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Energy-Efficient Secure Distributed Storage in Mobile Cloud Computing

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outsourced data. Trust relations always have been one of the key factors in designing a security architecture for outsourcing data in mobile cloud computing in ...
2015 23rd Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE)

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