English Pronunciation ... Chapter 0 The basic knowledge of English
pronunciation ξ 1 ...... How to read the whole passage with stressed syllables and
focus.
Big deel!
I think we goda tuf kid!
Ya! He seemed to no everything we tot him!
English Pronunciation Ching Kang Liu Dep. of Foreign Languages and Applied Linguistics National Taipei University http://mail.ntpu.edu.tw/~ckliu
[email protected]
i
CONTENTS Part One Chapter 0 The basic knowledge of English pronunciation ξ1 ξ2
English vowels The movement of English vowels
1 1
Chapter 1 The vowel sound ξ3 ξ4 ξ5 ξ6 ξ7 ξ8 ξ9 ξ10 ξ11 ξ12 ξ13 ξ14
The vowels [i] & [0] The vowels [e] and [G] The vowels [$] and [G] The vowels [A] and [K] The vowels [K], [$] and [A] The vowels [C] and [o] The vowels [u] and [?] The vowels [u] after “w” The vowels [a0], [a?] and [C0] The vowels followed by “r”: ["], [Ar], [0r], [Gr], [Cr]/[or], [A0r], [A?r] and [(j)?r] The vowel [Q] The vowel ["l]
3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 10
Chapter 2 The consonant ξ15 ξ16 ξ17 ξ18 ξ19 ξ20 ξ21 ξ22 ξ23 ξ24 ξ25 ξ26 ξ27 ξ28 ξ29
The consonants [p] and [b] The consonants [f] and [v] The consonants [w] and [hw] The consonants [t] and [d] The consonants [s] and [z] The consonants [N] and [I] The consonants [tN] and [dI] The consonants [L] and [M] The consonants [k] and [g] The consonants [r] and [l] If “c, g, b, p” is followed by l The consonants [m], [n], and [H] The vocalic nasal & glottal stop The consonant [h] The consonant [j]
11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19 20
Chapter 3 Sibilants ξ30 ξ31 ξ32 ξ33 ξ34
Sibilants are pronounced as [s] when a word ends in a voiceless consonant Sibilants are pronounced as [z] when a word ends in a voiced consonant or a vowel or glide [w, j] Sibilants are pronounced as [Dz], etc. The “th” in words like “month” or “earth” may be simplified The intonation of a dialogue
21 21 21 21 22
Part Two: Rhythm and Intonation ξ35 ξ36 ξ37 ξ38 ξ39 ξ40
Reviewing the vowels Stress and syllables Clustering Rhythm and rhyme Intonation The intonation of a monologue
23 23 25 29 31 34
Appendix Exercises
35 37
References
38 2
Part One Sounds Chapter 0 The basic knowledge of English pronunciation ξ1 English vowels
Front
Central
back (round) High u (boot)
i (beat) 0 (bit)
? (put)
e (bait) o (boat) "/Q Mid
D (but) G (bet)
C (bought) K (but) $ (bat) A (pot) Low ξ2 The movement of English vowels
1
01
02
Familiar Consonant Symbols [b] [f] [h]
boat fish home
[d] [g] [k]
down go kiss cold man post sick nice very yes
[l] [n] [r]
late not red
[m] [p] [s]
[t] [w] [z]
two want zero laser
[v] [j]
[L] [N] [tN] [H]
think ship check sing
[M] this [I] pleasure [dI] judge
Vowel Symbols [A] [G] [C] [K] [$] [0] [?] [i] [e] [o] [u] [a0] [a?] [C0]
far get bought but sad kiss book see say no rude die house boy
not bread all other put leaf raise boat cool wine now noise
2
Chapter 1 The vowel sound ξ3 The vowels [i] & [-0] [i],
[0]
[i]
[0]
03
The vowel [i] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
04
E meat week beach feet leave these real
9. even 10. please 11. keep 12. sleep 13. eastern people 14. please keep it 15. it’s easy 16. meet me there
The vowel [-0] / [-i] 1. study 2. hardly 3. friendly
05
The vowel [0] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
06
4. busy 5. finally
live sick ship miss did thin give rich
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
building middle minute river in a minute in the middle just a minute this one
Contrast [0] and [i] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
a. a. a. a. a.
sit list rich live hill
b. b. b. b. b.
seat least reach leave heal/heel 3
ξ4 The vowels [e] and [G] [e], [G]
[e]
[G]
07
The vowel [G] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
08
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
edge sell pen red bread read
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
mail pay break eight date age
b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b.
west edge abet wreck sell beckon heaven special trend pepper
The vowel [e] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
09
bed west head test tennis less
safe explain space grade wait take
Contrast [e] and [G] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.
waste age abate rake sail/sale bacon haven spatial trained paper
ξ5 The vowels [$] and [G] [$]
[G]
[$]
4
10
The vowel [$] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
11
sad laughed banned flash lather
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
ravel faster malady command taxed
Contrast [G] and [$] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.
said left bend flesh leather revel fester melody commend text X excess slender temper expend guest
b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b.
sad laughed banned flash lather ravel faster malady command taxed ax access slander tamper expand gassed
ξ6 The vowels [A] & [K] [A], [K]
[A]
[K]
12
The vowel [A] 1. block 2. lock 3. cop
4. block out 5. clod 6. fossil
5
13
The vowel [A] in Phrases 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
14
hot water an odd number good job a shopping center blonde hair lock the door
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
a popular show a flower garden a lot an atomic bomb a stop light a broken heart
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
one/won money enough government love other trouble country
The vowel [K] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
sudden rush once flood much come month does
ξ7 The vowels [K], [$] and [A] [K], [$] and [A]
15
[K]
[$]
[A]
Contrast the vowels [K], [$] and [A] 1. a. cut b. cat c. cot
2. a. luck b. lack c. lock
ξ8 The vowel [C] & [o] [C]
[o]
6
3. a. hut b. hat c. hot
16
The vowel [C] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
17
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
appall call chalk caught saw
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
notice coat only go away at home
The vowel [o] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
18
bought law Shaw gauze clause
both clothes show most old
Contrast [C] and [o] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.
bought law Shaw gauze clause appall call chalk caught saw
b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b.
boat low show goes close a pole coal choke coat sew/so
ξ9 The vowels [u] and [?] [u], [?]
[u]
[?]
19
The vowel [u] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
on Tuesday cool newspaper student Who is he? two of them
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 7
a new suit Don’t lose it. too old do it cowboy boots true or false
20
The vowel [?] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
good should foot sugar It looks good. push or pull
7. a textbook 8. good-looking 9. I took it there. 10. a good cook 11. I shouldn’t have done that. 12. I couldn’t do it.
Contrast the vowels [?] and [u] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.
cook good look took stood book foot should wood understood
b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b.
cool goose lose tool stew boot food shoot wool under the stool
ξ10 The vowel [?] after “w” W-[?]
21
The vowel [?] after “w” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
would woman wool in the woods a wool sweater
6. 7. 8. 9.
ξ11 The vowels [a0], [a?] and [C0] [a0], [a?], [C0]
[a0]
[a?]
[C0]
8
womanhood a tall woman a wooden box What would you do?
22 Listen and practice: the [a0] before voiceless consonants [p, t, k, f, L, s, N, tN] is pronounced [K0] [a0]
[K0]
1. ride 2. knives 3. hide 23
right knife height
Listen and practice the following vowels [a0] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
time privacy while climb nine find
[K0] 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
[a?]
tight like right night slightly nice
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
town crowd count now doubt shout
[C0] 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
toy boy noise voice join destroy
ξ12 The vowels followed by “r”: ["], [Ar], [0r], [Gr], [Cr]/[or], [A0r], [A?r], [(j)?r] Vowels-[r]
24
Listen and practice the vowels followed by [r] ["] 1. 2. 3. 4.
were first heard thirty
[Ar] 5. 6. 7. 8.
[Cr]/[or] 17. 18. 19. 20.
tore pour more war
[0r]
hard far heart large
9. 10. 11. 12.
[a0r] 21. 22. 23. 24.
hear fear near year
[Gr] 13. 14. 15. 16.
[A?r]
tire fire wire hire
25. 26. 27. 28.
ξ13 The vowel [Q] [D]+ [r] unstressed
9
hour flour tower sour
hair fair wear there [(j)?r]
29. 30. 31. 32.
tour lure cure pure
25
The unstressed [D]+ [r] sound 1. afternoon 2. butterscotch 3. eagerly 4. faster 5. hamburger 6. linger 7. miniature
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Note：schwa ago [D'go] open ['opDn]
paper perform stronger temperature understand wonderful younger occur abundant
[D'k"] [D'bKndDnt]
ξ14 The vowel ["l] ["l]
26
The ["l] sound 1. world 2. girl 3. curl
27
4. Earl 5. pearl 6. twirl
Phrases with the ["l] sound 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
the best in the world the whole world a world power all over the world world leaders
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
10
girl’s dormitory pearl necklace girl’s school curly hair worldwide
Chapter 2 The consonant ξ15 The consonants [p] and [b] [p], [b]
28
The consonant [b] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
29
[p], [b]
bear/bare because bronchial burst bout absurd fable liberty
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
robber symbol drab herb prescribe rib sob
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
separate surprise jumper develop group limp rope ship wipe
The consonant [p] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
percolate perform perspiration poem prediction pretty apron hospital omnipotent
ξ16 The consonants [f] and [v] [f], [v]
30
[f], [v]
The consonant [f] in different parts of the word 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
family February feed first phenomena phenomenon coughs diphtheria fifth
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
11
infamous prophet significant cough enough knife laugh mastiff relief
31
The consonant [v] in different parts of the word 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
variety victual view vowel gloves hover leaves moves
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
relevant removes shoves woven believe leave love strive
ξ17 The Consonants [w] and [hw] [w], [hw]
32
The [w] sound 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
33
[w], [hw]
weak/week wedge weigh/way west wonderful anyway awake away
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
backward forward sandwich twice quick square upward
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
white whittle anywhere awhile meanwhile overwhelm somewhere
The [wh] sound 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
what wheat wheel where while whip whisper whistle
ξ18 The consonants [t] and [d] [t], [d]
12
34 The consonants [t] and [d] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
tale/tail tame told dime doom door auto potato sister
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
hidden sudden window fate fight out hood loud sold
Note 1： If “st” appears before the vowel 1. star 2. stay
3. mister 4. coastal
Note 2ǯ If “t” or “tt” appear between two vowels and leading an unstressed syllable 1. little 2. butter
3. writing 4. exciting
Note 3ǯIf “ed” follows unvoiced consonants 1. cooked 2. hoped 3. missed
4. washed 5. watched
Note 4ǯIf “ed” follows voiced consonants and vowels 1. loved 2. rained 3. robbed
4. begged 5. judged 6. played
Note 5ǯIf “ed” follows “d” or “t” sound 1. added 2. needed
3. attracted 4. counted
ξ19 The consonants [s] and [z] [s], [z]
[s], [z]
13
35
The consonant [s] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
36
seat seed sing some soon also best last
passing possible bus dress miss nice once
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
lazy music because is lose plays please
The consonant [z] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
37
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
zebra zero zest zone zoo busy dozen easy
Contrast [s] and [z] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.
sip Sue seal sell it sink racer bussing prices fussy lacy
b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b. b.
zip zoo zeal zealot zinc razor buzzing prizes fuzzy lazy
ξ20 The consonants [N] and [I] [N], [I]
38
[N], [I]
The consonant [N] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
share sugar machine mission nation ocean
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
14
pension tissue vicious fish wash wish
39
The consonant [I] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
azure casual division fusion measure occasion
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Persian seizure usual vision beige corsage
ξ21 The consonants [tN] and [dI] [tN], [dI]
40
The consonant [tN] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
41
chair children church each natural
6. 7. 8. 9.
furniture watch TV in the future lunchtime
The consonant [dI] 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
42
[tN]
judge college education a large package a jazz musician graduate school
15. 16. 17. 18.
a foreign language damage in general middle age
Contrast [tN] and [N]; [dI] and [I] [tN] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
a. a. a. a. a.
[N]
watcher chews/choose cheese cheap catch
b. b. b. b. b.
15
washer shoes she’s sheep cash
[dI]
[dI] 6. a. 7. a. 8. a. 9. a. 10. a.
[I]
legion pledger major huge wall page
b. b. b. b. b.
lesion pleasure measure usual beige
ξ22 The consonants [L] and [M] [L], [M]
43
[L]
[M]
Practice the following words with [L] sound in different positions -[L]-
[L]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 44
thing think throw theory three thorough
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
-[L]
nothing author method worthwhile healthy sympathy
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
math fifth death north thousandth both
Practice the following words with [M] sound in different positions -[M]-
[M]1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
that there these those though
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
-[M]
together other weather although mother
11. 12. 13. 14.
ξ23 The consonants [k] and [g] [k], [g]
[k]
[g]
16
smooth breathe bathe teethe 15. soothe
45
The consonant [k] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
46
calm can cat column count
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
key architect fact picture ask
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
guess hungry recognize dig flag
The consonant [g] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
garden gas gather gone guard
Note 1: When [sk] is pronounced as a cluster 1. sky
2. skate
3. school
4. escape
Note 1: When g is pronounced as [g] or [H] 1. singer
2. hunger
ξ24 The consonants [r] and [l] [r], [l]
47
[l]
The consonant [r] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
48
[r]
wrong it’s raining forever roommate on the right direction
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
I’d rather not run away reading and writing a good reason I need a rest a rural area
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
law and order let’s go It looks like rain. learn a language eleven o’clock good luck
The consonant [l] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
in love love letters a light lunch at least climb up a long time
17
Final [l]
49
The consonant -[l] that ends a word 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
50
well single fill whole people natural double meanwhile
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
trouble bottle old cold told sold result
Phrases with the consonant -[l] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
a little bit in the middle in a little while on the whole old people
6. 7. 8. 9.
a helpful article in trouble a logical result small children
Note: The word with the consonant -[9] 1. people 2. trouble 3. single
4. 5.
double bottle
ξ25 If “c, g, b, p” is followed by l:! bl blow blue cl clean clear 51
gl pl
glow glue please police
Other examples with [cl, gl, bl, pl, etc.] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
claps blue place glass bleed black blame blur
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
clean glad pleasure pledge plenty slice splash
ξ26 The Consonants [m], [n], and [H] [m], [n], [H]
[m]
[n]
18
[H]
52
The consonant [m] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
53
6. 7. 8. 9.
the same time name at home come back
15. 16. 17. 18.
frequently one at a time conservation I understand
24. 25. 26. 27.
a fish tank the last warning a long time ago a mother tongue
The consonant [n] 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
54
make famous a small amount damage some time
all of a sudden I don’t know under control no, not now sooner or later
The consonant [H] 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
sing a song a young singer strong feeling the phone rang a savings bank
ξ27 The vocalic nasal & glotttal stop 55
When [t] or [d] is between a vowel and the [%] sound 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
cotton written sudden button eaten hidden garden
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
didn’t couldn’t mountain fountain sentence Trenton Maintenance
ξ28 The consonant [h] [h]
56
The consonant [h] 1. 2. 3. 4.
hue/hew/Hugh huge human humane
5. humid 6. humiliate 7. humor
19
Note：When [h] sound is not pronounced 1. hour 2. five hours
[a?Q] ['fa0va?Qz]
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
['An0st] [Gr] [M0 Gr] ['AnQ] [Dn 'An0st m$n]
honest heir the heir honor an honest man
8. vehement 9. exhibition 10. what did he do?
['viDmDnt] [`GksD'b0NDn] ['(h)wAt d0di du]
11. It couldn’t have happened.
[0t k?d%tDv 'h$pDnd]
ξ29 The consonant [j] [j]
57
58
The [j] sound 1. yellow 2. yell 3. year 4. yam 5. yolk 6. Yale
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
yet yard Yule use yowl yes
The [j] sound hidden in the words 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
particular in particular security accurate regular on a regular basis
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
20
figure figure it out popular reputation brilliant million
Chapter 4 Sibilants ξ30 Sibilants are pronounced as [s] when a word ends in a voiceless consonant. 59
Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4.
a ship they visit Dick clock
two ships he visits Dick’s house The clock’s broken.
ξ31 Sibilants are pronounced as [z] when a word ends in a voiced consonant or a vowel or glide [w, j] 60
Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4.
a job Sam buy the book he
good jobs Sam’s friend He buys books. He’s here.
ξ32 Sibilants are pronounced as [Dz] or [0z] when the base form of a word already ends in a sibilant: [s, z, N, I, tN, dI]. 61
Examples: 1. a rose [roz]
two roses ['roz0z]
2. Josh [dIAN]
Josh’s brother ['dIAN0z]
3. the judge [dIKdI]
the judge’s decision ['dIKdI0z]
4. they watch [wAtN]
he watches TV ['wAtN0z]
5. the boss [bCs]
The boss’s been here. ['bCs0z]
ξ33 The “th” in words like “month” or “earth” may be simplified. ✆ 62
Examples: 1. one month two months 2. the earth the earth’s circumference
21
[mKnL] [mKnts / mKnLs] ["L] [M0 "s sQ'kKmfDrDns]
ξ34 The intonation of a dialogue 63 Interviewer:
(To the audience) Ladies and Gentlemen, here we are at the Washington, D.C. Zoo with a citizen hero and a dramatic story. Mr. Bradley, I understand you saved a chimpanzee from drowning. Was it that wet chimpanzee lying on the grass over there?
Mr. Bradley:
Yes, that’s the one.
Interviewer:
Well, Mr. Bradley, can you tell us what happened?
Mr. Bradley:
Well, I heard some splashing in the pond. I looked out and I saw an animal in the water. It wasn’t swimming very well at all.
Interviewer:
And? What happened next?
Mr. Bradley:
Well, I just ran into the water and swam out as fast as I could.
Interviewer:
Did he struggle? Did he thrash around?
Mr. Bradley:
No, he just took my hand and I pulled him back to land. That’s all.
Interviewer:
Well, Mr. Bradley, on behalf of all the zoo and chimpanzee lovers everywhere, thank you.
22
Part Two: Rhythm and Intonation ξ35
Reviewing the vowel
1
(FOP p. 173 unit 60) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Please bring the meat. Three women visited the city. She broke the heel of her shoe coming down the hill. Give me fifteen minutes more to finish these things. These businesses are very busy during the Christmas season.
2 (FOP p. 177 unit 65) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3
(FOP p. 185 unit 73) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
ξ36
The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain. Don’t complain about the pain. Are you going to take a train or the plane? Jane is a common name in English. When many intelligent people leave their country, there is a “brain drain” in the country.
Listen to this list. That student came later than the rest of us. Are these the letters that you want me to send? Look at those little kids over there. Do this one first and that one last. I left there late and then I went home.
Stress and syllables
4 (CS p. 55) • sofa oven picture
• around event arrange
5 (CS p. 61) •• 1. attractive 2. absolute 3. responsible 4. electrification 5. scientific 6. photography 7. economic 8. institution 9. pronunciation
• • solution arrangement it’s awful
•• It’s active. Have some fruit. It’s possible. I need a vacation. I’m terrific! It’s hard for me. It’s atomic. End pollution. Let’s tell the nation
23
•• beautiful horrible open it
6
(CS p. 64) Rule 1
frozen yogurt • •
Rule 2
economic •• •
argument •• •
calculator •− •
administration •− • •
3 syllables reduction suggestion intention permission 7
opposition complication registration politician
5 syllables participation examination administration contamination
6 syllables identification electrification
(CS p. 65) biology geology
8
4 syllables
triangle creation
reaction recreation
(CS p. 48) Unvoiced bet sat debt feet right
Voiced bed sad dead feed ride
back rack sack pick duck
bag rag sag pig dug
cap mop rope lap tap
cab mob robe lab tab
24
reality science
geography association
(FOP p. 192 unit 80)
9
ξ37
1.
a. mad b. Max c. MacGregor
2.
a. advocate b. action c. acknowledge
3.
a. bead b. beak c. because
4.
a. figment b. fixture c. fixation
5.
a. egg b. expert c. excessive
6.
a. obstacle b. option c. optometrist
Clustering
10 (WS p. 54) 1. 2. 3. 4.
picked(it up moved(out fixed(it figured(out
5. planned(to go 6. narrowed(down 7. listened(to 8. changed(the date 9. raised(children 10. fixed(the VCR
(pick-ti-tup) (move-dout) (fix-tit) (figure-dout) (sounds like plan to go) (sounds like narrow down) (sounds like listen to) (sounds like change the date) (sounds like raise children) (sounds like fix the VCR)
25
11 (FOP p. 131) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
hand it in hand them in now throw them out throw it away call him up figure it out
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
clean it up pick her up look them up turn them off turn it on try it on
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
a lot of money New York is an exciting city. That’s what I said. What is this? not enough
12 (FOP p. 186 unit 74) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What is your name? not at all black and white from my point of view What are these?
13 (WS p. 55) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
He filled(out the application. The meeting’s been called(off. I checked(in this morning. She’s already checked(out. Have you narrowed(down the possibilities? The teacher has already handed(our papers back. He pointed(out all of my mistakes. That model will be gradually phased(out. I have already turned(down three offers. I’ve looked(over your resume.
14 (CS p. 65) 1. 2. 3. 4.
We(agree. Say(it. Go(on. How(about it?
15 (FOP p. 175 unit 62) 1. 2. 3. 4.
too often I can’t see it there’s no answer three others
5. 6. 7. 8.
be on time Who is it? Stay awake two apples
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9. 10. 11. 12.
pay everything tea and coffee let’s go out so easy
16 (FOP p. 176 unit 63) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
He’s studying with the radio on. This section of town was previously an industrial area. His experience in politics makes him a superior negotiator. The pianist quickly realized the piano needed tuning. He’s obviously a creative person.
17 (FOP p. 98) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
big girl higher rate white top help people walk carefully hard day
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
bathe there works slowly hum music both things real love love victory
18 (FOP p. 190 unit 78) 1. 2. 3. 4.
skin spring spend slow
5. 6. 7. 8.
strong stop scream squeeze
9. 10. 11. 12.
storm start speak spirit
13. 14. 15. 16.
split stay snow Smart
19 (FOP p. 190 unit 78) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The stone steps lead straight to the stream. State taxes on people’s estates are too high. Stop being so stubborn. Drive straight to the store. The stranger felt estranged by the strange customs in his new country. Would you rather ski or skate or just be a spectator?
20 (FOP p. 105) 1. 2. 3. 4.
when he: Tell me when he goes. did he: What did he do? does he: What does he do? if he: Call if he comes.
5. 6. 7. 8.
should have: I should have gone. what has he: What has he done? they had: They had already done it. what have: What have you done?
9. 10. 11. 12.
behind him: It’s behind him. ask him: I didn’t ask him. give him: Give him the paper. let him: Let him go.
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13. 14. 15. 16.
call her: Call her tonight. what’s her: What’s her name? where’s her: Where’s her office? met her: I met her friend.
21 (FOP p. 135 unit 47) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
I should have set the alarm clock last night. Oh, I’m so sorry. I should have been watching where I was going. I’m so sorry I forgot. I was so tired that I must have fallen asleep. Don’t worry. We can take it back. I should have asked you first. I should have left earlier. I don’t know when the next bus will come. I guess I should have checked a cookbook first. I know I should have done this last night, but I was just too busy. Now I’ll have to call a locksmith. I should have checked my bag before I left. 9. I should have listened to you. That horse was much too wild for me. 10. Another four pounds. I shouldn’t have had so much. 22 (FOP p. 91) cotton hidden
written garden
sudden didn’t
button couldn’t
eaten
mountain
fountain
sentence
Trenton
maintenance
23 (FOP p. 77) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
a rose [z] Josh [S] The judge [dZ] they watch TV [tS] the boss [s]
two roses [row-z´z] or [row-zIz] Josh’s brother [dZç-S´z] the judge’s decision [dZ´-dZ´z] he watches TV [wa-tS´z] The boss’s been here [bç-s´z].
6. 7. 8. 9.
a ship [p] they visit [t] Dick [k] clock [k]
two ships [ps] he visits [ts] Dick’s house [ks] The clock’s broken [ks].
a job [b] Sam [m] Buy the book [bay]. He [hiy]
good jobs [bz] Sam’s friend [mz] He buys books [bayz]. He’s here [hiyz].
10. 11. 12. 13.
14. one month [nT] 15. the earth [rT]
two months [nts] the earth’s circumference [rs]
28
24
(FOP p. 191 unit 79) Harriet Tubman was a Maryland-born slave who lived from about 1821 to 1913. She escaped from her white masters when she was a young woman and managed to find her way to the northern city of Philadelphia. There she learned about the “Underground Railway,” a secret network of people who helped fugitive slaves reach the North. She decided to become a part of the Underground Railway, and in a period of about twelve years made nineteen trips to the South to guide escaped slaves back North. During the Civil War, she volunteered to help the North, serving as a cook, a nurse, and a spy. After the war, she retired to Auburn, New York, and founded a home for aged blacks. When she died, the people of Auburn built a monument dedicated to her memory.
ξ38
Rhythm and rhyme 25
(WS p. 99) Example:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
rejected
he wrecked it
Words
Phrases
engineer overthrow himself convert (v) presented progressed permit (n) volunteer
he was here in a row an elf he’s hurt she sent it the best learn it she can hear
26 (WS p. 100): A different number of syllables that take the same length of time 1. broad broad broader
view review review
2. strong stronger strongest
taste taste distaste
3. slow slowly slowly
turn turn return
4. quick quick quickly
call recall recall
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27
5. new new newest
vice device device
(WS p. 104):
The rhythm and rhyme of sentences
Rhyme A: THREE BLIND MICE Please sit down. Come back soon. John can’t go. Don’t drive fast. SEE HOW they RUN. Don’t use my name. John lost the disk. Tell Sue I called. That book is good. Rhyme B: HICKory dICKory DOCK Do it according to plan. Give me a burger with cheese. Who is the man I should see. The MOUSE ran UP the CLOCK. I’d like to cash a check. He’d rather take the bus. I’ll have her call you back. Rhyme C: TWINkle, TWINkle LITtle STAR, Let me help you find your keys. Don’t forget the bread and milk. Tell me why you don’t agree. HOW I WONder WHAT you ARE. Find a space and park your car. Thanks a lot for all your help. Don’t forget to leave a tip. 28 (WS p. 105) The following expanded expressions (from a to e) take the same length of time. 1. a. b. c. d. e.
FIre KItchen FIre in KItchen FIre in the KItchen a FIre in the KItchen It’s a FIre in the KItchen.
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2. a. b. c. d.
SNOW exPECted FRIday SNOW is exPECted FRIday SNOW is exPECted on FRIday Some SNOW is exPECted on FRIday.
3. a. b. c. d. e.
DeLIver BOOKS MONday DeLIver BOOKS by MONday DeLIver the BOOKS by MONday We’ll deLIver the BOOKS by MONday We’ll have deLIvered the BOOKS by MONday
Intonation 29 (CS p. 88) A:
I lost my hat.
B:
What kind of hat?
A:
It was a rain hat.
B:
What color rain hat?
A:
It was white. White plastic.
B:
Mmmm. There was a white hat in the car.
A:
Which car?
B:
The one I sold!
30 (CS p. 103): Questions with who, when, where, etc. 1.
X: Where are you going? Y: To Europe.
2.
X: What are you doing? Y: I’m studying.
3.
X: What’s new? Y: Nothing much.
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Questions that can be answered “Yes” or “No.” 1. 2. 3.
X: Y: X: Y: X: Y:
Do you work in an office? Yes, I do. Is it raining? Yes. Are there any good movies on TV tonight? No, there aren’t.
31 (CS p. 104) 1.
X: Our computer isn’t working. Y: What did you say?
2.
X: They got here at one o’clock. Y: When did they get here?
3.
X: My in-laws are coming. Y: Who are coming?
(CS p. 105) 1.
X: We need twenty more plates. Y: Twenty? (Did you say twenty?)
2.
X: The party is on the fifth of May. Y: The fifth? (Is it on the fifth?)
3.
X: We have to finish the work before Tuesday. Y: Before Tuesday? (Not after?) X: Yes, that’s right.
32 (FOP p. 154 unit 54) 1.
Are you staying?
Okay? Some coffee?
2.
Are you going to buy it?
3.
Did they give you the information when you called?
4.
one, two, three
5.
Do you want this one or that one?
6.
What shall we have for dinner? Do you want fish, chicken, meat?
7.
Where shall we go for vacation? To Europe, or Canada, or Mexico?
Did you buy that one?
ambitious, intelligent, and energetic
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Should I use a pencil or a pen?
33 (FOP p. 155) 1.
A: B: A: B:
Do you want to come? Do you want me to? If I say no, will you be angry? Do you care if I’m angry?
2.
A: B: A: B:
Does Boris live here? Are you a friend of his? Is this his house? Is he expecting you?
3.
A: B: A: B:
Did you find a brown wallet? Did you lose one? Isn’t that a wallet over there? Do you have any identification?
34 (FOP p. 160 unit 56)
Excuse me. Do you have the time? Excuse me. Where can I make a phone call? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Excuse me. Can you help me? Where is the admission’s office? (to a stranger in a bus) Is this seat taken? (to a stranger) I can’t open this—could you give me a hand? (to an airline employee) When is the plane going to leave? (to a stranger) Do you have the time? (to a stranger at the bus stop) Does this bus go to First Street? (to a stranger next to you in the theater) Is this your coat?
35 (WS p. 118) MIDTERM ANXIETY X: Y: X: Y: X: Y: X: Y:
I’ve got to sTUdy! Where’ve I put my book? Which book? My calculus book. Maybe it’s on the bookshelf. The bookshelf is full of your comic books. Then look in the bedroom. I’ve looked in the bedroom. I give up. This place is a mess! I can’t find anything in this place. Wait a minute. Your book is right there … in your hand.
33
ξ40
The intonation of a monologue 36 (WS p. 119) How to read the whole passage with stressed syllables and focus words: “OK, today we’ll continue our discussion of pollution. … Yesterday we defined pollution. … Today we’ll talk about the impact of pollution … its far-reaching effects. Many people think pollution is just a problem for scientists … but it’s not just a problem for scientists. It’s a problem that affects everyone … since it affects human lives, it’s a health problem … since it affects property, it’s an economic problem … and since it affects our appreciation of nature, it’s an aesthetic problem.”
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Appendix ξ1 have to /h$v/ has to /h$z/ used to /juzd/
/h$ftD/ /h$stD/ /justD/
ξ2 He’s in pain. /m/ It rains in May. /m/ They’re in Korea. /H/ Be on guard. /H/ ξ3 /s/
/N/
issue He’s coming this year.
/z/
/I/
pleasure Does your mother know?
/t/
/tN/
statue Is that your dog? next year
/ts/
/tN/
She lets your dog in. He hates your hairdo.
/d/
/dI/
procedure Would you mind moving?
/dz/
/dI/
She needs your help. He never heeds your advice.
/j/
ξ4 Schwa 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
and or to him have can
black and white black or white back to school call him could have gone I can dance
“blacken” “blacker” “t school” “callim” “could of” “I can” rhymes with “liken”
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Other examples: Words a an the on at is are was have has his to of or but
ξ5
that
DQ t
D´t
can
kQ n
k´n/k%
Examples in a box He got an apple. in the box; he ate the apple The book is on the table. John is at home right now. This is what I want. They are leaving. He was late. You shouldn’t have done that. He has been away for a while. What’s his name? He went to school. all of us black or white I should’ve been there, but I was busy. He is so fat that he can’t even stand up. I can dance.
How to pronounce contractions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
ξ6
Stressed or Unstressed or citation form reduced form e ´ Qn ´n Di D´/DI ´n An/çn Qt ´t Iz ´z Ar ´r w Az w ´z hQ v (h)´v hQ z (h)´z hIz (h)Iz/(h)´z tu t´ ´v Av/√v çr ´r b√t b´t
I’ll do it. (rhymes with doll) You’ll do it. (rhymes with pull) He’ll/She’ll/We’ll do it. (rhymes with still) They’ll do it. (rhymes with bell) You’re sick. (rhymes with fur) They’re here. (sounds like there)
The correct intonation 1. Who wants to go?
a. I want to go to the baseball game tomorrow.
2. Do you have to go to the game?
b. I want to go to the baseball game tomorrow.
3. What did you say? To the football game c. I want to go to the baseball game tomorrow. tomorrow? 4. What did you say? To the practice?
d. I want to go to the baseball game tomorrow.
5. Today, did you say?
e. I want to go to the baseball game tomorrow.
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Practice 1 Practice the [I], [i], [e] and [E] sounds 1.
He believes that it’s easy to bake bread.
2.
The key to the gate is missing.
3.
The bed on sale does not sell very well.
4.
Please give me a piece of red paper.
5.
Bees are not meat-eating insects.
Practice 2 Practice the [$], [A], [e] and [K] sounds 1.
The cat is chasing a gray rat.
2.
Let the man catch the bat with his hat.
3.
The lucky lady is John’s mother.
4.
What did he say when the hot water stopped?
5.
Yes. I understand. Thank you.
PRACTICE 3 Practice the [$], [G], [A], [o] and [C] sounds 1.
I read a good book about cooking.
2.
Joe saw two little dots on the wall.
3.
To tell the truth, I hate the weather here.
4.
John bought a new boat two days ago.
5.
What’s the trouble with your brother?
6.
He took my fruit juice, the only food I had.
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PRACTICE 4 I live in Taipei. I’m thirty years old. I’m a school teacher. I’ve been working in this school for five years. I plan to visit the United States next year. I want to stay there for a while to see if I can find something valuable. I hope I won’t waste my time there.
References Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. & Goodwin, J. (1996). Teaching Pronunciation. NY: Cambridge University Press. Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). English Phonology: An Introduction. NY: Cambridge University Press. Gilbert, Judy B. 1984, 1993. Clear Speech (CS). Cambridge University Press. Grant, Linda. 1993. Well Said (WS). Heinle & Heinle Publishers. Ladefoged, Peter. (1993). A Course in Phonetics, 3rd Ed. FL: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Lane, Linda. (1993). Focus on Pronunciation. NY: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Taipei: Crane.
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