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Licenciatura em Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação ... Sistemas operativos e “device drivers” ... Sistemas Operativos, Alves Marques et al., FCA, 2009.
Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013

Hardware e Software das TI

O mundo é apenas uma sequência de 0s e 1s

Prof. Doutor Victor Lobo

Licenciatura em Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação

Objectivo desta disciplina 

Programa (traços gerais)  1.

Introdução às máquinas de computação Representação de dados  3. Álgebra de Boole  4. Sistemas Digitais  5. Arquitectura de Computadores  6. Microprocessadores  7. Sistemas de Memória  8. Periféricos  9. Sistemas Operativos e Linguagens de programação

Compreender o HARDWARE

 2.

 De

que dispositivos são feitos os computadores ? que é a arquitectura de um computador ?  O que é um microprocessador ? O



Compreender os tipos de SOFTWARE  Linguagem

máquina de alto nível  Sistemas operativos e “device drivers”  Linguagens

Porque é que é importante ? 

Para compreender o mundo que nos rodeia !



Porque só compreendendo como são as máquinas podemos compreender:  As suas limitações  As suas potencialidade  Como escolhê-las e comprá-las,

e fazer bom uso

delas 

Porque faz parte do curriculum de STI…  Para

Bibliografia 

Livro de texto  Computer

Organization and Architecture, Linda Null & Julia Lobur, Jones and Bartlett, 2006

 Outros  Introdução às Ciências da Computação 

An Invitation to Computer Science, 5th Ed, G.Michael Schneider, Judith Gersting



Breve introdução com hardware recente



Introdução geral a S.I.



acabar o curso é preciso saber isto (!)



Tecnologias de Informação, Sérgio Sousa, FCA, 2009. Introduction to Information Systems, Rainer, Turban et al., John Wiley & Sons, 2011

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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013

Bibliografia (mais detalhada)

Avaliação 



Sistemas Digitais e Microprocessaores 

Digital Fundamentals (10th Ed), Floyd, Prentice-Hall, 2010  Sistemas Digitais, Padilha, McGraw-Hill

Exame Final  Obrigatório



Trabalhos  Mini-Testes 



Sistemas Operativos Modern Operating Systems (3rd Ed), Tannenbaum, Prentice-Hall, 2007  Sistemas Operativos, Alves Marques et al., FCA, 2009.







Datas:

23-Set 30-Set 7-Out 14-Out 4-Nov 11-Nov 18-Nov 25-Nov 2-Dez 9-Dez (recup)

de pesquisa bibliográfica e apresentação (10%)

Lista de temas disponível no site da cadeira Fazer uma apresentação de 10 min e relatório de 2 páginas.

 NOTA

Apresentações dos trabalhos

de Programação em Assembler (20%)

Data de Entrega: 2 Janeiro

 Trabalho 

(10+10%)

Datas: 30 de Setembro & 11 de Novembro

 Trabalho



para todos (50 % da nota)

MÍNIMA EM TODAS AS PROVAS – 9 valores

Horário de dúvidas e contactos 

Email: [email protected]  Dúvidas   

2ª Feira às 18:30 (ou quando combinarmos) Por mail em qualquer altura Sempre que estiver no ISEGI (!)

 Material 

de apoio

www.isegi.unl.pt/docentes/vlobo

 Mudanças 

de aulas

Não há aula de HSTI no dia 21 e 24 de Outubro

1.3 An Example System Um exemplo:

Computadores e a sua história

O que é isto tudo??

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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013

Elementos básicos de um computador 

Arquitectura básica de Von Neumann Computadores Digitais 

Saída de dados

Unidade de Processamento  Manipular

os dados, fazer as contas, processar a informação



 Guardar



Operações

Unidade de Armazenamento os dados

Memória

Controlo

de aritmética e lógica

(p/dados e programa)

Unidade de Entrada/Saída (I/O)  Comunicar

com o exterior

Entrada de dados

Componentes do sistema

Componentes do sistema 

Visão externa



(rede, scanner, etc)

Bus de sistema / bus de expansão

Visão interna

Memória principal

CPU processamento dos dados e controlo do sistema

Teclado Monitor (video)

Ligação através de uma “placa controladora” e programa (“driver”) dedicado

Impressora Disco/ Disquettes Outros

História das máquinas de computação 

Máquinas que servem para processar informação 



História das máquinas de computação 

Fazer contas, guardar dados, automatizar processos

 Máquina

de Turing, artigo “sobre os números computáveis”  Primeiras máquinas “modernas”

Antes dos computadores  

Ábacos Máquina de Pascal e de Leibniz  



Tabelas de logaritmos, e “computador moderno mecânico”

Máquinas de Hollerith 





Leitura de cartões, e processamento rudimentar de informação

Máquinas analógicas dedicadas

2ª Grande guerra  ENIAC

Máquinas de Babbage 



Somas e subtracções com rodas dentadas Calculadores de tiro para artilharia

Trabalho teórico dos anos 30



/ Colossus / outros

Computadores de 1ª Geração  Válvulas  UNIVAC (Sperry), ERA,  Aprox. 1945 - 1953

IBM 650

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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013

História das máquinas de computação 

Computadores de 2ª Geração  Transistors discretos  IBM 7095,1401, primeiros

História das máquinas de computação Computadores de 4ª Geração



 VLSI,

PDP

 1954-1965



Cray

1.5 Historical Development 

workstations / minicomputadores / mainframes / supercomputadores

Computadores de 3ª Geração  Circuitos integrados  IBM 360, PDP-8, DEC-10,  1965-1980

Moore’s Law (1965)  Gordon

1.5 Historical Development 

Moore, Intel founder

density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year.”

cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four years.”

 In

 “The

density of silicon chips doubles every 18 months.”

Rock’s Law  In

2005, a chip plants under construction cost over $2.5 billion. $2.5 billion is more than the gross domestic product of some small countries, including Belize, Bhutan, and the Republic of Sierra Leone.

 For

Moore’s Law to hold, Rock’s Law must fall, or vice versa. But no one can say which will give out first.

1968, a new chip plant cost about $12,000. At the time, $12,000 would buy a nice home in the suburbs. An executive earning $12,000 per year was “making a very comfortable living.”

But this “law” cannot hold forever ...



Rock, Intel financier

 “The

Contemporary version:

1.5 Historical Development

Rock’s Law  Arthur

 “The



microprocessadores

 1980 - …(1ºp em 1974)  Computadores pessoais /

1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy 

Computers consist of many things besides chips.



Before a computer can do anything worthwhile, it must also use software.



Writing complex programs requires a “divide and conquer” approach, where each program module solves a smaller problem.



Complex computer systems employ a similar technique through a series of virtual machine layers.

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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013

1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy 

Each virtual machine layer is an abstraction of the level below it.



The machines at each level execute their own particular instructions, calling upon machines at lower levels to perform tasks as required.





Level 4: Assembly Language Level

 The 



1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy 

Level 2: Machine Level  Also

known as the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Level.

 Consists

of instructions that are particular to the architecture of the machine.

Level 3: System Software Level  Controls executing processes on the system.  Protects system resources.  Assembly language instructions often pass through Level 3 without modification.

Level 1: Control Level  A control unit decodes and executes instructions and moves data through the system.  Control units can be microprogrammed or hardwired.  A microprogram is a program written in a lowlevel language that is implemented by the hardware.  Hardwired control units consist of hardware that directly executes machine instructions.

Level 5: High-Level Language Level level with which we interact when we write programs in languages such as C, Pascal, Lisp, and Java.

upon assembly language produced from Level 5, as well as instructions programmed directly at this level.

1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy

execution and user interface level.

level with which we are most familiar.

 The

 Acts



Level 6: The User Level  Program

Computer circuits ultimately carry out the work.

1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy 

1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy

 Programs

written in machine language need no compilers, interpreters, or assemblers.

1.6 The Computer Level Hierarchy 

Level 0: Digital Logic Level  This level is where we find digital circuits (the chips).  Digital circuits consist of gates and wires.  These components implement the mathematical logic of all other levels.

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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013

1.7 The von Neumann Model 

On the ENIAC, all programming was done at the digital logic level.



Programming the computer involved moving plugs and wires.



A different hardware configuration was needed to solve every unique problem type. Configuring the ENIAC to solve a “simple” problem required many days labor by skilled technicians.

1.7 The von Neumann Model 

Today’s stored-program computers have the following characteristics:  Three hardware systems: A central processing unit (CPU) A main memory system  An I/O system

1.7 The von Neumann Model 

Inventors of the ENIAC, John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert, conceived of a computer that could store instructions in memory.



The invention of this idea has since been ascribed to a mathematician, John von Neumann, who was a contemporary of Mauchley and Eckert.



Stored-program computers have become known as von Neumann Architecture systems.

1.7 The von Neumann Model 

This is a general depiction of a von Neumann system:



These computers employ a fetchdecode-execute cycle to run programs as follows . . .

 

 The

capacity to carry out sequential instruction processing.  A single data path between the CPU and main memory. 

This single path is known as the von Neumann bottleneck.

1.7 The von Neumann Model 

The control unit fetches the next instruction from memory using the program counter to determine where the instruction is located.

1.7 The von Neumann Model 

The instruction is decoded into a language that the ALU can understand.

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Hardware e Software das Tecnologias de Informação V 0.2, V.Lobo, EN/ISEGI, 2013

1.7 The von Neumann Model 

Any data operands required to execute the instruction are fetched from memory and placed into registers within the CPU.

1.8 Non-von Neumann Models

1.7 The von Neumann Model 

The ALU executes the instruction and places results in registers or memory.

1.8 Non-von Neumann Models



Conventional stored-program computers have undergone many incremental improvements over the years.



In the late 1960s, high-performance computer systems were equipped with dual processors to increase computational throughput.



These improvements include adding specialized buses, floating-point units, and cache memories, to name only a few.



In the 1970s supercomputer systems were introduced with 32 processors.





But enormous improvements in computational power require departure from the classic von Neumann architecture.

Supercomputers with 1,000 processors were built in the 1980s.



In 1999, IBM announced its Blue Gene system containing over 1 million processors.



Adding processors is one approach.

1.8 Non-von Neumann Models

Conclusion



Parallel processing is only one method of providing increased computational power.





More radical systems have reinvented the fundamental concepts of computation.

This chapter has given you an overview of the subject of computer architecture.





These advanced systems include genetic computers, quantum computers, and dataflow systems.

You should now be sufficiently familiar with general system structure to guide your studies throughout the remainder of this course.





At this point, it is unclear whether any of these systems will provide the basis for the next generation of computers.

Subsequent chapters will explore many of these topics in great detail.

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