-mobile (lowenergy adaptive clustering algorithm) protocol presented able to support mobility in sensor nodes by adding membership declaration to the LEACH protocol. In this protocol the CH send data message to its member, and receive the data sent back from them. Where a nodes
Page 33
International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 3, Issue 1, January- 2014
with low mobility factor is act as CH. The LEACHmobile protocol achieves definite improvement in data transfer success rate as mobile nodes increased compared to the non-mobility centric LEACH protocol [5-6]. But the LEACH-mobile has high packet loss and high power consumption, thus the author proposed; CBR-mobile (cluster-based routing) protocol is used to handle packet loss and efficient use of energy within each node for wireless network. In this protocol, the CH send data request message to its member. When the CH head does not receive any data from its member, the packet is considered to be loss and the CH consequently discharges the sensor nodes membership at the end of the timeslot. In energy efficient transmission, the transmitter will send the message according to the received signal strength of data request message from CH [7-10].
Figure 1: structure of MANET using clustering approach The above figure (1) shows that communication between the mobile nodes using clustering approach. In this diagram there are two clusters created with cluster head (CH). Cluster is a collection of one cluster head and multiple mobile nodes (MN). All mobile nodes transmit data to the cluster head during the communication. The role of CH is that to collect data from respective mobile nodes and forward aggregated data to the sink node. This will show a hierarchy of data packet transmission from source to sink node.
2 LITERATURE SURVEY
www.ijrcct.org
ISSN (Online) 2278- 5841 ISSN (Print) 2320- 5156
Low- energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) a clustering- based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of cluster-head to evenly distribute the energy load among the node in the network. LEACH is able to perform local computation in each cluster to reduce the amount of data. LEACH is first clustering protocol which provides same initial energy among all nodes. After cluster formation node select one cluster head which require minimum communication energy. In this paper, the Author examine two important approaches first is, direct communication protocol, second one is, conventional approach .In direct communication protocol each sensor send its packet to sink node. If the sink node is far away from the nodes, so this protocol require a large amount of energy. This will drain the battery of the nodes and reduce the system lifetime. The author proposed second conventional approach which minimizes the energy in routing protocol, in this protocol; nodes transmit data ultimately for the sink station through intermediate node. And the node acts as a router for other nodes. A final conventional protocol for wireless network is clustering; where nodes are grouping into clusters that communicate with a local sink station and transmit the data to the global sink station. In this approach, it shows that the distance between the nodes is reduced which is used to transmit the data, as the local sink station is close to all the nodes in the cluster. As author discussed previously, being a cluster-head drain the battery of that node. In order to spread this energy usage over multiple nodes, the cluster-head nodes are not fixed. It will show distributing the energy among the nodes in the network is effective in reducing energy dissipation from global perspective and improving the system lifetime [3-4]. The Author, Proposed, Lowenergy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH-mobile) protocol. This protocol is applicable to wireless mobile sensor network. The improvement in LEACH protocol in this case is that it supports mobility, which is introduced in LEACH-mobile. The actual idea in LEACH-mobile is to confirm whether a mobile sensor node is able to communicate with a specific CH. When it transmits a message, it request for data transmission back to mobile sensor nodes from CH within its timeslot allocated to TDMA (time division multiple access) schedule of a wireless network in clustering. LEACH- mobile involves
Page 34
International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 3, Issue 1, January- 2014
www.ijrcct.org
sensor node to the list and send the TDMA time schedule to them. So the main advantage in this protocol is that it reduces the effects of mobility by decreasing packet loss by changing the TDMA scheduling adaptively and using round free cluster-head. [7-10] 3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSES In this survey paper, the performance of the above two protocol, CBR (cluster based routing) protocol achieve more packet delivery rate and reduce energy consumption compared to LEACH-mobile (low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) protocol, this will show in figure (2): the total number of packet received successfully as the number of mobile nodes is increased. Because cluster based routing protocol uses TDMA scheduling and round free cluster, which act as packet loss avoidance technique, which shows the node send their data messages to the free CH after visible show that they are lost, so immediately a registration message occur after the node receive data message to add new CH as early as possible and avoid loss of message. Below figure 2 referred and use from reference paper number [7].
Received Packet
the mobility of non-cluster head nodes and cluster head during the setup and steady state phase. This is the two important operation used in cluster based protocol in wireless network. In setup phase, the CH are selected as in LEACH, where both protocol uses same operation with some modification. In LEACH-mobile, which each sensor node chooses most appropriate CH according to the received signal strength from mobile nodes and then sends the join message to that CH. After the CH receives the join message from the mobile nodes, it will create TDMA schedule and broadcast to its member. Steady state phase is broken into frames; each node assigned a timeslot to send data to the CH. If the sensor node receive the data request message, it will send the data back to the CH. Otherwise it will go back to sleep mode until the next allocated time slot in the next frame. But the main drawback in LEACH-mobile is packet loss is relatively high and increase rapidly when the number or speed of mobile nodes increase rapidly, the LEACH-mobile is not traffic adaptive protocol, timeslot assigned to the sensor node that do not have data to send remain wastes and in this case there is no packet loss avoidance technique , when the mobile sensor node losses their schedule timeslot , the packet are assume to be lost [5-6].Cluster-based routing protocol (CBR-mobile) is used to handle packet loss and efficiently use energy resources. In this protocol , a cluster head receives data not only from its member during TDMA allocated timeslot but also from other lost sensor node during its free time, and each cluster-head take turn to be free cluster-head in the network . This protocol is query based routing protocol, which means receiving data request message from cluster-head, sensor node will choose the minimal power to transmit the message and send the data back to the cluster-head. if the node does not receive data request message from the cluster head, it will send the message to the free cluster-head to avoid packet loss and it will send the registration message to nearby cluster-head .When the cluster-head completes receiving data message from all sensor nodes, it will check whether it receive data message from all members, and then removes the non-receiving sensor nodes. After that new cluster-head checks whether it receive registration message from lost sensor node, then it send advertisement message to them. If the new CH receives a join acknowledgement message, it will then add the new
ISSN (Online) 2278- 5841 ISSN (Print) 2320- 5156
4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
CBR Mobile WSN LEACH Mobile 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 Number of Nodes
Figure 2: Average received packet for mobile nodes 4 CONCLUSIONS In this survey paper, we have discussed LEACH, LEACH-mobile, and CBR-mobile routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc network. The main concern in this survey paper is to examine energy efficiency and packet delivery ratio of these routing protocols in wireless ad-
Page 35
International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 3, Issue 1, January- 2014
hoc network. We compare the lifetime of network, balanced energy consumption within each node and packet delivery ratio characteristics of these routing protocol. Then we analyze, CBR-mobile protocol reduces the effect of mobility by decreasing packet loss by changing the TDMA scheduling adaptively and using round free cluster-head, this protocol is also energy aware, as it reduces the energy consumption by transmitting with low transmission with minimal amount of energy power based on the received signal strength of data request message. So significant improvement in data delivery ratio in CBR-mobile protocol shows as compared to other LEACH-mobile and LEACH protocol. In future work prospective, certainly further energy improvement data packet delivery ratio is possible. 5 REFERENCES [1] N. Kumar, Dr. C. suresh gnana dhas, “A complete study on energy efficient technique for mobile ad-hoc network” international journal of advance research in computer science & software engineering, September 2012, pp .123-199. [2] N. kumar ray, A. kumar turuk “energy efficient technique for wireless ad-hoc network”IJcICT-2010, PP. 105-111. [3]W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishanan, “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor network”, presented at the 3rd Hawaii int.conf. On system sciences, January 2000.
www.ijrcct.org
ISSN (Online) 2278- 5841 ISSN (Print) 2320- 5156
[4] X. liu, “A Survey on clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks”, Sensors 2012, Published August-2012. [5] Kim, D.S., Chung, Y.J.: “Self-organization routing protocol supporting mobile nodes for wireless sensor network”, proc. First int. Multi-symp. On computer and computational sciences, Hangzhou, china, June 2006, pp. 622-626. [6] G. Santhosh kumar, V. Paul M.V , K. Populose Jacob, “Mobility Metric based LEACH-mobile protocol”, department of computer science , cochin university of science and technology. [7] Sameer A. B, Cheek, N. K, Mohd. F.R, “Cluster based routing protocol for mobile nodes in wireless sensor network”, international conference on quality of service in heterogeneous wired/wireless network, Canada, May2010. PP. 233-241. [8] Asaduzzaman, H. Yun Kong, “Energy efficient cooperative LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks”, journal of communications and networks, vol., 12, no. 4, August-2010. [9] S. Deng, J. Li, L. Shen, “Mobility-based clustering protocol for wireless sensor network with mobile nodes”, published in IET Wireless sensor system, 20th January2011. [10] K. latif, M. Jaffar, N.Javaid, M.N.Saqib , U.Quasim, Z. A.Khan, “performance analysis of hierarchal routing protocol in wireless sensor network”, 2012 7th IC on BWCCA.
Page 36
