Licenciatura em Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação ... Sistemas operativos e
“device drivers” ... Sistemas Operativos, Alves Marques et al., FCA, 2009.
Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013
Hardware e Software das TI
O mundo é apenas uma sequência de 0s e 1s
Prof. Doutor Victor Lobo
Licenciatura em Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação
Objectivo desta disciplina
Programa (traços gerais) 1.
Introdução às máquinas de computação Representação de dados 3. Álgebra de Boole 4. Sistemas Digitais 5. Arquitectura de Computadores 6. Microprocessadores 7. Sistemas de Memória 8. Periféricos 9. Sistemas Operativos e Linguagens de programação
Compreender o HARDWARE
2.
De
que dispositivos são feitos os computadores ? que é a arquitectura de um computador ? O que é um microprocessador ? O
Compreender os tipos de SOFTWARE Linguagem
máquina de alto nível Sistemas operativos e “device drivers” Linguagens
Porque é que é importante ?
Para compreender o mundo que nos rodeia !
Porque só compreendendo como são as máquinas podemos compreender: As suas limitações As suas potencialidade Como escolhê-las e comprá-las,
e fazer bom uso
delas
Porque faz parte do curriculum de STI… Para
Bibliografia
Livro de texto Computer
Organization and Architecture, Linda Null & Julia Lobur, Jones and Bartlett, 2006
Outros Introdução às Ciências da Computação
An Invitation to Computer Science, 5th Ed, G.Michael Schneider, Judith Gersting
Breve introdução com hardware recente
Introdução geral a S.I.
acabar o curso é preciso saber isto (!)
Tecnologias de Informação, Sérgio Sousa, FCA, 2009. Introduction to Information Systems, Rainer, Turban et al., John Wiley & Sons, 2011
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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013
Bibliografia (mais detalhada)
Avaliação
Sistemas Digitais e Microprocessaores
Digital Fundamentals (10th Ed), Floyd, Prentice-Hall, 2010 Sistemas Digitais, Padilha, McGraw-Hill
Exame Final Obrigatório
Trabalhos Mini-Testes
Sistemas Operativos Modern Operating Systems (3rd Ed), Tannenbaum, Prentice-Hall, 2007 Sistemas Operativos, Alves Marques et al., FCA, 2009.
Datas:
23-Set 30-Set 7-Out 14-Out 4-Nov 11-Nov 18-Nov 25-Nov 2-Dez 9-Dez (recup)
de pesquisa bibliográfica e apresentação (10%)
Lista de temas disponível no site da cadeira Fazer uma apresentação de 10 min e relatório de 2 páginas.
NOTA
Apresentações dos trabalhos
de Programação em Assembler (20%)
Data de Entrega: 2 Janeiro
Trabalho
(10+10%)
Datas: 30 de Setembro & 11 de Novembro
Trabalho
para todos (50 % da nota)
MÍNIMA EM TODAS AS PROVAS – 9 valores
Horário de dúvidas e contactos
Email:
[email protected] Dúvidas
2ª Feira às 18:30 (ou quando combinarmos) Por mail em qualquer altura Sempre que estiver no ISEGI (!)
Material
de apoio
www.isegi.unl.pt/docentes/vlobo
Mudanças
de aulas
Não há aula de HSTI no dia 21 e 24 de Outubro
1.3 An Example System Um exemplo:
Computadores e a sua história
O que é isto tudo??
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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013
Elementos básicos de um computador
Arquitectura básica de Von Neumann Computadores Digitais
Saída de dados
Unidade de Processamento Manipular
os dados, fazer as contas, processar a informação
Guardar
Operações
Unidade de Armazenamento os dados
Memória
Controlo
de aritmética e lógica
(p/dados e programa)
Unidade de Entrada/Saída (I/O) Comunicar
com o exterior
Entrada de dados
Componentes do sistema
Componentes do sistema
Visão externa
(rede, scanner, etc)
Bus de sistema / bus de expansão
Visão interna
Memória principal
CPU processamento dos dados e controlo do sistema
Teclado Monitor (video)
Ligação através de uma “placa controladora” e programa (“driver”) dedicado
Impressora Disco/ Disquettes Outros
História das máquinas de computação
Máquinas que servem para processar informação
História das máquinas de computação
Fazer contas, guardar dados, automatizar processos
Máquina
de Turing, artigo “sobre os números computáveis” Primeiras máquinas “modernas”
Antes dos computadores
Ábacos Máquina de Pascal e de Leibniz
Tabelas de logaritmos, e “computador moderno mecânico”
Máquinas de Hollerith
Leitura de cartões, e processamento rudimentar de informação
Máquinas analógicas dedicadas
2ª Grande guerra ENIAC
Máquinas de Babbage
Somas e subtracções com rodas dentadas Calculadores de tiro para artilharia
Trabalho teórico dos anos 30
/ Colossus / outros
Computadores de 1ª Geração Válvulas UNIVAC (Sperry), ERA, Aprox. 1945 - 1953
IBM 650
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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013
História das máquinas de computação
Computadores de 2ª Geração Transistors discretos IBM 7095,1401, primeiros
História das máquinas de computação Computadores de 4ª Geração
VLSI,
PDP
1954-1965
Cray
1.5 Historical Development
workstations / minicomputadores / mainframes / supercomputadores
Computadores de 3ª Geração Circuitos integrados IBM 360, PDP-8, DEC-10, 1965-1980
Moore’s Law (1965) Gordon
1.5 Historical Development
Moore, Intel founder
density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year.”
cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four years.”
In
“The
density of silicon chips doubles every 18 months.”
Rock’s Law In
2005, a chip plants under construction cost over $2.5 billion. $2.5 billion is more than the gross domestic product of some small countries, including Belize, Bhutan, and the Republic of Sierra Leone.
For
Moore’s Law to hold, Rock’s Law must fall, or vice versa. But no one can say which will give out first.
1968, a new chip plant cost about $12,000. At the time, $12,000 would buy a nice home in the suburbs. An executive earning $12,000 per year was “making a very comfortable living.”
But this “law” cannot hold forever ...
Rock, Intel financier
“The
Contemporary version:
1.5 Historical Development
Rock’s Law Arthur
“The
microprocessadores
1980 - …(1ºp em 1974) Computadores pessoais /
1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
Computers consist of many things besides chips.
Before a computer can do anything worthwhile, it must also use software.
Writing complex programs requires a “divide and conquer” approach, where each program module solves a smaller problem.
Complex computer systems employ a similar technique through a series of virtual machine layers.
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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013
1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
Each virtual machine layer is an abstraction of the level below it.
The machines at each level execute their own particular instructions, calling upon machines at lower levels to perform tasks as required.
Level 4: Assembly Language Level
The
1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
Level 2: Machine Level Also
known as the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Level.
Consists
of instructions that are particular to the architecture of the machine.
Level 3: System Software Level Controls executing processes on the system. Protects system resources. Assembly language instructions often pass through Level 3 without modification.
Level 1: Control Level A control unit decodes and executes instructions and moves data through the system. Control units can be microprogrammed or hardwired. A microprogram is a program written in a lowlevel language that is implemented by the hardware. Hardwired control units consist of hardware that directly executes machine instructions.
Level 5: High-Level Language Level level with which we interact when we write programs in languages such as C, Pascal, Lisp, and Java.
upon assembly language produced from Level 5, as well as instructions programmed directly at this level.
1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
execution and user interface level.
level with which we are most familiar.
The
Acts
Level 6: The User Level Program
Computer circuits ultimately carry out the work.
1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
Programs
written in machine language need no compilers, interpreters, or assemblers.
1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy
Level 0: Digital Logic Level This level is where we find digital circuits (the chips). Digital circuits consist of gates and wires. These components implement the mathematical logic of all other levels.
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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013
1.7 The von Neumann Model
On the ENIAC, all programming was done at the digital logic level.
Programming the computer involved moving plugs and wires.
A different hardware configuration was needed to solve every unique problem type. Configuring the ENIAC to solve a “simple” problem required many days labor by skilled technicians.
1.7 The von Neumann Model
Today’s stored-program computers have the following characteristics: Three hardware systems: A central processing unit (CPU) A main memory system An I/O system
1.7 The von Neumann Model
Inventors of the ENIAC, John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert, conceived of a computer that could store instructions in memory.
The invention of this idea has since been ascribed to a mathematician, John von Neumann, who was a contemporary of Mauchley and Eckert.
Stored-program computers have become known as von Neumann Architecture systems.
1.7 The von Neumann Model
This is a general depiction of a von Neumann system:
These computers employ a fetchdecode-execute cycle to run programs as follows . . .
The
capacity to carry out sequential instruction processing. A single data path between the CPU and main memory.
This single path is known as the von Neumann bottleneck.
1.7 The von Neumann Model
The control unit fetches the next instruction from memory using the program counter to determine where the instruction is located.
1.7 The von Neumann Model
The instruction is decoded into a language that the ALU can understand.
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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013
1.7 The von Neumann Model
Any data operands required to execute the instruction are fetched from memory and placed into registers within the CPU.
1.8 Non-von Neumann Models
1.7 The von Neumann Model
The ALU executes the instruction and places results in registers or memory.
1.8 Non-von Neumann Models
Conventional stored-program computers have undergone many incremental improvements over the years.
In the late 1960s, high-performance computer systems were equipped with dual processors to increase computational throughput.
These improvements include adding specialized buses, floating-point units, and cache memories, to name only a few.
In the 1970s supercomputer systems were introduced with 32 processors.
But enormous improvements in computational power require departure from the classic von Neumann architecture.
Supercomputers with 1,000 processors were built in the 1980s.
In 1999, IBM announced its Blue Gene system containing over 1 million processors.
Adding processors is one approach.
1.8 Non-von Neumann Models
Conclusion
Parallel processing is only one method of providing increased computational power.
More radical systems have reinvented the fundamental concepts of computation.
This chapter has given you an overview of the subject of computer architecture.
These advanced systems include genetic computers, quantum computers, and dataflow systems.
You should now be sufficiently familiar with general system structure to guide your studies throughout the remainder of this course.
At this point, it is unclear whether any of these systems will provide the basis for the next generation of computers.
Subsequent chapters will explore many of these topics in great detail.
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