entrepreneurship and skill development on market ...

Publication No. RCM (TM)- 13 Publication No. RCM (TM)- 13 TRAINING MANUAL

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT ON TRAINING MANUAL MARKET DRIVEN PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF HIGH VALUE CROPS OF NEH REGION ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT ON MARKET DRIVEN PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF HIGH VALUE CROPS OF NEH REGION

Training Manual Training Manual Edited By -

Kh. Rishikanta Singh Ch. Basudha Edited By Arati Ningombam Kh. Rishikanta Punitha PSingh Basudha T. Ch. Basanta Singh Arati Ningombam I. Meghachandra Singh Punitha P N. Prakash T. Basanta Singh I. Meghachandra Singh N. Prakash

ICAR RESEARCH COMPLEX FOR NEH REGION Manipur Centre, Imphal ICAR RESEARCH COMPLEX FOR NEH REGION Manipur Centre, Imphal

Training Manual

Model Training Course on Entrepreneurship and Skill Development on Market Driven Production and Processing of High Value Crops of NEH Region Edited by

Kh. Rishikanta Singh, Ch. Basudha, Arati Ningombam, Punitha P, T. Basanta Singh, I. Meghachandra Singh, N. Prakash Copyright © ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region. All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. November, 2017

Citation: Singh Kh R, Basudha Ch, Ningombam A, Punitha P, Singh T B, Singh I.M and

Prakash N. 2017. Training Manual on Entrepreneurship and Skill Development on Market Driven Production and Processing of High Value Crops of NEH Region. Publication No. RCM(TM)- 200 pages.

ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal-795004 Published by: Director ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umroi Road, Umiam, Meghalaya

Printed at: R.B. Printing House, Nagamapal, Imphal, Manipur The results and views cited/expressed in the articles by the authors are their own and these do not necessarily reflect to those of organizers.

Message It is a pleasure to learn that, ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Manipur Centre is organizing a national level Model Training Course (MTC) on “Entrepreneurship and skill development on market driven production and processing of high value crops of NEH Region” at Imphal, Manipur during 8-15 November, 2017. With the fragile nature of climate and fragmented agriculture of our North Eastern India, planning a strategy for conserving the agricultural produce is much important for ensuring the food security. Recently, we have experienced an increased rainfall which has seriously affected the agricultural activities in the entire North East. To meet the challenges of nature, we need to focus on the absolute utilization of agricultural resources whatever produced. Contrastingly, the unique agro-ecosystem of North East Region of India coupled with large biodiversity makes conducive situations for producing wide range of agricultural products. Therefore, transfer of technology for various skills, market oriented production and income generation are highly essential for exposing our nutritious foods like black rice both in the domestic and international market for uplifting the economy of the region. The national level Model Training Course (MTC) on “Entrepreneurship and skill development on market driven production and processing of high value crops of NEH Region” will help to provide a new dimension on production and value addition of high value crops of NEH Region and will promote development of new entrepreneurs in the region. I strongly believe that, this training is very important and wish a grand success and request the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare Cooperation to host many more such trainings in the NEH region to encourage such scientific interaction and discussion among agriculturists, researchers, extension functionaries and academicians.

(Ph. Rajendra Singh) Director Agriculture

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Preface North East Region has a diverse agro climatic condition and hence a number of high value crops are naturally grown in various parts of the region. Cultivation of high value crops provides triple benefit in term of gainful employment, high income and promotion of local agro based processing industries. Some of the important locally grown high value crops are Black Scented Rice, King Chilli, Ginger, Turmeric, Large cardamom, Kachai Lemon, Pineapple, Passion fruit, Orange, Kiwi, Shiitake Mushroom, Squash, etc. Many of these crops are grown organically, possess aromatic and medicinal values and fetch high price both in the local and international market. In order to get the best yield and ensure optimum utilization of limited farm resources of the poor farmers, growing of high value crop suitable for a particular agro climatic condition is very important. Standardized package of practices need to be followed taking into consideration selection of quality planting material, timing of planting, soil nutrient, pest and disease management practices, right time of harvest, etc. Agriculture is NEH region is different from the rest of the country and the region faces a number of challenges in the production of high value crop due to lack of market access, transportation bottleneck, poor-post harvest technology facility and weak capital base of the farmers and lack of entrepreneurship skill. The production system is still traditional though some commercial mode of farming is slowly coming up. To develop the region and to promote the livelihood of the farmers working in these challenging situations, a well-planned policy strategy is required right from production till marketing and distribution. Timely availability of good planting material, improved road and rail connectivity, cold storage and processing units at village level wherever possible and a strong credit linkage are critical requirement for encouraging entrepreneurship in the region. Market intelligence and forecasting of demand and supply will help a long way in price determination and timely decision making of the farmers. The success achieved in marketing of Pleurotus mushroom in Manipur and Anthurium in Mizoram and getting premium price for the cultivators would be well worth emulating in other high value crops too. Creation of a well-established marketing channel and supply chain through public-private partnerships and efficient market regulation and legislation is the urgent need of the hour. In order to generate more skill manpower and encourage entrepreneurs working on high value crops the present training programme on “Entrepreneurship and skill development on market driven production and processing of high value crops of NEH Region” sponsored by Directorate of Extension, Department of Agriculture Co-operation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, Govt. of India, has being organized by ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal during 8 to 15 November 2017. This manual covers different aspects on high value crops and will be of great help to researcher, academician, policy makers, entrepreneurs and farmers. Editors

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Content SL No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

CONTENT

Chapter Overview of Production and Processing of High Value Crops of NEH Region with reference to Entrepreneurship Development Protected Cultivation of Market Driven High Value Vegetable Crops of NEH Region Challenges and Opportunities of Organic Based Entrepreneurship Development in NEH Region Entrepreneurship Development through Processing and Value Addition of High Value Crops with Special Reference to NE Region of India Spices for Income Enhancement in NE Region: Needs and Focus Marketing of High Value Exotic Fruits and Flowers in North-East India: Few Success Stories Entrepreneurship through Food Value Addition of Jackfruit Post Harvest Technology and Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables Marketing of Tomato in Imphal Valley of Manipur Advances in Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in the Production of High Value Crops Mushroom and Spawn Production Technology for Entrepreneurship Development Practices and Skill for Making Bee Keeping a Profitable Enterprise Water Management – Its Significance in Sustaining Agriculture in Hill Ecosystems – Issues And Strategies Advances in Plant Diseases Management with a Focus on Biological Control Agents Skill & Technique on Zero Tillage Production of Toria Oilseed Basic Concept of Integrated Farming System: An Option for Fostering Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation and Rural Agripreneurship Prevalence and Control Strategies of Diseases Affecting Livestock and Poultry in Northeast India Entrepreneurship and Skill Development on Market Driven Fish Products Development of Poultry Based Entrepreneurship with respect to NEH Region Options for Entrepreneurship Development through rearing of Ornamental fishes in North Eastern Region of India Approaches for Converting Waste into Enriched Manure through Composting Preservation and Value Addition of Seasonal Fruits Extension Approaches in Promotion of Agricultural Marketing: Status and Prospects Scope and Potential of Agri-business enterprises in Northeast India

Page 1-9 10-11 12-21 22-31 32-54 55-64 65-69 70-76 77-83 84-88 89-98 99-106 107-110 111-119 120-123 124-140 141-149 150-151 152-155 156-162 163-179 180-186 187-193 194-200

ri-business enterprises Overview in Northeast of Production India and Processing of High Value Crops of NEH Region with Reference to Entrepreneurship Development

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Kh. Rishikanta Singh, Ch. Basudha, Arati Ningonbam, T. Basanta Singh, ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Punitha P, I. M Singh and N. Prakash ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal- 795 004 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The North East of India comprising of the eight states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim constitute 8% of the country‘s my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The total area and around 4% of the country population. The region offers scope for cultivation of of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen a wide variety of agricultural crops because of its diversities in topography, altitude and geographical indications. However, the revenue earned climatic conditions. The region is mostly hilly and has rich forest wealth, fruits and the country is low as compared national average. Invegetables, flowers, herbs and aromatic plants, rare and rich flora and fauna. More than 80 % ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of of the population are resides in the rural areas with agriculture as the main source of income. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India The total cropped area is only 12.31 % of the total geographical area of the region as a whole. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Most of the hill farmer follows shifting cultivation which is of a subsistence nature with low he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. input low output farming and organic approach as the basis in cultivation. The farming e region makes favourable setting up food processing system in the region is mostly rainfed and rice is the staple crop. Next to rice, cultivation of option. There are many small scale unorganized horticulture crops is a regular phenomenon of farming either for family consumption or for loyment at low levels. The current situation demands commercial purpose. can address the economic and social issues.

These days a change in the farming approach can be seen as people are aware of and are realizing the importance of high value crops grown in the region. Many crops which are grown to the region like brown scented rice, king chilly, kachai lemon, 'Lakadong' landrace f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, of turmeric, ginger, kiwi, passion fruit, etc. have unique feature and characteristics and are ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources gaining recognition day by day. Along with this a number of ornamental, medicinal & ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to aromatic plants are grown in the region which has high economic value and fetch a high price rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and in the international market. Also the coming of the food processing hubs and development of fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into agro processing units where high value crops are sorted, processed and packed for sale to North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, customer both locally and other part of the country boost the farmer to take up farming on a ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. commercial mode. But the region faces a number of challenges in high value crop production o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, due to lack of market access, transportation bottleneck, poor-post harvest technology facility done at primary level only and the rising standard of and weak capital base of the farmers and entrepreneurs. A detail discussion of the various econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural crops produces in the region and processing aspects are presented in this article. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, The total area under cereals in the NE region is 3832.30 thousand hectares with the largest emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, area under cereal in Assam followed by Tripura and Nagaland respectively. The total eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and production of cereals was 7,249.90 thousand Metric tonnes. With respect to pulses, the total r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary area covered was 212.60 thousand hectares with the largest area under Assam followed by orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Nagaland and Manipur respectively. The total production of pulses was 161.60 thousand nced with improvement in the state of art of their Metric tonnes. In respect of oil seed the total area covered was 427.10 thousand hectares with est potential in North East India as the pesticide and the largest area in Assam followed by Nagaland and Manipur respectively. The total in India compared to industrial nations of the world. production of oilseed was 26,308.2 thousand Metric tonnes, respectively. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast Area India and Production of Principal Crops in NER-2011-12

Area '000' Ha B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon States Incubation (ABI) CenterTotal Cereals Agri-Business Arunachal Pradesh Area ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region195.7 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, ProdIndia352.0 Assam Area 2,616.5 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Prod 4,594.8 Manipur Area 250.7 Prod my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The642.2 Meghalaya Area of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen128.2 Prod 245.3 geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Mizoram Area 45.4 the country is low as compared national average. InProd 62.6 ersity in the region, it isNagaland lacking behind in Area terms of263.3 its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack531.8 Prod ion and marketing the products. Sikkim The Northeast AreaIndia62.5 l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Prod 97.3 he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Tripura Area 270.0 e region makes favourable setting up food processing Prod 723.9 option. There are many NE small Total scale unorganized Area 3,832.30 loyment at low levels. The current situation Prod demands7,249.90 can address the economicAll andIndia social issues. Area 100,292.7 Prod 242,197.1

India

Production 000’ MT

Total Pulses 9.5 10.5 119.7 68.6 28.5 26.9 4.2 3.7 3.8 5.3 31.8 34.7 6.5 5.9 8.6 6.0 212.60 161.60 24,462.2 17,088.9

Total Oilseeds 32.5 33.0 268.3 149.5 35.9 28.3 9.9 7.6 2.5 2.4 64.0 66.8 9.3 7.8 4.7 3.5 427.10 298.90 26,308.2 29,798.7

Percent Area under Horticulture Production

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, State/UT‘s % Area Under Horticulture ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a regionPradesh waiting to Arunachal 36.26 rest wealth, fruits and vegetables,Assam flowers, herbs and 15.49 fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Manipur 37.05 North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Meghalaya 30.44 ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Mizoram 16.99 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Nagaland 4.66 done at primary level only and the rising standard of Sikkimof agricultural 50.92 econdary and tertiary processing Tripura of forestry. 27.52 be utilized for production of by-products scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Total 18.66 emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Source: Directorate of Economics eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and and Statistics & National Horticulture Board r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary According to the estimates of National Horticulture Board, a total of 18.66 percent of the orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic total cultivated area of the North East region is under horticulture production. Sikkim has the nced with improvement in the state of art of their largest area under horticulture (50.92 %) followed by Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh with est potential in North East India as the pesticide and the least in Nagaland. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production North East Region has a diverse agro climatic condition and hence a number of horticulture house conditions can be taken up to harness the export crops grown in various part of the region. Banana, orange, kiwi, pineapple, lemon, apple, modified crops, have the highest potential in this region passion fruit, etc are major fruit crops grown in the region. Commonly grown important of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of vegetable crops of the region include squash, potato, cauliflower, tomato, cucumber, etc. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Among spices the economically important one include large cardamom, ginger, turmeric and ri-business enterprises in Northeast India chilli. Above this a number of medicinal and aromatic plants are also grown in the region. B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. NE Bamon Major Horticultural Crops of Region

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center StateResearch Complex Fruits For NEH Region Vegetables ICAR Umiam, Apple, Meghalaya-793103, Arunanchal orange, kiwiIndia Potato, tomato, *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Pradesh cabbage

Spices Ginger, Turmeric, Large Cardamom Ginger, Turmeric

Others Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Flowers/Orchid

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Assam Banana, Orange, Potato, Medicinal Plants of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon Pineapple, of Manipur and Queen Cauliflower, and Herbs, geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Arecanut, Cabbage and Flowers the country is low as compared national average. InCoconut, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Lemon its produces. Surplus products get wastedPapaya, due to lack Manipur Pineapple, Potato, Chili, Medicinal Plants ion and marketing the products. The Northeast Banana, Lemon, India Cauliflower, Turmeric and Herbs, l for food processing and other Orange, related agri-businesses. Passion Pea, Flowers he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Fruit Tomato e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There Meghalaya are many small scale Banana, unorganized Pineapple, Cabbage, Ginger, Chili Medicinal Plants loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Orange, Chow-chow and Herbs, can address the economic and social issues. PassionFruit, Flowers Strawberry India Mizoram Orange, Banana, Potato, Ginger, Chili Flowers/Orchid, Papaya, Grapes, Squash, Medicinal Plants f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Passion Fruit Manipur, Cabbage, and Herbs ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Broccolli ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Nagaland Pineapple, Banana, Tapioca, Chili,Ginger, Medicinal Plants rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Orange, Cucumber Large and Herbs fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into PassionFruit Cardamom North East IndiaSikkim is endowed with varied ago-climate, Orange, Cabbage, Large Medicinal Plants ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. PassionFruit, Kiwi Cauliflower, Cardamom, and Herbs, o Food Processing, Horticulture,fruit Floriculture, Farming, Broccoli, Ginger Flowers/orchids done at primary level only and the rising standard of Potato, econdary and Tripura tertiary processing of Banana, agricultural Pineapple, Potato, Ginger Medicinal Plants be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Litchi, Jackfruit, Off-season and Herbs, Flowers scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Mangoes Vegetables emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to total get into Beekeeping and apiary crops in the region is 411.90 thousand hectares. The The areait.covered by horticulture orth East India.total Mushroom production for domestic production of fruits in the region is 3432.10 thousand metric tonnes with the highest nced with improvement in the state of art of production in Assam followed by their Tripura and Manipur and Sikkim the least. The average est potential in productivity North East India as in thethe pesticide of fruit North and East region is 8.33 MT per hectare. Among the states, in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Tripura leads in term of productivity with a production of 15.80 MT per hectare followed by ucated to switch over for farming. Production Assam andorganic Meghalaya, respectively. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast Area, Production India and Productivity of Fruits in NER (2010-11)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon States Area (in 000‘ Ha) Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Arunachal Pradesh 72.00 ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Assam 137.50 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Manipur 68.70 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Meghalaya 30.20 Mizoram 27.00 Nagaland 18.20 my. It is well known for its Sikkim agricultural produces. 17.50 The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Tripura 40.80 geographical indications. However, the revenue earned NE Total 411.90 the country is low as compared national average.6,383.00 InAll India

Production (in 000‘MT) 107.90 1,763.50 286.30 241.90 211.50 151.30 25.80 643.90 3,432.10 74,877.60

Productivity (in MT/Ha) 1.50 12.80 4.20 8.00 7.60 8.30 1.50 15.80 8.33 11.70

ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Source: Indian Horticulture Database 2012, National Horticulture Board its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Due to diverse agro climatic condition, wide variation of altitude and topography, North east l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. region has a varied range of indigenously grown cultivars of various fruit crops. This include he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. 50 numbers of banana cultivars, 25 numbers of cultivar in Mango, 17 species and 52 cultivars e region makes favourable setting up food processing in citrus and lime, 11 cultivars in ber and so on. option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands List of major fruit diversities in North East India can address the economic and social issues. Commonname Species No. of cultivars in the region India Aonla Emblica officinalis Gaertn 5 f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Apple (L) 4 ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich naturalMalassylvestris resources ent people and cultures. ItBanana surely is a region Musa waiting to acuminate Colla. 50 rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Berpotential to transform Zizyphus 8 fauna, NE India has all the intomauritiana Lamk North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Guava Psidium guajava L. 7 ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Lime, lemon & Citrus spp. 17 plus their 52 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, oranges vars. done at primary level only and the rising standard of Mangifera indica L. 25 econdary and tertiary Mango processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products ofPrunuspersica forestry. Peach Benth&Hook. f. 7 scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is veryPineapple high in North East Region, Ananascomosus L. 7 eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Plum domestica L. spp.institia (L) 11 r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping Prunus and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Fragariavesca L. 3 nced with improvementStrawberry in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations Source: of the world. B.S. Asati and D.S. Yadav (2004) ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast Area,India Production and Productivity of Vegetables in NER

B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioo N. Bamon Production (in 000‘MT) StatesMukherjee Area (in 000‘ HA) Agri-Business Incubation Center2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 20092010- (ABI) 201111For NEH 12 Region ICAR Research10Complex Umiam, India39 Arunachal 4 Meghalaya-793103, 4 6 39 84 *Corresponding Pradesh author email: [email protected]

Productivity (in MT/Ha) 20092010- 201110 11 12 9

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Assam 255 260 266 4,570 Manipur 20 22 21 222 my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Meghalaya 44 42 40 416 of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Mizoram However, 11 18revenue 37 earned179 geographical indications. the Nagaland 10 18 33 the country is low as compared national average. In-78 Sikkimit is lacking 29 24 ersity in the region, behind in 25 terms of148 Tripura products 33 get wasted 36 34 to lack447 its produces. Surplus due ion and marketing the products. Northeast NE Total 406 The423 462 India6,098 l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. All India 7,985 8,495 8,990 133,738

18 11 9 17 8 5 14 15 17

11 11 9 7 7 5 15 10 17

11 10 10 6 7 5 16 10 17

2,926 237 357 116 79 121 532 4,405 146,555

3,046 200 385 221 223 128 553 4,838 156,326

he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Source:upIndian e region makes favourable setting foodHorticulture processing Database 2012, National Horticulture Board option. There The are table manyabove smallshows scaletheunorganized area, production and productivity of vegetables in North East loyment at lowRegion. levels. The current situation demands During the period from 2009 to 2012, the overall total area under vegetable has been can address the increasing economic and social issues. from 406 thousand hectare to 462 thousand hectares, respectively. The maximum

increase has been observed in Mizoram followed by Nagaland. But Meghalaya and Sikkim registered a negative growth in the area during the period. Astonishingly, though there is an increase in area, the production fell from 6098 thousand Metric Tonnes to as low as 4838 f the 8 states ofthousand Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Among the states, Assam, Manipur and Meghalaya Metric Tonnes, respectively. ura and Sikkim,registered is a reservoir of richgrowth naturalinresources negative production which is far more than the increase in production ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting contributed by the rest of the states.toThe region also experienced a fall in productivity in rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and vegetable from 15 Mt per hectare to only 10 Mt per hectare. Though at national level the fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform productivity has remain the same atinto 17 Mt per hectare. The productivity of the vegetables has North East Indiafallen is endowed with varied ago-climate, in case of Assam, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Some of the vegetable cropsFarming, which are grown successfully in the region along with the done at primary level only and the rising standard of These varieties include the locally developed one as varieties are given in the table below. econdary and well tertiary processing of agricultural as improved varieties from other parts of the country. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production meat, milkfamous and milk North of East is also for products, its diverse spices grown in various parts of region. The major emand of fishery is very highinclude in North East Region, spices grown pepper, ginger, chillies, turmeric, garlic, cardamom and coriander, eaters. Presence of a large number and the largest production accounting to 370.46 thousand respectively. Quantitywater wise bodies ginger has r an entrepreneur to getconstituting into it. Beekeeping andcent apiary tonnes 48.95 per of the total ginger production in the country. This is orth East India.followed Mushroom production for domestic by turmeric with a production of 77.89 Mt but constituted only 8.03 per cent of the nced with improvement in the state of art ofthough their the production is only 4.98 Mt accounts for 27.56 per country production. Cardamom, est potential in cent North East India as the pesticide of the country‘s production. and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast Identified IndiaVarieties of Vegetable Crops for NEH Region

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Crop Varieties / Hybrids Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Potato Kufri Khasi Garo, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Giriraj, Kufri Megha ICAR Brinjal Research ComplexBholanath, For NEH Region Singhnath, PPC, Sel-5, RCMBL –1 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Capsicum Indame-3, Mahabharat, KT-1 *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Tomato

Arka Alok, Arka Abha, Manikhamnu, Manileima, Manithoibi, Rupali, Avinash – 2, Pusa Hybrid – 2, Rocky, cherry tomato. Cauliflower – 16, my. It is well known for its agriculturalSnowball produces. ThePusa Shubhra, Himani, Pusa Himjyoti, Pusa Synthetic. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Cabbage Mukta, Pusa Ageti, Green Express, Pride of India, geographical indications. However, thePusa revenue earned Challenger the country is low as compared national average. InBroccoli Fiesta, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in KTS-1, terms ofPushpa, Japanese White, its produces. SurplusRadish products get wasted due to lack Chinese Pink, Meghalaya Local ion and marketing the products. The 7-Dhari, NortheastParbhani India Kranti, Arka Anamika Okra l for food processing Carrot and other related Nantes, agri-businesses. Pusayam dagni, Pusa Meghali, Hybrid-1 he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Chilli Agni, Bird‘s Eye Chilli, DulleKhursani, Gauhati Black, Raja e region makes favourable setting up Mircha, food processing Tejpur Chilli option. There are French many Bean small scale unorganized RCMFB – 1, Arka Komal, Pusa Parvati loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Cucumber Poinsette, Pusa Sanjog can address the economic and social issues. Sweet Potato Sonipat –2, Sree Bhadra, S-162 Colocasia ML-1, ML-9 India Pea Arkel, Lincoln, PM-2, VL-3 f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a regionof waiting Production Spicestoin North East (000’ tonnes) (2011-12) rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential into Statesto transform NER India Share in India's North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, production ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural Pepper commodities. 2.62 51.96 5.04 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Ginger Floriculture, Farming, 370.46 756.88 48.95 done at primary level only and the rising standard of Chillies 39.68 1299.94 3.05 econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Turmeric 77.89 969.5 8.03 be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Garlic 69.06 1250.72 5.52 scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Cardamom 4.98 18.07 27.56 emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Coriander 49.56 527.4 9.40 eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their of agrobased industries est potential in Development North East India as the pesticide and in North East Region in India compared to industrial the world. As per NSSO 67thnations round,ofthere are 40,921 number of own account enterprise in the North ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production East region with the highest number in Assam 22874 numbers followed by Tripura, 13782 house conditions can be taken up to 1224 harness the export numbers, Mizoram numbers and Manipur 1093 numbers, respectively and the least modified crops, number have thein highest potential in this region Sikkim only 12. With respect to number of enterprises, there are 20,549 numbers of high yielding varieties havein reached all partsby ofTripura, Manipur and Meghalaya, respectively. with the highest Assam followed labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Numberin ofNortheast unorganized India manufacturing enterprises present in Food processing industry in north-eastern states (2010-11)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon No. of Own Account Agri-BusinessStates Incubation (ABI) Center Enterprises (OAE) ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region

Umiam, Arunachal Meghalaya-793103, Pradesh India 186 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Assam 22874 Manipur

No. of enterprises (Establishment) 197 14310

1093

516

my. It is well known for its agricultural Meghalayaproduces. The 946 304 of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Mizoram 1224 96 geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Nagaland 804 262 the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Tripura 13782 4843 its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Sikkim 12 21 ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other Total related agri-businesses. 40921 20549 he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. NSSO 67th round, November 2012 e region makes favourable setting up foodSource: processing option. There are many small scale unorganized coming up of food processing loyment at lowThe levels. The current situation demandsindustries has helped in the conversion of raw agri products into a number of forms in a short time. The processed products can be used directly can address the economic and social issues. or as an ingredient for making other secondary products. These processed products are well packed, can be stored and transported easily and are readily available in every market place. India Now the consumption habit of people is changing due to increase in the income and changing there isPradesh, a growing tendency for consumption of value added processed food f the 8 states oflifestyle Assam, and Arunachal Manipur, products. Partially cooked rice, wheat ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resourcesflour, corn flakes, fortified coarse cereals, ready to eat snacks ofIt pulses soybeans are to some of the common agro based processed products ent people and cultures. surely isand a region waiting available in the North East. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and

fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Recent Trends in Agro-based Food Processing Technologies North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and Crop/ tropical agricultural Item Recentcommodities. Products, Processes, Trends and Technologies o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Rice rice mills, done at primary level only and theFully risingautomatic standard modern of cooked/quick cooking rice, econdary and tertiary processingPartially of agricultural Breakfast be utilized for production of by-products of cereals forestry.and value-added products Attractive packaging and branding scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Wheat Fully automatic roller flour mills emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, wheat eaters. Presence of a large numberWhole waterbran bodies andflour Fortified wheat flour r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Attractive packaging and branding orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Large number of baked products nced with improvement in the state of art of their Automatic chapatti est potential in North East India as the pesticide and making machines Maize Corn flour-packaged in India compared to industrial nations of the world. and branded Corn flakes and value-added products including ready-to-eat snacks ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production & the sweetened) house conditions can be taken up to(salted harness export Starch material, corn oil with specific consumer desired attributes modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Cattle feed of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of Baby corn labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for Large, corn processing plants roundwater level and labour scarcity for automatic agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Coarse Value-added products including breakfast foods & extruded fortified cereal tasty products B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Industrial Remiioo N. Bamon raw materials Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center units for pulses with driers, colour sorters and Pulses Automatic processing ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region packaging unit Attractive consumer Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India packaging with branding Cold storing of processed pulses *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Snack foods and other value added products Soybean Production of full fat soy flour/enzyme active soy flour for bakery and fortified foods my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Ready-to-eat snack of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen foods geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InSWOTit Analysis Agro-Based Food ersity in the region, is lackingofbehind in terms of Processing Industry in North East India In order to get get greater into the development paradigms regarding agro based its produces. Surplus products wastedinsights due to lack industries in the region, a SWOT analysis ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India has been done. A SWOT analysis helps to identify the strengths, opportunities and threats to the agro based industries thereby l for food processing and otherweaknesses, related agri-businesses. enabling the policy makers and the scientific community to continuously reorient themselves he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. the prevailing conditions. e region makestofavourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at lowStrengths: levels. The current situation demands 1. North India is abundance of natural agricultural resources like rainfall, water can address the economic andEast social issues. bodies, streams, which is basic requirement for development of industries. 2. Increase in income and local population leads to rising demand of agro based products India which is a major growth driver. 3. North East is organic default and there is a huge demand for these products in both f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,byManipur, local and domestic market. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources 4. Diverse varieties and cultivar ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waitingoftocrops and high value horticulture crops. 5. The region is surrounded by and international borders which make it easy to export other rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs countries fauna, NE India has neighbouring all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropicalWeaknesses: and tropical agricultural commodities. 1. The processed food industry is less developed as a result of logistical and distribution o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Region. done at primary level problems only and in theNorth risingEast standard of 2. Subsistence system which is inefficient, outdated, uneconomical farming econdary and tertiary processingfarming of agricultural practices be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. 3. ofLack relevant and information on socio-economic and development scope for production meat, of milk and milkdata products, parameters emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Fallingnumber out price, increasing input cost and distress sale. eaters. Presence of4.a large water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India.Opportunities: Mushroom production for domestic 1. The government is of actively nced with improvement in the state of art their seeking investment in the food processing and agribusiness in North est potential in North East India as industries the pesticide and East Region. 2. Due to value addition, the producer farmers are getting better price and higher profit in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over formargin. organic farming. Production crops going to be benefited as these will act as the basis and house conditions can3.be Naturally taken up togrown harness the are export raw material for the agro processing industries. modified crops, have the highest potential in this region 4. Scope forreached improving of high yielding varieties have all local partsfish of species with a focus on food fish, ornamental species and to attract tourist. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Threats:in Northeast India 1. Logistical problems, underdeveloped service networks and poor infrastructure hinder B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon development Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center 2. Prone to natural disasters like floods, cyclone and earthquakes occur frequently 3. Research Long and difficult in the international border ICAR Complex Forterrain NEH Region 4. Possibilities for border-crossing Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India creating situations of threat to social/national security 5. email: Outbreak of pest and diseases like citrus decline in North East. *Corresponding author [email protected] 6. Import of packaged food product from other states with competitive price posing threat to local producers. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Conclusion Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned having anational diverseaverage. agro climatic the country is NE low India as compared In- condition and biodiversity is a hotspot for Indian economic development. Many crops ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms are of grown in the region which are unique and have high economical value. production system is still traditional though some commercial mode its produces. Surplus products getThe wasted due to lack of farming has been coming up. To develop the region and to promote the livelihood of the ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India farmers working in these challenging l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. situations a well planned policy strategy is required right from production till marketing and distribution. There should be timely availability of he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. good planting material, road connectivity has to be improved, cold storage and processing e region makes favourable setting up food processing villagesmall level scale has to unorganized be established and a strong credit linkage has to be made. Above option. There unit are atmany these, market intelligence and forecasting will help a long way in price determination and loyment at low levels. The current situation demands of the farmers as agro-products is subject to price volatility. can address the decision economicmaking and social issues. India

References

B.S.Arunachal and Yadav D.S.(2004 ) Diversity of horticultural crops in north eastern region. f the 8 states ofAsati Assam, Pradesh, Manipur, Himalayan Ecology, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural12(1) resources Barah B.C. (2007) for toAgricultural Development in the North-East India: ent people and cultures. It surely is a Strategies region waiting Emerging Ind. Jn. of Agri. Econ .62(1) pp 13 – 31. rest wealth, fruits and Challenges vegetables,and flowers, herbsOpportunities and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Basic Statistics of North Eastern Region (2015) North Eastern Council, Government of India North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, (2017) Horticulture scenario in NE region of India, International Journal of ate, sub-tropicalDe andL.C. tropical agricultural commodities. Agricultural Science and Research 7(2) pp 243-254. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only the Studies rising standard of Kumar R. S and (2014) on Prospects and Constraints of Agro-based Food Processing econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Industries in North East India J. Agric. Technol., 1(2): 66-71. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Rais M, et al (2014) Food Processing scope for production of meat, milk and milk products,Industry: Opportunities in North East Region of India, Thehigh NEHU XIIRegion, (1) pp. 37-51. emand of fishery is very in Journal, North East eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Protected in Northeast Cultivation India of Market Driven High Value Vegetable Crops of NEH Region

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Ch. Premabati Devi, Ch. Tania and S.S Roy ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal – 795004 Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Cultivation of vegetable crop year round in North-Eastern hilly terrain soils is not possible *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

because of extremes variation of rainfall, temperature and humidity. In addition, the biotic stress also does not allow successful production of vegetables like tomato, chilli, capsicum, cucumber, okra, cauliflower etc. in the fields mainly during rainy & post-rainy season. The my. It is well known for itscrop agricultural produces. The vegetables are cultivated for livelihood of the farmer in this region and it also faces a lot of Meghalaya, of Kachai Lemon like of Manipur and Queen constraints photostress, moisture stress, temperature stress, and weeds growth, geographical indications. However, revenueexcessive earned wind velocities and atmospheric carbon-dioxide. deficiencies in soil the nutrients, the country is Moreover, low as compared average. In- of continuously shrinking of land holding, climate under national the present scenario ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms change and great demand for better of quality of vegetables, protected cultivation is the best its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack choice for better quality of produce, higher productivity, nursery raising and hardening of ion and marketing thebetter products. India plants, insectThe andNortheast disease management and also reduces the use of synthetic chemical l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. compound like pesticides and efficient use of land and other resources. It also facilitates offhe region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. season cultivation of high value crops which is favorable for market price to the grower‘s e region makesseason favourable setting up food processing after season, year after year. Apart from all this, savings in labour and fertilizer costs option. There also are accomplished many small through scale unorganized protected cultivation. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the Vegetable economic and socialcan issues. growers substantially increase their income through protected cultivation of

vegetable in off season as the vegetable produced during their normal season generally do not fetch good returns due to large availability of these vegetables in the markets. Different protected cultivation structures have different temperature, humidity, UV radiation ranges f the 8 states ofand Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, in construction of structure which may result in the also have different cost involvement ura and Sikkim,production is a reservoir rich natural resources of ofvegetables with distinct advantage of quality, productivity and favorable ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to protected structure are market price to the growers. The different rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and a) allCost naturally ventilated polyhouses fauna, NE India has the or potential to transform into b) Medium cost or partially climate North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, controlled polyhouses High cost or fullycommodities. climate controlled polyhouses ate, sub-tropical andc)tropical agricultural d) Plastic low tunnels: Miniature form of polyhouse; protects the plants from rains, o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, lowthe temperature, frost of and other vagaries of weather. Provide the best way for done at primary level winds, only and rising standard off processing season vegetable nursey production by modifying the micronutrient around the econdary and tertiary of agricultural plants. faster and their hardening is done simultaneously by be utilized for production of Seedlings by-productsgerminate of forestry. tunnels during day time or when the weather conditions scope for production ofremoving meat, milktheandportable milk products, isfavorable. It can be transported emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, from one place to another with ease. Net houses: Nets of 40 and higher mesh are effective. It helps eaters. Presence ofe)a large numberSimple water frame bodiesstructure. and in controlling the entry of flying insect. Therefore, the crop is safe from viral disease r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary borne production by insect vectors. Netting maintains an environment which also provides orth East India. Mushroom for domestic isolation from insect borne pollen. nced with improvement in the state of art of their f) Plastic mulches: a practice of covering the soil around plants to improve est potential in North East India as the mulching pesticide is and crop growth and development. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Nowadays, plastic mulches are commercially used in protected Black plastic mulch used in winters to absorb heat better. White ucated to switch over for organiccultivation. farming. Production mulch of 30-40µ used in summers. Yellow plastic mulch reduces virus house conditions can beplastic taken up to harness the export incidence in several vegetables modified crops, have the highest potential in this regionlike solanaceous crops. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of Off season cultivation of potential cucurbits for under low plastic tunnel is one of the most profitable labour-saving farm equipment have good technologies Northern of India.Walk-in tunnels are also suitable and effective to roundwater level and labourinscarcity forplains agricultural India

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raise offinseason nursery and off season vegetable cultivation due to their low initial cost. ri-business enterprises Northeast India Insect proof net houses can be used for virus free cultivation of tomato, chilli, sweet pepper B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon and other vegetables mainly during rainy season. These low cost structures are also suitable Incubation (ABI) vegetables. Center for Agri-Business growing pesticide free green Low cost greenhouses can be used for producing high quality forNEH longRegion duration (6-10 months) mainly in peri-urban areas of the ICAR Researchvegetables Complex For country Umiam, to fetchMeghalaya-793103, commensurate price of produces. Polytrenches have proved extremely useful India growing vegetables under cold desert condition, especially in agriculturally advanced *Corresponding for author email: [email protected] countries like Israel.

Climate Protected structure: my. It is well known for Controlled its agricultural produces. The 1. Maintain the humidity 60-80%. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen 2. Maintain optimum temperature geographical indications. However, the revenue earned18-24 avoid > 35 ˚and < 12˚ agro shade net average. to controlIn-temperature and light. Ensure sufficient air circulation the country is low3.as Use compared national around the plants. Ensure dioxide concentration >300 ppm which inturn ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms carbon of enhance the crops. its produces. Surplus products get production wasted dueoftothe lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Suitable protected cultivation: l for food processing andcrops other for related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Capsicum, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, broccoli and lettuce e region makesGreenhouses: favourable setting up food processing house: Bottle gourd, cucumber, capsicum, broccoli, chilli, ridge gourd and bitter option. There Shednet are many small scale unorganized gourd loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Suitable for all types of vegetable crop can address the Walk-in economictunnels: and social issues. Through the cultivation of high value vegetable crop in the protected structure it can reduce the use of all input resources and maximum output can be extracted from limited area India throughout the year. Therefore, it will help in the enhancement of income of the growers. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Reference: rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/midhPPT10.pdf North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, C agricultural and Laxmi, commodities. N. S. 2015. Prospects of Protected Cultivation of Vegetable Crops ate, sub-tropicalHillolmoy, and tropical in North Eastern Hilly Region. International Journal of Basic and Applied Biology. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level 2(5): only 284-289. and the rising standard of B and Sirohi, N.P.S. 2006. Protected cultivation of vegetables in India : Problems and econdary and Singh, tertiary processing of agricultural futureof by-products prospects. ISHS ActaHorticulturae 710: International Symposium on be utilized for production of forestry. scope for production ofGreenhouses, meat, milk andEnvironmental milk products, Controls and In-House Mechanization for Crop Production the tropics and Sub-Tropics. emand of fishery is very high in in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Challenges in Northeast and Opportunities India of Organic Based Entrepreneurship Development in NEH Region

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon 1 Agri-Business Incubation M. A. Ansari , S. S.(ABI) Roy1Center , S. K. Sharma1, Punitha P1. M. H. Ansari2, T. Basanta Singh1, ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region P. K. Saraswat3 and N. Prakash4 1 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, ICAR Research ComplexIndia for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, Imphal-795004 2 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] CSAUA&T, Kanpur- 208002 3 ICAR-KVK, Tamenglong 4 ICAR RC for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen The organic movement may haveearned gained a place in the spotlight of the mainstream now, but geographical indications. However, the revenue it has not been like that for long. Since the country is low as compared national average. In- the 1950s, organic farmers operating at a grass roots level have tested and sharedofproduction methods. They have codified a set of ideals ersity in the region, it is devised, lacking behind in terms into a pioneering best practice management system that addresses multiple its produces. Surplus products get wasted due toagricultural lack community values.The Niche marketsIndia have gradually been created, commonly based on trust and ion and marketing the products. Northeast goodwill (formal certification did not begin until the 1960s and 1970s), and often using novel l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. direct marketing such as box schemes and community supported agriculture. After he region favours cultivation of strategies agricultural produces. many years of consumers having to hunt around for their organic produce from several e region makes favourable setting up food processing suppliers, perhaps directly from the farmer, the task is now a lot easier with specialist food option. There are many small scale unorganized spacedemands in supermarkets, in the industrialized world at least. Global loyment at lowshops levels.and Theorganic currentshelf situation links have been forged in all continents as organic agriculture has been seen to be an effective can address the economic and social issues. rural development option. India

Organic crop production in the organic farming system is gradually gaining momentum It is based on the Manipur, minimal cost of the off-farm inputs and management practices f the 8 states ofworldwide. Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, maintain sustain ecological harmony. Organic crop production is not only a ura and Sikkim,that is a restore reservoir of rich and natural resources holistic approach of production system ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to that gives quality ―Organic food‖, but helps to restore soiland fertility on longflowers, term basis. It and is relatively independent production system compared to rest wealth, fruits vegetables, herbs conventional agriculture, which depends mostly on synthetically produced inputs i.e., fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, growth regulators, etc. In the organic crop North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, it is observed that there is yield drop during the conversion period as it ate, sub-tropicalproduction and tropicalsystem, agricultural commodities. takes some time for the soil and plants o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, to reach equilibrium. Yield of crops rise again once management systems get established. done at primary level only and the rising standard of

econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural agriculture increased pest and disease outbreak causing despair to be utilized forMoreover, productionconventional of by-products of forestry. farmers forcing them to use synthetic pesticide indiscriminately. Apart from falling scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, productivity of crops, thereEast are Region, inherent problems of environmental pollution, health hazards emand of fishery is very high in North and ultimately the ecological unsustainability threatening the future prospects of mankind and eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and other living being. Under the context of hill farmers, present day requirement of plant r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary through chemicalforfertilizers orth East India.nutrients Mushroom production domesticor plant protection through the synthetic pesticides is neither desirable nor feasible. high cost of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, the widening nced with improvement in the state of art The of their between supply andpesticide demand and and the low purchasing power of small and marginal est potential in gap North East India as the farmers (particularly in the hills of north eastern region) are at present major constraints in in India compared to industrial nations of the world. exploiting full potential of the crops. Moreover, the farmers of the north eastern region, in ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production general and the hill farmers in particular house conditions can be taken up to harness the export are not very keen to use of fertilizers and pesticides crops. modified crops, for havegrowing the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Organicin Farming Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Bamon management system which promotes and enhances Organic farmingand is aRemiioo holistic N. production Agri-Business health, Incubation (ABI) Center agro-ecosystem including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It emphasizes, the use of ICAR Research Complex Formanagement NEH Region practices in preference to the use of off –farm inputs, taking Umiam, into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. This is Meghalaya-793103, India by using, where possible, agronomic, biological, and mechanical methods, as *Corresponding accomplished author email: [email protected]

opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfill any specific function within the system (FAO, 1999). my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The defines of "Organic of Meghalaya, IFOAM Kachai Lemon ManipurAgriculture and Queenis a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the use the country is local low asconditions, compared rather nationalthan average. In- of inputs with adverse effects. Organic Agriculture combines tradition, innovation and to benefit the shared environment and promote ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms science of fair relationships andwasted a gooddue quality of life for all involved." its produces. Surplus products get to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India USDAand defines ―organicagri-businesses. farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of l for food processing other related synthetic inputs as fertilizers, he region favours cultivation of (such agricultural produces.pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm e region makes favourable setting up food processing waste, mineral rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization option. There organic are many small scalegrade unorganized and plant protection‖. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. FAO defines ―Organic agriculture is a unique production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and India soil biological activity, and this is accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and methods Pradesh, in exclusion of all synthetic off-farm inputs‖. f the 8 states ofmechanical Assam, Arunachal Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Principles of Organic Farming ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Principles arepotential the rootstofrom which into organic agriculture grows and develops. They express the fauna, NE India has all the transform North East Indiacontribution is endowedthat withorganic varied agriculture ago-climate,can make to the world and a vision to improve all agriculture in a global context. Agriculture is one of humankind‘s most basic activities ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. because all people need to nourish themselves daily. History, culture and community values o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, are embedded in agriculture. The apply to agriculture in the broadest sense, done at primary level only and the rising standard Principles of way people soils, water, plants and animals in order to produce, prepare econdary and including tertiary the processing of tend agricultural and distribute food and other goods. They concern the way people interact with living be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. landscapes, relate to one another and shape the legacy of future generations. The Principles of scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Organic Agriculture serveEast to inspire emand of fishery is very high in North Region,the organic movement in its full diversity. IFOAM‘s given four principles of organic farming eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Principle ofproduction health: Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, orth East India.1. Mushroom for domestic plant, animal, andofplanet one and indivisible. nced with improvement in human the state art ofastheir est potential in North East India as the pesticide and 2. Principle of ecology: Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems in India compared to industrial nations Organic of the world. and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Principle of potential fairness:inOrganic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure modified crops, 3. have the highest this region fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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4. Principle of care:India Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and ri-business enterprises in Northeast responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon the environment.

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center StatusResearch of Organic Farming ICAR Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India to [email protected] the latest FiBL survey on certified organic agriculture worldwide, as of the end *Corresponding According author email:

of 2015, data on organic agriculture was available from 179 countries (172 in 2014) (Willer and Lernoud). my. It is well known its agricultural produces. There for were 50.9 million hectaresThe of organic agricultural land in 2015, including inof Meghalaya, conversion Kachai Lemon ofThe Manipur andwith Queen areas. regions the largest areas of organic agricultural land are Oceania geographical indications. However, the which revenueis earned (22.8 million hectares, almost 45 percent of the world‘s organic agricultural land) the country is and low Europe as compared national average. In- percent). Latin America has 6.7 million hectares (13 (12.7 million hectares, 25 ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms percent) followed by Asia (4 million of hectares, 8 percent), North America (3 million hectares, its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack 6 percent), and Africa (1.7 million hectares, 3 percent). The countries with the most organic ion and marketing the products. TheAustralia Northeast India agricultural land are (22.7 million hectares), Argentina (3.1 million hectares), and l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. the United States (2 million hectares). See page 40 for the detailed results of the FiBL survey. he region favours cultivation agricultural Currently, one of percent of the produces. world‘s agricultural land is organic. The highest organic shares e region makesoffavourable setting up food processing the total agricultural land, by region, are in Oceania (5.4 percent) and in Europe (2.5 option. There percent). are many small scale unorganized In the European Union, 6.2 percent of the farmland is organic. However, some loyment at lowcountries levels. The current situation demands reach far higher shares: Liechtenstein (30.2 percent) and Austria (21.3 percent). In can address the eleven economic and social issues. countries, 10 percent of the agricultural land or more is organic. India

Organic Agriculture: Key Indicators and Top Countries

f the 8 states of Indicators Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources CountriesIt with organic activities ent people and cultures. surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits vegetables, herbs and No.and of countries withflowers, organic regulations fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into agricultural land ago-climate, North East IndiaOrganic is endowed with varied ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primaryOrganic level only the rising standard shareand of total agricultural land of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Wild collection and non-agricultural areas emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneurProducers to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North India OrganicEast market sizeas the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditionsPer cancapita be taken up to harness the export consumption modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

2015 Statistics

Top Countries

179 countries out of 196 countries 87 countries (2015) out of 179 countries 50.9 million hectares

Australia (22.7 M ha) Argentina (3.1 M ha) USA (2.0 M ha)

1.1%

Liechtenstein (30.2%) Austria (21.3%) Sweden (16.9%)

39.7 million hectares

Finland (12.2 M ha) Zambia (6.6 M ha) India (3.7 M ha) India (5,85,200) Ethiopia(2,03,602) Mexico (2,00,039) US (39.7 billion USD) Germany (9.5 billion USD) France (6.1 billion USD) Switzerland (291 USD) Denmark (212 USD) Sweden (196 USD)

2.4 million producers 81.6 billion USD 11.1 USD

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Number in of countries with ri-business enterprises Northeast India

organic 2016: 87 countries regulations B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andof Remiioo N. Bamon 2016: 833 affiliates Number of affiliates IFOAM– Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Organics International from 121 countries ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding Source: author email: FiBL [email protected] survey 2017, based on national data sources and data Organic Monitor 2017

Germany – 91 affiliates India – 73 affiliates China – 55 affiliates United States - 49 affiliates from certifiers Global market:

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemonand of territories Manipur and Queenby the global survey on organic agriculture 2015 Countries covered geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Region national average. Countries* Countries per Share of countries the country is low as compared Inregion that provided data ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in with termsdata of on organic (%) its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack agriculture Africa 41 56 73% ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India 41 49 84% l for food processing andAsia other related agri-businesses. Europe 48 49 98% he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Latin America 33 46 72% e region makes favourable setting up food processing anCaribbean North America 3 5 60% option. There are many small scale unorganized Oceania 13 25 52% loyment at low levels. The current situation demands World 179 230 78% can address the economic and social issues. Source: FiBL Survey 2017 India *Where the designation "country" appears in this book, it covers countries or territories.

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, farming in India ura and Sikkim,Organic is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Organic farming in flowers, India differs rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, herbsfrom and conceptions around the world in the smaller size of farms managed by each householdinto which, therefore, includes greater levels of own labour, fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform the farmer‘s more intimate knowledge North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, of field conditions and fewer animals managed per which bring it closer to environmentally sustainable agriculture. ate, sub-tropicalhousehold and tropical agricultural commodities. As one of the world's largest producers o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, of rice, tea, fruits and vegetables, various spices, pulses, medicinal cashew done at primary level only and theplants, rising and standard of nuts, India‘s first internationally certified organic products emerged in the mid 70‘s, supported by UK‘s Soil Association. India has evolved a econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural rich history of agricultural practices and continues to adapt technologies like biodynamic and be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. other systems organic practices. India's organic farmers have been at the forefront of scope for production of meat, into milkitsand milk products, developing field based technologies ranging from vermicomposting to integrated livestock emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, practices that number facilitatewater their bodies ability to improve soil fertility even in semi-arid or barren areas. eaters. Presence of a large and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary partsproduction of India have developed their own local or regional systems for ecological orth East India.Different Mushroom for domestic agriculture such as agnihotra and panchakavya that are now gathered in one umbrella term: nced with improvement in the state of art of their or ‗Jaivik Overcoming early doubts on the potential of organic systems est potential in ‗Jaivic North Krishi‘ East India as the Kheti‘. pesticide and to meet growing needs including in experiments conducted in ICAR‘s Network Project on in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Organic has been established that in appropriate technologies in hill areas and ucated to switch over forFarming, organic it farming. Production rain-fed tracts with poor and house conditions can be taken up to harness themarginal export soils and relatively virgin soils, organic farming system is superior to conventional agriculture in productivity, resource use efficiency and modified crops, have the highest potential in this region profitability. This reached opens theallscope of high yielding varieties have partsforoftransforming these areas from subsistence approaches to a culturally acceptable level of commercial labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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In January 1994 ‗Sevagram ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Declaration‘ for promotion of organic agriculture in India, organic farming has grown many folds and number of initiatives at Government and NonB. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andhas Remiioo Government level givenN.it Bamon a firm direction. While National Programme on Organic Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Production (NPOP) defined its Center regulatory framework, the National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF) has defined promotion strategy and provided necessary support for ICAR Research Complex For NEHthe Region area expansion under certified organic Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India farming. Before the implementation of NPOP during introduction of accreditation process for certification agencies, there was no *Corresponding 2001 authorand email: [email protected] institutional arrangement for assessment of organically certified area. Initial estimates during 2003-04 suggested that approximately 42,000 ha of cultivated land were certified organic. By 2009 India brought more than The 9.2 million ha of land under certification and it has been my. It is well known for itshad agricultural produces. further. the following of Meghalaya, increased Kachai Lemon of From Manipur and Queenfigures we may get an idea about the present status of certified organic farming in India. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InBeforeitthe implementation of terms NPOPofduring 2001 and introduction of accreditation process ersity in the region, is lacking behind in for certification agencies, there was no institutional arrangement for assessment of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack organically certified area. Initial estimates during 2003-04 suggested that approximately ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India 42,000 ha of cultivated land were certified organic. By 2009 India had brought more than 9.2 l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. million ha of land under certification he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces.and it has been increased further. From the following figures we may get an idea about the present status of certified organic farming in India. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized under 4.72 m ha Cultivated Area: 0. 72 m ha loyment at lowArea levels. Theorganic currentcertification: situation demands Area: m ha can address the Forest economic and4.00 social issues. Organic Certified Production: 1.24 million MT Cultivable Production: 1.23 m MT Wild Collection: 0.01 m MT India Source: APEDA, 2015 f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Organic farming North Eastherbs Indiaand rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into hill areas with of thevaried Northago-climate, East, that houses the poorest segment of the region‘s population North East IndiaThe is endowed and could not participate in the region and countrywide processes of economic development, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. nowHorticulture, offers immense scope forFarming, leveraging their low external input traditional organic systems. o Food Processing, Floriculture, Therefore, the present scheme, ―Mission Organic Farming North East‖ is expected to done at primary level only and the rising standard of This isofalso compatible with management in the fragile environment change econdary and alleviate tertiary poverty. processing agricultural effects are also expected to be significant. Yet, there is a need to reach markets, which will be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. predominantly be pan Indian and Local. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Exports markets can yield profits to farmers but compel procedural compliance for eaters. Presence of a large number watersignificant bodies and certification developmentand of apiary marketing capabilities, a major alteration in hitherto insular r an entrepreneur to get into and it. Beekeeping behavior. Many North Eastern State Governments have promoted organic agriculture in the orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic region. Sikkim hasstate aimed the entire state 100% certified organic by 2015 and has nced with improvement in the of to artmake of their already brought 64296 ha area under est potential in North East India as the pesticide and certification process. Nagaland and Mizoram also drafted and adopted policies promote organic farming, but they are yet to implement in India compared to industrial nations of thetoworld. necessary strategies to bring their traditional organic areas under certification. State-wise ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production details of total area under organic certification process in NER states during 2013-14 are house conditions can be taken up to harness the export below: modified crops, given have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast AreaIndia under Organic Certification Process in NE States

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing Learning from the past experience in the North Eastern States option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands High price realizations from exports have been the main driver to the past efforts in organic can address the economic and social issues. farming and the NPOP certification system incentivized this process, despite continuous growth in demand in export and domestic markets, growers faced several difficulties and India some critical areas are listed below:

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, 1. Non-availability of quality inputs; ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources 2. Absence of technologies for production optimization and pest management; ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to 3. Difficulties in aggregation at affordable costs due to thinly distributed growers each rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and with low quantities (lack of scale economies); fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into 4. Limited access to market, and lack of marketing support and linkages; North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, 5. Growing complexities in management of documentation for certification; and ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. 6. Lack of organically compatible value addition and processing facilities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of Benefits of organic farming econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry.  Provision of ecological services, such as crop protection, yield stability and system scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, resilience. emand of fishery is very high in North East Region,  Reduced chemical residues in food and the environment. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and  Few strongly negative environmental impacts. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary  Economic performance is often equivalent to conventional farming. orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic  High standards of animal welfare. nced with improvement in the state of art of their  Reliable and credible standard-setting processes and certification schemes. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and  Dynamic review of policies and standards. in India compared to industrial nations of the world.  Strong consumer demand and brand recognition. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production  Indigenous knowledge is valued. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export  Potential for cooperative rural and regional development. modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Challenges in Northeast of organicIndia farming

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Bamon Organic farmingand hasRemiioo attractedN.considerable attention from those who see it as a panacea to Agri-Business (ABI) Center those who see itIncubation as ideological nonsense. A more humble responsibility for the organic movement mayComplex be to serve as role model for a farming system in which values other than ICAR Research For NEH Region financialUmiam, are cultivated. Organic farming Meghalaya-793103, India asks how we ought to relate to each other and our environment. The values of the organic movement are not esoteric, but are based on *Corresponding natural author email: [email protected]

observation and common sense: treat livestock well, use resources sparingly, use the least harmful method; nature is inherently valuable and so on. Food security depends upon personal relationships integrityTheand trust among farmers, farm workers, suppliers, my. It is well known for its agricultural of produces. and others up andand down the agricultural supply chain, and integrity and trust have of Meghalaya, consumers Kachai Lemon of Manipur Queen been fundamental to organic agriculture‘s success. Maintaining sustainability in the global geographical indications. However, the revenue earned and balancing organic principles the country is economy low as compared national average. In- with commercial imperatives. Maintaining flexible organic standards and certification processes to address issues such as: ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack conservation and regeneration; ion and marketing theNature products. The Northeast India  Equitable, affordable and flexible access to certification services; l for food processing and other related agri-businesses.  Responsible labour relations and land tenure arrangements; he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces.  Animal welfare; e region makes favourable setting up food processing New inputs ‗natural‘ biocides, soil amendments and GMOs; and option. There are many small such scaleas unorganized  Incomplete or unscientific basis for including/excluding materials from organic loyment at low levels. The current situation demands standards. can address the economic and social issues.  Preserving food quality while trying to increase productivity.  Educating and training at all levels to build capacity, infrastructure and networks. India  Inadequacies in regulatory and marketing structures (e.g. labelling).  consumer and inconsistent quality and availability. f the 8 states of Assam,Excessive Arunachal Pradesh,prices Manipur, Establishing maintaining credibility and professionalism. ura and Sikkim, is areservoir of richand natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to of Organic in North East India rest wealth, fruits Challenges and vegetables, flowers,farming herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into communal holding system of most tribal custom, lack of clear-cut ownership North East India isThe endowed with land varied ago-climate, laws, relatively free access to land for cultivation prevent land in physical terms from ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. any serious constraining factor in agriculture. Given the extensity of geographical o Food Processing,being Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, area relative to population, the forested and sloppy terrains and the land rights, the farm done at primary level only and the rising standard of size could even incorporate an element of choice. Irrigation intensity is low as the econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural mountain terrain has somehow made it difficult to exploit the ground water potential and be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. in most states sources other than canals and wells supply most of all the irrigation water. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, cropping pattern suggests the known tendency to concentrate in food grains, emand of fishery The is very high in Northhowever East Region, rice in this case, mainly driven the urge for subsistence. The challenges are as follows eaters. Presence of a large number water bodiesbyand r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary  Benchmark surveyfor of domestic the region for identifying the potential areas for organic food orth East India. Mushroom production production. nced with improvement in the state of art of their  and extension strategies for promotion of organic cultivation. est potential in North Research, East Indiadevelopment as the pesticide and in India comparedto Human industrialresource nations development of the world. in production of organic inputs like biofertilizers, vermicompost, botanicals for pest management etc. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production  Assistance to farmers in post harvest handling, processing and value addition house conditions can be taken up to harness the export certification modified crops, havetheIdentifying highest potential in thisagency region within the region and reduction of certification cost  Creation of infrastructure and of mechanisms for marketing of organic produce. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts Poor information labour-saving farmequipment have goodflow potential for  Low market surplus for major due to sustenance farming rather than market roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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 Absence of retail chain and contract farming. ri-business enterprises in Northeast India  Good quality presentation – Unsatisfactory presentation. B. Banerjee, AmitavaMukherjee and Remiioo N. and Bamon Lack of packing facility packing station. Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) CenterTendency of the industry to procure from local markets  Lacking in grades and quality: where there is noFor control over the grades and quality, which reduces the processing ICAR Research Complex NEH Region efficiency. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India  email: Near-zero availability of storage infrastructures like cold storages, refrigerated vans, *Corresponding author [email protected] cargo etc.  Poor transport system.  for Poor economic condition of The majority of farming community – low investment my. It is well known its agricultural produces. of Meghalaya, Kachaicapacity. Lemon of Manipur and Queen  Limited credit geographical indications. However, theflow. revenue earned  Poor market linkage. the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Debated issues organic its produces. Surplus products getonwasted dueagriculture to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Can organic farming produce enough food for everybody? l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. We shouldsetting realizeupthat ourprocessing demand for food production is increasing and on the other hand e region makes favourable food themany land resources are shrinking. Therefore, we can‘t effort to organic farming in all the option. There are small scale unorganized ecosystems and areas. Rather, we should think rationally and select only those areas that loyment at low levels. The current situation demands remained due to wisdom and/or by default. Hill regions of the country can be can address the economic andorganic social issues. easily converted to organic food production zone mainly to meet domestic and international demand and for higher farm income. India

Is it possible to meet the nutrient f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur,requirement of crops entirely from organic sources? ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to intensive cropping areasherbs it is and not possible to meet the entire crop nutrient requirement rest wealth, fruits In and vegetables, flowers, through organic source. As high as fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into30 t FYM manure application are reported to be used to equivalent yield of rice-wheat system after three years of conversion in IGP. However, North East India isget endowed with varied ago-climate, contrast is the case for North Eastern ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Hill Zone. About 15 t FYM along with crop residue is sufficient to getFarming, a yield similar to recommended NPK from second/third year o Food Processing,recycling Horticulture, Floriculture, onwards. done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Are thereofany significantofenvironmental benefits from organic farming? be utilized for production by-products forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, veryinwell establish that there are significant environmental benefits from organic emand of fishery Itiscan verybehigh North East Region, farming. In organic farming not eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies only and healthy foods are produced but also a lot of emphasis is get given ecosystem conservation r an entrepreneur to into on it. Beekeeping and apiary and maintenance. The biomass, manure, animal excreta that has the potential to create pollution are composted and recycled in organic orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic crop production. nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Is to organic farming economically feasible? in India compared industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Organic farming economically feasible in areas where resources are available within the house conditions can be taken up toisharness the export farm leastpotential dependent on region external resources. The areas like North Eastern region of modified crops, have the and highest in this India and other hilly areas, where of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofa lot of biomass is available from forest, weeds, crops organic farming would be more labour-saving farmetc. equipment have good potential for economical. Moreover, organic produce are expected roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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to fetch (at least 25per cent) and therefore should be economical to the poor ri-business enterprises in premium Northeastprice India farmers.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation Center Is it possible to manage(ABI) pest and disease in organic farming? ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Pest and disease management isIndia so far the most difficult task in organic farming. However, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, withemail: the [email protected] experience and selection of resistant varieties, cultural practices, use of *Corresponding author

bioorganics, biopesticides etc. the problem of pest and disease can be managed to great extent. The farmer‘s knowledge on ITK should also be effectively used. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Strategies foroforganic of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon Manipurfarming and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned on traditional crops and the country is low1.as Focus compared national average. In-plants products with Nutraceutical value. 2. Expansion of area with Emphasizing on cluster based units instead of large capacity ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of single unit. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack 3. Selection farmers in a group ion and marketing the products.ofThe Northeast Indiaapproach rather than individual. 4. Organization of awareness programme, Capacity building and consultancy – l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Livelihood Business Incubator he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces.– Value addition in human capital – Exposure visit. 5. Promotion of market-driven farming through mission mode schemes. e region makes favourable setting up food processing Packaging labelling in a attractive way. option. There are6. many smalland scale unorganized 7. Organic products with a Regional branding. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands 8. Value and marketing infrastructure can address the economic andchain socialdevelopment issues. 9. Establishing customized end-to-end Cold Supply Chain services capable of handling the produce from the farm gate to the end processor. India 10. Mobile processing units. 11. Dedicated initiative forManipur, by-product utilization. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Conclusion ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and The movement a range of strengths in various areas including agriculture and fauna, NE India hasorganic all the potential to has transform into production, relations, direct marketing and process auditing. Important North East Indiafood is endowed withinternational varied ago-climate, issues need to be addressed such as balancing organic principles with commercial pressures ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. andHorticulture, maintaining flexible (locally appropriate) standards and certification while also pursuing o Food Processing, Floriculture, Farming, international harmonization. Most done at primary level only and the rising standardofofthe successes of the organic movement over the past been achieved through the vision and enterprise of individuals and local econdary and decades tertiary have processing of agricultural farming groups operating without the support of government or agribusiness. As government be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. and agribusiness groups are increasingly collaborating with the organic movement, it is scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, anticipated that the beneficial emand of fishery is very high in North East impacts Region, of organic farming systems will be further improved, and that the negative impacts will minimized or avoided. Organic agriculture will continue eaters. Presence of a large number water bodiesbeand to to challenge its Beekeeping critics as increasing r an entrepreneur get into it. and apiarynumbers of successful enterprises are established in various countries. The organic movement has grown beyond its roots of farmers, growers orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic groups andinloyal a global nced with improvement the consumers state of artto of their niche industry. With new stakeholders and different stakes, the organic movement now has the opportunity to form more beneficial relationships est potential in North East India as the pesticide and and interact more directly with key players in agricultural development. in India compared to industrial nations of theallworld. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production There is lot of scope for organic agriculture in the hills especially in the north eastern region house conditions can be taken up to harness the export India, the use potential of inorganic fertilizers modified crops, of have the highest in this region and chemicals is meager in the region. the fruits of green revolution could not benefit of high yielding varieties have reached all partstheoffarmers of the hills as the system of production in the hills equipment remained low risk-low labour-saving farm haveinput-low good potential foryield technology and the average yield of most of the crop remained far behind. It is assumed roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural that the difference in production gap due to adoption

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of organic agricultureIndia is expected to be negligible; rather there is scope for enhancing ri-business enterprises in Northeast productivity with good organic management, the organic premiums would boost earning of B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee N. advantage Bamon the hill farmers. and it isRemiioo an added that all the households are maintaining livestocks Agri-Business Incubation (pig, poultry, cattle, goats,(ABI) etc.) Center producing sufficient quantity of on-farm manures, which could Research be efficiently usedFor forNEH organic agriculture. Thus, it can be very well establish that there ICAR Complex Region is lot ofUmiam, scope for sustaining productivity Meghalaya-793103, India of crops by improving soil quality through organic especially in the areas like North Eastern Region of India. *Corresponding farming author email: [email protected]

For successful organic farming the resources available should be effectively used and a holistic shouldproduces. be adopted. my. It is well known forapproach its agricultural The Green manuring, mulching, crop rotation, use of pesticides, indigenous knowledge should be used together in a proper balance for of Meghalaya, biological Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen maintaining productivity and increasing geographical indications. However, the revenue earned farmer‘s income. the country is low as compared national average. InReferences ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Willer and Lernoud Julia. 2017. ion and marketing theHelga products. The Northeast India The World of Organic Agriculture 2017: Summary. (In) The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2017. Pp: 25l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. 26. http://www.organic-world.net/yearbook/yearbook-2017.html. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Entrepreneurship in Northeast Development India through Processing and Value Addition of High Value Crops with Special Reference to NE Region of India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Dr. Goutam Das Assistant Professor and Officer In-Charge, ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT), Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Govt. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] of India Regional Centre/Liaison Office, 55, Srimantapur, Bhangagarh, Guwahati-781032, Assam

Introduction my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen India with the production of 252.22 million tons of food grains during 2015-16 (Agri. Stat. at geographical indications. However, the revenue earned a Glance 2016, GoI), 286 million tones of horticultural produce (Dept. of Agri. & the country is low as compared national average. InCooperation, GoI. 2016) and 163 million tones of milk during 2016-17 (Basic Animal ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Husbandry & Fisheries Statistics 2017, GoI) has come a long way in food production and its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack thus emerged as a self reliant country. However, in spite of this achievement, ensuring future ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India food and nutritional security on a sustainable basis is a huge challenge as Indian agriculture is l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. seized by numerous problems like climate change, soil fertility degradation, increased he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. marginal holdings, increasing population base (1.27 billion, Census of India 2011), e region makes favourable setting up food processing inadequate farm infrastructure, lack of farm mechanization, inadequate credit disbursement, option. There are many small scale unorganized inefficient marketing linkages, huge wastage of agricultural produce and many more to name. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands In this context, food processing can play a vital role not only to minimize wastage, add value can address the economic and social issues. and preserve agricultural produces but also to turn agriculture as a profitable activity by integrating it with market driven business model through food processing and value addition India of high value agricultural produces.

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Food Processing Sector ura and Sikkim,Indian is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Presently, Food Processing Industry (FPI) is seen as a golden sector for entrepreneurship rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and development. Performance of this sector reveals that FPI GDP has grown at an average fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into annual growth rate (AAGR) of 8.42 per cent against 7.08 per cent AAGR of overall GDP North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, during 2008-09 to 2012-13 (Table 1). However, the un-registered FPI units (22,41,192) in ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. India is much higher than registered FPI units (35,838) (Table 2) indicating mostly the uno Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, organized structure of the Indian FPI sector. Indian FPI sector is a major employment done at primary level only and the rising standard of intensive sector constituting 12.13 per cent of the employment generated in all registered econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural factory sector in 2011-12 (Annual Survey of Industries 2011-12). Employment in registered be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. food processing sector has increased at an AAGR of 4.09 per cent during 2005-06 to 2011-12 scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, (Table 3). On the other hand, employment in un-registered food processing sector has emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, declined from 63.46 lakhs during 2005-06 (NSS 62nd Round) to 47.93 lakhs during 2010-11 eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and (NSS 67th Round). Fixed capital formation in registered FPI units has increased 19.72 percent r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary from 45357 Crores (2005-06) to 145038 Crores (2011-12) (Table 4), whereas in un-registered orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic FPI sector, it has grown from 26128 Crores during 2005-06 to 60752 Crores during 2010-11 nced with improvement in the state of art of their (NSS 62nd & 67th Round). Total outstanding bank credit in this sector has more than doubled est potential in North East India as the pesticide and from Rs. 537.79 billion (March 27, 2009) to Rs. 1187.56 billion (March 23, 2012) (Table 5). in India compared to industrial nations of the world. In India, 100 per cent automatic Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permissible in processed ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production foods sector except for those items reserved for Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) where house conditions can be taken up to harness the export only 24 per cent FDI is allowed in automatic route. The data on FDI inflows reveals that FDI modified crops, have the highest potential in this region in FPI has increased form Rs. 198.13 Crores in 2000-2001 to Rs. 826.16 in 2011-12 with of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of some fluctuations in the middle years. However, it increased substantially to Rs. 2193.65 labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for Crores in 2012-13 and further to Rs. 25106.78 Crores in 2013-14 resulting an impressive roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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AAGR of perIndia cent during 2001-02 to 2013-14 suggesting the immense untapped ri-business enterprises in 153.07 Northeast potential of this golden sector. FPI‘s export has consistently increased form US $ 10832 B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Bamon million in 2006-2007 to US $N. 37799 million in 2013-14 with slight decline in 2009-10 (Table Incubation (ABI) 6). Agri-Business The upward trends in all the Center major performance indicators are further supplemented by the prospect ofComplex market expansion on account of increasing trend towards the processed food ICAR Research For NEH Region consumption in India. Indian food and grocery market is the 6th largest in the world, with Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India 70 per cent of the sales. Indian FPI sector which was valued at around $ *Corresponding retail authorcontributing email: [email protected] 40 billion in 2015 is expected to reach $ 65 billion by 2018. Rising consumer expenditure which was US$ 1 trillion in 2015 is expected to reach US$ 3.6 trillion by 2020 offering huge opportunities to the sectorproduces. players. The my. It is well known for its agricultural of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen TABLE 1: FOOD PROCESSING geographical indications. However, the revenue earned INDUSTRY GDP IN INDIA (At 2004-05 Prices) the country is lowParticulars as compared national2007average.2008In2009201020112012- AAGR 10 11 12 13 (%) ersity in the region, it is lacking behind 08 in terms 09 of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ion and marketingAGR the products. The Northeast India (%) l for food processing andGDP other related agri-businesses. Total at Factor 6.72 8.59 8.91 6.69 4.47 7.08 he region favours Cost cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting Agricultural GDP*up food -processing -0.11 0.57 9.32 5.36 1.27 3.28 option. There areManufacturing many small scale unorganized GDP 4.33 11.30 8.86 7.41 1.14 6.61 loyment at low levels. The current situation demands FPI GDP 5.33 -2.69 14.90 21.56 3.00 8.42 can address the economic Share ofand FPIsocial GDP issues. (%)

In Agri. GDP 9.72 10.26 9.92 10.43 12.03 12.24 In Manufacturing 9.11 9.20 8.04 8.49 9.61 9.78 GDP f the 8 states of Assam, Pradesh, In TotalArunachal GDP 1.47Manipur, 1.45 1.30 1.37 1.56 1.54 ura and Sikkim, is AGR a reservoir of rich natural resources = Annual Growth Rate & AAGR = Average Annual Growth Rate. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to *Excluding Forestry & Logging. rest wealth, fruits Source: and vegetables, flowers, herbs AGR, AAGR and share of and FPI GDP are calculated using GDP data obtained from fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform National Accounts Statistics 2014.into

India

North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. TABLE 2: NUMBER OF REGISTERED AND UN-REGISTERED FPI UNITS o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Registered FPI Units Un-registered FPI Units done at primary level only andState the rising standard of (2010-11) (July 2010-June 2011) econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural TotalofFPI Units (Nos.)of forestry.35838 2241192 be utilized for production by-products scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Source: Annual Survey of Industries 2010-11 emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number OF water bodies and TABLE 3: NUMBER PERSONS ENGAGED IN REGISTERED FPI UNITS (2007-08 r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary 2011-12) orth East India. Mushroom production domestic2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Particulars 2004-05 for2005-06 nced with improvement in the state of their (4) (1) (2) of art (3) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Persons in Reg. 13.92 and 14.76 15.05 15.64 16.06 16.62 17.77 est potential in North EastFPI India as13.43 the pesticide (lakhs) to industrial nations of the world. in India compared AGRover (%) for organic farming. -3.65 6.03 1.96 3.92 2.69 3.49 6.92 ucated to switch Production AAGR during 2005-06 – 2011-12 is 4.09 % house conditions can be taken up to harness the export AGR = Annual Growth Rate & AAGR = Average Annual Growth Rate. modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofemployment data obtained from various issues of Annual Survey Source: AGR and AAGR are calculated using labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for of Industries, MOSPI. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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TABLE 4: CAPITAL ri-business enterprises inFIXED Northeast India FORMATION IN REGISTERED FPI UNITS

Particulars 20042005B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon 05 06 Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center (1) (2) (3) ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Fixed Capital in Reg. FPI 41388 India 45357 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, (Cr) *Corresponding author email: [email protected] AGR (%) 9.59 AAGR during 2005-06 – 2011-12 is 19.72 %

200607 (4) 57460

200708 (5) 68335

200809 (6) 81156

200910 (7) 99482

26.68

18.93

18.76

22.58

2010201111 12 (8) (9) 120705 145038 21.33

20.16

AGR = Annual Growth Rate & AAGR = Average Annual Growth Rate.

my. It is well known itsand agricultural Thefixed capital data obtained from various issues of Annual Survey Source:for AGR AAGR are produces. calculated using of Meghalaya, of Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Industries, MOSPI. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as TABLE compared national average. In-FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY 5: CREDIT FLOW IN ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of of Credit AGR (%) its produces. Surplus products get Value wasted due to(Rs. lackin Billion) March AAGR ion and marketingDescriptio the products. The Northeast India March 27 March 26 March 25 March 23 March 26 March 25 n other related agri-businesses. 23 (%) l for food processing and 2009 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. (1) (2) up food(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) e region makes favourable setting processing FPI 537.79 794.90 1002.79 1187.56 47.81 26.15 18.43 30.80 option. There are many small scale unorganized Overall 10543.90 13114.52 16208.48 19658.75 24.38 23.59 21.29 23.09 loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Industries can address the economic and socialGrowth issues.Rate, AAGR = Average Annual Growth Rate and NA = Not Available. AGR = Annual India

Source: AGR, AAGR and share of FPI Credit have been calculated using RBI data on credit.

TABLE 6: EXPORT OF PROCESSED FOODS AND RELATED COMMODITIES f the 8 states of(2009-10 Assam, Arunachal - 2013-14) Pradesh, (US $ Manipur, Million) ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources 200620072008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013-14 ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Commodity 08 09 10 11 12 13 (P) rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers,07herbs and fauna, NE India(1)has all the potential to transform into (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) North East IndiaFPI is Exports endowed with varied10832 ago-climate, 15686 16312 14787 20427 31762 36057 37799 ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural 14158 commodities. 16313 18529 17875 25113 30596 30027 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Total Export 2 Farming, 2 5 1 6 4 4 312621 done at primaryFPI level onlytoand export totalthe rising standard of econdary and export tertiary agricultural (%)processing of 7.65 9.62 8.80 8.27 8.13 10.38 12.01 12.09 be utilized for AGR production by-products of forestry. of FPIof export scope for production (%) of meat, milk and milk- products, 44.80 3.99 -9.35 38.14 55.49 13.52 4.83 emand of fishery is very high in(%) North East AGR total export - Region, 15.22 13.59 -3.53 40.49 21.83 -1.86 4.11 eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and AAGR of FPI export during 2007-08 to 2013-14 is 21.63 & r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary AAGR of total export during 2007-08 to 2013-14 is 12.84 % orth East India.AGR Mushroom production for domestic = Annual Growth Rate, AAGR = Average Annual Growth Rate & nced with improvement in the state of art of their P = Provisional results est potential in Source: North East India as the pesticide and export are calculated using foreign trade data AGR, AAGR & share of FPI‘s in India compared to industrial nations Kolkata. of the world. obtained from DGCI&S, ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises OPPORTUNITIES in NortheastFOR IndiaENTREPERNEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN FPI SECTOR IN NE REGION

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Centerof having grown with an average annual growth rate of Indian food processing sector in spite 8.42 per cent during 2008-09 to Region 2012-13, could manage the processing of only 1 per cent of ICAR Research Complex For NEH meat and poultry, 2 per cent of fruits Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Indiaand vegetable, 12 per cent of fishery resources and 37 centemail: of milk. The share of Food Processing Industry GDP in total GDP is only 1.54 per *Corresponding per author [email protected]

cent. These facts clearly underline the fact that Indian Food Processing sector has huge scope to grow in different areas of processing activities. North East India being endowed with diversified resources and aThe favorable climate for growth of horticultural crops has my. It is well known for itsnatural agricultural produces. seen as a potential area that can give ample ground for the growth of food of Meghalaya, always Kachai been Lemon of Manipur and Queen processing sector. The potential for large scale organic agriculture practices in Sikkim and geographical indications. However, the revenue earned of North East adds Inmore scope for healthy growth of food processing the country is other low asparts compared national average. entrepreneurship in the region. There ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of are adequate productions of different high value horticultural crops the region its produces. Surplus products get in wasted due to which lack are still to be exploited for processing and value addition and thus entrepreneurship development. The state wise total horticultural production ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India of NE as well as the major fruits, l for food processing and other related agri-businesses.vegetables and spices available in the region across different state ofduring 2015-16 are given in Tables 7, 8, 9 & 10. In terms of overall he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. horticultural production, Assam stands e region makes favourable setting up food processing first with 6481.49 thousand MT followed by Tripura thousand 1014.07 thousand MT, Nagaland 995.05 thousand MT, option. There 1698.56 are many small MT, scaleMeghalaya unorganized Manipur 808.95 thousand MT, Mizoram 586.97 thousand MT, Arunachal Pradesh 417.40 loyment at low levels. The current situation demands MT social and issues. Sikkim 212.11 thousand MT. The major and notable high value can address the thousand economic and horticultural crops available for processing and value addition across different parts of NE region are jackfruit, pineapple, banana, citrus, passion fruit, kiwi, guava, litchi, mango, India papaya, turmeric, ginger, pepper, chilli, garlic and cardamom. Besides these crops, there are vegetables likePradesh, potato, Manipur, cabbage, brinjal, cauliflower, radish and tomato which can be f the 8 states ofmany Assam, Arunachal in value added products. ura and Sikkim,converted is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Table Final estimate of totalherbs horticultural production 2015-16 in NE states (‘000 MT) rest wealth, fruits and7:vegetables, flowers, and fauna, NE India hasSl. all the potential States to transform Fruits into Vegetables Spices Others* Total North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, No. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural 1 Arunachal P commodities. 306.27 33.01 68.72 9.40 417.40 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, 3821.71 2 Assam 2077.77 333.69 248.32 6481.49 done at primary level the rising 467.76 standard of 316.51 3 only and Manipur 24.14 0.54 808.95 econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural 4 Meghalaya 395.40 494.88 90.26 33.53 1014.07 5 68.89 8.78 586.97 be utilized for production ofMizoram by-products 330.28 of forestry. 179.02 374.13 119.25 7.06 995.05 scope for production 6of meat,Nagaland milk and milk products, 494.61 7 Sikkim 23.48 106.94 64.78 16.91 212.11 emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Tripura water 854.05 18.04 33.23 1698.56 eaters. Presence of 8a large number bodies and 793.24 All India 90183.04 169063.93 6988.47 19952.27 286187.71 r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic *Others plantation, nced with improvement in include the state of art ofaromatic their & medicinal, flower (cut & loose) and honey Source: Final estimate of total horticultural production 2015-16, Dept. of Agri. & est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Cooperation, in India compared to industrial nations ofGoI. the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Table 8:Table Final 8:production Final production estimate estimate of of different different fruits fruits 2015-16 2015-16 in NE in NE states states (‘000 (‘000 MT) MT) ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

Arunachal Arunachal Manipu Meghal Meghal Mizora Mizora Nagala Nagala B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Manipu Bamon Fruits Fruits Assam Assam Sikkim Sikkim TripuraTripura All India All India P P r r aya aya m m nd nd Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Almond Almond 7.93 7.93 ICARAonla Research Complex16.84 For 16.84 NEH Region Aonla 2.04 2.04 2.592.59 972.29 972.29 Umiam, India Apple Apple 7.28 Meghalaya-793103, 7.28 2.012.01 0.00 0.00 2521.09 2521.09 BaelauthorBael 85.83 85.83 *Corresponding email: [email protected]

Banana Banana 31.64 31.64 882.71 882.71 93.95 93.95 Ber Ber Custard Apple Custard Apple my. It is wellGrapes knownGrapes for its0.00 agricultural produces. The 0.00 of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon Manipur and Queen Guava Guava 0.65 of0.65 95.6295.62 geographicalJackfruit indications. revenue JackfruitHowever, 2.39 2.39the197.20 197.20 earned Kiwi 6.05 6.05 the country Kiwi is low as compared national average. InLitchi Litchi 49.6049.60 ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Mango Mango 0.03 0.03 46.1546.15 its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Muskmelon Muskmelon ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Papaya Papaya 0.19 0.19 145.48 145.48 l for food Passion processing and other related agri-businesses. Fruit Passion Fruit 57.90 57.90 he region favours of217.12 agricultural produces. Citrus cultivation Citrus 217.12 323.39 323.39 100.35 100.35 e region makes setting Peachfavourable Peach 0.00 0.00up food processing Pear Pear 0.80 option. There are many small0.80scale unorganized Picanut loyment at Picanut low levels. The current situation demands Pineapple Pineapple 37.33 37.33 issues. 285.17 285.17 128.51 128.51 can address the economic and social Plum Plum Pomegranate Pomegranate0.00 0.00 India Sapota Sapota StrawberryStrawberry WalnutArunachal 0.60 0.60 Pradesh, Manipur, f the 8 statesWalnut of Assam, Watemelon Watemelon ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Other Fruits 2.20 2.20 35.6335.63 87.05 87.05 ent peopleOther and Fruits cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Total Total 306.27 306.27 2077.76 2077.76 467.75 467.75

88.71 88.71

6.59 6.59 57.99 57.99

123.13 123.13

0.90 0.90 118.08 118.08 395.39 395.39

141.03 141.03 108.51 108.51 3.56 3.56153.62 153.62 29134.82 0.870.87 0.00 0.00424.59 298.01 22.55 22.55 0.500.50 2590.04 2.47 2.47 4.294.29 0.12 0.12 5.08 5.084047.79 1.541.54 291.59 291.59 1731.64 1.02 1.02 2.442.44 0.79 0.79 10.65 1.63 1.63 3.543.54 0.03 0.03 20.32 20.32558.77 4.18 4.18 3.743.74 59.06 59.06 18642.53 0.24 0.24 934.82 26.49 26.49 16.57 16.57 0.60 0.60 37.93 37.935667.06 2.13 2.13 18.12 18.12 0.00 0.00 78.28 78.50 78.50 67.80 67.80 16.8016.8061.43 61.43 11580.76 1.941.94 0.09 0.09 107.21 2.472.47 1.49 1.49 323.00 0.65 32.87 32.87 127.81 127.81 0.00 0.00180.26 180.26 1924.22 3.123.12 82.11 0.460.46 2306.44 0.03 0.03 1.81 1.811293.76 1.08 1.08 4.90 228.60 0.94 0.94 0.990.99 27.00 27.002325.44 13.08 13.08 4.834.83 15.95 15.952299.81 330.28 330.28 374.13 374.13 23.4823.48854.05 854.05 90183.04

29134.82 424.59 298.01 2590.04 4047.79 1731.64 10.65 558.77 18642.53 934.82 5667.06 78.28 11580.76 107.21 323.00 0.65 1924.22 82.11 2306.44 1293.76 4.90 228.60 2325.44 2299.81 90183.04

rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has allFinal the production potential toestimate transform Source: Source: Final production estimate of different ofinto differentfruits fruits 2015-16, 2015-16,Dept. Dept. of Agri. of Agri. & Cooperation, & Cooperation, GoI. GoI. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Table 9: Table Final9: production Final production estimate estimate of different of differentvegetables vegetables 2015-16 2015-16 in NE in NE statesstates (‘000 MT) (‘000 MT) ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Arunac Meghal Meghal Mizora Mizora Nagal NagalSikki Sikki Tripur Tripur done at primary levelVegetables only and theArunac rising standard of Vegetables hal P hal PAssam Assam Manipur Manipur aya aya mm andand m m a a All IndiaAll India econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Beans Beans 0.76 0.76 27.2027.20 6.70 6.70 5.20 5.20 18.22 18.225.36 5.36 18.39 18.39 2334.32 2334.32 be utilized forBittergourd production of by-products of forestry. Bittergourd 49.1449.14 5.86 5.86 20.30 20.30 0.150.15 2.26 2.26 7.92 7.92 1045.72 1045.72 scope for production ofBottlegourd meat, milk and50.31 milk Bottlegourd 50.31products, 8.72 8.72 0.170.17 4.31 4.31 43.63 43.63 2457.84 2457.84 emand of fishery is very North East Brinjal Brinjalhigh 2.21in 2.21 265.67 265.67Region, 14.35 14.35 18.18 18.18 3.463.46 1.66 1.66 70.87 70.87 12515.1912515.19 Cabbage 9.62 9.62water 754.98 754.98 96.98 96.98 41.57 41.57 48.90 48.90 135.67 135.67 5.38 5.38 83.05 83.05 8805.95 8805.95 eaters. Presence of a Cabbage large number bodies and Capsicum Capsicum 0.10 0.10 2.64 2.64 4.32 4.32 3.68 3.68 0.07 0.07 1.10 1.10 288.46 288.46 r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Carrot Carrot 0.42 0.42 69.86 69.86 22.46 22.46 1.85 1.85 5.68 5.68 2.22 2.22 4.74 4.74 1338.47 1338.47 orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Cauliflower Cauliflower 2.67 2.67 443.95 443.95 32.60 32.60 20.47 20.47 1.08 1.08 4.954.95 3.35 3.35 63.38 63.38 8089.77 8089.77 nced with improvement in the state of art of their CucumberCucumber0.83 0.83 72.4372.43 4.62 4.62 2.14 2.14 4.664.66 0.27 0.27 18.18 18.18 1201.84 1201.84 est potential inGreen North EastChilli India as the pesticide and Chilli Green 19.12 19.12 1.51 1.51 9.33 9.33 40.08 40.080.32 0.32 19.80 19.80 2955.42 2955.42 in India compared toFoot industrial Elephant Elephant Foot nations of the world. Yamover Yam 2.18 2.18 732.73 732.73 ucated to switch for organic farming. Production Okra Okra 183.29 183.29 1.53 1.53 3.44 3.44 25.00 25.00 1.551.55 6.87 6.87 17.08 17.08 5848.55 5848.55 house conditions can be taken0.17 up to0.17 harness the export Onion Onion 80.31 80.31 5.17 5.17 4.60 4.60 8.43 8.43 7.14 7.14 1.73 1.73 1.38 1.38 20931.2120931.21 modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Pointergourd Pointergourd 17.6417.64 5.70 5.70 264.02 264.02 of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of Peas Peas 0.04 0.04 25.7125.71 82.45 82.45 2.31 2.31 9.139.13 8.85 8.85 2.48 2.48 4810.77 4810.77 labour-saving Potato farm equipment have5.65good potential for Potato 5.65 1037.26 1037.26 183.82 183.82 1.44 1.44 60.94 60.9453.5553.55 128.51 128.51 43417.0543417.05 roundwater level and Radish labour0.21 scarcity for 218.86 agricultural Radish 0.21 218.86 29.07 29.07 1.72 1.72 5.395.39 5.88 5.88 54.28 54.28 2843.69 2843.69

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Pumpkin Pumpkinin Northeast 2.09 2.09 ri-business enterprises India

17.76 17.76 16.42 16.42 33.30 33.30 34.02 34.02

Sweet Sweet Potato Potato 29.15 29.15 Tapioca Tapioca 0.00 0.00 29.18 29.18 N. Bamon B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Tomato Tomato 3.32 3.32 445.02 445.02 31.61 31.61 Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Mshroom Mshroom 0.00 0.00 ICAR Research4.92 Complex For NEH Region Others Others 4.92 64.66 64.66

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Total email: [email protected] 33.01 33.01 3821.71 3821.71 316.51 316.51 *CorrespondingTotal author

1.20 1.20 10.20 10.20

43.40 43.40

18.06 18.06

494.88 494.88

179.02 179.02

4.67 4.67 15.41 15.41 1508.99 1508.99 14.93 14.93 1454.33 1454.33 70.06 70.06 4344.16 4344.16 20.10 20.10 4.25 4.25 53.81 53.81 18731.97 18731.97 6.07 6.07 27.00 27.00 436.47 436.47 81.62 81.62 0.62 0.62 154.38 154.3822707.01 22707.01 106.9 106.9 169063.9 169063.9 494.61 494.61 4 4 793.24 793.243 3

Source: Source: Final Final production productionestimate estimateofofdifferent different vegetables vegetables 2015-16, 2015-16,Dept. Dept.ofof Agri. Agri. & Cooperation, & Cooperation, GoI.GoI.

10: Final Final production production estimate estimate of of different different spices spices2015-16 2015-16ininNE NE states states (‘000 (‘000 MT)MT) my. It is well known Table forTable its10:agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Arunac Arunac Manip Manip Meghala Meghala Mizora Mizora Nagalan Nagalan Tripur Tripur geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Spices Spices hal hal P P Assam Assam ur ur ya m m d d Sikkim Sikkim a a All India All India the country is low as compared national average. InPepper 2.61 2.61 0.73 00 0.03 0.03 0.150.15 54.64 54.64 ersity in the Pepper region, it is lacking behind in terms of 0.73 Ginger Ginger 56.58 56.58 163.13 163.13 3.84 3.84 65.43 65.43 31.68 31.68 55.23 55.23 54.99 54.99 7.6 7.6 1109.18 1109.18 its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Chillies Chillies 8.29 8.29 19.12 19.12 3.9 3.9 2.08 2.08 9.33 9.33 50.39 50.39 3.7 3.7 1520.39 1520.39 ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Turmeric Turmeric 3.84 3.84 16.75 16.75 16.4 16.4 15.86 15.86 27.82 27.82 9.12 9.12 5.68 5.68 6.596.59 943.301 943.301 l for food processing related Garlic Garlicand other 0.01 0.01 agri-businesses. 76.95 76.95 00 1.11 1.11 0.01 0.01 2.89 2.89 1617.34 1617.34 he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Cardamom Cardamom 1.41 1.41 4.11 4.11 24.07 24.07 e region makes favourable setting up food processing 0.05 Coriander Coriander 55.13 55.13 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.18 0.18 584.98 584.98 option. There are many small scale unorganized Cumin Cumin 503.27 503.27 loyment at low levels. Fennel Fennel The current situation demands 129.36 129.36 Fenugreek Fenugreek and social issues. 247.14 247.14 can address the economic

Ajwan Ajwan Poppy/Dill/Celery Poppy/Dill/Celery India Cinnamon/Tejpata Cinnamon/Tejpata Nutmeg f the 8 states of Nutmeg Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Clove Clove ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Tamarind ent people andTamarind cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Saffron/Vanilla Saffron/Vanilla rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Total Total 68.72 68.72 333.69 333.69 24.14 24.14

5

0.03 0.03 90.26 90.26

68.89 68.89

16.01 16.01 23.35 23.35 5.075.07 14.46 14.46 1.211.21 194.41 194.41 0.290.29 119.25 119.25 64.78 64.78 18.04 18.04 6988.471 6988.471

fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Besides, Besides,availability availabilityofofadequate adequate horticultural horticultural produces, produces,opening openingupupof ofborder border huts/trade huts/trade ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. points pointsalong alongthetheinternational international borders borders with with Bangladesh Bangladesh and andMyanmar, Myanmar,andand proposed proposed o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, development developmentofofSouth-East South-EastCorridor Corridor are are other other plus plus point pointfor forbusiness businesscommunities communities to invest to invest done at primary level only and the rising standard of in in different differentsectors sectorsparticularly particularly in in food food processing processing inin the theNE. NE.There Thereareare several several schemes schemes econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural under underdifferent differentministries ministries that that give give special special and and differentiated differentiatedsupport supportto tothethe potential potential be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. investors. investors.Mega MegaFood Food Park Park scheme, scheme, Integrated Integrated Cold Cold Chain Chainand andPreservation Preservation scheme, scheme, scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Modernization Modernizationofof Abattoirs Abattoirs scheme, scheme, Establishment/Up-gradation Establishment/Up-gradation ofof Food FoodTesting Testing emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Laboratories Laboratories scheme, scheme,Implementation Implementation of of HACCP HACCP /ISO /ISO22000/ISO14000/Safety 22000/ISO14000/Safety Management Management eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and System System Scheme Schemeetc. etc.are arethe theprominent prominent ones under under the theMinistry MinistryofofFood Food Processing Processing Industries, Industries, r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Government Government ofofIndia. India.Besides BesidesKhadi Khadi and and Village Village Industries IndustriesCommission, Commission, APEDA APEDA andand other other orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic government governmentdepartments departmentsare arealso also running running various various schemes schemestotopromote promotefood food processing processing andand nced with improvement in the state of art of their export export of of processed processedproducts. products. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Table Table 11:in List of of Major MajorGovernment Government Schemes Schemesforfor Development Development of FPI of FPI in India in India ri-business enterprises Northeast India

Schemes Schemes Aim AimRemiioo ofofthe theSchemes Schemes Pattern Pattern of Assistance of Assistance B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and N. Bamon (1) (1) Agri-Business Incubation (2) (2) (3) (3) (ABI) Center MoFPI MoFPI Schemes Schemes ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region a.a. Mega Mega Food To To provide provide infrastructure infrastructure through throughGrant Grant @ @ 50%50% (75% (75% in NE in NE Region) Region) of theof the India Centres, Parks establishmentofofCollection Collection Centres, Primarycapital capital excluding subject to max. Parks Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, establishment Primary costcost excluding land,land, subject to max. 50 50 Processing Centres, Centres, Central Central Processing ProcessingCrores Processing to Promoters. Crores to Promoters. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Centre. Centre.

b. b. Creation Creation of Fund Fund in knowninfor its NABARD NABARD

To make make Rs. Rs. 2000 2000 CrCrNABARD NABARDfund fundEntrepreneurs Entrepreneurs provided To can can availavail creditcredit provided they they available available by by FPI FPI entrepreneurs entrepreneursthrough throughestablish establish unitsunits in designated in designated FoodFood ParksParks agricultural produces. The credit. credit.

my. It is well of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen c.c. Cold Toprovide provide integrated coldchain chain Cold Chain To integrated cold andand geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Infrastructure preservationinfrastructure infrastructurefacilities. facilities. Infrastructure preservation the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of d. Tomodernize modernize theabattoirs abattoirs quality meat d. Modernization Modernization To the meat its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lackforforquality of of Abattoirs Abattoirs production. production. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. e.e. Establishment Establishment To Toensure ensuresafety safety &&quality quality ofof food food products products he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. of of Food Food Testing Testing through throughaccurate accurateanalysis analysisofof samples. samples. e region makesLab favourable setting up food processing Lab option. There f.f.are many smallTo scale Implementation Tomotivate motivateunorganized FPIentrepreneurs entrepreneurs adoption Implementation FPI forfor adoption loyment at lowof levels. situation demands of HACCP HACCPThe /ISOcurrent of offood food safety safety&& quality qualitymechanisms mechanisms forfor 22000/ISO14000 acceptance by overseas buyers. 22000/ISO14000 acceptance by overseas buyers. can address the economic and social issues. India

Grant @ 50% (75% in Region) NE Region) the cost Grant @ 50% (75% in NE of theofcost of plant & machinery technical of plant & machinery and and technical civil civil work work subject to max. Rs.10 Crores. subject to max. Rs.10 Crores. Grant @ 50% (75% in Region) NE Region) the cost Grant @ 50% (75% in NE of theofcost of plant of plant & machinery & machinery and and technical technical civil civil work work subject to max. Rs.15 Crores. subject to max. Rs.15 Crores. Grant Grant up-to up-to 70%70% expenses expenses on lab on equipments lab equipments & 33% & 33% costcost of the of technical the technical civil civil works. works. Re-imbursement of 75% expenses on getting Re-imbursement of 75% expenses on getting ISO14000/ISO22000/HACCP/GMP/GHP ISO14000/ISO22000/HACCP/GMP/GHP certification subject to max. Rs. 20 certification subject to max. Rs.lakhs. 20 lakhs.

KVIC KVIC Schemes

g. g. Prime Prime Minister Minister To Toassist assistininestablishment establishmentofof micro micro food food Employment Employment processing processingunits unitsthrough throughcredit credit link link subsidy subsidy f the 8 states ofGeneration Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Generation program program ura and Sikkim, Program is a reservoir of rich natural resources Program (PMEGP) It surely is a region waiting to (PMEGP) ent people and cultures.

Credit Credit subsidy subsidy @ 25% @ 25% in rural in rural & 15% & 15% in urban in urban with with 10%10% promoter‘s promoter‘s contribution contribution (35%(35% in in rural & 25% in urban 5% promoter‘s rural & 25% in urban withwith 5% promoter‘s contribution for NE Region) subject to 25 max 25 contribution for NE Region) subject to max lakhs-manufacturing entreprise & 10& lakhslakhs-manufacturing entreprise 10 lakhsservice sector enterprise service sector enterprise

rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and In-House In-House Test Test To Tocreate create testing testingfacilities facilities analysis of of Financial Financial assistance assistance is 90% is 90% of theofcost the or cost Rs.or Rs. fauna, NE Indiah.h.has all the potential to transform intoforforanalysis Laboratory raw materials & products for establishing 2.20 lakhs. Laboratory raw materials & products for establishing 2.20 lakhs. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, standards. standards.commodities. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural APEDA APEDA Schemes Schemes o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, pre-processing i.i. Infrastructure Infrastructure To Toassist assistinindevelopment developmentofof pre-processing ForFor mechanized mechanized handling/pre-cooling/cold handling/pre-cooling/cold done at primaryDevelopment level only and the rising standard of Development infrastructure. infrastructure. storage/ storage/ controlled controlled atmosphere/ atmosphere/ modified modified econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural atmosphere storage - 25% equipment cost cost atmosphere storage - 25% equipment subject to max. Rs.10 Lakhs, subject to max. Rs.10 Lakhs, be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, j.j. Packaging Packaging To Toimprove improve packaging packaging standards. standards. Assistance Assistance to registered to registered exporters exporters @ 25% @ 25% of of emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Development Development total total packaging packaging costcost subject subject to max. to max. Rs 5 Rs lakh5 lakh eaters. Presence of a large number water bodiesand and k. k. Export Export To Toassist assist ininpublicity publicity andmarket market Supply Supply of product of product literature, literature, website website dev., dev., r an entrepreneur to get into Promotion Promotion and it. Beekeeping development. development.and apiary advert. advert. etc.etc. for market for market promotion promotion in in Market fairs/events organized/sponsored by APEDA. fairs/events organized/sponsored by APEDA. orth East India.Market Mushroom production for domestic Development Development nced with improvement in the state of art of their Source: Websites of of Ministry Ministry ofofFood FoodProcessing Processing Industries Industries (MoFPI), (MoFPI), Govt. Govt. of India; of India; Khadi Khadi and and Village Village est potential in Source: North Websites East India as the pesticide and Industries Industries Commission Commission (KVIC), (KVIC),Govt. Govt.ofofIndia Indiaand andAgricultural Agricultural andand Processed Processed FoodFood Export Export Development Development in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Authority Authority (APEDA), (APEDA), Govt. Govt. ofofIndia. India. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be takeninitiative up to harness the export Make Make in India initiative was wastaken taken bybyGovernment Government of of India India in Sept. in Sept. 2014 2014 to encourage to encourage multimultimodified crops, national have the highest potential in this region national and domestic domestic companies companiestotomanufacture manufacture their their products products in India. in India. Under Under this,this, 100 100 per per of high yielding varieties have reached all partsprovided of cent cent FDI is allowed allowed in infood foodretailing retailing provided that that thethe raw raw materials materials andand human human resources resources are are labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for obtained obtained locally. locally. Further, Further,ininthe thebudget budget2015-16, 2015-16,as as part part of of policy policy measures measures under under ‗Make ‗Make in in roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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India‘ initiative, government ri-business enterprises in Northeast India created a corpus of Rs. 2,000 Crores with NABARD to provide cheaper credit to FPI units. Excise duty on plant and machinery for packaging and processing B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo Bamon is brought down and to 6% from N. 10%. RBI has classified loan to food & agro-based processing Agri-Business Incubation Center activities for priority sector lending up to maximum units and cold chain under(ABI) agriculture Rs. 100 CroresComplex per borrower. AllRegion these measures open ample opportunities for investment in ICAR Research For NEH this sector in the NE region. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The state wise opportunities for establishing food processing units in high value horticultural crops in the NE are given in Table 12. Further, the scopes of different high value products that can in the region are my. It is well known forbeitsprocessed agricultural produces. Thegiven in Table 13. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Table12: State wise opportunities in food processing in the NE geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InOpportunities for Food Processing ersity in the region,States it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Assam Multi fruits processing units (pineapple, orange, passion fruit), canned & dehydrated vegetables, banana chips, cereals (rice) ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India processing, spices processing. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Tripura Multi fruits processing units (pineapple, orange & jack Fruit), cereals e region makes favourable setting up food (rice)processing processing and cashew nut processing units etc. option. There are many small scale unorganized Meghalaya Multi fruits processing units (pineapple & orange), spices processing. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

Mizoram

Multi fruits processing units (pineapple, orange, passion fruit), spices processing

Manipur

Multi fruits processing units (pineapple & orange)

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh Multi fruits processing units (pineapple & orange) ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region to Nagaland Multiwaiting fruits processing units (pineapple & orange) rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fruits processing units fauna, NE India hasSikkim all the potential to Multi transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Table13: Processing Scope ofFarming, High Value Products from Horticultural Crops in the NE done at primary level only and the rising standard of Region econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products forestry. Fruits and VegetablesofBased High Value Products scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is Products very highCategories in North EastCrops/ Region, Raw Materials eaters. Presence of Beverages: a large number water bodies and Citrus, Jackfruit, Pamelo, Amla, water melon, Juice, Pineapple, r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping RTS, Squash, Nectar, and starapiary fruit, Kiwi, Passion fruit, Wood apple, etc. orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Cordial, Appetizer nced with improvement etc. in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Citrus, Jackfruit, Pamelo, Amla, Star fruit, High sugar products: Pineapple, ucated to switch overJam, for Jelly, organic farming. Production Toffee, Passion fruit, Kiwi, Banana, Papaya, Guava etc. house conditions canMarmalade be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all Cabbage, parts of Bitter Guard, Carrot, Beans and other Dehydrated labour-saving farm equipment for Vegetableshave good potential vegetables. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Potato, Banana, Jackfruit Chips Mixed Vegetables Brinjal, Carrot, Cauliflower, Peas & others B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Pickles Agri-Business CenterStar fruit, Pineapple, Mango etc. Chutney Incubation (ABI) Pamelo,

ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, IndiaChili, mix vegetables like pumpkin & others Sauce Tomato, *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Candy

Ginger, Papaya, Lemon peel, banana, Orange peel etc

Papaya, my. It is well known Tutty for itsFruity agricultural produces. TheSquash etc. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Dehydrated Spices Turmeric, geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Garlic, King Chili, Ginger and other spices. the country is low as compared national Paste, Pickles, Sauce, average. Ginger,In-Garlic, King Chili etc. ersity in the region,Chutney it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. Spice Flakes The Northeast ChiliIndia l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Spices Powder Turmeric, Chili etc. e region makes favourable setting up food processing Cereal Based High Value Products option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation Maida demands Pasta/Noodles , Samolina can address the economic and social issues. (Vermicelli, Rigatoni, Rotini, Conchiglie) India Bakery Products Maida, dalda, margarine etc. (Biscuits, Nan Khatai, f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Cake, Bread, Bun, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir rich and natural resources Cookies, of Pastry ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to others) rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Challenges for Food Processing Entrepreneurship in the NE Region ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Food processing sector in spiteFarming, of being projected as having ample opportunities in the region done at primary level only and the rising standard of Lack of surplus production, scattered distribution of is actually facing numerous constraints. econdary and produces tertiary in processing of agricultural large marginal holdings, lack of advanced processing machineries and be utilized fortechnologies, production ofunavailability by-products of of forestry. skilled manpower, inadequate R&D activities, lack of training scope for production of meat, milk and milk facilities, inefficient supply products, chain connected with weak strong backward and forward emand of fishery is very unorganized high in Northproduction East Region, linkages, system, weak marketing support, inadequate support eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies facilities, and infrastructures like pre-processing warehouses, cold storage, advanced food testing r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary facilities, transportation bottlenecks and ineffective implementation of government projects in orth East India.a time Mushroom production for real domestic bound manner are the challenges. Generation of surplus produce to run processing nced with improvement in the state of artintegrating of their the scattered produces and producers in the efficient units in a sustainable manner, est potential in supply North cum East value India chain, as the creating pesticidebasic and preprocessing infrastructure, ensuring advanced R&D in India compared to industrial nationsmanpower of the world. support, creating skilled base, marketing and quality control support and effective ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production implementation of government schemes are the key for the success of food processing sector house conditions taken up to harness the export in can the be region. modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

References

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon Government of and India (2016), Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2016, Directorate of Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer‘s Welfare, New Delhi. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Government of India (2016), Final Estimate of Total Horticultural Production 2015-16, Dept. Umiam, India of Agri. Meghalaya-793103, & Cooperation, GoI. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Government of India (2011), Census of India 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Accounts Statistics 2014, Central Statistical Office, Government of India (2014), National of Meghalaya, KachaiMinistry Lemon of of Manipur Statisticsand and Queen Program Implementation, New Delhi. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned of India, Annual Survey the country is Government low as compared national average. In- of Industries (Various Issues), Industrial Statistics Wing, Central Statistics office, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Kolkata. get wasted due to lack its produces. Surplus products ion and marketing the products. The(Various NortheastIssues), India Integrated Survey of Households and Un-organized Government of India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Manufacturing Enterprises, NSS 62nd and 67th Round, National Sample Survey Office he region favours cultivation ofMinistry agricultural produces.and Program Implementation, New Delhi. (NSSO), of Statistics e region makes favourable setting up food processing Indiascale (2015), Fact Sheet on FDI from April 2000 - January 2015, Department option. There Government are many of small unorganized of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the Government economic andofsocial Indiaissues. (2015), India’s Foreign Trade, Directorate General of Commercial India

Intelligence and Statistics, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Kolkata, India.

Government of India (2017), Basic Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Statistics 2017, AnimalManipur, Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and f the 8 states of Assam,Department ArunachalofPradesh, Farmer‘s Welfare, New Delhi. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region to Sectoral Deployment of Bank Credit, RBI‘s Monthly Reserve Bank of India (2011waiting & 2012), rest wealth, fruits and Releases vegetables, (29 flowers, July 2011herbs & 30and April 2012), Central Office Building, Mumbai. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast Spices forIndia Income Enhancement in NE Region: Needs and Focus

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo A. K.N.Jha, Bamon V. K. Verma, N. A. Deshmukh, H. Rymbai, S. Ruth Assumi, M. Bilashini Devi and H.D. Talang Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Division of Horticulture, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103 *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The horticulture sector has emerged as a potential player in the Indian economy, contributing 30.4% to GDP in agriculture (ICAR, 2014). The horticultural crops put together cover approximately 24.92 million hectares my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. Thearea with an annual production of about 295 million tonnes during 2016-17(PIB, 2017). of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and QueenIn the transitional stage of economic development, agricultureHowever, carried immense burden geographical indications. the revenue earnedin the drive for economic growth. During maturing phase, the main emphasis still remains the country is low as compared national average. In- on the maintenance of balanced role for agriculture, but horticulture hasbehind become more important. This is due to commercialization of crops ersity in the region, it is lacking in terms of around products the world. so to because its produces. Surplus get This wastedis due lack of the high increases in income derived by the cultivation of horticultural crops asIndia compared to annual cereal crops. Horticultural crops also ion and marketing the products. The Northeast provide employment for small and marginal farmers and agricultural labourers l for food processing andgainful other related agri-businesses. throughout the of year. he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing spicessmall exports haveunorganized been able to record strident gains in volume and value. Spices option. There Indian are many scale registered substantial growth during the last five years, registering compound loyment at lowexports levels. have The current situation demands annual average growth rate of 10% in rupee terms and 5% dollar terms of value and India can address the economic and social issues. commands a formidable position in the world spice trade. During 2016-17, a total of 9,47,790 tons of spices and spice products valued Rs.17664.61 crore (US$2633.30 Million) has been India exported from the country as against 8,43,255 tons valued Rs.16238.23 crore (US$ 2482.83 2015-16 registering an increase of 12% in volume, 9% in value (rupee terms). f the 8 states ofMillion) Assam, in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources North Eastern Hill India tois a treasure trove of diverse flora and fauna and is ent people and cultures. It surely is aRegion region of waiting considered as one of the mega biodiversity hotspots in the world. The region has diverse rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and agro-climate due to varying altitude fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into and has immense potential for the development of horticultural crops. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. However, the region of India Farming, is often characterized by marginality, fragility, inaccessibility o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, and heterogeneity. spite standard of the difficult terrain and inadequate infrastructure, there has done at primary level only and theInrising of improvement in growth of horticulture sector in the region, in terms of increased area, econdary and been tertiary processing of agricultural productivityof of forestry. major horticultural crops. With contribution of 18.8% in total be utilized forproduction productionand of by-products agriculture production in total agricultural export, horticulture has emerged as a scope for production of meat, milk andand milk52% products, prominent sector offering wide scope emand of fishery is very high in North East Region,for diversification in agriculture. It has a vital scope in foreign exchange earnings employment generation. eaters. Presence of a large number waterand bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary the various spice crops, the region is known for high quality ginger, turmeric, chillies orth East India.Among Mushroom production for domestic and large cardamom. Ginger and are prominent among them and their cultivation is nced with improvement in the state of art of turmeric their a cash mostly inand ‗jhum’ fields spread over the hills and tribal areas of the est potential in undertaken North EastasIndia as crop the pesticide entire region.India is the largest producer of large cardamom in the world with an annual in India compared to industrial nations of the world. production of 4000farming. tons, followed by Nepal (2500 tons/year) and Bhutan (1000 tons/year). ucated to switch over for organic Production More than 85%upoftothe production within India is from Sikkim alone. Black pepper is also house conditions can be taken harness the export some promise in few pockets. modified crops, showing have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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nd ri-business enterprises Second inSecond (2 Northeast ) Advance (2nd) Advance India Estimate EstimateofofArea Area and and Production Production of Spices of Spices in India in India (2016-17) (2016-17)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Crops Crops Area Area 2015-16 2015-16 2016-17 2016-17 Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ndnd (2(2 ICAR Research Complex(Final For(Final NEH Region Estimate) Estimate) Estimate) Estimate) Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Total Spices Total Spices 34743474 3535 3535 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] PepperPepper 129 129 131 131 GingerGinger 164 164 165 165 ChilliesChillies 811 811 831 831 my. It is well known forTurmeric its agricultural produces. The Turmeric 186 186 193 193 of Meghalaya, KachaiCardamom Lemon of Manipur and Queen Cardamom 86 86 8484 geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Cinnamon Cinnamon 3 3 33

Diff. Diff. (%) (%) 22 22 11 22 44 -2 -2 --

Production Production 2015-16 2015-16 2016-17 2016-17Diff. nd (Final (Final (2 (2nd (%) Estimate) Estimate)Estimate) Estimate) 6988 6988 7077 7077 1 55 55 72 72 32 1109 1109 1081 1081 -3 1520 1520 1872 1872 23 943943 1052 1052 12 24 24 27 27 13 5 5 5 5 -

Diff. (%) 1 32 -3 23 12 13 -

the country is low as compared national average. InArea in Area thousand in thousand ha, Production Production in in thousand thousandMT MT (Source: (Source: NHB,NHB, 2017) 2017) ersity in the region, it is lacking behind inha, terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack CropThe Crop wise wise areaarea and and production production of ofspice spicecrops crops in NEH in NEH Region Region ion and marketing the products. Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Arunachal Arunachal he region favoursCrop cultivationPradesh of agricultural produces. Crop PradeshAssam Assam Manipur Manipur Meghalaya Meghalaya Mizoram Mizoram Nagaland Nagaland Sikkim Sikkim Tripura Tripura e region makes favourable setting up food processing 3.723.72 -0.89 0.89 0.070.07 0.23 0.23 -0.24 0.24 A Pepper PepperA option. There are many small scale unorganized 1.991.99 -0.46 0.46 0.010.01 0.01 0.01 -0.15 0.15 P P loyment at low levels. The current situation demands 7.0 7.0 17.84 17.84 2.4 2.4 9.44 9.44 7.287.28 5.32 5.32 9.25 9.25 1.8 1.8 Ginger GingerA andA social can address the economic issues.

136.83 3.84 3.84 P P 57.0 57.0 136.83 20.56 6.5 6.5 A 2.5 2.5 20.56 India Chillies ChilliesA 15.96 3.9 3.9 P P 4.4 4.4 15.96 f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, 0.64 0.64 16.24 16.24 1.4 1.4 A A Turmeric Turmeric ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir rich2.86 natural resources 2.86 15.43 15.43 16.4 16.4 P P of ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to - -A A CardamomCardamom rest wealth, fruits andP vegetables, flowers, herbs and - -P fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into 28.29 28.29 -A A Coriander North East India Coriander is endowed with varied ago-climate, 49.549.5 -P Pagricultural ate, sub-tropical and tropical commodities. Tejpata/ Tejpata/ - Farming, -A A -Floriculture, o Food Processing, Horticulture, CinnamonCinnamon done at primary levelPonly and the rising standard of- - P econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural 96.66 10.47 10.47 A 10.17 10.17 96.66 Totalfor production Total A be utilized of by-products of forestry. 287.5 287.5 24.14 24.14 P meat,P 64.27 scope for production of milk 64.27 and milk products,

56.9 56.9 1.86 1.86 1.41 1.41 1.94 1.94 9.98 9.98 --0.01 0.01 0.05 0.05 2.44 2.44

28.39 28.39 9.029.02 8.218.21 6.066.06 22.99 22.99 - - 0.030.03 0.010.01 - -

36.0 0.8 1 0.12 0.5 3.2 1.5 -

36.0 51.5 51.5 7.6 0.8 -2.36 1 - 3.7 0.12 1.3 1.31.3 0.5 4.68 4.68 6.59 3.2 16.01 16.01 1.5 3.84 3.84- - - - - - -

7.6 2.36 3.7 1.3 6.59 -

5.0 5.0 16.85 16.85 74.81 74.81

- 22.47 22.47 69.62 69.62

- - 9.77 9.7726.56 26.56 5.68 39.16 39.1660.08 60.08 18.04

5.68 18.04

emand of fishery is very A= highArea in East ha, Region, A=North in Area thousand in thousand ha, P=P=Production Production in inthousand thousand MTMT (Source: (Source: NHB,NHB, 2014) 2014) eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into diversity it. in Beekeeping and apiary Spice diversity Spice theinRegion the Region orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the ofcan artconsidered their as In ginger, In ginger, the region thestate region can be beofconsidered as treasure treasure house house of of germplasm. germplasm. There There are several are several est potential in cultivated North East Indiatypes the pesticide andinin the cultivated types ofasginger of ginger available available the region, region,which which are are generally generally namednamed after theafter the in India compared to industrial nations of the world. localities localities they are they being are being grown. grown. Certain Certainindigenous indigenous types types namely namely Maran, Maran, Bhola Bhola and Jorhat and Jorhat ucated to switch over of for organic farming. Production Local Local Assam of Assam have have beenbeen reported reportedtotobe be equally equally good goodin in rhizome rhizome yieldyield as wellasaswell in size. as in size. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Dry ginger Dry ginger recovery recovery of these of these varieties varietieshas hasbeen been found foundtotobebe even even better better than exotic than exotic type Riotype Riomodified crops, de-Janeiro. have thede-Janeiro. highest potential in region The pungency The pungency inthis ginger in ginger isisdue due to to gingerol, gingerol,which which is found is found highest highest in Meghalaya in Meghalaya of high yielding varieties reached allsize) parts of suitable Local genotype Local have genotype (medium (medium size) and and very very suitable for forexport export purpose. purpose. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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In Mizoram, local types ‗Thingpui‘, ‗Thingaria‘ and ‗Thinglaidum‘ are grown at large scale. ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Black ginger having rhizomes with bluish black tinge inside is rep orted to have B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Bamonby the inhabitants of Mizoram for commercial as medicinal properties and isN.grown Agri-Business Incubation Center local types ‗Bhainse‘ and ‗Gorubathan‘ are grown well as their own use. (ABI) In Sikkim, commercially to their potential and big size rhizomes. The varieties with less ICAR Research due Complex Forhigh NEHyield Region fibre, high dry matter recovery, and high Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India oil and oleoresin contents are having great export in international markets. The Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut has *Corresponding potential author email: [email protected] evolved Varada, a new variety of ginger, which is being multiplied at Ginger Development Station, Umsning, Meghalaya and the performance of the variety is quite encouraging. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Promising genotypes of ginger of North East Region of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur local and Queen geographical indications. However, the Crude revenuefibre earned Genotypes Dry matter Gingerol (%) Oil (%) Yield (q/ha) the country is low as compared national average. Incontent (%) content (%) ersity in the region,Manipuri it is lacking in terms of 21.18 No. 1 behind 6.77 1.14 1.45 171.26 its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack 22.54 Basar 7.02 1.12 1.30 209.40 ion and marketing Tura the products. The Northeast Local 5.50 India 21.9 1.32 1.55 178.26 l for food processingThingpui and other related agri-businesses. 5.74 22.47 1.25 1.80 193.41 he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. 24.02 Maran 6.25 1.10 1.75 198.15 e region makes favourable setting processing 20.12 Meghalaya Localup food6.02 1.71 2.10 147.65 5.86 22.38 1.23 1.45 154.25 option. There areThinglaidum many small scale unorganized Kachai 5.72demands 24.87 1.20 1.70 200.97 loyment at low levels. TheGinger current situation Nagaland Local 6.93 19.8 1.18 1.85 191.80 can address the economic and social issues. Nadia

4.56

22.25

0.64

1.45

300.00

India

Similarly, there are several cultivated types of turmeric available in the region, which are named after the localities they are being grown. Certain indigenous types namely f the 8 states ofgenerally Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Manipur Local, Nagaland Local, Sikkim ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Local and Jorhat Local of Assam have been reported to be equally goodisina rhizome yield. Dry ent people and cultures. It surely region waiting to matter recovery of these varieties has been found to be even equal or better than certain improved types. In Meghalaya, Lakadong is the main rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and variety thanto50% area isinto under this variety. Megha Turmeric-1 developed from fauna, NE India has alland the more potential transform clonal selection of Lakdong is gaining North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate,popularity. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. There are mainlyFloriculture, six cultivarsFarming, of large cardamom viz., Ramsey, Ramla, Sawney, Golsey, o Food Processing, Horticulture, Varlangey (Bharlangey) and Bebo. done at primary level only and the rising standardInofaddition, sub-cultivars of the above ones like Ramnag, Mongney are seen in cultivation in small areas in Sikkim State. Another econdary and Madhusey, tertiary processing of also agricultural cultivar Seremna or Lephrakey is also getting importance and is spreading to more areas in be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. lower ofaltitudes. There distinct cultivars suited to different altitudes and diverse agroscope for production meat, milk andare milk products, climatic situations, hence increasing the scope of introduction and area expansion of suitable emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, cultivars in the NE states. eaters. Presence of a large number water Cultivars bodies andsuited for high altitudes (>1515 m msl) are Ramsey, Varlangey and Ramla. Sawney suited for mid (975 – 1515 m msl) altitudes and cultivars r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping andisapiary and Seremna are suited for low (< 975 m msl) altitude areas. orth East India.Golsey Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their cultivation the region est potential in Black Northpepper East India as the in pesticide andcontributes about 1.9% in area and 6.5% in production of India‘s share Innations the North East region of India, Panniyur -1 and Karimunda are found to in India compared to industrial of the world. perform well with consistently good ucated to switch over for organic farming. Productionyield. Black pepper varieties released from IISR are Sreekara (Yield: kg drythe ha-1), Subhakara (2352 kg dry ha-1), Pournami (2333 kg dry house conditions can be taken up2677 to harness export ha-1), Panchami (2828 kg dry ha-1), modified crops, have the highest potential in this regionIISR Shakthi, (2253 kg dry ha-1), IISR Thevam (2481 kg varieties dry ha-1),have IISRreached Girimunda kg dry ha-1) and IISR Malabar Excel (1440 kg dry haof high yielding all (2880 parts of 1). Almost all these varieties are suited labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for for cultivation in NE regions. However varieties bred forand highlabour altitude areas will be more ideal for these regions and it can be grown either as a roundwater level scarcity for agricultural

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monocrop as an intercrop ri-business enterprises inor Northeast India on coconut, arecanut or the shade trees of tea estates. Apart from cultivated black pepper other economically important species such as P. betle, P. chaba. P. B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Bamonare also suited to North eastern states. cubeba, P. peepuloides and P.N.longum

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ThereResearch are two Complex types of cinnamon viz. C. zeylanicum and C.tamala, grown in the region. The ICAR For NEH Region former is mainly grown for its bark which gives cinnamon of commerce. For leaf oil the later Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India preferred. Oil extracted from the bark and leaf is of great commercial value, domestic *Corresponding is author email: [email protected]

demand for which is on the increase.

Good for Agricultural Practices (GAP) my. It is well known its agricultural produces. The for Organic Production of Commercial Spices in Region of Meghalaya, NEH Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned production of Ginger the country is Organic low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of The most popularget cultivated variety in the region is Nadia that possess low fibre (4.10 %) and its produces. Surplus products wasted due to lack has maximum demand for culinary purposes. Although it is said that Nadia is popular among ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India the farmers on productivity aspect, the local medium sized varieties are still grown in larger l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. areacultivation in the region. he region favours of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There Conversion are many plan small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands (i) For and certified can address the economic social organic issues. production of ginger, the crop should be under organic management at least for 18 months and only the second crop of ginger can be sold as organic, The conversion period may be relaxed if the organic farm is being established India on a land where chemicals were not previously used, provided sufficient proof of history of the area is available. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, (ii) In order to avoid contamination ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resourcesof organically cultivated plots from neighboring nonorganic farms, suitablewaiting buffer to zone with definite border is to be maintained. In sloppy ent people and cultures. It surely is aa region lands adequateflowers, precaution rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, herbsshould and be taken to avoid the entry of runoff water and chemical drift from the neighboring farms. Water stagnation has to be avoided in the fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into low lyingwith fieldsvaried by taking deep trenches for drainage. North East India is endowed ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Management practices o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of For organic production, traditional varieties adapted to the local soil and climatic econdary and (i)tertiary processing of agricultural conditions that are resistant or tolerant to diseases, pests and nematode infection should be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. be used. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, (ii)isNo synthetic fertilizers, emand of fishery very high in chemical North East Region, pesticides or fungicides are allowed under organic system. Farmyard manure mayand be applied @ 25-30 t/ha along with vermi compost @ 5 eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and it. mulching with and green leaves @ 12-15 t/ha at 45 days intervals. Based on soil r an entrepreneur to t/ha get into Beekeeping apiary test, application of lime/ dolomite, orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic rock phosphate and wood ash may be done to get required nced with improvement in quantity the state of of phosphorus art of their and potassium supplementation. When the deficient conditions of trace elements est potential in North East India as the pesticidebecome and yield limiting, restricted use of mineral/ chemical of micro nutrients soil application or foliar spray are allowed as per the limits in India compared sources to industrial nations of thebyworld. of standard setting of certifying organizations. Further, supplementation of oil cakes like ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production neem cake (2 t/ha), composted house conditions can be taken up to harness the exportcoir pith (5 t/ha) and suitable microbial cultures of and phosphate solubilizing bacteria will improve the fertility and yield. modified crops, haveAzospirillum the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of (iii) equipment Integrated strategy involving pruning labour-saving farm have good potential for and destroying freshly infested shoots during JulyAugust (at fortnightly intervals) and spraying Neem gold 0.5% or neem oil 0.5% during roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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September-October (at 21 day intervals) or Dipel (formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis) ri-business enterprises in Northeast India 0.3% during July to October is effective against the shoot borer.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon (ABI) Center (iv)Agri-Business Selection ofIncubation healthy rhizomes, soil solarization seed treatment and soil application of agents like ICARbiocontrol Research Complex ForTrichoderma NEH Region or Pseudomonas (multiplied in suitable carrier media such as coirMeghalaya-793103, pith compost, well rotten cow dung or quality neem cake) may be done at Umiam, India theemail: time [email protected] of sowing and at regular intervals to keep the rhizome rot disease in check. *Corresponding author

(v) To control other foliar diseases spraying of Bordeaux mixture 1% may be done the quantity to 8 kg copper per hectare per annum. Application of quality my. It is well knownrestricting for its agricultural produces. The neem cake mentioned along with the bioagents Pochonia chlamydosporia will be of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipurearlier and Queen useful to check the nematode population. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InYield performance of organic ginger in different cropping systems ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Cropping ion and marketing the products. The system Northeast Ginger India yield Ginger equivalent Net income (q/ha) yield (q/ha) (Rs./ha) l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivationGinger of agricultural produces. sole 170.8 170.8 57,520 e region makes favourable setting up food processing Cowpea 148.4 202.5 1,00,500, option. There are many Ginger+ small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current demands Ginger+ situation French bean 160.4 198.6 1,02,600 can address the economic and social issues. India

Ginger+ Chilli

149.6

209.7

1,04,700

Ginger+ Okra

132.4

187.9

77,120

Ginger+Pradesh, Brinjal Manipur, 135.0 181.4 75,900 f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Certification rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into labeling usually done by an independent body to provide a guarantee that North East IndiaCertification is endowedand with varied isago-climate, standards commodities. are met. Government of India has taken steps to have indigenous ate, sub-tropicalthe andproduction tropical agricultural certification system to help small and marginal growers and to issue valid organic certificates o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, through certifying accredited done at primary level only and the agencies rising standard of by APEDA. The inspectors appointed by the agencies will carry out inspection of the farm operations through records econdary and certification tertiary processing of agricultural by periodicofsite inspections. Documentation of farm activities is must for be utilized formaintained production and of by-products forestry. acquiring certification especially when both conventional and organic crops are raised. Group scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, certification programmes available for organized group of producers and processors emand of fishery is very high in North are Eastalso Region, with systems located eaters. Presence of similar a large production number water bodies and in geographical proximity. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary curing for domestic orth East India.Harvesting Mushroomand production nced with improvement in the state of art of their crop is ready harvest in about est potential in The North East India for as the pesticide and 8 months after planting when the leaves turn yellow, and start drying up gradually. The clumps are lifted carefully with a spade or digging fork in India compared to industrial nations of the world. and theforrhizomes are separated from the dried up leaves, roots and adhering soil. For ucated to switch over organic farming. Production preparing vegetable house conditions can be taken up to ginger, harnessthe therhizomes export are thoroughly washed in water and sun-dried for a preparing dry ginger, produce (harvested after 8 months) is soaked in water for modified crops, day. have For the highest potential in thisthe region 6-7varieties hours. The rhizomes rubbed of high yielding have reachedareallthen parts of well to clean the extraneous matter. After cleaning the rhizomes removed from water labour-saving farm equipmentarehave good potential for and the outer skin is removed with bamboo splinters having ends. Deep may be avoided to prevent damage of oil cells which are roundwater level and pointed labour scarcity for scraping agricultural

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just below outer skin. The peeled rhizomes are washed and dried in sun uniformly for 1 ri-business enterprises in the Northeast India week. The dry rhizomes are rubbed together to get rid of the last bit of skin or dirt. The yield B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioo N. Bamon of dryMukherjee ginger is 19-25% of fresh ginger depending on the variety and location where the crop Agri-Business Incubation Centerlow fibre) harvested at 170-180 days after planting can is grown. Fresh ginger (with(ABI) relatively be used for preparing ginger. Tender rhizomes with a portion of the pseudostem may ICAR Research Complexsalted For NEH Region be washed thoroughly and soaked in Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India30% salt solution containing 1% citric acid. After 14 it email: is ready for use and can be stored under refrigeration. *Corresponding days author [email protected]

Storage of seed rhizomes my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The this Lemon purpose,ofhealthy andand diseaseof Meghalaya, For Kachai Manipur Queenfree clumps are marked in the field when the crop is 68 months old and still green. The seed rhizomes are stored in pits of convenient size in sheds. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned of the pits may average. be coatedInwith cow dung paste. The seed rhizomes are placed in the country is The low walls as compared national pits in layers along with well dried sand/saw dust (put one layer of seed rhizomes, then put 2 ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of cm thick layer ofget sand/saw gap is to be left at the top of the pits for adequate its produces. Surplus products wasted dust). due toSufficient lack aeration. The pits can be covered with wooden planks with one or two small openings for ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India aeration. The seed rhizomes in the pits may be checked once in about 21 days by removing l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. the cultivation plank and shriveled and disease affected rhizome are to be removed. The seed rhizomes he region favours of agricultural produces. can also be stored in pits dug in the ground under shade. Storage in saw dust + dried leaves of e region makes favourable setting up food processing also prevents infestation of rhizome scale. option. There Strychnos are manynuxvomica small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands of Turmeric can address the Organic economicProduction and social issues. India

Conversion Plan and Buffer zone

curcumin containing turmeric is available in the NER region and ICAR has already f the 8 states ofHigh Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, a variety for cultivation in the NER. Rich loamy soils having good drainage are ideal ura and Sikkim,released is a reservoir of rich natural resources for the crop. The most popular cultivated variety in the region is Lakadong (7.5 %) and ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Megha Turmeric-1 flowers, (6.8%) herbs that possesses higher curcumin content and has maximum rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, and demand. Being an annual crop, the conversion period required will be two years. Turmeric fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into cultivated as an intercrop with other crops provided organic methods of North East Indiacan is be endowed withorganically varied ago-climate, cultivation is followed for all the companion crops. In order to cultivate turmeric organically, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. an isolation distance of 25 mFarming, wide all around is to be left from a conventional farm. The o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, produce from this isolation belt shall not done at primary level only and the rising standard of be treated as organic. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural fromofJaintia Hills, Meghalaya and Megha Turmeric- 1 (RCT-1) be utilized forVarieties: production Lakadong, of by-products forestry. released by ICAR Research Complex for NEH, Uniam, Meghalaya are recommended. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Land Planting eaters. Presence of aPreparation large numberand water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary preparing the land, minimum tillage operations may be adopted. Beds of 15 cm height, orth East India.While Mushroom production for domestic 1 m width in andthe of convenient may be prepared, giving at least 50 cm spacing between nced with improvement state of artlength of their beds. Solarisation of such beds is beneficial in checking the multiplication of pests and est potential in North East India as the pesticide and disease causing organisms. polythene sheets used for soil solarisation should be kept in India compared to industrial nations of The the world. away safely after the work is completed. Carefully preserved seed or rhizomes free from ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production pests and diseases which are collected from organically cultivated farms should be used for house conditions can be taken up to harness the export However, to begin seed material from high yielding local varieties may be used modified crops, planting. have the highest potential in with this region in the absence of organically produced of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of seeds. Planting in March-April with pre-monsoon shower is desirable. thepotential time of for planting, apply 25 g powdered neem cake and mix well labour-saving farm equipment have At good with the soil in each pit taken at a roundwater level and labour scarcity for agriculturalspacing of 20-25 cm within and between rows. Seed

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rhizomesinmay be put in shallow pits and covered with well rotten cattle manure or compost ri-business enterprises Northeast India mixed with Trichoderma (10 gm compost inoculated with Trichoderma). Mulching of the B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and green Remiioo N. Bamon turmeric beds with leaves is an essential operation to enhance germination of seed Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center rhizomes and to prevent washing off of soil due to heavy rain. This also helps to add organic matterResearch to the soil and conserve ICAR Complex For NEHmoisture Region during the later part of the cropping season. The first mulching is to Meghalaya-793103, be done at the time of planting with green leaves @10-12 t/ha. It is to be Umiam, India th [email protected] @5 t/ha at 50 day after planting. Cow dung slurry may be poured on the bed *Corresponding repeated author email: after each mulching to enhance microbial activity and nutrient availability. Weeding may be carried out depending on the intensity of weed growth. Such materials may be used for mulching. Proper drainage channelsThe are to be provided in the inter rows to drain off stagnant my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. of Meghalaya, water. Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is Plant low asNutrition compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Application of well rotten cow dung its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lackor compost @ 5-6 t/ha may be made as a basal dose while planting rhizomes in the pits. In addition, application of neem cake @ 2 tonnes /ha is ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India also desirable. Earthing up after 60 days l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. and weeding at 60, 120 and 150 days are desirable. Plant Protection he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing noticedunorganized in the crop. Leaf spot (Collectrotrichum capsici) and leaf blotch option. There No aremajor manydisease smallis scale (Taphrina maculans) can controlled by restricted use of 1% Bordeaux mixture. loyment at low levels. The current situationbedemands ofsocial Trichoderma can address the Application economic and issues. at the time of planting can check the incience of rhizome rot (Phythum graminicolum). Regular field surveillance and adoption of phytosanitary measures are required for pest management. If shoot borer incidence is noticed spot such shoots, cut India open and pick out larvae and destroy them. Spray neem oil (0.5%) at fortnightly intervals if necessary. f the 8 states offound Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Harvest and Post Harvest rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers,Operations herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into is towith be harvested at correct maturity. Depending upon the variety, crop becomes North East IndiaTurmeric is endowed varied ago-climate, ready for harvest in 7-9 months. Usually it extends from January to March. Early varieties ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. mature in 7-8 months, medium varieties in 8-9 months and late varieties after 9 months. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Usually the land is ploughed and the are gathered by hand picking or the clumps are done at primary level only and the rising standard rhizomes of with a spade. Harvested rhizomes are cleaned of mud and other extraneous econdary and carefully tertiary lifted processing of agricultural matter adhering to them. The average yield per hectare comes to 20-25 tonnes of green be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. turmeric. Turmeric is polished in power operated drums and yield of polished turmeric is 12scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, 25% raw-material. Fingers are separated from mother rhizomes. Mother rhizomes are emand of fishery is of very high in North East Region, usually kept as seed material. The eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies fresh and turmeric is cured for obtaining dry turmeric. Curing involves boiling of fresh rhizomes in water and then drying in the sun. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic No chemical be of used Only clean and uncontaminated water is to be nced with improvement in should the state artfor of processing. their taken for boiling rhizomes. The cleaned rhizomes are boiled in copper or galvanized iron or est potential in North East India as the pesticide and earthern vessels, with water just world. enough to soak them. Boiling is stopped when froth comes in India compared to industrial nations of the out and white fumes appear giving out a typical odour. The boiling lasts for 45-60 minutes ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production when the rhizomes are soft. The stage house conditions can be taken up to harness the export at which boiling is stopped largely influences the aroma of the final modified crops, colour have theand highest potential in thisproduct. region Over cooking spoils the colour of the final product while under cooking renders the dried of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofproduct brittle. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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An easyinmethod of India curing large quantities of turmeric is as follows: The cleansed ri-business enterprises Northeast fingers/mother rhizomes are taken in perforated troughs made of GI or MS sheet with B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo Bamon type trough of size 0.90 x 0.55 x 0.40 cm can hold extended paralleland handle. (A N. medium Agri-Business (ABI) Center about 50 kg of Incubation raw turmeric). The perforated troughs containing raw turmeric are then immersed in aComplex pan withForwater ICAR Research NEH which Region can hold 3-4 troughs at the same time. Boil till the fingers/mother become soft. Umiam, rhizomes Meghalaya-793103, IndiaThe cooked turmeric is taken out of the pan by lifting troughs draining the water into pan itself. The same hot water in the pan can be used *Corresponding the author email:and [email protected] for boiling next set of raw turmeric which is already filled in troughs. The cooking of turmeric is to be done within 2-3 days after harvest. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The may also be cooked of Meghalaya, Rhizomes Kachai Lemon of Manipur and using Queenbaskets with perforated bottom and sides. The mother rhizomes and the fingers are cured separately. The cooked fingers/mother rhizomes are dried geographical indications. However, the revenue earned by spreading in average. 5-7 cm thick the country is in lowtheassun compared national In- layers on bamboo mats or cement floor. A thinner layer is not desirable, as the colour ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of of the dried product may be adversely affected. During night time the material should its produces. Surplus products get wasted duebetoheaped lack or covered. It may take 10-15 days for the rhizomes to become completely dry. Artificial ion and marketing the products. ◦The Northeast India drying using cross flow hot air at a maximum found to give satisfactory product. In the case of sliced turmeric, temperature of related 60 C isagri-businesses. l for food processing and other artificial drying clear advantages he region favours cultivation of has agricultural produces. in giving brighter coloured product than sun drying which tends to suffer due to surface bleaching. The yield of dry product varies from 20-30% e region makes favourable setting up food processing the variety and the location where the crop is grown. option. There depending are manyupon small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands for seed can address the Rhizomes economic and socialpurpose issues. are generally stored after heaping under shade of tree or in well ventilated shaded room and covered with turmeric leaves. Sometimes the heap is plastered with earth mixed with cow dung. The seed rhizomes can also be stored in pits with saw dust. India The pits can be covered with wooden planks with one or two hotels for aeration. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Production Largeresources Cardamom ura and Sikkim,Organic is a reservoir of rich of natural ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Large (Amomum rest wealth, fruits andcardamom vegetables, flowers, subulatum herbs and Roxb.), is known to be amongst the oldest spice used by mankind. The seeds contain about fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into2-3% essential oil rich in cineole, a strong essence, is mainlywith as varied spice and food flavouring agent. India is the major producer of large North East Indiautilized is endowed ago-climate, cardamom. The production is confined ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. mainly to the sub-Himalayan Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal with Farming, pooled annual production of about 5000 metric tons (MT) of o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, cured cardamom. In the recent years,oflimited area expansion with large cardamom has been done at primary level only and the rising standard Nagaland,ofArunachal Pradesh and some other NE states. econdary and reported tertiaryfrom processing agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Conversion Plan and Zone scope for production of meat, milk andBuffer milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Conversion of water 3 years for existing eaters. Presence of a largeperiod number bodies and plantations is prescribed for small cardamom. For virgin in NE, new plantations r an entrepreneur to getlands into it. Beekeeping and apiarywithout conversion period are possible. However, an isolation belt of 25 m wide all sides of existing plantations is desirable. The Spices orth East India. Mushroom production for from domestic Board has in identified a few important nced with improvement the state of art of theirclones suitable for different locations and TERI, New Delhi has standardized Tissue culture protocols for micro-propagation in large number. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Climate Soil farming. Production ucated to switch over forand organic house conditions can be taken up to harness the export cardamom grows well in region the 600 to 2000 m altitude range wherein the mean annual modified crops, Large have the highest potential in this ambient temperature ranges from 6°Cof(December-January) to 30°C (June-July) under annual of high yielding varieties have reached all parts rainfall of 2000-3500 mmpotential stretchedforover 200 days and constant high relative humidity. labour-saving farm equipment have good Moist, well drained-loose sandy loams and loams with a pH range of 5.0 and 6.0 are most roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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favourable. Large cardamom, ri-business enterprises in Northeast India is shade loving and is grown beneath the tree cover on marginal lands.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Varieties ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region There are mainly five popular India cultivators in Sikkim viz. Ramsey, Golsey, Saremna, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, [email protected] Sawney. *Corresponding Varlangey author email:

Ramsey - This cultivar is well suited to high altitudes above 1500 m a msl. The variety is identified byagricultural the maroonish colour of my. It is well known for its produces. Thethe tiller and narrow leaves. Plants are 1.5 to 2.0 m tall, produce more and tillers. Flowering starts in May and crop is ready for harvest by of Meghalaya, robust Kachaiplants Lemon of Manipur Queen October-November. Capsules are smaller geographical indications. However, the revenue earned in size with 25-40 seeds. It is susceptible to viral like Chirkey and Foorkey. the country is diseases low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Sawneyproducts -It is a widely adaptable which is most suited to medium and high altitude its produces. Surplus get wasted due tocultivar, lack areas of 1350 m above msl and above. Plants are 1.5 to 2.0 m tall, robust in nature, leaves are ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India ovate and broad and the colour of tiller is similar to Ramsey. Capsules are bigger and bold l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. withcultivation 35-50 seeds. Flowering produces. starts from March to May and harvest begins in Septemberhe region favours of agricultural October and may extend up to November in high altitude areas. The cultivar is susceptible to e region makes favourable setting up food processing Foorkey option. There both are Chirke many and small scale diseases. unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands -It isissues. suitable to areas below 1500 m a msl and is very specific in Dzongu can address the Dzongu economicGolsey and social area of North Sikkim. The plant height is 1.0 to 1.5 m and relatively less robust. Unlike Ramsey and Sawney, the tillers are green in colour and the leaves are narrow and erect. India Capsules are big and bold and contain about 50-70 seeds. Flowering starts in March and is done inPradesh, September-October. f the 8 states ofharvesting Assam, Arunachal Manipur, It is relatively tolerant to Chirke but susceptible to disease. ura and Sikkim,Foorkey is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Saremna-The cultivar is grown a small pocket of the Hee-Gaon, West Sikkim, at low rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbsinand altitude and is known for its high yield fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into potential. Plants are 1.5 to 2.0 m tall, tillers are green are with mostly drooping. Capsules are bold and contain 65-70 seeds. North East Indiaand is leaves endowed varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Varlangey-The cultivar is found to grow in mid and high altitude areas. Its yield o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, performance is exceptionally high at high altitudes. Plants height is 1.5-2m, robust type and done at primary level only and the rising standard of withof narrow leaves. Size of the capsule is bold with 50-70 number of bold econdary and resembles tertiary Ramsey processing agricultural seeds. Flowering starts in May at medium altitudes and during June-July at high altitudes. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Consequently harvesting is delayed up to the end of November in high altitudes. This variety scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, is susceptible to leaf blight.East Region, emand of fishery is very high in North eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Propagation r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Propagationinofthe large cardamom is done nced with improvement state of art of their through seeds and suckers. Cardamom being a crosspollinated crop and major pollinator is bumble bee planting suckers ensures true to type and est potential in North East India as the pesticide and high to productivity. Seedlings are world. not uniform in growth and productivity. If planting material in India compared industrial nations of the is raised in polybags, addition of VAM and Trichoderma is desirable. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export of plants through suckers should be done only in disease – free area. The modified crops, The havemultiplication the highest potential in this region site for such a nursery should be located at least 500 m away from large cardamom of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of plantations. They should established labour-saving farm equipment have goodbepotential for under agro-shed with 50% shade. The suckers form high yielding disease free plants with one grown up shoot and emerging bud are planted at 30 roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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cm apartininNortheast the pit. The multiplication rate in this method is about 1:8 in a year time. The ri-business enterprises India grown up tillers are split into units of one tiller with an emerging bud and planted in the main B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon field during June-July.

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Planting ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India is a shade loving plant and Utis (Alnus nepalensis) is the most common *Corresponding Large author Cardamom email: [email protected]

shade tree for large cardamom. The other species of shade trees are Panisaj (Termalia myriocarpa), Pipli (Bucklandia sp.), Malato (Macaranga denticulate), Argeli (Edgeworthes gardneri), (Viburnus eruberens), my. It is well known for itsAsare agricultural produces. The Bilaune (Maesa cheria), Kharane (Symplocos sp), (Albizzia etc. and Nitrogen fixing Alder has been recommended for some areas. of Meghalaya, Siris Kachai Lemonlebbeck), of Manipur Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned and Planting the country is Land low asPreparation compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Plantingproducts is done get during June-July its produces. Surplus wasted due towhen lack there is enough moisture in the soil. Pits of size 30 x 30 x 30 cm are prepared on contour at a spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m. Wider spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India is recommended for robust cultivars like Sawyney Varlangey, Ramsey, etc. The pits are filled l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. withcultivation topsoil mixed with cowdung or compost@ 10-15 kg per pit. Seedlings/Suckers are he region favours of agricultural produces. planted in the centre of the pits. Care e region makes favourable setting up food processingshould be taken not to plant the seedling/rhizome very the pit. Afterscale planting, seedlings/suckers should be stacked and the base of the plant is option. There deep are in many small unorganized mulched with dried leaves. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the Manuring economic and social issues.

For a sustained production the soil fertility should be maintained to its optimum. Well decomposed cattle manure/compost or organic products, non-edible oil cakes should be kg/plantPradesh, at leastManipur, once in two years in April-May. Mulching the base of plants f the 8 states ofapplied Assam,@10 Arunachal lean period is essential to restore moisture and to discourage weeds. ura and Sikkim,during is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Harvesting and Yield rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into begins top capsules in the spike get the dark grayish colour of the seeds. North East IndiaHarvesting is endowed withwhen variedtheago-climate, Generally August-September for low and mid altitudes and November-December for high ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. altitude are the periods of harvesting. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, The capsules bearing spikes are removed using the large cardamom knife and during thisofprocess the spike bearing shoots along with its rhizome done at primary level only and the rising standard removed.ofThe freshly harvested capsules contain nearly 85 percent moisture econdary and portion tertiaryis also processing agricultural and are highly perishable and be utilized for production of by-products of therefore, forestry. must be processed at the earliest. The average yield range from 100-400 kg/ha of dy capsules. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Harvesting curing r an entrepreneur to get intoand it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic The indication of time when the seeds of topmost capsules turn brown. As soon nced with improvement in the state ofofharvest art of istheir as the said colour appears, bearing tillers est potential in North East India as the pesticide and are cut to a height of 30-45 cm and left for another 10-15todays for full maturity. Theworld. cardamom possessing a pleasant characteristic aroma and in India compared industrial nations of the flavour is used for spices. Drying of the cardamom is the most important post harvest ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production operation. The inadequate drying leads house conditions can be taken up to harness the export mould growth. A trolley type tray dryer of 600 kg per capacity designed, developed modified crops, batch have the highestwas potential in this region and evaluated. The drying characteristics of large cardamom studied. It takes about 12 of hours to bring down the moisture content of cardamom of high yielding varieties have reached all parts fruit equipment form 62.5 have % togood 50%.potential A heat for exchanger based on diesel fuel was designed. The best labour-saving farm roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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temperature for dryingIndia the cardamom fruit was 55-60°C. The fresh capsules possess 85% ri-business enterprises in Northeast moisture but for prolonging shelf life capsule should have 10-13% moisture.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Organic Production of Black Pepper ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Conversion plan Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

For certified organic production of black pepper, at least 18 months the crop should be under organic management. The first crop of pepper can be sold as organic, as the yielding starts from for third The conversion period may be relaxed if the organic farm is being my. It is well known its year. agricultural produces. The on aofland whereand chemicals of Meghalaya, established Kachai Lemon Manipur Queen were not used previously which is duely supported with sufficient proof of history of the area. It is desirable that organic method of production is geographical indications. However, the revenue earned in the entire farm.average. As a mixed the country is followed low as compared national In- crop it can also be intercropped with green manure/ legumes enabling effective nutrient built ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of up. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack In order to avoid contamination organically cultivated plots from neighboring non-organic ion and marketing the products. The NortheastofIndia farms, a suitable buffer zone with definite border is to be maintained. In smallholder groups, l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. where the pepper holdings areproduces. contiguous, the isolation belt is needed at the outer periphery he region favours cultivation of agricultural of the entire group of holdings. Pepper grown on this isolation belt cannot be treated as e region makes favourable setting up food processing In sloppy precaution should be taken to avoid the entry of runoff option. There organic. are many small lands scale adequate unorganized water and chemical drift from the neighboring farms. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

Management practices

manure may be applied @ 5-10 kg/vine along with vermi/ leaf compost @ 5-10 f the 8 states ofFarmyard Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, based of on rich the age of the vine. Based on soil test, application of lime/ dolomite, rock ura and Sikkim,kg/vine is a reservoir natural resources phosphate/ bone meal and wood ash may ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to be done to get required quantity of phosphorus and potassium supplementation. the deficient conditions of trace elements become yield rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, When herbs and limiting, restricted use of mineral/ chemical sources of micro nutrients and magnesium fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into are allowed as perago-climate, the limits of standard setting or certifying organizations. Further, North East Indiasulphate is endowed with varied supplementation of oil cakes like neem cake (1 kg/vine), composted coir pith (2.5 kg/ vine) or ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. composted coffeeFloriculture, pulp rich inFarming, potassium and suitable microbial cultures of Azospirillum and o Food Processing, Horticulture, phosphate solubilizing bacteria will improve the fertility. done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural of by-products biocontrol agents like Trichoderma or Pseudomonas multiplied in suitable be utilized forApplication production of of forestry. carrier media such as coffee husk/ coir pith compost, well rotten cow dung or quality neem scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, cakeis may done to keep the foot rot disease in check. To control fungal poIlu and emand of fishery verybe high in regularly North East Region, other foliar diseases spraying of Bordeaux mixture I % may be done restricting the quantity eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and to to 8 kg hectare per r an entrepreneur get copper into it. per Beekeeping andannum. apiary Application of quality neem cake mentioned earlier along with the bioagents Pochonia chlamydosporia will be useful to check the nematode orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic population in andthe thereby decline disease. nced with improvement state slow of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Certification in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Certification and is usually done by an independent body to provide a guarantee that house conditions can be taken uplabeling to harness the export Govt. of India has taken steps to have indigenous modified crops, the haveproduction the highest standards potential inare thismet. region certification system to help small and of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofmarginal growers and to issue valid organic certificates through certifying accredited labour-saving farm equipment have agencies good potential for by APEDA. The inspectors appointed by the certification agencies will carry out roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural inspection of the farm operations through records

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maintained and by periodic ri-business enterprises in Northeast India site inspections. The grower has to document all the details with respect to Field map, Field history sheet, Activity register, Input record, Output record, B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Pest Bamon Harvest record, Storage record, control records, Movement record, Equipments cleaning Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center record and Labelling records etc. Documentation of farm activities is must for acquiring certification when ICAR Researchespecially Complex For NEH both Regionconventional and organic crops are raised. Group certification programmes are also available for organized group of producers and processors Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India similar systems located in geographical proximity. *Corresponding with author email:production [email protected]

Harvesting and processing my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The the wholeand spike is handpicked when one or two berries in the spike turn of Meghalaya, During Kachai harvesting Lemon of Manipur Queen bright orange. The berries are separated geographical indications. However, the revenue earned from the spikes and dried in the sun for 7-10 days. moisture content in dried the country is The low optimum as compared national average. In- pepper to prevent mould attack is 8-10%. The berries can be separated manually or mechanically using threshers. Threshers with capacities varying ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of betweenproducts 0.5 to get 1.5wasted tonne due per tohour its produces. Surplus lack are available. This enhances speedy and hygienic separation of black pepper berries. When dried, the berries retain the characteristic wrinkled ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India appearance of black pepper of commerce. The fresh berries are dipped in hot water for a l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. minute before of drying in the sun which results in an attractive black colour and also reduces he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. the drying time. The recommended drying surfaces are bamboo mat coated with fenugreek e region makes favourable setting up food processing cementsmall floor scale and high density black polythene which gives better appearance and option. There paste, are many unorganized cleanliness to the dried product. Mechanical driers such as copra drier, convection drier and loyment at low levels. The current situation demands driers issues. can also be employed for drying. The optimum temperature to be can address the cascade economictype and social maintained in mechanical driers should be around 60oC. India Organic production of Chilli f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, spices,ofchilli the large production in India and important from the export angle. ura and Sikkim,Among is a reservoir rich has natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Planting Material fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, with, agricultural seeds from local high yielding varieties could also be used. Seeds should not be ate, sub-tropicalTo andstart tropical commodities. treated with any chemical fungicides or pesticides. However, it is always beneficial to adopt o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, indigenous practices for seed treatment, done at primary level only and the rising standard of wherever possible. The seeds may be treated with @10 g/kg of of seed to prevent incidence of seedling rot in the nursery. econdary and Trichoderma tertiary processing agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Cultural Practices scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Normally chilli is grown under rain-fed eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and condition. However, under irrigated condition, care should to avoid and using water contaminated with pesticides or fungicides and r an entrepreneur to getbe intotaken it. Beekeeping apiary irrigation should be done judiciously. orth East India. Mushroom production for domesticStagnation of water should not be allowed in nursery beds and fields orderof to art avoid nced with improvement in thein state of fungal their infection. Weeds should be removed from the field either manually or mechanically and used as much. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Plant ucated to switch overNutrition for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export such as infarmyard manure is applied @4 to 5 t/ha. However, it is always modified crops, Organic have the manures highest potential this region advisable to use enriched compost than of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of farmyard manure alone. It is desirable to give sheep manure @ 3-5have quintals neemfor cake @3-4 quintals per hectare at the time of land labour-saving farm equipment goodand potential preparation. Restricted use of Pseudomonas flourescens 15 days after transplanting and three roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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months after first application ri-business enterprises in Northeast India @2.5 kg/ha mixed with 50 kg farmyard manure or compost in rows is beneficial against wilt disease. Spraying of Pseudomonas flourescens (0.2%) @1 B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioo N. back. BamonSeed treatment with Trichoderma takes care of seeding kg/haMukherjee may be useful against die Incubation (ABI) Center rot Agri-Business in nursery. Varieties tolerant to diseases should be used wherever the disease is severe. Roguing and destruction of NEH affected plants held in checking the mosaic virus. ICAR Research Complex For Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding Pests author email: [email protected]

To avoid infestation of root grub, only well rotten farmyard manure should be applied in the field. for Application of neem cake @The 250 Kg/ha is also advisable for control of root grubs. my. It is well known its agricultural produces. in the agronomic to disturb the life cycle of the grub is also found useful. of Meghalaya, Change Kachai Lemon of Manipurpractices and Queen Application of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE 3%) can be done for control of thrips geographical indications. However, the revenue earned dorsalis), aphids (Aphis the country is (Sciothrips low as compared national average. In- gossypii) and mites, (Polyphagotarsonimus latus). Release of larvae of Chrysoperla carnea, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of a biocontrol agent, once in 15 days is also helpful in controlling thripsget andwasted mites.due Fruitto(pod) its produces. Surplus products lack borers such as Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura are the major pests which cause ion and marketing the products. The Northeast Indiaconsiderable damage to the crop. They can be managed to a certain extent by adoption of biocontrol measures. Restricted installation of pheromone l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. traps in the field helps to monitor the adult moths. Ten days after spotting the moths in the he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. traps, spraying with Nuclear Polyhedrosis e region makes favourable setting up food processing Virus (NPV) @ 500 ml/ha 4-5 rounds is beneficial control early larval of the pod borers. Spraying of neem products like neem oil or option. There toare manythesmall scale stage unorganized neem seed kernel extract and restricted loyment at low levels. The current situation demands use of Bacillus thurigensis @1kg/ha are beneficial. the shed/dropped fruits and inflorescence parts should be collected and destroyed at can address the All economic and social issues. regular intervals. India Harvest and Post Harvest Operations f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, should be natural done at resources the right stage of maturity. Soon after the harvest, the produce ura and Sikkim,Harvesting is a reservoir of rich is to be heaped up or kept in clean for one day for uniform colour development for ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waitinggunnies to the and pods.vegetables, Sun dryingflowers, is the common practice. Leveled and compacted floor is to be made for rest wealth, fruits herbs and drying. Fruits are spread on drying yards fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into in layers of 8-10 cm. From the fifth day onwards, inverted on alternate days so that the pods in the lower layers are brought up to North East Indiatheisproduce endowedis with varied ago-climate, ensure quick and uniform drying. To avoid microbial activity and aflatoxin production ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. maximum moisture in the driedFarming, pods should be 10%. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, done at primary level only and the rising standard of the produce is exposed to sun for 10-15 days on the open yards, it is likely to get econdary and Since tertiary processing of agricultural contaminated with foreign matter. This also results in poor colour for the product due to be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. bleaching effect of the sun rays. Solar scope for production of meat, milk and milk products,drier and tray drier can also be used.In the absence of mechanical drying, the produce after spreading on drying yard to be covered with black cloth emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, which absorbs heat and hastens drying eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and by three to four days. It also helps for uniform colour andtoprevents contamination dust. r an entrepreneur get into it. Beekeepingwith and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Value Added Products from nced with improvement in the state of art Spices of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Ginger in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production (i)beDried house conditions can takenginger up to harness the export Ginger for the market contains 7 to 12 per cent moisture. Nadia, Varada and modified crops, have the highestdried potential in this region Maran etc. are the suitable varieties for preparation different ginger dried products. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of There ishave verygood goodpotential demandfor of whole rhizome dried products in both national and labour-saving farm equipment roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprisesinternational in Northeastmarket. India Northeastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Ltd (NERAMAC), Guwahati is helping the entrepreneurs in marketing the dried products.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ii) Fresh ginger juice (ABI) Center It has got very good demand in pharmaceutical and beverage industries. All the local ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region varieties are suitable for extraction Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India ginger juice. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

(iii)Ginger Paste There is a very good demand of ginger paste in our country. Dabor India Ltd. is the major player for produces. marketingThe of this produce in India. NERAMAC has established a my. It is well known for its agricultural network with Dabor for marketing of ginger paste from the region. of Meghalaya, Kachaiclose Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Oilnational average. Inthe country is low(iv) as Ginger compared Oil content varies from 0.5 of to 3.0 % depending upon varieties. Most of the local ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms varieties get of the region its produces. Surplus products wasted dueare to good lack source of oil. Meghalaya Local is the most suitable variety for oil extraction as it contains more than 2 % oil. NERAMAC in its factory at ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Byrnihat is extracting oil since l for food processing and other related agri-businesses.2007 using the RRL, Trivandram technology. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. (v) Ginger Oleoresin e region makes favourable setting up food processing It is a blend of oil unorganized and resinoides. It is extracted from ginger powder using organic option. There are many small scale solvents like acetone, loyment at low levels. The current situation ethylene demands dichloride etc. Its content ranges from 3.5 to 9.5 %. Major principle is gingerol (a phenyl ketone). All the local varieties of the can address the economic and pungent social issues. region are good source of oleoresin. India (vi) Ginger Beer are made by fermenting f the 8 states of Assam,They Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, extracts of ginger and other spices and brought into condition in bottles and tied to stand the pressure developed by secondary ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich naturalcorked resources fermentation. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and (vii) GingertoProducts fauna, NE India has allFresh the potential transform into Nadia, Varada, Mahima and Jamaica etc are very good varieties for preparation of North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, different products like ginger ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. preserve or muraba, ginger candy, soft drinks like ginger cocktail (whichFarming, aids in digestion), ginger pickles, salted ginger etc. ICAR o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Research Complex for NEH Region has developed the protocols for instant ginger done at primary level only and the rising standard of candy and preservation of ginger slices in acidified brine solution. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. (viii) Ginger by-products: Different value added by-products like ―Agarbatti‖, manures, scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, vermicompost and East cattleRegion, & poultry feed etc. may be manufactured from the industry emand of fishery is very high in North waste. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in Turmeric North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. (i) for Turmeric ucated to switch over organicpowder farming. Production Megha Turmeric-1 Lakadong are the leading varieties in the region used for house conditions can be taken up to harness and the export of turmeric powder. The powder is obtained by grinding of dried modified crops, have thepreparation highest potential in this region rhizome or dried turmeric of high yielding varieties have reached all partsslices of to a fine mesh (50-60) to use in various product. The powderhave is packed thick aluminum foil immediately to reduce loss of oil. labour-saving farm equipment good in potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises (ii) Turmeric in Northeast paste India The paste is an important component in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries. B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Hindustand Lever Ltd in its factory at Dumdooma, Assam produces different Agri-Business (ABI) paste. Center productsIncubation using turmeric

ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region (iii)Turmeric curcumin Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India It is [email protected] extensively used in bakery products, meat, pharmaceutical and cosmetic *Corresponding author email:

industries. Megha Turmeric-1 and Lakadong are the most suitable varieties for extraction of curcumin as it contains curcumin in the range of 6.5-8 %. Other promising varieties are Pratibha, my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Suranjana and Kedaram etc. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen (iv) Turmeric Oleoresin geographical indications. However,Oil theand revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inturmeric oleoresin, which ersity in the region, it The is lacking behind in terms of is obtained by solvent extraction, is highly valued. Curcumin its produces. Surplus products get forms wastedabout due toone lackthird of the oleoresin. Curcumin or curcuminoids concentrate for use, as food colour is not a regular article of commerce, because for ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India most current uses the cheaper l for food processing and other related agri-businesses.turmeric oleoresin has been found suitable. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. (v) Turmeric e region makes favourable settingby-products up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized value addeddemands by-products like ―Agarbatti‖, manures, vermicompost and loyment at low levels.Different The current situation cattle etc.issues. may be manufactured from the industry waste. can address the economic andfeed social India

Chillies f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Chilli powder ura and Sikkim, is a(i)reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to is one of the most popular rest wealth, fruits and This vegetables, flowers, herbs and products of chilli having export potential. Suitable varieties having higher colour fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into values are being identified by different organization including ICAR. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. (ii) OleoresinFloriculture, Farming, o Food Processing, Horticulture, done at primary level only and the rising standard of In food and beverage industry, chilli has acquired a great importance in the form of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural oleoresin, which permits better distribution of color and flavor in food as compared to be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. chilli powder. The food industry scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, generally prefers to use large, highly colored and less pungent the Region, preparation of oleoresin. Chilli oleoresin, which is prepared emand of fishery is very high chillies in NorthforEast from dried chilli powder byand solvent extraction, represents the complete flavor or the eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies r an entrepreneur to gettrue intoessence. it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic (iii) Capsanthin nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and is a nations great damand natural chilli fruit color, which is used in processed foods in India compared to There industrial of the for world. in place of synthetic colors. Basically, the coloring matter of chillies is a mixture of ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production carotenoids, yellow and red pigments, which encompass carotenes and xanthophylls. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export and capsorubin are the red pigments and the yellow include -carotene, modified crops, have theCapsanthin highest potential in this region cryptoxanthene and all zeaxanthin. of high yielding varieties have reached parts of Considerable variability exists among the genotypes with respect to color values. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises (iv) Capsaicin in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon The hot flavor of chilli is caused by capsaicin and allied constituents, which have Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center It is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics for this good counter irritant function. propertyComplex and perhaps helps in absorption and movement of bowels. The capsaicin, an ICAR Research For NEH Region acid amide of vanilly lamine Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India is considered as double-edged sword providing nutritional and toxic effects. King chilli of Northeast India is reported to be the hottest *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

chill of the world with highest capsaicin content.

Blackfor Pepper my. It is well known its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen (i) White pepper geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inwhite pepper ersity in the region, itThe is lacking behindofincommerce terms of is prepared either from freshly harvested berries or dried black pepperdueusing special techniques such as retting, steaming and its produces. Surplus products get wasted to lack decortications. The recovery of ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India white pepper from ripe pepper berries is about 25%. Water the most popular technique for preparing white pepper in which ripe l for food processing and othersteeping related is agri-businesses. pepper of berries are soaked in water for 8-10 days and the outer skin is removed, he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. washed and sun dried, the berries e region makes favourable setting up food processing of Panniyur- 1 are ideal to prepare white pepper. option. There are many small scale unorganized (ii) Dehydrated pepper loyment at low levels. The current green situation demands can address the economic and social issues. Dehydrated green pepper is a premium quality pepper, processed out of farm fresh green pepper berries into dried form, by air drying, retaining its green colour and India giving out the best flavour. This is par excellent in quality, flavour, colour etc than pepper.Pradesh, This value added spice product is based on technology developed by the f the 8 states of Assam,black Arunachal Manipur, CFTRI of India. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to (iii)Green pepper in brine rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Major with applications of green pepper in brine are in making sauces, meat-processing North East India is endowed varied ago-climate, industries, steak preparations ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities.and in the food service sector. The uniform tender berries that pass the quality control measures are washed and cleaned and put in to a o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, brine solution. The cleaned berries are stored in 17% ± 2% salt solution and vinegar done at primary level only and the rising standard of around 0.6% ± 2%. is washed three times in 45 days and each time changing the econdary and tertiary processing of This agricultural brine solutions, so that they are properly matured and then packed in high density be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. poly ethylene (HDPE) food grade scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, cans or as required. emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Greennumber pepperwater pastebodies and eaters. Presence of(iv) a large r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Like ginger and turmeric paste, green pepper may paste may a future product of spice orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic industry. nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and dried green in India compared(v) to Freeze industrial nations ofpepper the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production onetoofharness the very countries, which produces and supply freeze dried green house conditions can beIndia takenis up thefew export wherein even the natural form of the green peppercorns is retained. This modified crops, have thepeppercorns, highest potential in this region is a specialty product, which finds a wide application in instant soups and dry-meals of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of on account ofgood its special characteristics and subtle flavor. It is also used in the cheese labour-saving farm equipment have potential for industry and for preparation of pates. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises (vi) Dehydrated in Northeastsalted Indiagreen pepper

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and salted Remiioogreen N. Bamon Dehydrated pepper is a product developed by the Pepper India Agri-Business Incubation Center Corporation; it is a(ABI) 100% substitute for green pepper in brine and is much more convenient as it For is easier transportation and storing as it does not involve any brine ICAR Research Complex NEH for Region solution. It is a product, which Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India can be used instead of pepper in brine as it contains both pepper and salt in the same proportion and at the same time maintains the natural *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

green colour.

(vii) green pepper my. It is well known forCanned its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Green pepperthe after harvest is preserved in 2% brine solution and the product is heat geographical indications. However, revenue earned product has the the country is low as sterilized. compared This national average. In-additional advantage over dehydrated green pepper in that it retains the natural colour, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of texture and flavour. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Bottled green pepper India ion and marketing (viii) the products. The Northeast l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Green pepper is preserved without spoilage in 20% brine solution containing 100 ppm he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. and 0.2% citric acid. Addition SO e region makes favourable2 setting up food processing of citric acid prevents blackening of berries. option. There are many small scale unorganized (ix) Cured green situation pepper demands loyment at low levels. The current can address the economic and social issues. To overcome the disadvantages of poor texture and weak flavour of dehydrated green pepper and the high unit weight and packing cost of canned and bottled green pepper, India cured green pepper has been developed. Berries are thoroughly cleaned in water, in saturated solution for 2-3 months, drained and packed in suitable f the 8 states of Assam,steeped Arunachal Pradesh,brine Manipur, flexibleofpolyethylene ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir rich natural pouches. resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to (x) Sterilized pepper rest wealth, fruits and vegetables,black flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Sterilized pepper is a premium quality pepper. It is more noble and aromatic North East India is endowed withblack varied ago-climate, than the other species of pepper. Pepper berries are thoroughly washed in boiling ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. water andFloriculture, dried under Farming, controlled conditions, till the moisture is brought down to less o Food Processing, Horticulture, than 11%. Packaging is done using done at primary level only and the rising standard of double-layered poly bags of 25 kg net weight. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural (xi) Blackofpepper crushed be utilized for production by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Special black pepper is crushed and sieved into various sizes varying from 10emand of fishery is very highquality in North East Region, 30 mesh according to the choice eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and of the buyers and packed in double lined polybags of kg it. each. r an entrepreneur to get25into Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic (xii) Decorticated nced with improvement in the state black of artpepper of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and is a form of of white in India compared to This industrial nations the pepper world. produced by mechanical decortications of the outer skin of black pepper. This is generally done when white pepper is in short supply. The ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production appearance of decorticated kernel is inferior to traditionally prepared white pepper, house conditions can be taken up to harness the export is satisfactory modified crops, have thebut highest potential when in thisground. region Also the milling operation requires considerable skill to avoid excessive volatile oil of loss. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises (xiii)in Pepper Northeast oil India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Black pepper is crushed to coarse powder and steam distilled to obtain 2.5 to 3.5 per Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center cent colourless to pale green essential oil which becomes viscous on ageing. It is used in perfumery and flavouring. ICAR Research Complex ForinNEH Region Oil can also be distilled from white pepper but high price of Meghalaya-793103, white pepper and low oil yield do not favour its commercial production. Umiam, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

(xiv) Pepper oleoresin

Extraction of black pepper The with organic solvents like acetone, ethanol or dichloromy. It is well known for its agricultural produces. 10-13% oleoresin possessing the odour, flavour and pungent of Meghalaya, Kachaiethane Lemon provides of Manipur and Queen principles of the spice. The content of the pungent alkaloid piperine ranges from 4 to geographical indications. However, the revenue earned in dry pepper 35 to 50% the country is low as 6% compared nationaland average. In- in oleoresin. One kg of oleoresin when dispersed on an inert base can replace 15 to ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of20 kg of spice for flavouring purpose. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Strategies for further l for food processing and other related growth agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makesGinger favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized production hill slopes allows good drainage and slow burning process of loyment at lowRaised levels.bed Theginger current situation in demands raised bed helps in destroying some soil borne pathogens. Bio-control agents are to be can address the the economic and soil social issues. encouraged it is reported that some local isolates of Trichoderma sp. are effective against soft root disease both in Assam and Sikkim. Seed treatment before planting with such India beneficial microorganisms should be made mandatory. Since ginger rhizome productivity is in Assam (Karbi Anglong area) and Arunachal Pradesh, area expansion with low fibre f the 8 states ofhigh Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, is toofberich planned. ura and Sikkim,varieties is a reservoir natural Processing resources support provided under HTM need to be further extended. APEDA has identified AEZ ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to for ginger in Sikkim and this is the right time for creating infrastructure for value addition rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and of ginger. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East IndiaTurmeric is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. High curcumin containing varieties/ selections like Lakadong and Mega Turmeric-1 need to o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, be mass multiplied for area expansion. Curcumin content, being a location specific done at primary level only and the rising standard of selection ofof suitable sites (eg. Jowai of Jaintia hills of Meghalaya, parts of econdary and phenomenon, tertiary processing agricultural Nagaland) is to be undertaken for saturating with high curcumin containing varieties. Foot be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. hills and mid-hills of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, experiencing more annual rainfall and with well drained sandy to clayey loam emand of fishery is very high in than North1500 Eastmm Region, soil are better suited for turmeric area expansion. High curcumin containing turmeric and eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and organic are preferred export outside India. Turmeric having more than 7% r an entrepreneur to get turmeric into it. Beekeeping and for apiary curcumin on dry weight basis is produced in NER and such produce will fit well in meeting orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic international standards. Turmeric nced with improvement in quality the state of art of their processing (drying, powdering, packaging etc.) also need organized support. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Large ucated to switch over cardamom for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export cardamom farming in asthis an region under-storey crop in the hill slopes of Sikkim is an unique modified crops, Large have the highest potential traditional production system. Cardamom is considered a high value commodity in Sikkim of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of and generates for 80-100 labour-saving farm equipmentemployment have good potential fordays per ha. Spices Board, should plan to expand large cardamom area in other states as ‗forest roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural floor farming‘ under the shade of natural forests or

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under nitrogen fixing India Alder afforestaion. Dehydration / drying and packaging of cardamom ri-business enterprises in Northeast capsules need to be improved. Improved small scale cardamom dehydration plant/ B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon machineries needand to be supplied to cardamom farmers with HTM assistance.

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center BlackResearch pepper Complex For NEH Region ICAR Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India can be grown in wide range of soil with pH range 4.5 to 6.0. Eastern part of *Corresponding Black author pepper email: [email protected]

Assam and adjoining areas in Arunachal Pradesh; southern part of Assam adjoining Nagaland; Karbi Anglong District of Assam; Parts of Tripura in the rubber plantation zone are well for black produces. pepper. Healthy my. It is well known forsuited its agricultural The rooted cuttings of promising varieties (Panniyur 1, are of to Manipur be supplied, of Meghalaya, Karimunda) Kachai Lemon andpreferably Queen after treating with biocontrol agents reported to be affective against root wilt pathogens. geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedUnder arecanut based HDMSCS, yield of areacanut, and citrus were recorded the country is black low aspepper compared national average. In-as higher at 2/3rd of the recommended fertilizer dose. Also, employment generation of 450-475 ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of person days per ha was recorded under this mixed cropping practice,getaswasted compared its produces. Surplus products dueto to250 lack– 275 person days in arecanut mono cropping practice. Black pepper farming in arecanut stands ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India is recommended in NER experiencing 1250 to 2000 mm annual rainfall. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makesChillies favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized addition common chillies, traditional ‗Naga chilli‘ and ‗Bird eye chilli‘ are unique to loyment at lowInlevels. Thetocurrent situation demands region.and Humid sub-humid climate with 600 to 1250 mm rainfall and temperature range can address the this economic socialtoissues. of 16 to 24o C during growing period are ideal for production of good quality chillies. ‗Char‘ area of Assam, valleys between tillas in Tripura and Manipur valleys are better suited areas India for chilli production. Hottest chilli is reported form certain pockets of Tezpur of Assam. Area should take place inManipur, such niches. The ITC has already entered with an agreement f the 8 states ofexpansion Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland of government forresources production of organic chilli. Greater focus in needed for larger ura and Sikkim,with is a reservoir rich natural scale use of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides for organic production of chilli, for which the ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to demand is growing. flowers, herbs and rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into of ICARwith Research for NEH Region North East IndiaRole is endowed variedComplex ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region has initiated research programmes on spice crops o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, viz., turmeric, ginger, King chilli etc. done at primary level only and the rising standard ofThe emphasis is being given on evolving high yielding turmeric, collection, evaluation, maintenance and molecular characterization of econdary and varieties tertiary ofprocessing of agricultural turmeric, ginger and king chilli, off season production technology of king chilli and value be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. addition in ginger. At the same time training are being imparted to the farmers on improved scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, package of high practices of these Front line demonstrations on turmeric and king chilli are emand of fishery is very in North Eastcrops. Region, being conducted under Technology Mission (MM I), NAIP, TSP etc to popularize these eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and crops. is also and giving consultancy to NGOs on organic turmeric cultivation. r an entrepreneur to getThe intoinstitute it. Beekeeping apiary Information on these crops is being orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic transferred to the stakeholders through leaflets and pamphlets etc. nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Success Story- Turmeric: in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Turmeric is a wonder nutraceutical spice is grown traditionally in the north eastern region. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export colour, highincurcumin and dry yield, turmeric produced in the region has high modified crops, The haveattractive the highest potential this region domestic as well as international demand. But low productivity, production in remote hilly of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of terrains on small patches, non-availability quality rhizomes of high yielding variety, poor labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for production and post production practices and lack of entrepreneurship among the tribal roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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farmers are the majorIndia bottlenecks in turmeric promotion. Thus considering the above, the ri-business enterprises in Northeast good production and post production practices for turmeric were promoted amongst farmers B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Bamon in Ri-Bhoi and Jaintia Hills ofN.Meghalaya in participatory mode. Front Line Demonstrations Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) were conducted with help of SelfCenter Help Groups (57 SHGs) in 30 villages involving a total of 622 farmers. Institute developed variety, Megha Turmeric-1, having high dry ICAR ResearchIntervention Complex ForofNEH Region yield (16.37% recovery) and curcumin Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India content (6.8%) led to increase in productivity of fresh [email protected] 10-12 t/ha to 20-22 t/ha under farmers‘ fields, getting average net return of Rs. *Corresponding turmeric author email: 1,41,604/ha with a high B:C ratio (2.52). To promote processing and value addition of turmeric under inter institutional collaborative project with North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, oneagricultural ―Turmericproduces. Processing my. It is well known for its TheUnit” was established at Laskein village, West Jaintia District, of Meghalaya, Hills Kachai LemonMeghalaya of Manipur(capacity:300 and Queen kg dry or 1500 kg fresh weight turmeric per day). The activities are being handled by women members of SHGs viz., processing; record geographical indications. However, the revenue earned and sale national of turmeric. Further the country is keeping low as compared average. In- to address the growing demand of quality planting materials of cv. Megha Turmeric-1, Mihngi Multipurpose Co-operative Society Ltd, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms Ri-Bhoi of Bhoirymbong, licensed for planting material multiplications. Calendar its produces. Surplus productsMeghalaya get wastedhas duebeen to lack of operations and short messages (SMS) were prepared and disseminated through KIRAN ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India (Knowledge Innovation Repository in Agriculture for Northeast) web portal both in English l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. andcultivation Khasi. Further, services of web platform were also extended for market linkages. This he region favours of agricultural produces. participatory value chain linkage, not only increased the productivity and developed e region makes favourable setting up food processing youths, but is also helping in achieving sustainable livelihood. option. There entrepreneurship are many smallin rural scaletribal unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands and marketing can address the Production economic and social issues. constraints

1. Abiotic factors: Ginger and turmeric are mostly grown in sub-tropical hill zones where soil is acidic in nature. Cultivation is being practised on steep slopes under jhum/ bun (raised system in rainfed conditions without adoption of soil and water conservation. Deep f the 8 states ofbeds) Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, soils of of forest under jhum system are giving higher yields in first and second ura and Sikkim,virgin is a reservoir richbrought natural resources year of cultivation even under zero to nutrient management conditions. But heavy rains and ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting earthing works associated with the and cultural operations and harvesting accelerate the erosion rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs reducing the fertile soils into abandoned fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into wasteland. In second cycle of cultivation on such after a gap 3-5 years very low yields (5-8 t/ha) are obtained. Farmers apply only North East Indiafields is endowed withofvaried ago-climate, FYM at planting and no other nutrient ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities.application strategies are followed. These factors lead to low productivity. Research Farming, on soil water conservation technologies, sustainable production o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, system etc is being carried out by the of Institute. done at primary level only and the rising standard econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Biotic factors: Non-availability of quality planting material is another important factor be utilized for2.production of by-products of forestry. attributing to low productivity. The serious diseases of ginger are seed rhizome borne viz., scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, softisrot (Pythium Rhizoctonia sp and Sclerotium rolfsii), dry rot (Fusarium oxysporum) emand of fishery very high insp, North East Region, and bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum). Some of these, particularly bacterial wilt once eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and introduced cultivated fields it is very difficult to eradicate. The supply of quality r an entrepreneur to get intointo it. Beekeeping and apiary planting material free from diseases can contribute enormously to enhance the productivity. orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Ginger stem (Dichochrosis punctiferalis), Shoot borer weevil (Prodiotes halmaticus) nced with improvement in borer the state of art of their causes crop damage between 30-40 % during July-September. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Theretoisindustrial a need for the establishment in India compared nations of the world. of seed agencies to supply certified seed rhizome in north-eastern region. Farmers / Farmers‘ clubs / NGOs could be trained to develop technical ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production skill to produce home grown quality seed to meet their own seed requirements. Further, biohouse conditions can be taken up to harness the export extractsindeveloped modified crops, organic/ have the botanical highest potential this regionby the Institute controls serious diseases and increases ginger yield. Such materials low cost of high yielding varieties have reached allatparts of are technically feasible in slope areas and are eco friendly substances. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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3. Socio-economic ri-business enterprises in Northeastfactors: India Cultivators in NE regions are resource poor and have low produce holding capacity. Lack of storage facilities at farm, non-existence of organised B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andgrowers Remiiooassociation N. Bamon etc force the growers to sell their produce just after marketing system/ Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center harvesting through commission agents. Sale in village markets (weekly markets), city markets are very limited.For NEH Region ICAR Research Complex

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India of adequate number of post harvest processing units to absorb marketable surplus *Corresponding Absence author email: [email protected]

(which is nearly 70%) forces the cultivators to sell the produce as fresh only. Unorganised marketing system is another constraint determining the low adoption of improved production packages andagricultural enhancing produces. the productivity my. It is well known for its The system. Establishment of processing units in the neededoftoManipur absorb the of Meghalaya, region KachaiisLemon and market Queen surplus and produce value added products that have longer shelf life. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InResearch ersity in the region, it isneeds lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Productivity of spice in North ion and marketing the products. Thecrops Northeast Indiaeast region is very low despite their importance and economic output. Considerable variability is available. There is need to work on resistance l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. breeding and breeding for abiotic stresses. The recent trend in global spice trade is demand he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. for high quality varieties in tune with e region makes favourable setting up food processing international demand for diversified uses (medicinal Location specific organic production package for select crops has to be option. There and are neutraceutical). many small scale unorganized developed and popularized. Promotional loyment at low levels. The current situation demands activities are needed for organic spice production in regionand to social capture the growing world organic market. Research and development can address the the economic issues. programmes on value addition and proper post harvest handling of the produce need to be taken up. In order to get momentum in spices research, Assam (for ginger), Manipur (for India turmeric, ginger and chilli) and Nagaland (for turmeric, ginger and King chilli) need to be either co-opting voluntary centre of AICRP on Spices. f the 8 states ofincluded Assam, as Arunachal Pradesh,orManipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources North East Consortium for waiting Development of Spices (NECDS) ent people and cultures. It surely is a region to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and For integrated researchtoand development fauna, NE India has all the potential transform into of spices in North eastern India, a common platform required, whereago-climate, action plan for need based research and developmental activities North East Indiais isurgently endowed with varied on spices will be formulated, implemented and monitored. The objective can be achieved by ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. constituting the North east Consortium o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, for Development of Spices (NECDS). IISR and ICAR Complex will take the responsibility of conducting research, whereas Spices Board and line done at primary level only and the rising standard of of State Governments will implement the developmental programmes. Indian econdary and departments tertiary processing of agricultural Society for Spices will act as coordinating agent between the partner organizations. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Progressive spice growers, Different funding agencies (like NABARD), NGOs, other scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, institutes ICRI, East AAU,Region, CAU, CIH etc.) and spices based industries will be the emand of fishery is very(DASD, high in North member of this consortium. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Future Thrust nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and The to following arenations the areas where focus is needed so that overall scenario of the spice in India compared industrial of the world. production can be changed by increasing production and productivity in the northeastern ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production region. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region 1. Postharvest There of high yielding varieties have management: reached all parts of is need to develop quality control measures, adequate packaging, transportation and storage techniques. Intensive research for protocol labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for development of different value added products may be taken up. Low cost storage structure roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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for long-term storage India is the need of the hour. Sprouting inhibition after harvesting for a ri-business enterprises in Northeast minimum period of 2-3 months using organic sources will increase the volume of export.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) 2. Introduction, evaluation andCenter improvement: Introduction of indigenous and exotic high yielding strainsComplex suitableFor for NEH the state may help in increasing the total production of the region. ICAR Research Region Breeding with local germplasms should Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India be done for high yielding and better quality varieties to biotic and abiotic stress. DNA finger printing of the local germplasm *Corresponding with authorresistance email: [email protected]

should be done immediately to safe guard the interest of the farmers.

3. Quality materials: Since my. It is well known for itsplanting agricultural produces. Thethere is inadequate supply of quality planting materials trueLemon to the type varietiesand areQueen not maintained properly, a mechanism may be devised for of Meghalaya, and Kachai of Manipur regulating the production and supply of disease free planting materials to the growers. Micro geographical indications. However, the revenue earned techniques mayaverage. help in rapid the country is propagation low as compared national In- multiplication of quality planting material. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of 4. Emphasis on get organic farming: The production sytem in the northeastern region is organic its produces. Surplus products wasted due to lack by default. Bio-organics, bio-pesticides, ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India integrated approach for pest and disease control and strategies for each farming systems has to be worked out. The need of the hour is to have a l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. simplified and of affordable organic certification system. he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing and scale technology transfer: The cost benefit analysis of different farming option. There 6.areEconomics many small unorganized systems is required. There is immense loyment at low levels. The current situation demandsneed to strengthen the extension system for transfer of to provide can address the technologies economic andand social issues. training to the farmers.

7. Co-ordinated planning and efforts by government: Coordinated planning for development of agri-export zones in Sikkim for cardamom, Meghalaya for turmeric, Manipur Nagaland for king chilli is warranted. Propagation of Public-Private-People Partnership f the 8 states ofand Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, to organic spice production ura and Sikkim,inis relation a reservoir of rich natural resources and spices based agro-industries is the need of the hour. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and CONCLUSIONS fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, the various schemes and programmes of the government for popularization of spice ate, sub-tropicalDespite and tropical agricultural commodities. crops, a lot needsFloriculture, to be done.Farming, The cultivation technology of different spice crops has to be o Food Processing, Horticulture, taken to farmers. For this purpose, done at primary level only and the rising standard the of extension machinery has to be geared up. The per low agricultural and the cost of cultivation is high in India especially in North econdary and hectare tertiaryproductivity processingis of Eastern Region. The gap between the potential yield and the yield obtained by the framers be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. needs to be bridged to make cultivation scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, of spice crops remunerative. Awareness among the growers grown emand of fishery is veryneeds high to in be North Eastregarding Region, commercial cultivation of spices for earning more profit. Moreover, wide publicity needs eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and to be given to the government schemes for promotion of to spices through print and electronic r an entrepreneur get into it. Beekeeping and apiarymedia. Thus a concerted effort of all the agencies will help the North eastern region finding an important place in the spice map of India. orth East India. Mushroom production for in domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in References North East India as the pesticide and in India compared industrial nations of the M, world. AfzaltoM, Al-Hadidi D, Menon Pesek J, Dhami M S. 2001. Ginger: an ethnomedical, ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production chemical and pharmacological review. Drug Metab. Drug Interact. 18, 159-190. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export D N. 1992. Agriculture of the North Eastern Region with special reference to hill modified crops, Borthakur have the highest potential in this region agriculture. Beecee Prakashan, of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofGuwahati, pp 47-52. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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Deka B in C, Northeast Nath Amit, Jha A K, Patel R K, Yadav R K, Singh Akath, Kumar Rajiv and ri-business enterprises India Ngachan S V. 2010. Package of practices for horticultural crops of NEH Region. B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, 146 p

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Deshmukh N A, Deka B C, Patel R K, Verma V K, Rymbai H, Jha A K, and Pathaw J E. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region 2014. Self help groups managed turmeric supply chain in Ri-Bhoi district of Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India (in) national seminar on emerging challenges and Meghalaya: A success story. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] prospective strategies for hill agriculture in 2050 held at ICAR Research Complex for

NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani-797106, Nagaland. India during 23rd-25th January, 2014 my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The N A,ofPatel R K, Deka B C, Verma V K, Jha A K, and Pathaw J E. 2013. Self help of Meghalaya, Deshmukh Kachai Lemon Manipur and Queen groups boost turmeric production geographical indications. However, the revenue earned in Meghalaya- A success story. Hortflora Research (3): 230-234 the country is low as Spectrum compared2national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms Ghosh S P, Ngachan S V and Jha A of K. 2017. Integrated Development of Horticulture in the its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack North- East India. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, ion and marketing the232 products. The Northeast India p l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Ghosh S.P. 1984. Horticultureproduces. in North East Region. Associated Publishing Company, New he region favours cultivation of agricultural Delhi,setting pp. 38.up food processing e region makes favourable option. There are many small scale unorganized Ghosh S.P. 2009. Approaches and strategy for spice development in the North East. In loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Souvenir SYMSAC- V ―Harnessing the potential of north eastern states for spices can address the economic and social issues. production through technological interventions‖ (30-31 October, 2009) organized by ISS Calicut, Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, Calicut and Central India Institute of Horticulture, Nagaland in collaboration with IISR, Calicut and ICAR New Delhi, pp 40-43 f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, P N, Johnson K G, Ratnambal M J, Babu K N, Zachariah J T, Nair ura and Sikkim,Ravindran, is a reservoir of Sasikumar rich naturalB,resources 1994.isGenetic ent people and cultures.RItR,surely a regionresource waitingof toginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and its conservation in India. Plant Genetic Resources. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Newsletter. 1-4. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Sheo Govind, Chandra Ram, Karibasappa G S, Sharma C K and Singh I P. 1998. Research on North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Spices in NEH Region. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam pp 9-22. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Marketing in Northeast of High Value India Exotic Fruits and Flowers in North-East India: Few Success Stories

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center S. B. Singh ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Kolasib – 796081 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The northeastern hill region of India, comprising of eight states, viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura represents a distinct agro-climatic feature. The geo-climatic my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The situation in the region offers excellent scope for different horticultural of Meghalaya, growing Kachai Lemon of Manipur and crops Queenincluding fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants. A wide range of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruits geographical indications. However, the revenue earned as compared banana, Mandarin jackfruit, papaya, hatkora (Citrus microphylla) the country is such low as national orange, average.pineapple, Inetc. and vegetables, both indigenous and exotic, are grown in the region. The high altitudinal ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of places in the region provide opportunities to grow off-season vegetables, including its produces. Surplus products get wasted duegood to lack potato etc. during the rainy season. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India The region has a huge potential of horticulture development both in terms of market expansion and production growth. Total production of l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. fruits in the region is estimated about 23.35 lakh tonnes, which is only 5.1% of the total he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. production of the country. As regards e region makes favourable setting up food processingproduction of flowers, the contribution of the region is option. There very are insignificant. many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Planning Commission can address the The economic and social issues. has recommended that the Centre must get together with the States to give a new thrust to horticulture and vegetable gardening. This will include everything from plant breeding and tissue culture propagation, demonstration, training of India manpower, including barefoot extension agents to post-harvest technology, marketing, cold pricing. The North Eastern Region has the potential to be a major f the 8 states ofstorage, Assam, processing Arunachal and Pradesh, Manipur, in the emerging Southresources East Asian Markets in view of its close proximity to those ura and Sikkim,player is a reservoir of rich natural markets. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Methodology fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, is based on thecommodities. secondary data collected from various sources like Basic Statistics ate, sub-tropicalThe andstudy tropical agricultural of North-East India, StatisticalFarming, Abstracts of different states, Economic Survey of India and o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, publications of different developmental done at primary level only and the rising standard of departments. Besides, the findings of different studies marketing of of horticultural econdary and pertaining tertiary to processing agricultural crops in NEH region were also reviewed. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Results scope for production of and meat,Discussion milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Horticulture produce which comprises mainly fruits and flowers needs a sound marketing eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and system for its development. It is primarily perishable in nature, a poor marketing system may r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary adversely affect the farm economy. Anonymous (1988) reported that in ginger and pineapple orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic marketing in the region, producer received 24 and 21 per cent share in consumer rupee, nced with improvement in the state of art of their respectively. The marketing costs incurred by village traders, wholesalers and retailers were est potential in North East India as the pesticide and about 24 and 32 per cent for ginger and pineapple while the margin of above intermediaries in India compared to industrial nations of the world. was as high as 47 and 42 per cent, respectively. Similarly, Rao (1987) observed in Meghalaya ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production that producer share in consumer rupee was as low as 23, 20 and 49 per cent in pineapple, house conditions can be taken up to harness the export ginger and potato, respectively. On the other hand, middlemen retained their margin 41, 54 modified crops, have the highest potential in this region and 21 per cent of the consumer rupee, respectively. Singh (1988) observed that the price of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of spread of pineapple in Manipur state was found to be directly related to the level of margin, labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for cost, wastages and number of intermediaries in the channel. Gogoi (1978) claimed that in roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Assam, the net share of producer in consumer rupee was 18 per cent. The margin earned by ri-business enterprises in Northeast India the contractor, wholesaler and retailer were found to be Rs 41, Rs 13 and Rs 34 per thousand B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and situations Remiioo N.revealed Bamon that the performance of marketing of horticultural orange. The above Agri-Business Incubation Center crops is very poor leading(ABI) to very low producer share in consumer rupee, high share of traders‘ marginComplex and wideFor variation in price spread in different fruits and vegetable markets. ICAR Research NEH Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India stories *Corresponding Success author email: [email protected]

Marketing of Passion Fruit:

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The fruit gained momentum Manipur since the early twenties after the implementation of Meghalaya, Passion Kachai Lemon of Manipur and in Queen of Technology Mission of Horticulture in NEH states and subsequent establishment of exotic geographical indications. However, the revenue earned juice extraction factory at Mao, Senapati district, Manipur. the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of The prominent of passion fruit in Manipur are shown in table below. its produces. Surplus products marketing get wastedchannels due to lack Passion Fruit Grower‘s Association (PFGA) is taking a major role in the production and ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India marketing of therelated fruit agri-businesses. in Manipur. The Association was established in the year 2004 as a l for food processing and other registered body. The Association has its elected office bearer‘s viz. President, Vice-president, he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Secretary, Secretary, Treasurer and 8-10 representatives from villages as e region makesGeneral favourable setting Assistant up food processing members. The main objective of the Association is to improve the livelihood of the hill option. There are many small scale unorganized through passion fruit demands cultivation. The Association is also engaged in promotional loyment at lowfarmers levels. The current situation activities such as organizing awareness programs, trainings, supply of planting materials and can address the economic and social issues. facilitating in establishment and management of orchards and provision of institutional credit. The Association started with 50 members initially and has 450 members at present. The India Association has direct marketing linked with the passion fruit processing industry (Exotic Juice Ltd) at Mao, Senapati district, Manipur. The factory has a capacity to process 3,200 f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, metric tonnes of juice in a season. It has a capacity to process 2 tonnes of passion fruit per ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources year. The unit is hoped to bring boom the people of the region by bringing about economic ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to prosperity to the states of Manipur and Nagaland, especially to the passion fruit growers. The rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and juice drink, manufactured by Exotic Juices Ltd. is further marketed by Ecoverse, Mumbai fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into under the brand name Pasip. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. The Association has provided institutional finance (medium term loan) for establishing o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, passion fruit orchards in collaboration with State Bank of India (SBI), Churachandpur. Each done at primary level only and the rising standard of member should open a bank account in SBI, Churachandpur and all the transactions are being econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural made through the account. At present, the Association is well equipped with infrastructure be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. facilities and essential manpower for the promotion and marketing of the fruit in the state. It scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, has also extended its branch in neighbouring Mizoram and Assam. emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and The Association has six numbers of collection centres with weighing, grading and packaging r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary facilities, one truck, store house and office building. The marketing system followed is that orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic the growers have to bring their produce twice in a week i.e. Tuesday and Thursday to the nced with improvement in the state of art of their collection centres. Specific guidelines have been notified regarding quality of the fruits to be est potential in North East India as the pesticide and maintained. Heavy penalty have been reinforced to those violating the guidelines. Farmers in India compared to industrial nations of the world. mostly brought their produce to the collection centres by head loads/cartloads. Grading and ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production packaging are undertaken by the farmers on community basis without rendering any extra house conditions can be taken up to harness the export cost. The Association then recollects the produce from the collection centres and put in the modified crops, have the highest potential in this region store house. Inspection of quality and weights are rechecked and the consignment is sent to of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of Passion Fruit Juice Factory, Mao twice in a week. Payment has been made at predetermined labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for price through respective bank account of the farmers. Prices have been fixed from time to roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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time agreement between the factory and Association. There is no direct agreed pre-contract ri-business enterprises in Northeast India terms and conditions between the factory and growers.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)Marketing Center channel of Passion Fruit ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Particulars Supply chain Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Channel 1 Producer - Society - Juice factory *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Channel 2 Producer - Wholesaler -Retailer - Consumer Channel 3 Producer - Retailer - Consumer

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Quantity handled different marketing channel of Passion Fruit of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur andinQueen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned % to the Marketing Quantity No. of % to total the country is low as compared national handled average.(q) Inchannel total growers ersity in the region, it is lacking in10099.12 terms of Channelbehind 1 86.02 97 80.83 its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Channel 2 1353.09 11.53 19 15.83 ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Channel 3 288.00 2.45 4 3.33 l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. 100 120 100 he region favours cultivationTotal of agricultural11740.21 produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing of passion fruit growers and quantity handled in different option. There The are channel-wise many small distribution scale unorganized marketing channels is given in table above. It was observed from the table that the maximum loyment at low levels. The current situation demands passion was passed through Channel 1 (86.02 percent), followed by Channel can address the quantity economicofand socialfruit issues. 2 (11.53 percent) and the lowest quantity of passion fruit was sold through Channel 3 (2.45 percent). Again, it was observed from the table that majority of the farmers market their India produce through Channel 1 (80.83 percent), followed by Channel 2 (15.83 percent) and (3.33 percent). f the 8 states ofChannel Assam, 3Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Share different agencies during marketing of Passion Fruit ent people and cultures. It surely is aofregion waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Share in final price fauna, NE India has allSl. the potential to transform into No. Agency Function Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, 1 agricultural Retailers commodities. Retailing 18.37 18.20 ate, sub-tropical and tropical 2 Wholesalers Breaking bulk 11.01 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, 3 and Society 16.47 done at primary level only the risingAssembling/transportation standard of econdary and tertiary 4 processing of agricultural Farmers Production 61.11 57.05 72.56 be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Total 77.58 86.43 90.76 scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very highview in North East Region, A comparative of producer‘s share and the shares of the various intermediaries involved eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and in the different marketing channels is presented in table above. It is evident from the table r an entrepreneur tothe getproducer‘s into it. Beekeeping and apiary rupee decreased with the increase in the length of the that share in consumer‘s orth East India.marketing Mushroom production for domestic channels. The producer‘s net share was the highest (72.56 percent) in Channel 3 nced with improvement in (57.05 the state of artinof their 2. The producer‘s net share in Channel 1 was 61.11 while lowest percent) Channel est potential in percent. North East India as the2pesticide Thus, Channel was the and least favourable to the producers as their share was the in India compared to in industrial nations of the world. lowest consumer‘s rupee. It was due to the presence of large number of intermediaries in ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production between the producer and the consumer. So, the farmers were not getting good remunerative house conditions can for be taken up to harness the export price their produce in Channel 3.The retail margin was more compared to wholesaler in modified crops, Channel have the highest potential in this region 2. The profit margin of the wholesaler was 11.01 percent while that of retailer was of high yielding varieties reached 2.allWhile parts inofChannel 3, the profit margin of the retailer was 18.20 18.37 percenthave in Channel labour-saving farm equipment good potential forpercent in Channel 1. percent; and thathave of Society was 16.47 roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Marketing ri-business enterprises in efficiency Northeast was Indiaalso calculated for the identified three channels by Conventional method, Shephered‘s method and Acharya‘s method and presented in table below. The B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon marketing efficiency was found to be highest in Channel 2 (3.16), followed by Channel 3 Agri-Business (ABI) Centerwhen calculated by Conventional method (i.e. value (2.97) and least Incubation in Channel 1 (1.73) addedResearch by marketing system divided by total marketing cost). ICAR Complex For NEH Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Measurement of Marketing Efficiency of Passion fruit *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Index of Marketing Efficiency Convention method (E) (5/2) Ratio 1.73 my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The (ME) Ratio 4.46 of Meghalaya, KachaiShephered's Lemon of method Manipur and(1/2) Queen Acharya's method (MME) [4/(2+3)] Ratio 1.57 geographical indications. However, the revenue earned

3.16 7.37 1.33

2.97 10.82 2.64

the country is low as compared national average. InOn theit other hand behind when marketing efficiency was calculated by Shephered‘s method (i.e. ersity in the region, is lacking in terms of retailer‘s sale price marketing cost), it was found to be highest in Channel 3 its produces. Surplus products get divided wasted by duetotal to lack (10.82); followed by Channel 2 (7.37) and lowest in Channel 1 (4.46). Again, when ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India calculated by Acharya‘s method (i.e. price received by farmers divided by total marketing l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. cost and margin), it was found to be highest in Channel 3 (2.64); followed by Channel 1 he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. (1.57) and lowest in Channel 2 (1.33). e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized Anthurium loyment at lowMarketing levels. Theofcurrent situation demands can address the economic and social issues. Anthurium in Mizoram India Taking into account the ideal climatic condition of Mizoram, the Department of Horticulture, of Mizoram, encouraging f the 8 states ofGovt. Assam, Arunachalstarted Pradesh, Manipur, farmers for commercial cultivation of Anthurium in the month of November, 2002 under Technology Mission for Integrated Development of ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Horticulture in North East States. At to first 24 potential grower‘s were identified for taking up ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting Anthurium cultivation by providing rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs andquality planting materials along with shade nets and other required inputs like cocopeat, sprinkler irrigation etc. and the first batch of export to fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into was achieved in the month of October, 2003 i.e. within a short span of North East Indianeighbouring is endowed states with varied ago-climate, time 11 months from planting to production of cut flowers. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Selected farmers are rising provided basic training in cultivation and maintenance of their gardens done at primary level only and the standard of field officers of the of department. It is worth mentioning that most of the selected growers econdary and bytertiary processing agricultural are women, which is the fulfillment of be utilized for production of by-products of forestry.the aim to uplift women in the state. The income of the 24 initial growers varies Rs. 6000 to Rs. 10,000 per month. scope for production of meat, milk and from milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, About of thewater total bodies cut flowers eaters. Presence of a one largethird number and produced in the state have been sold outside the state through based exporter, ZOPAR Export Ltd. and the remaining consumed in the r an entrepreneur to get Bangalore into it. Beekeeping and apiary state. At present, different International orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic varieties of Anthurium are cultivated by the growers. The flowersinofthe Anthurium nced with improvement state of are art inofgreat theirdemand and at present there are more than 300 farmers who are earning their livelihood from est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Anthurium cultivation. The area possessed by these individual farmers‘ rangesoffrom 300 sq. m. to 500 sq. m. accommodating about 3000–5000 in India compared to industrial nations the world. plants, with a production of 5,000-10,000 ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production cut flowers in a year depending on the area of their cultivation. Theuparea possessed by these individual farmers may be small, but the farmers house conditions can be taken to harness the export bring their products at one collection modified crops, have the highest potential in this regioncentre and create large volume as little drops of water makes a mighty of high yielding varieties haveocean. reached all parts of Some Anthurium varieties planted for in Mizoram are Tropical, Fire, Calisto, Choco, Sirian, labour-saving farm equipment have good potential Cheers, Rosa, Simba, Emeralda, Grace, roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural Alcapana, Terussal, etc.

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ri-business enterprises ZO-Anthurium in Northeast Growers’ IndiaSociety Limited (ZAGS)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Bamon formed a society called ‗ZO- Anthurium Grower‘s The Anthurium growers of N. Mizoram Agri-Business (ABI) Center Society‘, which Incubation helps in communicating the hardship/drawback faced by the farmers in prices,Research markets, inputs,For expansion etc. The society participated in various state level and ICAR Complex NEH Region nationalUmiam, level exhibition show etc. India Meghalaya-793103, *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The membership of ZAGS is open to all the growers cultivating not less than 1000 Anthurium plants. The members should pay membership fee of Rs.500 and annual fee of Rs.50 for every year. The power of recruitment of new members is vested to the Executive my. It is well known its agricultural produces. The Anyofmember failing to pay annual fee till April end following the preceding year of Meghalaya, Committee. Kachai Lemon Manipur and Queen disqualify himself/ herself from membership of the Society. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InThe success of the initial hasofinspired other so much in the capital and also in other ersity in the region, it is lacking behindgrowers in terms towns of the state. gardeners its produces. Surplus products getThe wasted due to and lackflorists wish to take up the same venture too. Most of the growers are still expanding their farm with their own resources and more than 30 growers ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India have even availed Bank Loans for the expansion of the same. This venture has not only l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. brought about of a change in theproduces. Horticulture scenarios of the state, but also uplifts the living he region favours cultivation agricultural condition of the growers to a great extent. It provides employment and regular income to the e region makes favourable setting up food processing and small other unskilled labour. It is expected that it will bring about increase in the option. There growers are many scale unorganized export income substantially. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. It is worth mentioning that the first consignment of Anthurium cut flowers from Mizoram was sent of on 23rd August, 2006 to UAE through ZOPAR Exports Pvt. Ltd. India

per theArunachal latest record, there Manipur, are 472 families in Mizoram engaged in Anthurium cultivation f the 8 states ofAs Assam, Pradesh, get financial assistance from the horticulture department, government of Mizoram. ura and Sikkim,who is a reservoir of rich natural resources Aizawl district tops the list in family ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to wise with as many as 313 families while Lunglei seconded with 67 families followed by Serchhip district with 43 families. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Channel North East IndiaMarketing is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. All Horticulture, the sample Anthurium growers in Mizoram are members of ZO- Anthurium Grower‘s o Food Processing, Floriculture, Farming, Society and they market their produce done at primary level only and the rising standard of through Bangalore based exporter, ZOPAR Export A large volume ofoftheagricultural cut flower is sold to wholesalers in other states like Kolkata, econdary and Ltd. tertiary processing Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore and a very small quantity of flowers are sold in state itself. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. The prominent marketing channel followed by Anthurium grower in Mizoram is given in scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, table emand of fishery is below. very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Marketing channel of Anthurium in Mizoram r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Particulars Supply chain nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Channel 1 Producer – ZOPAR (Wholesaler) – Wholesaler/Retailer in other states in India compared to industrial nations of the world. 2 ucated to switch overChannel for organic farming. ProductionProducer – Retailer – Consumer house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises QuantityinHandled Northeast India

The number of and stemRemiioo purchased by ZOPAR Export Ltd. from ZO- Anthurium Grower‘s B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee N. Bamon Society (ZAGS) and sold to other states in 2008-09 is 717480 stems (98.91 percent) worth Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Rs.5089475.50. The number of stems ICAR Research Complex For NEH Regionsold is the Mizoram is only 7890 (1.09 percent), worth Rs.31560. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Quantity handled in different marketing channel of Anthurium *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Marketing No. of Spike % to the total Value (Rs.) channel Channel 1produces. 717480 98.91 5089475.50 my. It is well known for its agricultural The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur Channel 2 and Queen 7890 1.09 31560.00 geographical indications. However,Total the revenue 725370 earned 100 5121035.50

the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking of The marketing cost behind incurredinbyterms the Anthurium growers was found to be Rs.0.79 per stem, of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack which cleaning and sorting consumed the highest share (70.34 percent), followed by losses ion and marketing thepercent), products.packing The Northeast (17.73 materialIndia (9.59 percent) and transportation (2.34 percent). ZAGS l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. (ZO- Anthurium Grower‘s Society) selling price is Rs.5, Rs.7, Rs.12, Rs.13 and Rs.14 per he region favours cultivation agricultural stem for small,of medium, large,produces. extra large and jumbo respectively. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There The are farmer‘s many small unorganized share scale had been found to be 45.42 percent, 37.31 percent, 37.38 percent and loyment at low38.33 levels.percent The current situation demandsMumbai and Delhi respectively. The producer, on an in Kolkata, Bangalore, can address the average economicreceived and social issues. per stem. It was observed from the table given below that Rs.10.20 Anthurium producer fetches Rs.9.41 per stem as his net margin which was highly India remunerative. Similar finding was reported by Shulka and Srivastava, 2009 in rose cultivation in Rajasthan. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim,The is a ZOPAR reservoirhad of rich natural resources to incur a total marketing cost of Rs.7.82 (37.72 percent), Rs.11.90 (47.19 ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Rs.11.12 (45.28 percent) to market one stem of percent), Rs.11.70 (47.08 percent) and rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, and Mumbai and Delhi respectively. This cost included Anthurium flower inflowers, Kolkata,herbs Bangalore, fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into packing cost, air-freight from Aizawl and marketing cost at destination. The marketing cost North East Indiaincurred is endowed with varied by ZOPAR at theago-climate, destination was found to be Rs.1.90 per stem, of which spoilage ate, sub-tropicaloccupy and tropical agricultural commodities. the highest share, followed by transportation, sorting, carrying charge and o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, loading/unloading. done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and About tertiary processing agricultural 20 percent of theofflowers were damaged when they reach the destination. The cost of be utilized fortransportation production of was by-products of forestry. Rs.1500 per 30 boxes (1 box contains 140 flowers) , loading/unloading is scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Rs.2 per box and carrying charge was Rs.5 per box. The ZOPAR‘s selling price of one stem emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, of Anthurium flower was found to be Rs.20.72, Rs.25.22, Rs.24.86 and Rs.24.55 in Kolkata, eaters. Presence of a largeMumbai number water bodiesrespectively. and Bangalore, and Delhi However, ZOPAR fetched Rs.2.70 (13.05 r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary percent), Rs.3.12 (12.36 percent), Rs.2.96 (11.89 percent) and Rs.3.32 (13.17 percent) as orth East India.profit Mushroom production for domestic or margin. In this channel, the producers incur less marketing cost than ZOPAR. The nced with improvement in spread the state art of their average price wasoffound to be Rs.14.43 per stem. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial of the Bangalore, world. The price spreadsnations in Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi were found to be Rs.11.31, ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Rs.15.81, Rs.15.45 and Rs.15.14, respectively. The price spread was found be highest in house conditions can be taken up toofharness the export Bangalore because higher transportation cost. modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varietiesefficiency have reached all parts of Marketing was also calculated for the identified two channels by Conventional labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for method, Shephered‘s method and Acharya‘s method. The marketing efficiency was found to roundwater level labour scarcity2 (5.02 for agricultural be and higher in Channel and 8.16) than in Channel 1 (1.26 and 2.09) when calculated by

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Conventional Conventional method method (i.e. (i.e. value valueadded addedby by marketing marketing system system divided divided by total by total marketing marketing cost) cost) ri-business enterprises in Northeast India and Shephered‘s and Shephered‘s method method (i.e.(i.e. retailer‘s retailer‘ssale sale price price divided dividedbyby total total marketing marketing cost).cost). But, when But, when B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon calculated calculated by Acharya‘s by Acharya‘s method method (i.e. (i.e.price price received received bybyfarmers farmers divided divided by total by total marketing marketing Incubation (ABI) Center costAgri-Business and costmargin), and margin), it was it was found found to to bebehigher higher in in Channel Channel1 1(0.65) (0.65) thanthan in Channel in Channel 2 (0.63). 2 (0.63).

ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Price spread Price spread ofMeghalaya-793103, Anthurium of Anthurium (Rs./Stem) (Rs./Stem) Umiam, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Particulars Particulars Kolkata Kolkata 10.20 Price received Price received by the byfarmer the farmer 10.20 my. It is well known for agricultural produces.0.79 The Cost incurred Costits incurred 0.79 of Meghalaya, Margin KachaiMargin Lemon of Manipur and Queen 9.41 9.41 geographical indications. However, the revenue earned 10.20 10.20 ZOPAR's ZOPAR's purchase purchase price price the country is Cost low incurred asCost compared national average. Inincurred 7.82 7.82 ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of MarginMargin 2.70 2.70 its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack 20.72 ZOPAR selling selling price priceNortheast 20.72 ion and marketing theZOPAR products. The India 11.31 11.31 Price spread Priceother spreadrelated agri-businesses. l for food processing and

Bangalore Bangalore 10.20 10.20 0.79 0.79 9.41 9.41 10.20 10.20 11.90 11.90 3.12 3.12 25.22 25.22 15.81 15.81

Mumbai Mumbai 10.20 10.20 0.79 0.79 9.41 9.41 10.20 10.20 11.70 11.70 2.96 2.96 24.86 24.86 15.45 15.45

DelhiDelhiAverage Average 10.2010.20 10.20 10.20 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 9.41 9.41 9.41 9.41 10.2010.20 10.20 10.20 11.1211.12 10.63 10.63 3.23 3.23 3.00 3.00 24.5524.55 23.84 23.84 15.1415.14 14.43 14.43

he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing Income and small Employment and Employment Generation Generation option. There Income are many scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands table The below tablesocial below shows shows thethe financial financialanalysis analysis of of Anthurium Anthurium cultivation cultivation vis-à-vis vis-à-vis frenchfrench bean bean can address the The economic and issues. cultivation. cultivation. French French beanbean cultivation cultivationwas was widely widely practiced practicedin in thethe district district priorprior to Anthurium to Anthurium cultivation cultivation as a new as a new venture. venture. The The cost cost of of cultivation cultivation of of Anthurium Anthurium was was the highest the highest in the in firstthe first India year asyear establishment as establishment costcost (Rs.5,28,140) (Rs.5,28,140)on on land land development, development, seedling seedling cost cost and others and others were were in done first in first year year only only (Shulka (Shulka and andSrivastava, Srivastava, 2009). 2009).The The highest highest cost cost was incurred was incurred in in f the 8 states ofdone Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, seedlings, seedlings, which which was was imported imported from from Holland Holland @ @ Rs.110 Rs.110 per per one one month month old seedling. old seedling. About About ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources 4000 seedlings 4000 seedlings were planted in in ananarea area of 400sq.m. 400sq.m. The Theinvestment investment analysis analysis considering considering the the ent people and cultures. It surely is were aplanted region waiting to of economic economic life of life seven of seven years years under under shed shed house house indicated indicated a Net a Net Present Present Value Value (NPV) (NPV) of Rs. of Rs. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and 611268 611268 with Benefit with Benefit Cost (B/C) (B/C) ratio ratio 1.86 and andInternal InternalRate Rate of Return of Return (IRR)(IRR) of 46 of percent 46 percent fauna, NE India has all the potential to Cost transform intoofof1.86 as compared as compared to Rs.253.82, to Rs.253.82, 1.13 1.13 and and 33 33 percent percent in in French French bean bean cultivation. cultivation. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Financial evaluation evaluation of Anthurium of Anthurium cultivation cultivation vis-à-vis vis-à-vis French French bean bean in Mizoram in Mizoram (Rs/per (Rs/per 400 sq.m) 400 sq.m) o Food Processing,Financial Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of Anthurium Anthurium French French bean bean econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Establish Establish Operatio OperatioTotal Total Total Total Net Net Establish Establish Operatio OperatioTotal Total Total Total Net Net be utilized production of by-products of forestry. Yearfor Year ment cost ment cost nal cost nal cost costcost return return return return ment ment cost cost nal nal cost cost cost cost return return return return scope for production of503020 meat, milk and milk products, -528140 1 503020 1 2512025120 528140 528140 0 0 -528140 600 600 305 305 905 905 478 478 -427 -427 emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, 2 2 0 0 3806038060 38060 38060310200 310200 272140 272140 00 305 305 305 305478 478 173 173 eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and 3 3 0 0 3806038060 38060 38060310200 310200 272140 272140 00 305 305 305 305478 478173 173 r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary 4 4 0 0 3806038060 38060 38060310200 310200 272140 272140 00 305 305 305 305478 478173 173 orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic 5 5 0 0 3806038060 38060 38060310200 310200 272140 272140 00 305 305 305 305478 478173 173 nced with improvement in the state of art of their 6 6 0 0 3806038060 38060 38060310200 310200 272140 272140 00 305 305 305 305478 478173 173 est potential in North East India as the pesticide and 7 7 0 0 3806038060 38060 38060310200 310200 272140 272140 00 305 305 305 305478 478173 173 in India compared to industrial nations of the world. 503020503020 253480 253480 756500 7565001861200 1861200 1104700 1104700 600 600 21352135 2735 27353346 3346 784 784 ucated toTotal switchTotal over for organic farming. Production 113871 113871 253.8 253.8 Net Present Net Present Value (NPV) Valueup (NPV) 611268 611268 527445 527445 1928 19282181 2181 house conditions can be taken to harness the export 33 2 2 modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Discounted Discounted Benefit Benefit Cost ratio Cost ratio 1.86 1.86 1.13 1.13 of high yielding varieties reached all parts of Internal Rate Internal of Rate Return ofhave Return (IRR)(IRR) 46% 46% 33% 33% labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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The above findings indicate ri-business enterprises in Northeast India that Anthurium cultivation is 2408 times profitable than vegetable cultivation as shown by NPV. Besides earning average net income of Rs. 272140 B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjeefrom and the Remiioo N. year Bamon per household second onwards, it generates employment of 312 man days per Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center household.

ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region It reveals that the per hectare employment Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India level has been significantly increased by 170 times adoption of Anthurium cultivation. In other words, the per hectare employment *Corresponding after authorthe email: [email protected]

which was 448 man days has been increased to 76,000 man days after Anthurium cultivation. The reason behind may be due to labour intensive nature of the enterprise. Per family employment pattern also produces. increased from my. It is well known for its agricultural The 112 to 304 man days. This is aLemon green-signal to theand working of Meghalaya, Kachai of Manipur Queenforces wherein the opportunities of income generation can be made. Similarly, the level of employment in terms of per worker or working force has geographical indications. However, the revenue earned 2.98 times the country is made low assignificant comparedchanged nationalofaverage. In- vis-à-vis french bean cultivation. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Annual employment Anthurium cultivation vis-à-vis French bean in Mizoram ion and marketing the products. Thegeneration Northeast inIndia l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. (Man Days) he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. French bean e region makes favourable settingParticular up food processing Anthurium Per household 304 112 option. There are many small scale unorganized Per ha 76000 448 loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Per worker 152 51 can address the economic and social issues. India

Policy Implications

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, incentives and credit facilities for farmers should be made to encourage ura and Sikkim, is1.a Provisions reservoir offor rich natural resources them to undertake cultivation of horticultural crops in the region. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and on poly/togreen house,into planting materials and specialized equipments should be fauna, NE India 2. hasSubsidies all the potential transform provided. with varied ago-climate, North East India is endowed ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Economically viable andFarming, technically feasible greenhouse technology suitable for the o Food Processing,3.Horticulture, Floriculture, agro-climatic andrising geographical conditions of the NE region is needed at the earliest. done at primary level only and the standard of Works should be channelized in econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural finding suitable and locally available construction materialofforby-products low and medium cost greenhouse. be utilized for production of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Association/ Societies or Organization for specific crops in emand of fishery4.isFormation very highofinmore NorthGrower‘s East Region, the region to facilitate market as well as proper technology transfer and effective eaters. Presence of a large number water bodieschannel and building. r an entrepreneur to capacity get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic 5. Promotion market and export coupled with price stability and reducing the nced with improvement in theof state of channel art of their riskEast through est potential in North Indiainsurance. as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Establishment of processing unit near the producing area to ensure higher return to the ucated to switch 6. over for organic farming. Production producers. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region The storage needparts to be of high yielding7.varieties have facilities reached all of created near the production area for storage of the produce during glut season which will help to decrease intra-seasonal price variation labour-saving farm equipment have the good potential for and to assure regular supply of the produce and reduction of wastage. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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8. Cheap and adequate supply of packing material should be ensured. ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon 9. The transportation facilities need to be strengthened for transporting the produce to the Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center consuming market so as to take benefit of higher prices in these markets. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region 10. Improvement in the dissemination of market information through all possible mass Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India media communication aids for the benefit of the farming community. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

11. Provision of needed training to the farmers as well as to the traders or product dealers and standardization of produce to fetch higher price in the rural market. my. It is well knownonforgrading its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen 12. The encouragement of rural agri-business by establishment of commodity specific geographical indications. However, the revenue earned in rural areas with proper the country is low markets as compared national average. In-grading, storage and finance facilities. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of 13. products Research get onwasted post due harvest management of the horticultural crops should be its produces. Surplus to lack encouraged. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. As indicated by the preceding he region favours14. cultivation of agricultural produces.results, the Farmers – retailers – consumers channel in vegetables marketing gave the highest efficiency. A farmer‘s market model may be e region makes favourable setting up food processing particularly for vegetables with basic infrastructure such as store house, option. There are developed many small scale unorganized weighting, drinking water, electricity and night halt facilities. The system successfully loyment at low levels. The current situation demands integrates manyissues. producers with consumers/retailers, eliminates middlemen, cuts can address the economic and social maximum marketing cost, provides good market infrastructure and environment. One such leading example is Uzahavar Sandai in Tamilnadu, Apni Mandi in Punjab and India Rajasthan, Rythu Bazar in Andhra Pradesh and Raithara Santhegalu in Karnataka. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Public –ofprivate partnership resulted into higher marketing efficiency as in Anthurium ura and Sikkim, is15. a reservoir rich natural resources in Mizoram and passion fruit in ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting toManipur. Development of such marketing system may strengthen the supply Therefore, public – private partnership in the rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers,chain herbsmanagement. and marketing of fruits and flowers as Zopar in Mizoram and Passion Fruit Growers‘ fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Association in Manipur may a model for the NEH region. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Conclusion o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of The foregoing discussion reveals that the northeastern region has witnessed ample scope for econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural increasing horticultural sector. However, the main problems in the region are lack of be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. adequate market infrastructure such as transportation network, storage facilities, efficient scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, processing industries, market intelligence and extension and finally, efficient market emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, legislation and regulation. These problems leads to low producer share in consumer rupee, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and higher degree of post harvest losses, high middlemen margin, deterioration of quality, spatial r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary and temporal disequilibrium affecting market demand and supply over time and space make orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic the market inequitable. Introduction of an efficient market regulation and legislation nced with improvement in the state of art of their would make the marketing system more transparent and perfect. Multiplicity of middlemen est potential in North East India as the pesticide and can be reduced by intervention of State Government agencies, co-operatives and farmer‘s in India compared to industrial nations of the world. own organization establishing direct link with the terminal or consumers markets. The role of ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production NERAMAC in the field of agricultural marketing should be expanded by opening its house conditions can be taken up to harness the export branches in each state and with specialised and dedicated persons along with adequate modified crops, have the highest potential in this region infrastructure facilities for the corporation. The newly created branches of the corporation of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of have to function on the pattern of national Dairy Development Board to integrate production labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for and marketing of horticultural crops. Efficient storage, transportation and processing facilities roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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for the in horticultural products will bring more spatial and temporal equilibrium. The ri-business enterprises Northeast India marketing research and education should be strengthened so that marketing machinery is B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Bamon efficient with trained and N. skilled personals. Commodity specific research relating to Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)and Center production, marketing, finance other facilitative activities are to be conducted over time for better planning the farm sector. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding References author email: [email protected]

Gogoi, M. (1978). Marketing of Orange in Dibrugarh District – A Case Study (Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis), Department Agricultural Economics, AAU, Jorhat. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. of The of Meghalaya, Gurung, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen H.B. (1984). Marketing of Vegetables in Dimapur. (Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis), geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Department of Agricultural Economics, AAU, Jorhat. the country is low as compared national average. InKrishnaswamy, L. (1986). Forth Annual Report, North Eastern Regional Agricultural ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Marketing Corporation Ltd., 4p. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The (1995). Northeast IndiaStatistics of North-East India, North Eastern Council NorthEastern Council Basic l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Secretariat, Shillong. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makesSingh, favourable setting up food processing Romesh (1988). A Study of Marketing of Pineapple in Central District of Manipur option. There are many small scale (Unpublished M.Sc.unorganized Thesis), Department of Agricultural Economics, AAU, Jorhat. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Verma, S.C. (1981). Agricultural Marketing in India, Government of India, Krishi Bhavan, can address the economic and social issues. New Delhi, 37 p. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast Entrepreneurship India through Food Value Addition of Jackfruit

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Sougrakpam Roma Devi and NiranjanLal Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center KVK Churachandpur, ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region, Manipur Centre-795004 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Jackfruit scientifically known as Artocarpus heterophyllus belongs to the family Moraceae. Jackfruit is a tropical fruit species found in tropical, high rainfall, coastal and humid areas of my. It is well known for itsIndia agricultural produces. the world. is considered to The be the native of jackfruit and it is also cultivated in of Meghalaya, Bangladesh, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, geographical indications. revenue and earned Cameroon,However, Uganda,the Tanzania, Mauritius, as well as throughout Brazil and Caribbean the country is nations low as compared national Insuch as Jamaica. In average. India, jackfruit are grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of coastal Maharashtra and other states like, Assam, Bihar, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and foothills its produces. Surplus productsItget due to lack (Hindi and Urdu), Pala (Tamil), Halasina Hannu of Himalayas. is wasted also called Kathhal ion and marketing the products. The Pandu Northeast India Phanos (Marathi and Konkani) and Chakka (Kannada), Panasa (Telugu), l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. (Malayalam). Apart from its use as a table fruit, jack is a popular fruit for preparation of he region favours cultivation agricultural pickles, chips, of jack leather andproduces. papad. The fruit has got good potential for value addition into e region makesseveral favourable setting food processing products likeupsquash, jam, candy, halwa etc. The ripe bulbs can be preserved for one option. There year are in many sugarsmall syrupscale or inunorganized the form of sweetened pulp. The unripe mature bulbs can be loyment at lowblanched levels. The current situation demands and dehydrated for further use throughout the year. Seed is a rich source of starch can address the and economic and social a delicacy duringissues. season. India

Nutritional Value of Jackfruit

f the 8 states ofJackfruit Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,BManipur, is rich in vitamin and C, potassium, calcium, iron, proteins and high level of ura and Sikkim,carbohydrates, is a reservoir of rich natural resources etc. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region Nutritive waiting tovalue of jackfruit (100 g) rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Constituent Average Constituent Average fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into value value North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Moisture (%) 76.20 Phosphorous (mg) 41.00 ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Energy (cal) 88.00 Iron (mg) 0.56 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Protein (g) 1.90 β Carotene (mg) 175.00 done at primary level only and the rising standard of0.10 Fat (g) Thiamine (mg) 0.03 econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Fibre (g) 1.10 Riboflavin (mg) 0.13 be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Carbohydrates (g) 19.80 Niacin (mg) 0.40 scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Potassium (mg) 107.00 Vitamin C (mg) 7.00 emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Calcium (mg)water bodies and 20.00 eaters. Presence of a large number

r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Value Addition Jackfruit nced with improvement in theofstate of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and 1. Ready to Cooknations TenderofJackfruit in India compared to industrial the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Ingredients house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Jackfruit modified crops, have the highest potential in this(tender/ region immature) Sodium of high yielding varieties have reached all hypochloride parts of Sterile water labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Amount 1kg 25-50gm 2ltr

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ri-business enterprises Method in Northeast India 1. Select good quality tender jack fruit B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon 2. Remove outer peel using a clean knife Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center 3. Wash with sterile water with 10% sodium hypochlorite 4. Cut the treated fruitRegion into small pieces ICAR Research Complex For NEH 5. Blanch the pieces for India 3 minutes into hot water Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, 6. Pack the pieces in LDPE bags using hand wrapper *Corresponding author email: [email protected] 7. It can be stored below 18°C for 10 days

2. Jackfruit Pickle (North Indian The Type) my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Ingredients geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Jackfruit (half matured) the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Salt its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Chilli powder ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India seed l for food processing and other relatedFennel agri-businesses. Fenugreek seed he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting upAsafoetida food processing powder option. There are many small scale unorganized Mustard seed loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Turmeric powder can address the economic and social issues. Vinegar India Mustard oil

Amount 1kg 100gm 30gm 10gm 5gm 5gm 15gm 5gm 100ml 500ml

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Method ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources 1. Select good quality that is not fully matured jack fruit. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to 2. Remove outer peel using a clean knife and cut the jack fruit into big pieces along rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and with seeds. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into 3. Cook the jackfruit pieces into boiling water until soft. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, 4. Drain, apply salt and keep aside spread on a plate for complete drying. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. 5. Heat 2-3 teaspoon of oil and roast the mustard, fennel and fenugreek seeds. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, 6. Cool the roasted spices and finely powder it. done at primary level only and the rising standard of 7. Heat oil in a broad mounted cooking pan; add turmeric powder, chilli powder, econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural and asafoetida. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. 8. Remove the pan from fire add the above ground mixture. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, 9. After the oil cools down, add the dried jackfruit pieces which should be free from emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, moisture. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and 10. Then add vinegar, mix well and store in a clean dry sterilized bottle. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their 3. Jackfruit Pickle (South Indian Type) est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Ingredients Amount ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Jackfruit (half matured) 1kg house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Garlic 100g modified crops, have the highest potential in this region 100g of high yielding varieties have Ginger reached all parts of Fenugreek seed 5g labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for Asafoetida powder 5g roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Green chilli 100g Curry leaf 2-3 springs B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Turmeric powder 5g Agri-Business Incubation Center Red chilli(ABI) powder 10g ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Cumin seeds 10g Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Salt to taste *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Sugar to taste Vinegar 200ml Mustard oil 500ml my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. Method However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared average. In-not fully matured jack fruit. 1. Select national good quality that is ersity in the region, it is2.lacking in terms Removebehind outer peel using of a clean knife and cut the jack fruit into big pieces along its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack with seeds. ion and marketing the products. ThetheNortheast India 3. Dry roast cumin and fenugreek seeds. l for food processing and4.other related agri-businesses. Cool the roasted spices and finely powder it. he region favours cultivation of oil agricultural produces. 5. Heat in a broad mounted cooking pan and fry chopped onion, garlic, ginger, e region makes favourablegreen setting up food processing chilli and curry leaf. option. There are many small 6. Add jackscale piecesunorganized and fry for 10 mins. loyment at low levels. The current demands 7. Add salt, situation chilli powder, turmeric powder and vinegar can address the economic8.and social from issues. Remove flame and add asafoetida and cumin – fenugreek powder 9. Then add sugar mix well and store in a clean dry sterilized bottle. India

f the 8 states of4.Assam, Arunachal Jackfruit Papad Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Ingredients Amount rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, Jackfruitflowers, (mature herbs raw) and 500g fauna, NE India has all theSalt potential to transform into 10g North East India is endowed withsesame varied ago-climate, Black 10g ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Method done at primary level1.only and good the rising standard Select quality mature of unripe jack fruit. Cut open and remove bulbs. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural 2. Remove out seeds using a clean knife be utilized for production of the by-products of forestry. 3. Boil bulbs, drain well and grind into fine paste along with salt using mixer scope for production of meat, milk and milk 4. Mix ingredients likeproducts, sesame or cumin seeds. emand of fishery is very high ininto North Region, 5. Flatten layerEast of fine thickness eaters. Presence of a6.large number water bodies anddryer/ by open sun dry Dry in trays of solar cabinet r an entrepreneur to get it. fry Beekeeping 7. into Deep and serveand apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement the state of art of their 5. JackfruitinChips est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Ingredients Amount ucated to switch over for organic farming.jackfruit Production Well matured bulbs 1kg house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Salt to taste modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Water to blanch of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of Oil 500ml labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Method in Northeast India 1. Select good quality mature unripe jack fruit. Cut open and remove bulbs. B. Banerjee, Amitava 2. Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon Cut the and bulbs in to 0.5-0.6 cm width maintaining the length as much as the bulb Agri-Business Incubation 3. Blanch the portion(ABI) in theCenter boiling water in which salt has been added for two minutes and allow to drain till completely ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region dry* 4. Umiam, Heat oilMeghalaya-793103, in a frying pan and fry the chips. Add 1-2 spoons of salt water in oilwhile India frying *Corresponding author email: [email protected] * Frying without blanching or over cooking results in hard chips

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The 6. Jackfruit Squash of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Ingredients Amount the country is low as compared nationaljackfruit average.bulbs InWell ripened 1 kg ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Pineapple 1 no its produces. Surplus products Sugarget wasted due to lack 750g ion and marketing the products. Water The Northeast India 500ml l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Citric acid 20gm he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Potassium Metabisulphite 1gm e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized Method loyment at low levels. 1. TheCut current open situation well ripe demands jackfruit. Remove bulbs and extract out the seeds. can address the economic issues. 2. and Cutsocial the well ripe bulbs into small cubes.

3. Boil 1 kg of pieces in water and then pulp into fine paste. 4. Take pulp, add water and mix thoroughly using mixer. 5. Extract juice from pineapple and add to jack pulp in 0.5: 1 ratio. f the 8 states of Assam,6.Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Prepare sugar syrup by boiling 750 g of sugar in 500 ml of water. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir ofsugar rich natural 7. Add syrup toresources jack fruit pulp followed by citric acid. ent people and cultures.8.It surely a region waiting Add 1gis of Potassium Metatobisulphate to squash. rest wealth, fruits and 9. vegetables, herbs andglass bottles. Cool andflowers, fill in a sterilized fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, 7. Jackfruit Jam ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Ingredients Amount done at primary level only and the rising standard of Well ripened jackfruit 500 g econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Sugar 350 g be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. 1 teaspoon scope for production of Citric meat, acid milk and milk products, Water as required emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Method r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary 1. Cut the well ripe jack fruit into small pieces orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic 2. Boil the pieces with water and pulp into fine paste nced with improvement in the state of art of their 3. East AddIndia the jack fruitpesticide paste andand sugar and cook on pan with little water, if required est potential in North as the 4. Add permitted food colour and citric acid to the mixture. Add one tablespoon of in India compared to industrial nations of the world. lime juice farming. to the same (optional). ucated to switch over for organic Production 5. Stir continuously till jam consistency house conditions can be taken up to harness the export for potential end pointinusing ladle test. modified crops, have 6. the Test highest this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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ri-business enterprises Conclusion in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Absence of organised marketing strategies among the growers results in wastage of major Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)in Center quantity of the fruits produced many parts of country. Promotion of scientific means of post harvest handling, ICAR Research Complexprimary For NEHprocessing Region and preservation of jackfruit is essential so that the raw materials made available toIndia consumers and entrepreneurs round the year. The market Umiam,are Meghalaya-793103, of jackfruit can be better exploited if fruits are made available to the consumers in a *Corresponding potential author email: [email protected]

ready to eat or ready to cook form throughout the year. Technologies for post-harvest handling, preservation of fresh fruits and preparation of primary processed products that can be used production produces. of other products need to be promoted and commercialized for my. It is well known for for its agricultural The availability of the and fruitQueen throughout the year and for avoiding the wastage of this of Meghalaya, ensuring Kachai Lemon of Manipur wonderful fruit. Emphasis should be given in imparting trainings to needy farmers on value geographical indications. However, the revenue earned in jackfruit. Establishment of strong forward and backward linkages, facilitating the country is addition low as compared national average. Inproper packaging, labelling and marketing, including FSSAI certification should also be ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of ensured.products get wasted due to lack its produces. Surplus ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Post Northeast HarvestIndia Technology and Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Ng. Joykumar Singh and Y. Jekendra Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Central Agricultural University, Imphal-795001 ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Fruits and vegetables are protective foods and valuable sources of vitamins, minerals and dietary fibre. Most of the fruits contain a high calorific value per unit area as compared to cereals, wheat provides justThe 3 million calories per hectare, banana provides 18.9, my. It is well known forwhile its agricultural produces. papaya 15.0 and grapes 10.5 million of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queencalorie per hectares. Because of high productivity and economic However, value, theytheoffer muchearned better economic returns per unit area as compared to cereal geographical indications. revenue crops. It has been reported that the average value addition per hectare in case of fruit crops is the country is low as compared national average. Infour times thanbehind cerealin crops. ersity in the region, it is more lacking termsAlso, of fruits and vegetables offer maximum potentiality for generating employment. In due addition to the improvement in economic status of the grower, its produces. Surplus products get wasted to lack fruits trees check soil erosion and maintain ecological balance. The production of fruits and ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India vegetables is gradually increasing due to improved horticultural practices and expansion of l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. area under cultivation. India produces. is uniquely placed to produce almost all types of fruits and he region favours cultivation of agricultural present production of fruits and vegetables in India is 45 and 91 million e region makesvegetables. favourable The setting up food processing tonnes, respectively being the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world option. There are many small scale unorganized after china. However, its share in the export marketing of these commodities is extremely low loyment at low levels. The current situation demands and constitute only about 0.6 % of the world export market. Among fruits, 59% of the world can address the economic and social issues. production of mangoes, 14% of banana, 8% of pineapple, 12.4% of onion, 6% of potato, 7% of tomato, 10% of cauliflower and 6% of cabbage are produced in India. India

India produces over 230 million tonnes of food grains and about 130 million tonnes of fruits f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and vegetables. The food processing sector is recognized as having an important role in ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources improving agricultural productivity, reducing in wastage of fruits and vegetables providing ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to better nutrition and improving food availability for the domestic market. The present per rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and capital availability for the fruits and vegetables is only 67 and 145 g as against the fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into recommended daily intake of 120 g and 280 g, respectively, therefore preventing or even North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, minimizing their losses would greatly augment the availability of the nutrients through ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. relatively cheap sources. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of variety ofprocessing horticultural crops are produced in North Eastern Region like banana, econdary and Atertiary of plantation agricultural citrus, pineapple, cashew nut, jackfruit, coconut, tea, rubber, forest, plantation, guava, papaya be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. along with vegetable crops and rubber crops. The total spice production is 5.5% of national scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, production; pineapple production is 46.49% of national production. North Eastern Region by emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, virtue of its diverse agro-climatic conditions, varied soil type and abundant rainfall has the eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and promises of becoming an excellent sourcing point for high value horticultural produce and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary value added products unique to the region for onward marketing both within the country and orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic abroad. There is ample scope for increasing the area under such plantations. Most of the nced with improvement in the state of art of their produces go waste during the production due to lack of processing and storage facilities and est potential in North East India as the pesticide and inadequate infrastructural facilities. There is great potential of processing these products and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. interactions with food processing units in North Eastern Region. Efforts have been made by ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production APEDA to build external market linkage for food processing units in North Eastern Region house conditions can be taken up to harness the export with major players in food sectors like Hindustan lever, Dabur, ITC and other companies, modified crops, have the highest potential in this region APEDA is also setting up model organic farms for Joha rice and sugarcane in Assam, passion of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of fruit in Manipur and pineapple in Tripura. Processing is classified into three categories: labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for primary, secondary and tertiary (Fig.1) roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

Major constraints for fruits and vegetables processing in the North Eastern India

The scenario of fruits and vegetables processing in the North Eastern India is more or less f the 8 states ofdiscouraging Assam, Arunachal and hasPradesh, receivedManipur, little attention. The opportunity-gap, with a little effect can be ura and Sikkim,filled is a reservoir of rich natural resources to a great extent with research and extension activities in the region. Inspite of excellent ent people and cultures. It surelyand is a higher region profit waiting to market potential margin on fruit and vegetable based products, rural mass rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and shows little interest towards this sector. The motto of the policy should be such that a grower fauna, NE India has all the profit, potential transform into earns more thetofruits and vegetables processing sector will boost up in the North North East IndiaEastern is endowed with varied ago-climate, region and more people will be fascinated towards this sector. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Various constraints have beenFarming, indentified for such a dismal situation. The main reasons for done at primary level only and the risingprocessing standard of poor fruits and vegetables in the North Eastern India are: econdary and tertiary processing i) Lack of planof landagricultural for fruits and vegetables production be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. ii) Lack of awareness about the rich potential of fruits and vegetables industry for scope for production of meat, milk and milk products,upliftment of the region employment and economic emand of fishery isiii)very Lack high in North Eastabout Region, of awareness the potential of fruits and vegetables. eaters. Presence ofiv)a largeLack number water bodies of arrangements ofand processing and during glut situation and if occurs which r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary become a disincentive for production orth East India. Mushroom production domestic v) Lack of qualityfor standards and HACCP practices narrow down the quality of fruits nced with improvement in the state of art of their and vegetables products. est potential in North Indiaofas the pesticide and about the quality standards among the consumers and vi) EastLack awareness / training in India compared to industrial nations reduces of the world. sweet makers the scope fruits and vegetables processing. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production vii) Lack of connectivity from city to city in hilly and forest coverage. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, haveDue the to highest potential in this region the above limitations, fruits and vegetables processing sector in North Eastern of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of is a need to give special attention towards this region India is in its primitive stage. There labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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for development of India fruits and vegetables production and processing sector in order to ri-business enterprises in Northeast develop the livelihood of the rural mass in the region.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Spoilage of fruits and vegetables ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Fruits Umiam, and vegetables are seasonal Meghalaya-793103, India and highly perishable in nature. They begin to deteriorate after harvest. Biochemical and microbial spoilage are likely to occur. *Corresponding author email: shortly [email protected]

Biochemical spoilage is caused by microorganisms like bacterial, yeast and moulds. Microorganism may be present in the vegetative form, which can be easily destroyed or sporeforform, which are more resistant my. It is well known its agricultural produces. The to heat, chemical or any other destructive agencies. So depending upon the kind number of microorganism, the method of preservation of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur andand Queen differs. However, many of the microorganisms are also effective against enzymatic geographical indications. However, the revenue earned activity. the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Methods available for preservation and processing of fruits and vegetables are i) Classical its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack methods of preservation, ii) Refrigerated / low temperature preservation, iii) ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Preservatives, iv) Preservation by canning, v) Preservation by drying and dehydration, vi) l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. by agricultural radiation and vii) Preservation of semi-moist foods. These methods have he region favoursPreservation cultivation of produces. gained worldwide acknowledgement e region makes favourable setting up food processingfor long year in the food industry. option. There are many small scale unorganized Fruits and being high moisture fruits are extremely susceptible to deteriorate, loyment at low levels. The vegetables current situation demands especiallyand under tropical can address the economic social issues.conditions. It is estimated that about 25-30% of the fruits and vegetables produced in India annually worth of 20,000-24,000 crores is lost due to inadequate post harvest management. These losses result in poor return to the growers India and increase the cost of raw material, which ultimately affects the consumer. Even if the wastagesArunachal are reduced by 10% by using improved post harvest management techniques, f the 8 states of Assam, Pradesh, Manipur, will beof a net of at least Rs. 8000 crore annually. Due to highly perishable in ura and Sikkim, isthere a reservoir richgain natural resources nature, scientific ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their Flow chart est potential in North East India as theFig.2 pesticide and for vegetable processing operation in India compared to industrial nations of the world. and handling the practical way to reduce the losses due to physical ucated to switch harvesting over for organic farming. are Production spoilages, due to the insect damages and microbial growth. Various protocols are house conditions damage, can be taken up to harness export standardized available for region adoption to get the best result, which will give economic modified crops, have the highestand potential in this properall storage with suitable temperature and humidity are of high yieldingbenefits. varietiesSimilarly, have reached parts conditions, of needed to lengthen the storage life and maintain quality once the crop has been cooled to labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for storage temperature. Greater emphasis need to be given on the training of roundwater levelthe andoptimum labour scarcity for agricultural

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farmers, creation of infrastructure for cold chain with common facilities for sorting, ri-business enterprises in Northeast India grading, packing and post harvest treatments in all major markets. Some technologies for B. Banerjee, Amitavaextension Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon of shelf life of fruits and vegetables are:

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center 1. Research Waxing Complex For NEH Region ICAR It isUmiam, used asMeghalaya-793103, protective coatingIndia for fruits and vegetables and help in reduction in loss in moisture rate of respiration and ultimately results in prolonged storage life. *Corresponding author email: and [email protected]

2. Evaporative cool storage It is short-term storage The of fruits and vegetables at farm level. It helps the farmers my. It is well known forthe itsbest agricultural produces. to get betterof returns produce. In this structure, horticultural crops reduce of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon Manipurfor andtheir Queen shriveling and extend their storage geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedlife. the country is low as compared national average. In3. Pre-packaging ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Thisproducts technology controlsdue thetorate its produces. Surplus get wasted lackof transpiration and respiration and hence keeps the commodity in fresh condition both ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India at ambient and low temperature. It can able to bring revolutionary progress in our trade practice and also benefit the consumer and the l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. producer because of its low cost and ready availability. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing Cold storage option. There are4. many small scale unorganized These structures extensively used to store fruits and vegetables for a long period and loyment at low levels. The current are situation demands employand thesocial principle can address the economic issues.of maintaining a low temperature, which reduces the rate of respiration and thus delays ripening. India 5. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) TheseArunachal packagingPradesh, modify the atmosphere composition inside the package by respiration. f the 8 states of Assam, Manipur, technology successful to extend the shelf life of (Cavendish banana, carrots ura and Sikkim, is aThis reservoir of rich isnatural resources capsicum, green chilli and tomatoes ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to by 15, 14, 13, 8 and 15 days as against 5, 7, 8, 4 and 7 days in control respectively, under ambient conditions. Storage of papaya can be rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and extended 4 weeks when stored at 10 -12 °C under modified atmosphere (MA) conditions. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into issue with relating to ago-climate, increasing the shelf life of horticultural products needs to the North East India isThe endowed varied addressed. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, 1. Appropriate packaging for export of fresh fruits, vegetables and for done at primary level only and the rising standard material of modified atmosphere packaging should be developed. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural 2. Value addition needs to be viewed in a wider perspective than mere processing to be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. ensure better return to the producer / farmer, besides providing better quality scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, product to the East consumer. emand of fishery is very high in North Region, 3. Development of naturaland food columns, fiber, single cell protein and food grade eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies from processing wastes will be useful. r an entrepreneur to get intoenzymes it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their Future in agro processing est potential in North Easttrends India as the pesticide andtechnologies in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switchCrops over for organic farming. Production Newer trends, product, processes & technologies Traditional house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Fruitsthe highest potential Fresh fruits, modified crops, have in this fruit region Ready to serve beverages in tetra pack, novel product chat, fresh fruit of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of development from ethnic / traditional fruits, online fruit labour-saving farm equipment havejuices good potential for sorting for processing and packaging, cold chain infrastructure installation in production catchments roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Vegetables Raw vegetables

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Medicinal and Incubation Raw materials for Agri-Business (ABI) Center aromatic plants traditional ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region medicine Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected] By products Animal feed, from compost agricultural wastefor its agricultural produces. The my. It is well known

Minimally processed and MAP packaged, pre cooked, canned vegetables Modern curing drying and process protocols for debiting and anitinutrient removal. Efficient extraction of medicinal and aromatic substances Extraction of bio colors, active ingredients for industrial uses. For production of bio fuels either by fast pyrolysis or fermentation process

of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Emerging Technologies in Food Processing geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. In• Extrusion Processing ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of • High Pressure Processing its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack • Microwave heat processing ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India • Ohmic heat processing l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. • Micronisation he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. • Irradiation e region makes favourable setting up food processing • Biotechnology option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Measures to improve fruits and vegetables processing sectors can address the economic and social issues.

Successful processing of fruits and vegetables needs i) Identification of point of intervention in processing of fruits and vegetables, ii) Development of bench scale devices and optimization of process variables, iii) Identification of industries and their f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, involvement right from start and iv) Development of pilot plant, equipments and their ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources commercial production. Following considerations should be taken care for the success of ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to fruits and vegetable processing in the region. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and i) Identification of various fruits and vegetables in the region and their major constraints fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into for production and processing. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ii) Existing process flow and material balance chart with optimum process parameter ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. should be prepared. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, iii) The above flow process should modify to replace manual operations by machines or done at primary level only and the rising standard of equipments. The machines should be designed and fabricated as to have 100% econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural cleanable and confirming hygienic design standards. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. iv) Process automation should be employed wherever possible to ensure uniform quality scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, product emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, v) Linkage between R & D organizations, equipment manufacturers, growers and food eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and processors should be established. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary vi) For the marketing of the products, proper packaging system accompanied with cold orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic chain should be maintained during their storage, transportation and distribution. nced with improvement in the state of art of their viii) During production, HACCP programme and IS quality standards should be est potential in North East India as the pesticide and followed in order to capture the national and international markets. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Food quality and safety house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Food quality and safety are of the major concern to every individual. Consumers expect of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of their food to be safe, convenient to use, instant and minimally processed. The labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for responsibility for ensuring that this expectation is consistently met rests with roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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governments, industry ri-business enterprises in Northeast Indiaand the consumers themselves. Besides safety, quality attributes they look for high qualities like high nutritional qualities, functional qualities like high B. Banerjee, Amitavanutritional Mukherjeequalities, and Remiioo Bamon and N.organoleptic qualities like fresh appearance, natural colour, Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center texture and taste. In food chain establishments, quality assurance and control is primarily controlled the consumers. To meet the growing demands of consumers for safe and ICAR Research by Complex For NEH Region healthy foods, the criteria of quality Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India is measured by various qualitative and quantitative standards. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The Indian food regulations comprise various food laws that have been enacted at different points of time and areThe under the ambit of various ministries. Many ministries my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. deal Lemon with food laws resulting in multiple bodies, which set standards. The situation leads of Meghalaya, Kachai of Manipur and Queen to a lot of confusion in the minds geographical indications. However, the revenue earned of consumers, traders, investors and manufacturers. of the laws that apply to food the country is lowSome as compared national average. In- and its operations are: ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of i) products The prevention of food Act, 1954 its produces. Surplus get wasted dueadulteration to lack ii) The fruit products order, 1955 ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India iii)and Theother meatrelated food products order, 1973 l for food processing agri-businesses. iv) The edible oil packaging(Regulation) order, 1998 he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. v) The vegetable oil products (control)order, 1947 e region makes favourable setting up food processing The solvent oil, de oiled meal and edible flour (control) order, 1967 option. There arevi)many small extract scale unorganized vii) The milk and milk products order, 1992 loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India is a country of continental size with a population of over 1000 million out of which 350 million live in urban areas. For the latter section, processed foods will become their India main slay sooner or later. Global processed food business is around Rs.16000 billion while Arunachal Indians contribution is Rs.1400 billion. Food industries have termed as sun-rise f the 8 states of Assam, Pradesh, Manipur, several efforts have been made in the last few years to give a big thrust to ura and Sikkim, is aindustries reservoir and of rich natural resources this sector. In this context, more training programme are required to be organized in the ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to region by various Govt.herbs funding rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, and agencies through different institutions like Central Agricultural University, Tezpur University, Assam Agricultural University located in the fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Thewith department of development of North Eastern Region, Govt. of India should North East India isregion. endowed varied ago-climate, take the sole initiative in order to provide adequate facilities at the doorsteps of the ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. growers. It isFloriculture, expected that the training programmes will develop skilled manpower, o Food Processing, Horticulture, Farming, make familiar the consumers and entrepreneurs about the food safety and quality aspects, done at primary level only and the rising standard of food laws and regulations governing the manufacture, packaging and labeling of various econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural fruits and vegetable products. It is hoped that when people earn more profits inspite of be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. selling raw fruits and vegetables will boost up and more people will be fascinated towards scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, profession. emand of fishery isthis very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur toRecommendations/Suggestions get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic • Grading shrink nced with improvement in theand state of packaging art of theirof fruits and vegetables for urban market. • Fruits and vegetables pureesand and powder manufacturing technology. est potential in North East India as the pesticide cooled structure in India compared• to Evaporatively industrial nations of the world.and its application for off-season crops and storage. • Construction, operation and management of covered cultivation structures for high ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production value crops. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export operation modified crops, have• theFabrication, highest potential in this and regionmaintenance of mobile cool chambers for fruits, vegetables, meat and marine of high yielding varieties have reached all parts products. of • Drying and dehydration for preservation and value addition labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises References in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, AmitavaSudheer, Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon K.P. and V.Indira. 2010. Post harvest technology of horticultural crops. New Agri-Business Center IndiaIncubation Publishing(ABI) Agency, New Delhi. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Verma, L.R. and V.K. Joshi. 2011. Post harvest technology of fruits and vegetables – Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Handling, Processing, India Fermentation and Waste Management. Indus Publishing *Corresponding author email:Company. [email protected] New Delhi.

Chadha, K.L. 2009. Handbook of Horticulture. IARI Publications, New Delhi.

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Thompson, A.K. 1996. Post harvest technology of fruits and vegetables. Blackwell of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Science Ltd. London. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast Marketing India of Tomato in Imphal Valley of Manipur

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Y. Chakrabarty Singh Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Central Agricultural University, Imphal ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding The author email: [email protected] North Eastern Hill region of India has a unique climate ranging from tropical to alpine

which is conducive for growing a wide variety of high value crops. High value crop generally refers to fruits, vegetables, flowers, ornamentals, condiments, spices etc. which has higher net my. It is well known agricultural produces.with Thestaple food crops like rice and wheat. Growing of high returnfor perits hectare when compare of Meghalaya, value Kachai Lemon Manipur Queen is an opportunity for the poor farmers of the region to crops and of selling it in and the market geographical indications. However, the revenue earned earn more income for a better socio-economic condition. Demand for high value crops is the country is increasing low as compared national average. Inin the region due to improvement in income, changes in life style of the people, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of population growth etc. The food habit of north east people is changing from non-vegetarian its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack to vegetarian because of realisation of the importance of vegetarian food for a healthy body ion and marketing products. The Northeast India important nutrients but also supply minerals and and the mind. Vegetables not only provide l for food processing andwhich other are related agri-businesses. vitamins necessary for protective functions performed by the body. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makesDiversification favourable setting up mono food processing from crop paddy cultivation to high value crops like vegetable option. There cultivation are manyinsmall recent scale past isunorganized emerging in the valley districts of Manipur. It gives more income loyment at lowand levels. The current situation demands employment in shorter period of time to the farmers. can address the economic and social issues. Among the vegetables, tomato is one of the important vegetable grown during summer India months in the state. It is highly popular because of its high nutritional and medicinal values which can be consumed both in raw as well as cooked forms. The total area and production of f the 8 states oftomato Assam,inArunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Manipur during 2014-15 was 3062 ha and 30899 metric tonne with an average ura and Sikkim,productivity is a reservoirofof10.09 rich natural metric resources tonne per hectare. It is cultivated in all the nine districts of ent people and cultures. surely the is a districts, region waiting to district has the highest area (659 ha) and production Manipur.ItAmong Bishnupur rest wealth, fruits andMT) vegetables, herbs and(Annexure I). The crop is grown on a commercial basis (6894 of tomatoflowers, during 2014-15 fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into in the district. Important tomato varieties grown in the district are Abhisek, All rounder, North East IndiaNamdari, is endowed varied ago-climate, and with Suraksha besides local varieties. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Marketing plays Floriculture, an importantFarming, role in increasing production of commercial crops. Due to done at primary level only and the rising standard of perishable nature, marketing of tomato require speedy and efficient marketing system. econdary and Marketing tertiary processing of agricultural involves many functions and functionaries that add marketing cost and margins. be utilized forSustainability production of of by-products of farming forestry.is critically linked to the efficient marketing system. commercial scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Analysis of marketing cost and marketing margin involve in the marketing of tomato is emand of fishery is very high in North Region, crucial for determining theEast marketing efficiency. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur get into Beekeeping and apiary A to study was it. conducted to examine the marketing efficiency and marketing problems faced orth East India.byMushroom production for domestic the tomato growers in Bishnupur district of Manipur. A total of 100 farmers were selected nced with improvement in the state of Toubul, art of their from five villages namely (22) Khoijuman (26), Kwasiphai (18), Irengbam (14) and est potential in Kabowakching North East India as the pesticide and (20), from the Bishnupur Community Block of Bishnupur district for the in India compared industrial the divided world. into two categories on the basis of area under tomato study.toThe samplenations farmersofwere ucated to switch over for organic farming.and Production cultivation. Both primary secondary data pertaining to area, production, productivity of house conditions can be taken up to harness the tomato were collected for analysisexport of marketing efficiency. modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Categoryinand Farm Size of Tomato Sample Farms ri-business enterprises Northeast India

Category Category I Category II B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Size (ha) ≥ 0.25 Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center < 0.25 ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, IndiaTomato Farms Size of Sample *Corresponding Particulars author email: [email protected] Farm Category

Category I 1. Number of farms 40 my. It is well known 2. Total forOperational its agricultural holdings produces. (Ha) 13.45 The 3. Average Size of farm (Ha) 0.34 of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen

Category II 60 7.00 0.12

Overall 100 20.45 0.20

geographical indications. However, the revenue earned and Marketed SurplusInthe country is Marketable low as compared national average. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Marketable and marketed tomato is presented in table below. Perusal of the table its produces. Surplus products get wastedsurplus due to of lack shows bulk ofThe tomato produced ion and marketing thethat products. Northeast Indiaby the farmers was sold in the market. Only a small portion was keptrelated for home consumption, gifts and kind payments. Being highly perishable in l for food processing and other agri-businesses. nature and generally had a large proportion of marketable surplus it becomes important to he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. in detail the up prevalent marketing system of tomato. It can be noted from the table that e region makesanalyse favourable setting food processing 98.54 per centscale of the produce, on an average farm was meant for the market. Farm option. There about are many small unorganized wisecurrent comparison of demands the marketable surplus revealed that category I farms had a loyment at lowcategory levels. The situation relatively higher surplus (98.77 %) as compared to category II farms (97.98 %). Marketed can address the economic and social issues. surplus was again noted to be high in category I farms (97.34 %) then the category II farms (95.66 %). Overall, about 96.74 per cent of tomato produced in the study area was actually India marketed. Losses during transit accounts for about 1.44, 2.33 and 1.80 per cents of the total for category I, category II and overall farms respectively. f the 8 states ofproduction Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources and Marketed Surplus of Tomato (Kg/Farm) ent people and cultures. It surely isMarketable a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and S.No. vegetables, flowers, herbs and Particulars Farm Category fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Category I Category II Overall North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, (≥ 0.25 ha) (< 0.25 ha) ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. 14120 1 Total Production 6450 9520 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, 2 Utilization done at primary level only and the rising standard of 91(0.65) i) Home consumption 78(1.23) 83(0.88) econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural ii) Gifts and kind payment 82(0.59) 52(0.82) 64 (0.68) be utilized for production of Marketable by-products of forestry. 13947(98.77) 3 Surplus 6320(97.98) 9381 (98.54) 150(2.33) 171(1.80) scope for production of4 meat, Losses milk and milk products, 203(1.44) 5 highMarketed 6170(95.66) 9210 (96.74) emand of fishery is very in NorthSurplus East Region, 13744(97.34) eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates percentage to the respective total production r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India.Marketing MushroomChannels production for domestic of Tomato nced with improvement in the state of art of their channels est potential in Three North important East Indiamarketing as the pesticide andfor tomato were identified in the study area. These channels are: in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for1:organic farming. Production Channel Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer house conditions can be taken up to harness the export 2: Producer → Retailer → Consumer modified crops, Channel have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of Channel 3: Producer → Consumer labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Distribution of tomato through various agencies by different categories of sample farms ri-business enterprises in Northeast India (unit in Kg)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon S.No. Particulars Farm Category Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Category Center I Category II Overall ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region (≥ 0.25 ha) (< 0.25 ha) Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India 1 Wholesaler 7740 (56.32) 3796 (61.52) 5280 (57.33) *Corresponding author email: 2 [email protected] Retailer 3946 (28.71) 1218 (19.74) 2489 (27.02) 3 Consumer 2058 (14.97) 1156 (18.74) 1441 (15.65) Total 13744 (100.00) 6170 (100.00) 9210 (100.00) Note: Figures in parenthesis denotes percentage of the respective total my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The

of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Representation the country is low as Schematic compared national average. of In-Tomato Marketing Channels (Overall farms) ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Producer ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses.57.33% 27.02 % he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Wholesaler e region makes favourable setting up%food processing 15.65 57.33% Retailer option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Retailer can address the economic and social issues. India

Consumer (100.00) f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Marketing Efficiency rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to intocrops is of little significance unless it is marketed Increased production oftransform high value North East Indiaefficiently. is endowed variedmarketing ago-climate, Anwith efficient system acts as a catalyst to boost production on the one ate, sub-tropicalhand and tropical agricultural commodities. and to increase consumption on the other. Hence, improving efficiency of high value o Food Processing, Horticulture, crops i.e.,tomato Floriculture, marketing inFarming, the study area is expected to have self-accelerating on these done at primary level only and the rising standard of two fronts. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized forMeasurement production of by-products ofEfficiency forestry. of Marketing scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Marketing efficiency of tomato marketing is measured in two ways viz. emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, 1. of Operational Efficiency eaters. Presence a large number water bodies and Operational efficiency is measured in terms of marketing costs and marketing margins. The r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary an efficient for marketing is to ensure remunerative prices to the producers and at orth East India.importance Mushroomof production domestic the same time to provide commodities nced with improvement in the state of art of their to the consumers at an affordable price. Due to its marketing est potential in perishable North Eastnature Indiavegetable as the pesticide andrequire specialized functions and handling. Therefore, different types of cost involved the marketing are unavoidable and also reasonable margins in India compared to industrial nations of theinworld. to the middlemen are also essential for their survival and keeping them in business. Low price ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production spread due to low and margins is an indicator of high marketing efficiency. house conditions can be taken up marketing to harness cost the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Marketing in Northeast Cost India Marketing cost of tomato included the cost incurred on marketing of tomato by the producer-

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon seller and various intermediaries involved in it. It is computed as: Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Tc=Pc+ ∑Mci Complex For NEH Region ICAR Research Where, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India = Total cost of marketing *Corresponding Tc author email: [email protected]

Pc=cost paid by the producer in the marketing of the produce Mci= cost incurred by the ith middlemen my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Margins of Meghalaya, Marketing Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the earned revenuebyearned It is the profit / margin middlemen in the marketing channel. Marketing margin of the country is alow as compared national average. Inmiddleman is calculated as the difference between the total payments (marketing cost plus ersity in the region, it isprice) lacking terms of of the middleman and calculated as; purchase andbehind receiptsin(sale price) its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Ami = Pri - (Ppi + Cmi) ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India where, l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Ami = absolute marketing margin of ith middlemen he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Pri = setting total value of receipts per unit (sale price) e region makes favourable up food processing Ppi = small purchase value per unit (purchase price) option. There are many scale unorganized cost incurred on demands marketing per unit loyment at low levels.CThe situation mi =current can address the economic and social issues. Price Spread India It is the difference between the price paid by the consumer and price received by the producer in the marketing of a commodity prevailing in a marketing system. The price spread of f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, tomato marketed through different channels of trade is presented in Table5. The table shows ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources that the producer‘s share in consumer‘s rupee is highest in marketing channel III (96.67 %) ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to followed by channel II (69.66 %) and channel I (52.50 %). The producer who sold tomato rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and through channel I, channel II and channel III received Rs. 10.50, Rs. 12.50 and Rs. 14.50 per fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into kg respectively. The total marketing cost borne by the producer and middlemen was 10.00 North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, per cent, 8.33 per cent and 3.33per cent of the consumer‘s rupee in case of channel I, channel ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. II and channel III respectively. Marketing margin incurred per kg of tomato was highest in o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, channel I (37.50 %) than channel II (22.22 %). The net price received by the producer farmer done at primary level only and the rising standard of is highest in channel III (96.67 %), followed by channel II (69.66 %) and channel I (52.50 econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural %). It is evident from the table that the most efficient channel for marketing tomato is be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. channel III. The most important channel is channel I where bulk of the produce moves. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Price spread of tomato in Imphal market through different marketing channel eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and (Rs. / kg) r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Particularsproduction for domestic Channel I Channel II Channel III orth East India. Mushroom Rs. % Rs. % nced with improvement in the state of art ofRs.their % Net price 10.50 12.50 69.66 14.50 96.67 est potential in North East received India asby thefarmer pesticide and 52.50 Total Marketing Costs 2.00 10.00 1.50 8.33 0.50 3.33 in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Total 7.50 37.50 4.00 22.22 0.00 0.00 ucated to switch over forMarketing organic Margins farming. Production Price Consumer 18.00 100.00 15.00 100.00 house conditions can be paid takenbyup to harness the 20.00 export 100.00 modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises 2. Pricing in Efficiency Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and N. in Bamon Pricing efficiency is Remiioo measured terms of correlation of the price movement of the same Agri-Business Incubation Center it is accepted that the higher the correlation of prices product in separate markets.(ABI) Generally, between pairs of marketsFor forNEH a particular ICAR Research Complex Region product, the better the integrated markets are for that crop andUmiam, hence,Meghalaya-793103, the more efficiently are they operating in terms of price. Pricing efficiency of India marketing system was examined by the analysis of market integration. *Corresponding tomato author email: [email protected]

Market Integration my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The degree to which price information of Meghalaya, The Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queenin a market is related to the process of price formation in other markets can be sown through geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedzero order correlation matrices of weekly prices in the markets. national The simple correlation the country is selected low as compared average. In- co-efficient for the prices in each pair of selected markets were estimated using the formula ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of and the relation is presented in table below: ∑ ̅ ̅ its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack r= ̅ ̅ √∑ ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing where,and other related agri-businesses. = simple correlation coefficient he region favoursr cultivation of agricultural produces. p1i = price setting of tomato the first market at i th point of time e region makes favourable upinfood processing p2i =many price of tomato in the second market at i th point of time option. There are small scale unorganized tomatosituation prices in demands first market ̅ = mean loyment at low levels. The of current ̅ = mean of tomato prices in second market can address the economic and social issues. India

The estimated correlation coefficients are tested for their significance against zero by using the t-test and against one by Fischer’s Z transformation test

f the 8 states ofCorrelation Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, matrices for tomato prices in different selected markets ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. a region waiting to Kwakeithel Nambol Bishnupur Markets It surely isKhwairamband rest wealth, fruits and vegetables,1flowers, herbs and Khwairamband fauna, NE India has all the potential to**transform into Kwakeithel 0.836 1 ** 0.842** 1 North East IndiaNambol is endowed with 0.855 varied ago-climate, 0.905**commodities. 0.831** 0.959** 1 ate, sub-tropicalBishnupur and tropical agricultural ** o Food Processing, Horticulture, Note: CorrelationFloriculture, coefficient is Farming, significant at 1 per cent probability level done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and Perusal tertiaryof the processing of shows agricultural above table that there was a strong positive correlation in tomato prices be utilized forinproduction of by-products forestry.The highest degree of integration was observed in case all the selected markets ofofManipur. scope for production of meat, and milk Nambol and milkmarkets products, of Bishnupur with a correlation co-efficient of 0.959 followed by emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Bishnupur and Khwairamband markets with correlation co-efficient of 0.905. The third eaters. Presence of a large water bodies highest degreenumber was observed in caseand of Nambol with Khwairamband markets with correlation r an entrepreneur to get intoofit.0.855 Beekeeping apiary co-efficient and theand lowest degree was between Bishnupur and Kwakeithel markets orth East India.with Mushroom production for domestic a correlation co-efficient of 0.831. nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in The North East India as theco-efficient pesticide and positive correlation between different markets indicates that the tomato price in India compared to industrial nations was of the world. movement in one market closely followed by the price movement in other markets. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Marketing in Northeast Problems India faced by the tomato producers The opinion survey was conducted for the sample farmers who sold their produce to the B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon wholesalers or retailers to know the problems in marketing of tomato table below:

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Problems facedComplex by tomato in marketing (%) ICAR Research Forfarmers NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Problems *Corresponding S.No. author email: [email protected] 1 Glut in peak marketing season 2 Lack of market yard 3 Inadequate storage facilities my. It is well known for its agricultural The 4 Wide fluctuation inproduces. market price and low price of Meghalaya, 5KachaiLack Lemon of Manipur and Queen of quick and timely transportation means geographical indications. However, the not revenue earned 6 Grading standard specific the country is 7low as Malpractices compared national average. Inin weighment ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of 8. Lack of organization among producers its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack 9. Lack of timely availability of market information ion and marketing products. Thepacking Northeast India 10. theLack of quality materials

Category I Category II 38 58 35 56 33 53 28 45 24 42 26 37 23 35 23 34 21 34 21 30

Overall 96 91 86 73 66 63 58 57 55 51

l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours of agricultural Thecultivation table listed sequentiallyproduces. the 10 most critical problems faced by tomato farmers in e region makesmarketing favourableinsetting up food processing Imphal valley. It has been reported that overall the farmers faced the problem of option. There glut are inmany small scale unorganized peak marketing season (96%) followed by lack of market yard (91%) and inadequate loyment at lowstorage levels. facilities The current situation demands (86%). Among the marketing problems identified the least ranking was lack can address the of economic and social issues. (51%). quality packing materials India

Summary

f the 8 states ofItAssam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, is evident from the findings of the study that overall, about 98.54 per cent of tomato ura and Sikkim,produced is a reservoir rich natural resources was of marketable in which 96.74 per cent of tomato produced in the study area was ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting actually marketed. Category I farms to had relatively higher marketable surplus (98.77 %) as rest wealth, fruits vegetables, flowers, herbs welland as marketed surplus (97.34 %) and then the category II farms (95.66 % and 97.98 %). Losses fauna, NE India has alltransit the potential transform into 1.80 per cents of the total production for category I, during accountsto1.44, 2.33 and North East Indiacategory is endowed with variedfarms ago-climate, II and overall respectively. Operational efficiency of the three channels ate, sub-tropicalreveal and tropical agricultural commodities. that channel III which is direct movement of tomato from producer to consumer was o Food Processing, Horticulture, Farming, found to be mostFloriculture, efficient with 96.67 per cent of the price paid by the consumer is received done at primary only and the rising bylevel the producer-farmer withstandard Rs. 0.00ofmargins and total marketing cost of Rs. 0.50. Pricing econdary and efficiency tertiary as processing agricultural measured of in terms of correlation of the price movement of the same product in be utilized forseparate production of by-products of there forestry. markets revealed that was strong positive correlation in tomato prices in all the scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, selected markets viz., Khwairamban, Kwakeithel, Nambol, Bishnupur of Manipur. The emand of fishery is very highofinintegration North Eastwas Region, highest degree observed in case of Bishnupur and Nambol markets with a eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and correlation co-efficient of 0.959 followed by Bishnupur and Khwairamband markets with r an entrepreneur to get intoco-efficient it. Beekeeping and apiary correlation of 0.905. The lowest degree was between Bishnupur and Kwakeithel orth East India.markets Mushroom domestic of 0.831. The results indicated that in all the selected with aproduction correlationfor co-efficient nced with improvement in the state of art of linkages their markets, there were information about the tomato prices and its arrival in other est potential in markets. North East India as the by pesticide and farmers in marketing their crop has revealed that glut Problems faced the tomato in India compared to industrial of the world. in peak marketingnations season and Lack of market yard has been the major problem as reported by ucated to switch organic farming. 96over and for 91 per cent of them. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, Conclusions have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good forthat category I farmers have higher marketable and It can be concluded frompotential the study roundwater level and labour scarcity agricultural marketed surplus. Directformovement of the crop from producer have been the most efficient

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channel of ri-business enterprises in marketing Northeastwith Indiamaximum share of consumer‘s rupee (96 %) to the producers, low marketing cost and zero margins i.e., non- existence of intermediaries leads to efficient B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon marketing. It hasand been found out that there was strong positive correlation in tomato prices in Incubation (ABI) Center all Agri-Business the selected markets thereby indicating the existence of information linkages about the tomatoResearch prices and its arrival among the markets. ICAR Complex For NEH Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India inemail: peak marketing season and lack of market yard had been the major problem faced by *Corresponding Glut author [email protected]

majority of the farmers in the region. Focusing on the stated findings and issues, there is a need for maintaining a platform where producers and consumers can come directly for the sale and of theproduces. produce. The A regulated market could suffice the need. Proper road my. It is well known for purchase its agricultural andofcommunication service is a must too. Of all the steps to be taken up to boost of Meghalaya, connectivity Kachai Lemon Manipur and Queen production and marketing of tomato, geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedthe producers need to form producer‘s organization to accomplish any sort of requirements likely to face by them. the country is deal low and as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of References its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Acharya, N.L.agri-businesses. Agarwal 1999, Agricultural marketing in India, Oxford and IBH l for food processing and S.S. otherand related Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makesChakrabarty favourable setting Singh up Y; food R.S. processing Prasher and Y. S. Negi 2004, Economics of Production and option. There are many small ofscale unorganized Marketing Off-Season Vegetables in Himachal Pradesh, Anvesak, 34(1): 19-36 loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Chakrabarty Singh Y; R.S. Prasher and Y. S. Negi 2006, Resource Use and Marketing can address the economic and social issues. Efficiency of Off-Season Vegetables in Western Himalayan Region: A case study of Himachal Pradesh, Indian Journal of Regional Science, 38 (1): 110-122 India Roshni Devi Pebam 2014, A study of technical and marketing efficiency of tomato in Manipur, M.Sc. (Ag.) Agricultural Economics Thesis f the 8 states of Assam,Bishnupur Arunachal district Pradesh, of Manipur, (Unpublished), COA, resources CAU, Imphal ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Advances in Northeast in Integrated India Nutrient Management (INM) in the Production of High Value Crops

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon S. Hazarika and Anjan Kumar Sarma Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH RegionICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam-793 103 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Improving plant nutrient management is important for environmental, economic and social considerations. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) holds out great promise for meeting the growing nutrient demands of intensive agriculture and maintaining crop productivity at my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The higher levels with an overall improvement in the quality of the resource base. INM involves of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen proper combination of revenue chemicalearned fertilizers, organic manure, crop residues, nitrogen fixing geographical indications. However, the crops and bio-fertilizers suitable to The objectives of INM are to ensure the the country is low as compared national average. agro-ecosystem. Inefficient and judicious use of all the major sources of plant nutrients in an integrated ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of manner,products so as to get obtain maximum economic yield without diminishing soil fertility in order its produces. Surplus wasted due to lack to sustain agricultural productivity and farm profitability. A comprehensive literature search ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India revealed INM enhances crop yields by 8–150% compared with conventional practices, l for food processing andthat other related agri-businesses. increases water-use efficiency and the economic returns to farmers, while improving grain he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. and soil health e region makesquality favourable setting up and foodsustainability. processing option. There are many small scale unorganized advances for sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services will be needed during loyment at lowNew levels. The current situation demands the coming 50 years to improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) while increasing crop can address the economic and social issues. productivity and reducing environmental risk. Hence, INM practices have been developed and advocated for its adoption. In this INM approach, the key components comprise (1) India optimizing nutrient inputs by taking all possible nutrient sources into consideration, (2) nutrient supply in root zone with crop requirements spatially and temporally, (3) f the 8 states ofmatching Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, reducing N loss in intensively managed ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources cropping systems, and (4) taking all possible yieldincreasing consideration. ent people and cultures. It measures surely is ainto region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Development of an INM programme: fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, needed for the practical integration of nutrient management are analogous to those ate, sub-tropicalThe andsteps tropical agricultural commodities. used in integrated pest management. In essence, three steps are required: o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, 1. Assess the nutrient status and needs of the system. done at primary level only and the rising standard of soil nutrients econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural  soil type and of potential for proposed cropping be utilized for production of by-products forestry.  proposed scope for production of meat, milk and cultivations milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Establish an economic threshold. eaters. Presence of2.a large number water bodies and  availability of inorganic r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary amendments  production cost of nutrient input (chemicals, manures and labour) orth East India. Mushroom for domestic  expected yield nced with improvement in the state of art of their potential est potential in North EastIndia as thefinancial pesticidereturn and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. 3. for Develop a nutrient ucated to switch over organic farming.management Production strategy.  minimal inorganic chemical needs and optimal timing and placement house conditions can be taken up to harness the export  nutrient supply from plant inputs modified crops, have the highest potential in this region nutrient supply inputs of high yielding varietieshave reached all from partsanimal of  nutrient inputs from other potential sources of nutrients labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Such an inintegrated ri-business enterprises Northeastnutrient India management program is a critical component of the type of integrated farming systems that are essential for the development of sustainable agriculture B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and management Remiioo N. Bamon and natural resource (Edwards, 1989; Edwards et al, 1990).

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center INM in high value crops ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India et al (2004) reported that, combined application of biofertilizer (Azospirillum and *Corresponding Gogoi author email: [email protected]

PSB) and inorganic fertilizer (50% RDF) resulted in 27% higher yield of banana compared to sole application of recommended dose of fertilizer. Soil characteristics viz. pH, available NPK organic carbon, microbial my. It is well known status, for its agricultural produces. The biomass and dehydrogenase activity was significantly the treatment combined application of biofertilizer and inorganic of Meghalaya, higher Kachai in Lemon of Manipurreceiving and Queen fertilizer. In a recent study, Bhowmiket geographical indications. However, the revenue earned al (2017) found that the treatment combinations chemical fertilizer, organic Inmanure and bio-fertilizers [75% RDF + Vermicompost the country is having low as compared national average. (300g/plant) + Azotobacter (10 g/plant)+ ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of PSB (10 g/plant)] shows better growth behaviour (plant height, canopy spread,due number its produces. Surplus products get wasted to lackof leaves, D-leaf length, D-leaf breadth, and leaf area) of pineapple. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Region specificofINM strategies in fruit crops like mango, banana, citrus, coconut, areca nut, he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. cashew, guava, pomegranate, sapota, e region makes favourable setting up food processing apple etc. includes combined application of PSB, and Trichodermaharzianum option. There Azospirillum are many small scale unorganized (50 g/plant each) along with 75% of recommended dose of fertilizer. Beneficial of mycorrhizal inoculation found in apple, litchi, mango, loyment at low levels. The current situationeffects demands strawberry, can address the banana, economiccitrus, and social issues. cocoa, coffee, tea etc. leading to 30- 40% saving in chemical fertilizers. Dual inoculation (VAM + PSBs) has proved to be effective in banana and pineapple. Combined application of VAM + PSBs + Azotobacter + Azospirillum India recommended in papaya, citrus, mango, pomegranate and grape for disease tolerance, and in fruit quality.Manipur, Nursery inoculation of VAM suggested in mango, citrus, f the 8 states ofimprovement Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, etc. forofimproved survival of plants in the field. Beneficial effects of VAM have been ura and Sikkim,cashew, is a reservoir rich natural resources reported in almost all the vegetables worldwide. PSBs are very effective in onion, garlic and ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to spice There use has shown minimize chemical fertilizer use by 30 to 50%. Use of rest wealth, fruits andcrops. vegetables, flowers, herbstoand bio-fertilizers namely, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Microphos gave significantly higher fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into in mushrooms over untreated control (Anonymous, 2007). Srivastava (2009) reported North East Indiayields is endowed with varied ago-climate, that integrated use of AM (500g/plant), PSB (100g/plant),Azospirillum (100g/plant), ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Trichoderma (100g/plant) and 75% RDF improved the fruit yield of khasi mandarin. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Application of FYM in combination done at primary level only and the rising standard ofwith N P and K improved leaf area, winter hardiness, qualityprocessing (juice, totalofsoluble solid, rag content etc.) in many citrus fruits (Pennisi, 1971; econdary and fruit tertiary agricultural Huchcheet al, 1998). Highest fruit yield with improved quality was obtained with 25 kg of be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. FYM with N (400g/plant), P (185 g/plant) and K (300g/plant) in khasi mandarin on acid red scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, soilis(Ghosh and in Besra, 1997). from higher fruit yield (163 kg/tree), reduced fruit drop emand of fishery very high North East Apart Region, (19.7% ) was also observed with eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and integrated use of pig manure (110 kg/tree), N(750g/tree)andmuriate of potash (650g/tree) compared to fruit yield (107 kg/tree) and fruit r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary drop (24.6%) with pig manure (110 orth East India. Mushroom production for domestickg/tree) alone in Khasi mandarin (Dubey and Yadav, 2003). Borahet al (2001) promising nced with improvement in the state offound art of their result due to combine application of neem oil cake (600 g/plant), N (300 g/plant), P (600 est potential in North East India as the pesticide andg/plant). INM practices for some of the economically important horticultural crops are world. listed in the Table1. in India compared to industrial nations of the ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Table1. Recommended INM practices of some important horticultural crops ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

Crop Practices NPK (160, 320 g/tree) + FYM (15 Mg/ha) Banana B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. 40, Bamon NPK (300, 75, 300 g/tree) + AM fungi (50 g culture/tree) Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center NPK (70,25,25 kg/ha) + neem cake (2.5 Mg/ ha) Bitter gourd ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region NPK (40, 20, 20 kg/ha) + vermicompost (5 Mg/ha) Bottle gourd Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India NPK (25, 60, 36 kg/ha) + FYM (5 Mg/ha) + Azospirilliumbrasilense (2.5 kg Turmeric *Corresponding author email: [email protected] culture/ha) NPK (10, 20, 30 kg/ha) + FYM (5 Mg/ha) + Azospirilliumbrasilense (10 kg Coriander culture/ha) NPK (125, 65, The 125 kg/ha) + Azospirilliumbrasilense (10 kg culture/ha) + AM Custard my. It is well known forapple its agricultural produces. fungi (50 g culture/tree) of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen NPK (75, 37.5, 22.5 kg/ha) + FYM (12.5 Mg/ha) + Azospirilliumbrasilense Brinjal However, the geographical indications. revenue earned (50g culture/kg seed) the country is low as compared national average. In- + PSM (100g culture/kg seed) NP (45, 45 kg/ha) + poultry manure (3 Mg/ha) ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of NPK (25, 12.5, 12.5 kg/ha) + FYM (15 Mg/ha) + Azospirilliumbrasilense/ Okra its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Azotobacterchroococcum (20g culture/kg seed) ion and marketing the products. TheN Northeast (45 kg/ha) +India poultry manure (25 Mg/ha) l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. NPK (120, 60, 80 kg/ha) + AM fungi + Azospirilliumbrasilense + PSM (2 kg Cabbage he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. culture/kg seed) e region makesTomato favourable setting upNPK food(150, processing 112.5, 82.5 kg/ha) + FYM (25 Mg/ha) NPK unorganized (150, 60, 60 kg/ha) + Azotobacterchroococcum+ PSM (50 g culture/kg option. There are many small scale seed) loyment at low levels. The current situation demands NPK (100, 45, 60 kg/ha) + PSM (10 culture/kg seed) can address the economic and social issues. NPK (100, 80, 80 kg/ha) + Azospirilliumbrasilense (5 kg culture/ha) NPK (145, 335,420 kg/ha) + Azotobacterchroococcum(200 g culture/tree) Mango India NPK (60,30, 30 kg/ha) + poultry manure (2.5 Mg/ha) Broccoli (Source: Srivastava and Ngullie, 2009)

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Recent advances in INM for high value crops: ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and High nutrient demand and high variation in rooting depth are important characteristics fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into of vegetable crops. For example, rooting depth can range from 25 cm (onion) to >100 cm North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, (long season cabbage). Substantial quantities of fertilizers are applied because of limited ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. information or technology and strong incentives to produce maximum yield and profit. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Excessive use of fertilizers is a typical practice to maintain relatively high nutrient intensity done at primary level only and the rising standard of in the root zone. It was observed that crop productivity decreased distinctly over time and econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural secondary salinization is likely to be a major obstacle particularly in protected cultivation be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. (greenhouse/polyhouse) because of the excessive use of N fertilizers. Apart from these, other scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, associated problems like increase in GHG emission, leaching of nitrate nitrogen, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eutrophication of water bodies and soil salinization may arise due to excessive use of eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and fertilizers in vegetable production system. Application of large quantity of nitrogenous r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary fertilizers may result in accumulation of NO3-N in soils and crops, and NO3-N may reduce orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic crop quality if taken up in very large amounts. High fertilizer N input associated with high nced with improvement in the state of art of their irrigation in vegetable cropping systems have resulted in the agronomic problems, that is, low est potential in North East India as the pesticide and yield and low N use efficiency. Keeping these problems in view, efforts were made to in India compared to industrial nations of the world. develop INM method for sustainable vegetable cropping systems on the basis of ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production understanding the pattern of crop nutrient demand and the characteristics of the soil nutrient house conditions can be taken up to harness the export supply. Real time N management tool (LCC, SPAD, Optical sensor or crop canopy spectral, modified crops, have the highest potential in this region reflectance, GIS etc) can be used to balance the N input and output in the root zone. N target of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of value, which vary among different crops and different yield levels, include the components N labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for uptake, critical Nmin (N-minimum) supply in the root zone, and avoidable N loss. On the basis roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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of N balance strategies,India various N source such as fertilizer N, Nmin in the root zone before N ri-business enterprises in Northeast recommendations and nitrate from irrigation water can be taken into consideration. N B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and N. Bamon recommendations areRemiioo therefore, calculated taking account of the N target value in the root Agri-Business (ABI) Center zone and differentIncubation N sources (Sparks, 2012).

ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region N fertilization= target N value-soil N min in root zone–(NO3- N from irrigation) Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Nutrient management is an important component in orchard management for high efficiency and high fruit quality. Fruit trees are perennial woody plants which can store nutrients and then release them for growth. Therefore, my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The the nutrient uptake of fruit trees includes the total of fruits, leaves, new of Meghalaya, nutrients Kachai Lemon of Manipur and branches Queen and time increment of storage. Nutrient uptake is different under different yield levels. Using INM method, the total nutrient demand is geographical indications. However, the revenue earned according to target fruit yield the country is calculated low as compared national average. In- level and NPK fertilizers are recommended based on soil fertility index (High, Moderate and ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Low soil fertility) and nutrient demand with different stages. products Management of high yielding its produces. Surplus get wasted due to lack fruits using suitable pruning and irrigation are combined in this INM (Sparks, 2012). ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Concluding he region favours cultivationRemark: of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing INMscale method provides a ―win–win‖ opportunity to simultaneously increase option. There Inaregeneral, many the small unorganized crop production and reduce environmental impact. The methodology adapted for INM should loyment at low levels. The current situation demands be site-specific must be tailored to local circumstances, as there is no ―one-size-fitscan address the also economic and socialand issues. all‖ solution to the complex problems of smallholder farmers in diverse agricultural systems. Thus, a demand-driven approach to development programs will be crucial for future India widespread diffusion of INM. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim,Reference: is a reservoir of rich natural resources Anonymous, Working on Horticulture, Plantation Crops and Organic ent people and cultures. It surely(2007). is a region waiting Group to for the flowers, XI Five herbs Year and Plan (2007-12), Planning Commission, Government of rest wealth, fruits Farming and vegetables, India, pp. 1-420. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India isBhowmick endowed with variedP.S., ago-climate, N., Munsi Ghosh S.K., Deb P. and Ghosh A. (2017). Growth behavior of ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. pineapple cv. mauritius under integrated nutrient management in northern part of West o Food Processing,Bengal, Horticulture, India.Floriculture, InternationalFarming, Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(9): done at primary level only and the rising standard of 2471-2488. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Borah S.C., Borbora A.C. Bhattacharya D. (2001). Effect of organic and inorganic be utilized for production of by-products of and forestry. manuring growth and products, quality of khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). South scope for production of meat,onmilk and milk Indian Horticulture, 49: 115-118. emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number and Dubey A.K. and water Yadavbodies D.S. (2003). Response of khasi mandarin (Citrus raticulata r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Blanco) to organic versus inorganic fertilization. India Journal of Agricultural Research, orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic 37: 214-218. nced with improvement in the state of art of their Edwards A. as (1989). The importance of integration in sustainable agricultural systems est potential in North East C. India the pesticide and Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 21: 25–35. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Edwards, C. A.,LalR., Madden P., Miller R.H. and House, G. (1990). Sustainable house conditions can be taken up to harness the export agricultural systems. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Ankeny, Iowa, USA pp.696. modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding Ghosh varieties have all parts ofGrowth yield and physic-chemical properties of sweet S.N. andreached Besra K.C. (1997). labour-saving farmorange equipment have good potential for cv. Mosambi grown in response to organic and inorganic fertilizer under rainfed roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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lateriteinsoils. In: Abstract, ri-business enterprises Northeast India national symposium on Citriculture, November 17-19, Nagpur, India, p.40.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Gogoi D., Kokotu U., Hazarika S. (2004). Effect of biofertilizers on productivity and soil Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center characteristics in banana. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 61(4): 354-356. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Huchche A.D., Ladaniya M.S., India Lallan Ram, Kohli R.R., Srivastava A.K. (1998). Effect of *Corresponding author email: [email protected] nitrogenous feretilizer and farmyard manure on yield and self-life of Nagpur mandarin.

Indian Journal of Horticulture, 55: 108-118.

Pennisi (1971). Citrus manuring. my. It is well known for itsC.agricultural produces. TheHorticultural abstracts, 41: 1157-1158. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Sparks D.L. (2012). Advances in Agronomy, 2012, page No. 1-32. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned A.K.national (2009).average. Integrated the country is lowSrivastava as compared In- nutrient management: Concept and application in Citrus. and behind ForestryinScience and Biotechnology, 3: 32-58. ersity in the region, it isTree lacking terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Srivastava A.K. and Ngullie E. (2009). Integrated nutrient management: Theory and ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India practice. Dynamic soil, Dynamic plant, 3(1): 1-30. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Mushroom in Northeast and Spawn IndiaProduction Technology for Entrepreneurship Development

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Susheel and Remiioo Kumar N.Sharma, Bamon S. S. Roy, M. A. Ansari, Arati Ningombam, Punitha P, Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Kh. Rishikanta Singh, Th. Surjit Singh and N. Prakash Research Complex For NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal- 795 004 ICAR Research ComplexICAR For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Agricultural production system has seen a paradigm shift from targeted food security to the nutritional security. Adoption of improved agriculture technologies has been the major factor in achieving the food security. The struggle for achieving nutritional security and my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The sustainability in agricultural production system is still going on. Development and adoption of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen of sustainable agricultural systems which in addition to providing the livelihood security to geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the agrarians, also able to sustain agro-ecosystem and is climate resilient is critically the country is low as compared national average. Inimportant in present days scenario. With decreasing arable lands and effects of climate ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of change, secondary agriculture holds a promising place to fill the voids of nutritional food its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack security. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Mushroom cultivation is one of the integral secondary agriculture components which can be he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. cultivated in cropping rooms with small to medium costs. Mushrooms can help to address e region makes favourable setting up food processing the problems of sustainability, nutritional security and management of agro-industrial wastes. option. There are many small scale unorganized Since mushroom cultivation does not require arable land, least affected by the changes in loyment at low levels. The current situation demands climatic variables, it can provide lucrative employment opportunities to the rural youths, farm can address the economic and social issues. women and other farmers and have potential to supplement the farm income. Spawn production and mushroom cultivation has tremendous potential in development of India entrepreneurship, thus in providing employment opportunities.

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mushrooms are considered to be the most efficient and economically viable microbial ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources technology which recycles agricultural residues into food and manure (Prakasam, 2012). ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Crop residues are converted to quality protein food which also contains minerals and rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and compounds of medicinal values (Chiu and Moore, 2001; Prakasam, 2012). Mushroom fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into cultivation is taken up under controlled conditions, has very less water requirement compared North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, to the crops grown under field conditions, have short cropping cycle and are the highest ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. protein producer per unit area and time. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of Nutritional Properties of Mushrooms econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Mushrooms are rich in quality proteins, vitamins and fibre. Superior quality proteins (12-35% scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, crude protein content) of mushrooms contain most of essential amino acids in good quantity emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, (lysine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, tyrosine and phenylalanine). eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Fruiting body contains 80-90% moisture content, 26-82% carbohydrates and low fat contents. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Mushrooms contain ergosterol that acts as a precursor for vitamin D synthesis, thus they are orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic very good source of vitamin D. Cholesterols are not there in the mushrooms. They are rich in nced with improvement in the state of art of their dietary fibre (8-10%) and are an excellent source of vitamins and minerals. Among vitamins, est potential in North East India as the pesticide and mushrooms contain good quantity of vitamin B complex (thiamine, riboflavin and niacin) and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. vitamin C (ascorbic acid). They also contain folic acid and vitamin B12, which are not found ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production in green vegetables. Most of the vitamins present in mushrooms are not lost after cooking. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Among minerals, potassium, sodium and phosphorous are present in good quantity in the modified crops, have the highest potential in this region fruiting bodies of mushrooms, besides that traces of copper, zinc and magnesium are also of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of present but lack iron and calcium. Mushrooms also have medicinal values. Various labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for mushroom species are reported to have compounds responsible for curing many ailments. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Mushrooms as a diet also provides various health benefits to the kids, old persons as well as ri-business enterprises in Northeast India young age groups. Due to the absence of cholesterol and high amount of unsaturated fatty B. Banerjee, Amitava andare Remiioo N. Bamon acids,Mukherjee mushrooms the ideal food for heart patients. Taking Agaricus bisporus and Agri-Business (ABI) Lentinula edodesIncubation lowers down theCenter cholesterol level by 34 and 35 % respectively. Due to high potassium: sodium (K: For Na)NEH ratio,Region mushrooms are a good diet for hypertension patients. Low ICAR Research Complex calorificUmiam, value,Meghalaya-793103, absence of starch, Indialow sugars and insignificant amount of fat makes suited for diabetic and obese persons. Coprinus comatus and Pleurotus *Corresponding mushrooms author email:ideally [email protected] spp. have anti diabetic effect. Some mushrooms put on clinical trial have shown to possess antiviral and anti cancer activities. Recent studies have indicated that all edible mushrooms especially mushrooms have my. It is well known for itsbutton agricultural produces. Thepotential in preventing prostate and breast cancer. nature of and high fibre contents makes mushrooms a suitable diet for the persons of Meghalaya, Alkaline Kachai Lemon Manipur and Queen suffering from constipation and acidity problem. Keeping in view the nutritional and geographical indications. However, the revenue earned values national of mushrooms, the country is medicinal low as compared average. they In- have the potential of becoming next generation nutritious foods and can be of great use ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of in nutriceuticals and pharmaceutical industries. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Status Mushroom ion and marketing theofproducts. TheCultivation Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Outcultivation of a dozen of widelyproduces. cultivated mushrooms, button (Agaricus bisporus), oyster he region favours of agricultural (Pleurotus spp.), paddy straw (Volvariella volvaceae), milky (Calocybe indica) and shiitake e region makes favourable setting up food processing are the most common worldwide and contribute >99% of the option. There (Lentinula are manyedodes) small mushrooms scale unorganized total world production. These are the mushroom species mainly cultivated in India and are loyment at low levels. The current situation demands for year round cultivation. can address the recommended economic and social issues.

Abundant agricultural residues are produced every year in different agro climatic zones of India. With the availability of improved strains of different mushroom species and production in hands,Pradesh, it is nowManipur, possible to undertake year round cultivation of mushrooms in f the 8 states oftechnology Assam, Arunachal agro-climatic zones. Around 600 million tonnes of agricultural residues are ura and Sikkim,different is a reservoir of rich natural resources produced every year in India, out ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting of to which only 0.04% is currently used in mushroom production (85% button mushroom rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs andand remaining 15% for other species of mushroom) (Prakasam, 2012). If we could eveninto use 1% of these agricultural byproducts, 3.0 million tons fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform canvaried be produced. So here lies the opportunity for taking up mushroom North East Indiaofismushrooms endowed with ago-climate, cultivation on large scale and possibility ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. of its integration in every farming system module. With respect to North East (NE) India, mushrooms are the food items which are relished by o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, the people of this region since time immemorial. Thus promotion of spawn production and done at primary level only and the rising standard of cultivation ofthrough development of agri-entrepreneur can help providing econdary and mushroom tertiary processing agricultural employment opportunities to the farmers be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. and rural youths. At present in India, around 1.2 lakh tons of mushrooms are produced scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, every year. With increasing health concerns, demand for isfresh processed is increasing every year. Hence there a large scope of emand of fishery veryand high in Northmushrooms East Region, mushroom cultivation and its integration with the crop based or animal based farming eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and systems. There a large scope mushroom cultivation in NE region. r an entrepreneur to get into it. isBeekeeping andofapiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Different academic institutions liketheir ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region nced with improvement in the state of art of (ICAR-RC-NEH) and its regional centres in different NEH states; ICAR-Directorate of est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Mushroom Research, Solan; Krishi Vigyan Kendras; State Agricultural and Horticultural in India compared to industrial nations of the world. departments, Central Agricultural University; other public institutions and Non-governmental ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production organizations are working for the popularization of mushroom cultivation in NEH region. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export fourpotential decades, ICAR-RC-NEH has undertaken systematic research on modified crops, Since have thelast highest in this region standardization of mushroom cultivation technology in NEH region and its dissemination to of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of the farmers of region. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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ri-business enterprises Mushroom in Northeast Cultivation India Technology

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon The basic requirements of mushroom cultivation are discussed in the following sections: Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Mushroom Spawn ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India is basically the ‗seed‘ of mushroom which is used for its cultivation. Spawn consists *Corresponding Spawn author email: [email protected]

of mycelia of the fungus multiplied on suitable substrates like cereal grains. Like in other crops, seed or spawn is the key input in mushroom cultivation. Availability of quality spawn is major in successful mushroom my. It is well known for issue its agricultural produces. The production. A good quality spawn leads to high yield absence contaminations of Meghalaya, potential, Kachai Lemon of of Manipur and Queenand finally high economic benefits. Spawn production requires special technical skill a laboratory for quality and economic spawn production geographical indications. However, the revenueand earned al., 2010). the country is (Borah low as et compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Spawn products Production Mushroom its produces. Surplus get of wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Spawnand production is taken under aseptic conditions. For this a dedicated mushroom spawn l for food processing other related agri-businesses. production laboratory is required. The basic infrastructure and state of art facilities required he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. for a spawn production laboratory are e region makes favourable setting up food processingas follows: option. There are many small scale unorganized Equipments and demands Consumables loyment at lowCompulsory levels. The current situation Laminarand Airsocial Flow issues. can address the 1. economic 2. Autoclave 3. BOD Incubator India 4. Lab Refrigerator LPG Gas Stove Pradesh, Manipur, f the 8 states of5.Assam, Arunachal Air Oven ura and Sikkim,6.isHot a reservoir of rich natural resources 7. Weighing Balance ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to 8. Racks rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and 9. has Glass and plastic wares, polypropylene bags, PVC rings etc. fauna, NE India all wares the potential to transform into basedwith equipments/instruments North East India10.isNeed endowed varied ago-climate, (utensils etc.) 11. Cereal grains, calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Optional (forand mechanized production laboratory) done at primary level only the risingspawn standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural production be utilized forMushroom production spawn of by-products of machinery forestry. (Motorized grain cleaner, Boiled Grain and Chalk Powder Mixer, Bag Filling Machine, Bulk Spawn Incubator etc.). scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Approximate expenditure eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary for establishment of a spawn production laboratory, excluding the orth East India.Approximate Mushroom expenditure production for domestic cost of the inbuilding construction, electrification, and water supply for producing 10 tonnes nced with improvement the state of art of their spawn per annum are as follows: est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Sl. for Item Nos. Approx. cost (Rs.) ucated to switch over organic farming. Production No house conditions can be taken up to harness the export A. Fixed cost modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Autoclave 1 75,000 of high yielding 1varieties have reached all parts of Laminarhave flow good potential for 1 1,00,000 labour-saving farm2 equipment roundwater level 3and labour scarcity for agricultural Refrigerator 1 10,000

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4 BOD incubatorIndia ri-business enterprises in Northeast

5 Gas stove B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon 7 Weighingand balance 8Agri-Business Racks Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research For NEH Region 9 Hot airComplex oven Meghalaya-793103, 10 Umiam, Glass wares and plastic waresIndia *Corresponding author email: [email protected] 11 Need based equipments/instruments (utensils etc.)

1 1 1 1

Total B. Recurring cost

my. It is well known for agricultural a. its Raw materials produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen 1 80q grains @ Rs. 1000/q (approx. 1.4 kg spawn/kg paddy grains geographical indications.and However, the revenue earned 5% contamination) the country is low as compared national average. In2 it Calcium carbonate @ Rs.of5000/q ersity in the region, is lacking behind(1.5q) in terms 3 Cotton 2qget @ wasted Rs. 6000/q its produces. Surplus products due to lack 4 Rubber bands 30 pkts @ Rs.India 250/pkt ion and marketing the products. The Northeast 5 and1qother polypropylene bags @ Rs. 1500/q l for food processing related agri-businesses. he region favours6cultivation of agricultural produces. Readymade PDA and OMA media 1kg each e region makes favourable setting up food processing 8 Energy consumption/year option. There are many small scale unorganized 9 Miscellaneous/Need based (disinfectant, gloves etc.) loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Total can address the economic and social issues. b. Salary 1 Technical Assistant @ Rs. 8000/- month/person 2 Labour @ Rs. 3000/- month/person

1 2 Total f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, C. Interest and Depreciation ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources

India

50,000 5000 2,000 50,000 50,000 1,00,000 50,000 4,92,000

80,000 7,500 12,000 7,500 15,000 30,000 1,00,000 50,000 3,02,000 96000 72,000 1,68,000

ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to andflowers, instrument (Rs.and 6,67,000) (10% depreciation and 98,400 rest wealth, fruits On andequipment vegetables, herbs 10% interest) fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into of production B+C 5,68,400 North East India isCost endowed with varied ago-climate, Income from sale of 10 tonnes spawn @ Rs. 75/kg 7,50,000 ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Net profit per year (750000-568400) 1,81,600 o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Procedure for milk the Production of Mother Spawn scope for production of meat, and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Spawn can benumber prepared on any kind eaters. Presence of a large water bodies andof grains like paddy, wheat, jowar, bajra, rye etc. The paddy grains are commonly used for spawn production under NE conditions. These should be r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary from diseases, shouldfornotdomestic be broken, old and free from damage by insect-pests. Steporth East India.free Mushroom production wise procedure is mentioned below: nced with improvement in the state of art of their 1. Wash the paddy thoroughly est potential in North East India as thegrains pesticide and in sufficient water three to four times. 2. Soak the washed grains in sufficient water and boil in a container for 15-20 minutes in India compared to industrial nations of the world. (ensure thatfarming. grains areProduction boiled fully but are not burst). ucated to switch over for organic 3. beRemove thetoexcess water by spreading the boiled grains on sieve. house conditions can taken up harness the export leave the grains asregion such on sieve or keep them under shade for 4 hours so that modified crops, have4.theEither highest potential in this they get dry. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of Mix thehave grains withpotential gypsumfor (calcium sulphate @ 2%) and chalk powder (calcium labour-saving farm5.equipment good @ 0.5%) so that the pH is maintained to around 7-7.8 and to avoid the roundwater level and carbonate labour scarcity for agricultural

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of theIndia grains. Use 20 grams of gypsum and 5 grams of chalk powder for 1 ri-business enterprisesclumping in Northeast kg of the paddy seeds used (on dry weight basis). First mix the required quantity of B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and chalk Remiioo N. Bamon gypsum and powder has to be mixed separately and then later the grains are Agri-Business (ABI) Center added andIncubation mixed thoroughly with the grains. 6. Research Fill around 300 For grams of Region above prepared substrate (boiled grains mixed with gypsum ICAR Complex NEH rd and chalk) in glucose/milk/glass Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India bottles with 2/3 volume filled. Plug these bottles with non-absorbent cotton. Cover these plugs with aluminium foil. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] 7. Autoclave the substrate filled bottles at 22 p.s.i pressure for 1.5-2 hours. 8. After autoclaving leave the bottles in the room for 24 hours for cooling. 9. for Keep these bottles in laminar my. It is well known its agricultural produces. Theair flow chamber under UV light for 20-30 minutes of Meghalaya, Kachaibefore Lemonthe ofinoculation. Manipur and Queen 10. Inoculate a piece of pureearned culture growing mycelium from Petri plate or slant to these geographical indications. However, the revenue under asepticaverage. conditions the country is low as bottles compared national In- in the laminar air flow chamber. 11. Incubate these inoculated bottles ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of in BOD incubator at 25° C for 20-25 days. Shake the bottles gently after every 5 days its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack for even distribution of inoculum. 12. In around 2-3 weeks the mushroom mycelium fully colonizes the spawn grains. This ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India spawn prepared from the pure culture is called as mother spawn, which is further used l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. to produce commercialproduces. spawn for cultivation of mushrooms. he region favours cultivation of agricultural e region makes favourable setting up food processing the Production of Commercial Spawn or Spawn for Cultivation option. There Procedure are many for small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands spawn most issues. commonly prepared in heat resistant polypropylene bags which have can address the This economic andissocial double sealing at the bottom. The ideal size of bags for half kg of spawn is 35 x 17.5 cm and for one kg of spawn is 40 x 20 cm. Step-wise procedures is mentioned below: India 1. Fill the grains in polypropylene bags. 2. Place polypropylene ring (height 2 cm and diameter 4 cm) near the top by f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, neck Manipur, passingoftherich upper openresources end of bag through this ring. Then fold back the bag and plug ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir natural it with non-absorbent cotton. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to 3. Sterilize these bags at herbs 22 p.s.i pressure for 1.5-2 hours. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, and 4. After these bags get cool, shake them well before inoculation so that the water fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into dropletswith accumulated inside the bag are well absorbed by the grains. North East India is endowed varied ago-climate, 5. Put these bags under UV for 20-30 minutes in laminar air flow chamber before ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. inoculation. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, 6. aseptic conditions in the done at primary level Under only and the rising standard of laminar airflow chamber inoculate 10-15 grams of mother spawn per (If the small scale cultivation has to be taken up, then the econdary and tertiary processing of bag. agricultural mycelium of mushroom growing on slants can also be directly inoculated in these be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. autoclaved bags). scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Shake theininoculated bags well. emand of fishery is7. very high North East Region, 8. Incubate in BOD incubator 25° C for 15-20 days. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies at and examine and the apiary bags for contamination during the incubation. The r an entrepreneur to9.getRegularly into it. Beekeeping contaminated bags once observed orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic should be immediately discarded. 10. When nced with improvement in the the mycelial state of run art isofcomplete their the bag becomes white. 11. These bags can then be store est potential in North East India as the pesticide andat 4° C for future use. These can be stored up to one or maximum in India compared to month industrial nations oftwo the months world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Cultivation Technology for the Mushroom house conditions can be taken up to harness export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Many cultivated of all mushroom of high yielding varieties havespecies reached parts ofare available which can be selected for growing in the different climatic conditions prevailing labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for throughout the country according to the climatic requirements and availability of raw materials. In India, the mushroom varieties viz. button roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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mushroom (Agaricus spp.), ri-business enterprises in Northeast India oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.), milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) and paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvaceae) are commonly cultivated in a B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioobasis N. Bamon smallMukherjee scale to commercial throughout the year (Thakur, 2014). The production of Agri-Business Incubation tropical mushrooms like (ABI) oysterCenter (Pleurotus spp.), paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea), milky mushroom (Calocybe ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region indica), black ear mushroom (Auricularia spp.) and reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) utilizing locally available substrates viz., paddy Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India soybean, cotton wastes, coffee waste, water hyacinth, tree saw dust, sugar cane *Corresponding straw, author wheat, email: [email protected] bagasse, wild grasses and various categories of refuse and lignocellulosic wastes have great potential to exploit and convert it in to a highly nutritious food in less time per unit area (Singh, my. It is well known for2011). its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Oyster Mushroom sp.)earned is the third largest cultivated mushrooms. Under the Indian geographical indications. However,(Pleurotus the revenue especially in North Eastern the country is conditions, low as compared national average. In- part, oyster mushroom has the wide scope for cultivation due its easy cultivation and availability of wide range of Pleurotus ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms technology of species products which can grown its produces. Surplus get be wasted dueunder to lackthe specific temperature regimes of the region. This mushroom naturally grows in the ion and marketing the products. The Northeast tropical India and temperate forests on dead, decaying wood logs and decaying organic matter. Oyster mushroom can be grown on any kind of agricultural or l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. forest wastes of which contains lignin and hemicellulose. It does not require controlled he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. environmental conditions for cultivation. Because of the cheap and easily available raw e region makes favourable setting up food processing needed congenial climatic conditions in NE India, different mushroom species option. There materials are many smallandscale unorganized of choice are available for cultivation. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Its cultivation has great potential to generate a of income can address the profitable economic source and social issues. to the resource poor farmers. India

Cultivation Technology of Oyster Mushrooms

different steps involved the cultivation of Oysters mushroom are: f the 8 states ofThe Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,inManipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Preparation of substrate ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Oyster can to betransform grown oninto a variety of agro-industrial by-products which have high fauna, NE India has allmushroom the potential of cellulose, ligninago-climate, and hemi-cellulose. The substrate should be fresh, dry, free from North East Indiacontents is endowed with varied the mould infestations and properly stored. It is recommended that substrate which is ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. harvested immature, having green chlorophyll patches should not be used. A variety of o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, substrates such as wheat straw, paddy done at primary level only and the rising standard of straw, ragi straw, stalk and leaves of maize, jowar, and cotton, sugarcane bagasse, wastes of jute and cotton, peanut shells, dried grasses, econdary and bajra tertiary processing of agricultural used tea leaf waste etc. can be for Oyster cultivation. be utilized for production of by-products of used forestry. Steps in Substrate Preparation: scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, First chop the selected strawand into small pieces of the size 5-10 cm eaters. Presence of1.a large number water bodies this straw by of the following method: r an entrepreneur to2.getPasteurize into it. Beekeeping andeither apiary Hot water treatment: Soak the orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic straw into hot water (85° C) for 30-45 minutes. Then drain the straw cool down by spreading on a sterile surface. nced with improvement in the theexcess state water of artand of let their Chemical method: Take 90 litres est potential in North East India as the pesticide and of water in rust proof drum or tub. Slowly steep the into water. plastic bucket prepare a solution of carbendazim 50WP @ in India compared to straw industrial nationsInofanother the world. 7.5 grams and formaldehyde @ 125 ml by mixing them well. Now slowly pour this ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production solution in already soaked straw. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Press the straw and cover it with polythene sheet. 15-18 hours in take the straw and drain out the excess water. Spread the straw modified crops, have theAfter highest potential thisout region on sterile surface to evaporate the excess water. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of As per have the latest the chemical pasteurization of substrate is labour-saving farm equipment good recommendations, potential for discouraged and only hot water treatment has been recommended for the roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprisessubstrate in Northeast pasteurization India (Proceedings of XVII Annual Group Meeting of Research Workers, 2015, Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan). B. Banerjee, Amitava3.Mukherjee andSpawning Remiioo N. Bamon Spawning: should be done in a room which was earlier fumigated with 2% Agri-Business Incubation Center formaldehyde for 48(ABI) hours. If spawning is done outside, then the surface of tarpoline sheet asComplex well as hands should be sterilized with spirit or alcohol. ICAR Research For NEH Region 4. Then mix the spawn thoroughly or in layers while putting the straw into Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India polypropylene bags (60 x 45 cm, 125-150 gauze thickness). 300 grams of spawn grain *Corresponding author email: [email protected] is sufficient for 10-12 kg of wet substrate. Around 10-15 small holes should be made on all the sides of polypropylene bags with the help of pin. 5. Keep these bags produces. in incubation my. It is well known for its agricultural The room for mycelial run. Bags can be kept on raised shelves and or hanged of Meghalaya, Kachaiplatforms Lemon oforManipur Queenwith the roof. Optimum temperature for growth is 2226° C. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the mycelial is over the country is low6.as Once compared national run average. In-i.e. the bags have become white due to the growth of mushroom mycelium, make some ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of holes at several places in the bag so that the fruiting bodies can out.due to lack its produces. Surplus products getgrow wasted 7. During fruiting maintain relative humidity of 75-85% by spraying water on the ion and marketing the products. The Northeast the India gunny bags or sand spread on l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. the floor. One or two spraying of water daily is sufficient. There should be 8-12 hours of light during fruiting. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. 8. Harvest the mushrooms before water spray. Harvest by gently twisting the fruiting e region makes favourable setting up food processing body. small scale unorganized option. There are many 9. first harvesting the bags in growing chamber so that other mycelium can loyment at low levels.After The current situationkeep demands grow produce more fruiting bodies which can then be again harvested. can address the economic andand social issues. 10. Pack the fresh mushrooms in perforated polythene bags for marketing. 11. In a period of one and half month to two months, 500-700 kg of fresh mushroom can India be harvested from 1 ton of paddy straw. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, of of Oyster mushroom production ura and Sikkim,Economics is a reservoir rich natural resources A. Fixed Capital (Rs.) ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to 1. and vegetables, Mushroom cropping roof) of 3m x 6m size with a : 25,000.00 rest wealth, fruits flowers, room herbs(thatched and capacity to hold 250 beds at a time fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into 2. Chaff cutter : 7,000.00 North East India3. is endowed with varied ago-climate, Aluminum sauce pan for boiling of straw (120 litres capacity ) : 2,500.00 ate, sub-tropical4.and tropical agricultural commodities. Sprayer one : 300.00 o Food Processing, 5. Horticulture, Fire woodFloriculture, Farming, : 1000.00 done at primary level only and the rising standard of : 35,800.00 Sub Total econdary and B.tertiary processing of agricultural Fixed cost (Rs.) be utilized for1.production of by-products of forestry. Interest @ 10% for crop season (4 months) : 3580.00 2. on items – 5 @10% : 3580.00 scope for production of Depreciation meat, milk and milk1products, : 7,160.00 Subhigh Total emand of fishery is very in North East Region, C. of Working (Rs.) eaters. Presence a largecapital number water bodies and 1. Paddy straw 0.5 ton (500 : 2,500.00 r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping andkg) apiary 2. Spawn 150 packets of 200 g each @ 20/: 3,000.00 orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic 3. Polythene bags (10 kg) : 1,500.00 nced with improvement in the state of art of their 4. Labour, 100 man days @ 150/: 15,000.00 est potential in North East India as the pesticide and 5. Miscellaneous : 500.00 in India compared to industrial : 22,500.00 Sub Totalnations of the world. ucated to switch organic farming. Production D.over Costfor of mushroom production (Rs.) house conditions taken upcapital to harness the export 1. can beWorking plus fixed cost ( B + C ) : 29,660.00 modified crops, 2. have the Cost highest potential in this region of production of 1 kg mushroom (29,660/500) : 59.32 of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of : 59.00 labour-saving farm equipment E. Income (Rs.) have good potential for roundwater level for agricultural 1. and labour By salescarcity of 5 kg mushroom/day @ 150/ per kg. for 100 days : 60,000.00

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2. Total cost of production ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

: 29,660.00 3. Net Income out of 4 months : 30,340.00 B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Post Harvest Mushrooms ICAR ResearchProcessing Complex ForofNEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India the email: fresh [email protected] mushrooms have more than 90% moisture content, they have very short shelf *Corresponding As author

life. The high water content of mushrooms also becomes conducive for multiplication of various microbes which cause rot of the harvested fresh mushrooms. Metabolic activities continue even after harvest and fruit my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The bodies get wither due to the loss of water content. Therefore, harvested mushrooms cannot of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen be kept fresh for longer periods. However, it can be stored forHowever, certain time period by adopting some preservation procedures. The methods of geographical indications. the revenue earned preservation developed for mushrooms the country is low as compared national average. In- can be grouped in to two types, they are:

ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of 1. Shortproducts term preservation (cantobe stored for maximum period of 10-15 days) its produces. Surplus get wasted due lack i) Room temperature: Keeping in room temperature of around 30-33° C, the mushrooms ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India remainand fresh forrelated 8-12 agri-businesses. hours only whereas, it is possible for 24-36 hours during winter at l for food processing other lower temperatures. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Refrigeration: mushrooms can be stored for 7-15 days in a refrigerator depending e region makesii)favourable settingFresh up food processing on the type of package and storage temperature. option. There are many small scale unorganized BrineThe solution In a solution of common salt (in water) in high concentration loyment at lowiii) levels. currentpreservation: situation demands (10-15%), fresh mushrooms can be kept safe for 6-7 days. can address the economic and social issues. iv) Other methods: Lactic acid fermentation and gamma irradiation. These are tedious, costly and sometimes risky also. India

Long term preservation f the 8 states of2.Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, i) Sun drying: Fresh after sorting and selection (trim off the hard stalk portions), ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of richmushrooms natural resources are thinlyItspread sieve and sun dried ent people and cultures. surelyon is aa region waiting to for 3-5 days. To avoid browning of the fruit bodies, a shade may be provided to the mushrooms by spreading a black cloth at about 1 foot above rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and thehas sieve. This type of to drytransform mushrooms fauna, NE India all the potential intocan be kept in air tight containers up to 5-6 months. ii) Machine drying: In machine drying North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, method, fresh mushrooms are dried in electrically drieragricultural within 6-8 hours. It is a costly method. ate, sub-tropicaloperated and tropical commodities. ° iii) Blanching: Sorted out mushrooms o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, are steeped in warm water of 80-85 C for 1-2 min. only andonly thenand sunthe dried. Sometimes chloride @ 400 ppm and citric acid @ 0.1-0.2% done at primary level rising standard sodium of may be added to the water before boiling to retain or improve the natural colour. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Other methods: Freeze drying, canning, pickling etc. be utilized foriv) production of by-products of forestry. Fresh mushrooms can also be processed scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, and value added products like various mushroom culinary, canRegion, be prepared. Mushrooms can also be canned to meet the emand of fishery is verysoup highpowder in Northetc. East demand in thenumber off season. eaters. Presence of a large water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary of Spent Mushroom Substrate orth East India.Management Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their crop is harvested, the mushroom beds become exhausted and the est potential in Once Norththe Eastmushroom India as the pesticide and substrates are considered ‗spent‘ or ‗used mushroom substrate‘. If not handled properly, the in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ‗spent creates various environmental problems including ground water ucated to switch over mushroom for organicsubstrate‘ farming. Production contamination and nuisance by being house conditions can be taken up to harness the exportthe safe home for pathogens. The diversified uses of ‗spent mushroom substrate‘ in managing modified crops, have the highest potential in this region agriculture, environment and recycling energy have come to lighthave recently. of high yielding varieties reached all parts of 1. The used mushroom beds canfor be broken into pieces and applied in vegetable or flower labour-saving farm equipment have good potential organicformanure. roundwater level and garden labour as scarcity agricultural

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2. Spent mushroom substrate is a better substrate for vermicompost. Usually 100 kg of ri-business enterprises in Northeast India spent mushroom substrates yield 50 kg vermicompost. The nutrients contents of the B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon vermicompost prepared from spent mushroom substrates are Nitrogen (1.85%), Agri-Business Incubation Center (1.12%) (Ahlawat and Tewari, 2007). Phosphorus (0.90%)(ABI) and Potash 3. Research The spent oysterFormushroom substrates serve as good livestock feed especially for ICAR Complex NEH Region goats, cattle and pig because the Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India oyster mushrooms have the capability of reducing the organic carbon and increasing the nitrogen content of plant residues. Cattle prefer *Corresponding author email: [email protected] these when the spent bed is broken in to pieces, boiled with other feed and salt.

Marketing Mushrooms my. It is well known for itsof agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen MarketingHowever, of mushrooms in India is not organized to a larger extent. It is a simple system geographical indications. the revenue earned the producers directly sellIn-the product to retailers or consumers. Per capita the country is where low as compared national average. consumption of mushroom in India is 40 g as compared to over a kg in many countries ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of (Netherlands: 11.62 kg followed Ireland: 6.16 kg). Systematic efforts to strengthen and its produces. Surplus products get wasted due toby lack expand the market are required to be taken up. With mushrooms being recognized as ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India functional food, their trade has gained l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. a momentum in the recent years. India is exporting mushrooms to of American, European and other countries. Organized assistance for mushroom he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. marketing is lacking in India. Export e region makes favourable setting up food processing oriented mushroom production units have their own marketing. Mushrooms are exported as canned (in large option. There individual are many arrangements small scale for unorganized containers of 3-5 litres) or in preserved loyment at low levels. The current situation demands form in brine solution. Lower production cost, higher supplemented can address the productivity economic andif social issues. with processing backup, Indian mushroom industry can become globally competitive. In India itself a large market exists for the mushrooms, which can be further expanded by vigorous market oriented extension activities. Like China where 80% of India the produced mushrooms are consumed domestically, we also have to increase domestic fresh mushrooms have very short shelf life, processing of the fresh produce is f the 8 states ofmarket. Assam,Since Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, for realizing the good economic benefits. Around 75% of button mushroom ura and Sikkim,required is a reservoir of rich natural resources production comes during the 2-3 winter ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to months (Dec-Feb), and due to over-saturation of market these flowers, months, herbs producers rest wealth, fruits and during vegetables, and are forced to sell their produce at lower prices. Thus these can be processed and canned for selling during off-seasons. Oyster mushroom are not fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into in that much large quantities, thus as such there is no problem in selling them as North East Indiaproduced is endowed with varied ago-climate, fresh. However, the market for dried oyster faces some challenges, as individual farms are ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. not Horticulture, able to meet the export orders which are of large quantity. If producers form cooperatives, o Food Processing, Floriculture, Farming, they may meet the big export order done at primary level only and the rising standardbyofpooling their products. econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural North Eastern Region ofof India, where very small fragmented mushroom farms exists, be utilized forIn production of by-products forestry. marketing to outside markets and to other scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, countries is a problem. We have proposed a system of mushroom and Region, marketing where a large group of farmers are brought into emand of fishery is very highproduction in North East cooperative mode. Some of them eaters. Presence of a large number water bodiesare andtrained in spawn production technology, who will then take of quality spawn at their farm for the other larger group of producers. r an entrepreneur to up getthe intoproduction it. Beekeeping and apiary This producer group takes up the cultivation of mushrooms at their individual farm and then orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic pools the whole nced with improvement in theproduce state offorartmarketing. of their Another group of rural youths who are educated are engaged in marketing who arrange for the selling the pooled mushroom produce in local est potential in North East India as the pesticide and market, markets innations other parts of world. India as well as for export purpose. This system will be very in India compared to industrial of the effective in small to medium sized mushroom farms taken up in entrepreneurship mode. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Remark modified crops, Concluding have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of In this contexthave of increasing population, decreasing arable land and issues related to labour-saving farm equipment good potential for nutritional security, mushroom cultivation is gaining popularity worldwide. In addition to roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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provide in economic benefits, ri-business enterprises Northeast India it can help combating the protein deficiency, thus providing nutritional security. With the cultivation technology available for a number of mushroom B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andbe Remiioo N. Bamon species which can cultivated under wide range of agro-ecological situations, it is now Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center possible to undertake mushroom cultivation throughout the year. Mushroom production is a profitable venture, which require any significant capital investment or arable land ICAR Research Complex Fordoes NEHnot Region and canUmiam, be grown on agricultural waste substrate. As a livelihood diversification option, Meghalaya-793103, India has enormous potential to improve food security and income *Corresponding mushroom author email:cultivation [email protected] generation being fast yielding and nutritious food with great medicinal value. Spawn production and mushroom cultivation can be taken up with low inputs, on a part time basis, requires little maintenance and The is a viable and attractive activity for rural women, my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. youth and other of Meghalaya, unemployed Kachai Lemon of Manipur andfarmers. Queen Small, medium or large size entrepreneurships of spawn and mushroom production can be undertaken in rural or semi-urban areas of North geographical indications. However, the revenue earned India which national can provide a gainful the country is East low as compared average. In- employment to the rural youths, farm women and rural farmers. In future, for making ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of this enterprise more economic and beneficial; establishment of get spawn production units in public and private sector and their monitoring to its produces. Surplus products wasted due to lack provide the quality spawn, involvement ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India of cooperative and other marketing organizations for providing inputsrelated and agri-businesses. suitable marketing system, availability of technical guidance and l for food processing and other financial support the small scale and export oriented mushroom industries will be required. he region favours cultivation of to agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There References are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands P, Tewari R P. 2007. Recycling of Spent Mushroom Substrate to use as Organic can address the Ahlawat economicOand social issues. Manure. Folder, NRCM Publication. India Borah T R, Rahman H, Avasthe R K, Mohanty A K Toppo S. 2010. Mushroom productionan overview. Technical Bulletin No. RC/SKM/05. pp 1-34, .ICAR Research Complex f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, for NEH Region, SikkimManipur, Centre, Tadong, Gangtok 737 102, Sikkim. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Chiu S ItW,surely Moore 2001. Threats ent people and cultures. is a D. region waiting to to biodiversity caused by traditional mushroom cultivation in China, In: Fungal rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs andConservation (Moore, Nauta and Rotheroe eds.). The st Century Issue, Cambridge. fauna, NE India has 21 all the potential to transform into North East IndiaManikandan is endowed K. with varied ago-climate, 2011. Nutritional and medicinal values of mushrooms In: Mushroomsate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. cultivation, marketing and consumption. Eds. Singh M, Vijay B, Kamal S, Wakchaure o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, G C. pp 11-14. Published by Directorate of Mushroom Research, ICAR, Chambaghat, done at primary levelSolan-173213 only and the(HP). rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Currentofscenario be utilized forPrakasam, productionV.of2012. by-products forestry.of mushroom research in India. Indian Phytopathology 65, 1-11. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery high inSNorth East M Region, RoyisSvery S, Sharma K, Ansari A, Banerjee A, Deshmukh, N A, Prakash, N, Ansari M A, eaters. Presence of aNgachan large number water bodies and S V. 2014. Integrated farming system for sustainable agriculture In: Gupta A, r an entrepreneur to get intoLaxmi, it. Beekeeping and apiary Vijay S. Integrated Farm Management, pp 1-24. Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur, orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Rajasthan. nced with improvement in the state of art of their Singh M. 2011. Mushroom Production: An Agribusiness Activity. In: Mushroom-Cultivation, est potential in North East India as the pesticide and marketing and consumption. Eds. Singh M, Vijay B, Kamal S, Wakchaure G C. pp 1in India compared to industrial nations of the world. 10. Published by Directorate of Mushroom Research, ICAR, Chambaghat, Solanucated to switch over for organic farming. Production 173213 (HP). house conditions can be taken up to harness the export P. 2014. Present status and future prospects of tropical mushroom cultivation in modified crops, Thakur have theM highest potential in this region India: ahave review. IndianallPhytopathology. 67: 113-125. of high yielding varieties reached parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises in Practices Northeastand India Skill for Making Bee Keeping a Profitable Enterprise

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Arati Ningombam, Romila Akoijam, Aruna Beemrote, N Ajitkumar Singh, Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center S.K Sharma and N Prakash ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal -795004 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

According to Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, Father of the Green Revolution, a Second Green Revolution is possible in India only by increasing the pollinators, such as honeybee. The my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Khadi & Village Industries Commission has identified Manipur and the entire North East of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen region as one of the potential regions for the development of beekeeping industry, especially geographical indications. However, the revenue earned in the production of natural and wild honey. Honeybee keeping is a component of Secondary the country is low as compared national average. InAgriculture which can be easily taken up by interested farmers no matter the size of his field ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of or crops cultivated. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Beekeeping for harvesting honey is an age old practice traditionally done in mountains, foot l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. hills, forest, agricultural lands, mangrove forests etc. around the world since time he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. immemorial. Studies and empirical observations have established that beekeeping has great e region makes favourable setting up food processing importance in the agriculture based economy with pollination services, especially in oil seeds option. There are many small scale unorganized and pulses production. Under the rural development programme in India, beekeeping as a loyment at low levels. The current situation demands part of Secondary agriculture is regarded as an important, sustainable, integral agricultural can address the economic and social issues. activity, since it provides nutritional, economic, and ecological security and balance. India

Honey bees, apart from yielding honey and wax, and acting as pollinators, also yield valuable products like, royal jelly, bee pollen, propolis and bee venom having nutritional / medicinal f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, values. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Ecosystem services by Bees: rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Honeybees besides providing honey also perform the additional ecosystem functions and North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, services such as pollination which are invaluable and irreplaceable. These ecosystem services ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. indirectly help the farmer to get more productivity out of his farm by increasing yield of fruits o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, and vegetables through higher pollination especially in often-cross pollinated and cross done at primary level only and the rising standard of pollinated crops (fruits, seeds, vegetables, fibre crops and nuts). Such ecosystem services econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural additional and inherently provided by honeybees free of cost are of high economic value and be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. cannot be measured in terms of monetary value. Pollinators also play an often unrecognized scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, role in combating soil degradation by enhancing the replenishment cycle i.e. more emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, pollination, more seed, more plants, returning more biomass to the soil, more food for birds, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and insects and other animals. Globally the annual contribution of pollinators to the agricultural r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary crops has been estimated at about 153 billion Euros. orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their Bees in India and Manipur: est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Bee hunting was a part of traditional culture in Manipuri society and traditional honey is ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production considered a delicacy irrespective of various ethnic tribes in Manipur. It is widely used as a house conditions can be taken up to harness the export part of ethno medicine by various traditional healers among different tribes too. India has modified crops, have the highest potential in this region four native species of honeybees i.e. 1) Apisdorsata (the rock bee) 2) Apiscerana (the Indian of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of bee) 3) Apisflorea (The flower bee or little bee) and 4) Trigonairridipennis (Dammar bee or labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for stingless bee) with proven potentiality in beekeeping. The exotic species Apismellifera has roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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been introduced from European countries during 1960‘s in foothills of Himachal Pradesh and ri-business enterprises in Northeast India agricultural plains of Punjab. A. cerana, A. mellifera, Trigona spp. are domesticated however, B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo Bamon A. florea and A. and dorsata are N. undomesticated. A. dorsata, (khoiren) is found in foot hills of Agri-Business Incubationregions (ABI) Center Himalayas and northern of the country. Large colonies of these ferocious bees are present in the hills and For forests North East India which is a source of wild/organic honey. ICAR Research Complex NEHofRegion Honey hunters collect large amount of honey and bees wax and earn a good sum of money Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India sale [email protected] of these products. The southern part of India is also having large number of A. *Corresponding from authorthe email: dorsata colonies and contribute large share of total honey production in India. The honey production from rock bees within NE India is undocumented. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The (Heiyingkhoi) of Meghalaya, Apiscerana Kachai Lemon of Manipur is andavailable Queen throughout the country and has two subspecies; A.ceranacerana and A.ceranaindica. Another subspecies of A. cerana i.e. A. ceranahimalaya geographical indications. However, the revenue earned also in Manipur. beekeeping is practiced in India since time immemorial. the country is is low as found compared national A.cerana average. InTraditionally, the farmers have been ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms ofkeeping this species in log, wall, and box hives. A. cerana products is a goodgetpollinator, andto have its produces. Surplus wasted due lack high survival capacity due to the co-evolution with native floral sources, pests and predators accustomed to the same climatic conditions. A. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India florea (Heiyingkhoinakupi), is common in central part of India, occurs in arid and desert l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. region of extreme climates, and also in plains and forests. They produce very less quantity of he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. honey with thinner consistency. Trigona sp. (Khoiningkhoi) is common in all parts of the e region makes favourable setting up food processing and remains for long periods in the same abode. It is a very small bee and collects option. There country are many small scale unorganized nectar from small flowers. Since the quantity of honey produced is small, these bees are not loyment at low levels. The current situation demands is a very important crop pollinator, and their honey has repute in folk can address the commercially economic and used. socialItissues. medicine. India In terms of quantity of honey production as well as other products such as propolis, royal pollen etc., thePradesh, EuropeanManipur, bee, A. mellifera is the highest producer and has many good f the 8 states ofjelly, Assam, Arunachal e.g. swarms less, gentle tempered, good honey gatherer, prolific queen and guards ura and Sikkim,qualities is a reservoir of rich natural resources its nest against enemies except wasps. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to However, even with such good qualities, it has not adapted well to the climate Manipur rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers,ofherbs and being of European origin and its introduction into the state was not quite successful. A. cerana seems to be the better species under Manipur fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into for with commercial beekeeping. North East Indiaconditions is endowed varied honey ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. There is widespread availability of bee flora throughout the state that provides a pollen and o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, nectar source to the foraging bees throughout the year. Different vegetables, fruits and done at primary level only and the rising standard of abundantly of grown in the state besides medicinal plants and flowering trees which econdary and flowers tertiaryareprocessing agricultural serve as excellent bee flora. The taste of the honey differs depending upon the season and the be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. vegetables and flowers grown in that season. Rabi season is usually considered a lean period scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, but isrecently, rapeseed mustard emand of fishery very high in North East and/or Region,pulses such as lentils and pea are cultivated after paddy in large scale, and this also supplements eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and the bee flora available in the season. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary aspect of Beekeeping: orth East India.Economic Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their demand hugeand investment, heavy machineries or manpower etc. Bee est potential in Beekeeping North East does India not as the pesticide keeping has beennations a thriving business in India compared to industrial of the world. for the last 20-30 years in the state which enables beekeepers to fetch a good income to maintain a comfortable living. For farmers practicing ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Integrated Farming System, it provides house conditions can be taken up to harness the export a welcome and easy source of additional income to his income from farmregion or animal produce. modified crops, supplement have the highest potential in this of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of One equipment can take uphave bee farming anytimefor comfortably with some bee boxes and knowledge in the labour-saving farm good potential field. Expertise and ease of handling will roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural come with time and practice. As the demand of the

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honey is in increasing dayIndia by day, the market price of honey per bottle (700ml) is ranging from ri-business enterprises Northeast Rs.500 to Rs.700, if the honey is pure. The national average harvest yield is about 5- 6 kg per B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioo N. according Bamon year. Mukherjee But in Manipur condition to Ningombam et al, 2016, if scientific method of Incubationthen (ABI)yield Center beeAgri-Business keeping is followed, of up to 8-12 kg per year can be assured. A landless farmerResearch can earnComplex as much a rice farmer cultivating one hectare of paddy by starting a bee ICAR ForasNEH Region farm with just fifteen (15) bee boxes. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Bee keeping can be considered as an excellent, profitable agro-based enterprise for landless farmers and entrepreneurs as well as a good source of additional income for farmers practicing IFS. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Sequence Activities in honey extraction from frames of beebox geographical indications. However, theofrevenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

The cover of a beebox is opened

A frame is extracted gently

Extracted frame showing honey combs and bees

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Extracted Honey in Glass An extracted frame insertedof forestry. Rotating the honey extractor be utilized for production of by-products Bottle into a honey extractor to extract honey scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and APIARY MANAGEMENT r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Apiary management is the nced with improvement in the state of set art of ofroutine their activities depending on weather or seasonal changes theEast initial of set and up. It is important for a beekeeper to perform good est potential in and North Indiaobjectives as the pesticide management practices in his/her apiary in India compared to industrial nations of the world. for maximum yields and quality products. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production 1. can Apiary site up to harness the export house conditions be taken modified crops, have the highest potential in this region A good apiary management starts with of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of choosing a good site to place hives. The following are recommended forpotential a good apiary labour-saving farm equipmentpractices have good for site i) The site must be easily reachable for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agriculturalregular monitoring.

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ii) An apiary can houseIndia up to 20 hives depending on the availability of flowering trees in the ri-business enterprises in Northeast area as bees can forage up to 3 km from the apiary. B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon iii) The apiary should be away from human and livestock dwelling areas, roads and public Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center areas. iv) It should beComplex safe from ICAR Research Forstrong NEH direct Regionsunshine. v) It must be near a fresh water supply. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India It isemail: [email protected] if the apiary is away from areas where children play or any source of continual *Corresponding vi) author noise. vii) The apiary should be on higher ground. Humid conditions encourage fungal growth and prevent maturing and bees from my. It is well known forhoney its agricultural produces. Theforaging. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen 2. Seasonal colony management geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InSeasonal is theof set of management practices designed to meet the ersity in the region, it iscolony lackingmanagement behind in terms differentproducts needs ofgeta wasted colony over year. Colony management is an integral part of modern its produces. Surplus due tothelack bee keeping and is essential to maximize honey production, for colony division, for the ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India production of other bee products, and for providing pollination services. The honey flow l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. period is the time when the most flowering plants are available for forage. The off season or he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. dearth period is the time when little forage is available and the climatic conditions are e region makes favourable setting up food processing for foraging. timing of these periods differs in different locations. option. There unfavourable are many small scale The unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. 2.1 Flow season management India The honey flow season is very important for both bees and beekeepers. This is the time for colony strength, production, colony multiplication, queen production, f the 8 states ofincreasing Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, honey Manipur, control, brood disease control and migration. ura and Sikkim,swarming is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Activities before and duringherbs the honey rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, and flow season fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into the season North East IndiaBefore is endowed with varied ago-climate,  Establish a healthycommodities. colony prior to the honey flow season. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural  Horticulture, During theFloriculture, season cleanFarming, the hives. o Food Processing, and performance of the queen. done at primary level Observe only andthe thepresence rising standard of Check the statusof of the brood and adult bees. econdary and tertiary processing agricultural be utilized for production of the by-products ofstrong forestry.  Widen entrance of colonies. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products,  Provide a honey super once all the brood frames are full and the colony active to emand of fishery is very high in North Eastenvironment Region, create a good working for the bees. eaters. Presenceof a Add largeadditional number water bodies and frames to the super as needed. r an entrepreneurto getWait into until it. Beekeeping and cells apiary 70% of honey in the super are capped and then harvest honey. orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Check the combs in the brood chamber and remove any that have been abandoned or nced with improvement thevery state art of their thatin look oldof(blackened). est potential in North East India as the pesticide and  Control and manage swarming. in India compared industrial nations  to Avoid using drugs of to the treatworld. a colony during the honey flow season. If disease and pest ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production attacks occur, apply suitable control measures but don‘t harvest the honey. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export  Feed the colonies and keep them warm if there is a cold wave during the honey flow modified crops, have the highest potential in this region season, especially during winter in foothill and plain areas. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of  Keep bee colonies in the shade if it is dry and hot. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises 2.2 Off-season in Northeast (Dearth) India management

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo Bamon The dearth periodand is very riskyN.for both bees and beekeepers. Colonies may become weak due Incubation to Agri-Business scarcity of food, pest (ABI) and Center disease attacks, robbing and absconding. The following management be Region adopted in the off season (dearth) period. ICAR Researchpractices Complexshould For NEH Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India off season *Corresponding Winter author email: [email protected]

 Ensure the bee colonies have enough food and water  Keep bee colonies warm by narrowing the entrance and ventilator.  Don‘t honey during a cold period. my. It is well known for harvest its agricultural produces. The  PlaceLemon the colonies in a sunny of Meghalaya, Kachai of Manipur and location Queen with the entrance facing south to east. geographical indications. the to revenue earned  MigrateHowever, the colonies warmer areas if possible. the country is low as and compared national average. In Dry summer off season ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in termsfood of and water.  Ensure the hives have sufficient its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack  Keep the bee colony strong by feeding them sugar. ion and marketing the appropriate products. The Northeast India pests and disease and to prevent absconding  Take measures to control l for food processing and other related agri-businesses.  Keep the bee colonies under a roof or shade during the rainy season. he region favours Remove cultivation of agricultural empty combs and produces. store in a safe place. e region makes favourable setting up food processing  Avoid colony division and queen rearing. option. There are many small scale unorganized  Widen the ventilation and entrance to enable better air condition. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. 3. Artificial diet and feeding management India

Nectar and pollen may not be available in sufficient quantities throughout the year in the bee pasture. In this situation artificial food is needed to supplementing the colony‘s diet. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Artificial feeding is needed to meet the daily energy requirements of a colony if the hive food ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources store is exhausted. An artificial diet also activates bees to work. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Different types of artificial food can be used for feeding the colonies in different seasons and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into circumstances. An artificial diet is mainly provided in emergencies. It is important to avoid North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, spillage outside the hive as spilled food can attract pests such as ants that may destroy the ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. colony. The three common types of artificial diets are sugar syrup, candy and pollen o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, substitute out of which sugar syrup is most common. done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural 3.1 Sugar syrup: preparation and use be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Sugar syrup is used in different concentrations. The amount and strength of syrup is selected emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, according to the specific situation and season. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to it. Beekeeping and apiary  get into 1:1 syrup (1 part sugar, 1 part water): this is normally given as a supplement when orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic there is a food deficiency in a normal colony or during the dearth season in order to nced with improvementactivate in thethe state of art of their colony to work. est potential in North East India as the pesticide  2:1 syrup (2 parts sugar, 1and part water): This syrup is used to feed the colony in the in India compared to industrial nations of the world. cold season. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions canpests, be taken up to and harness the export Bee predator diseases modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varietiesofhave all partsand of diseases occur and affect to a significant degree the A number bee reached pests, predators labour-saving farm equipment have good for It is therefore very important to know the different health and productivity of potential bee colonies. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural bee pests, predators and diseases that may occur in apiary and how to combat them.

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Some of in theNortheast importantIndia pests are Greater wax moth, Ants, Hive beetles, Wasps, Moulds and ri-business enterprises fungus, Mite and Lizards. Among the disease the important one are European foul brood, B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Bamon American foul brood, Thai sacN.brood disease, Chalk brood disease and Nosema.

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Preventive measures avoid pests ICAR Research ComplextoFor NEHbee Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India  email: Use modern hives as it is much easier to keep them free of pests and to clean them if *Corresponding author [email protected]

they do become infested. Keep the colony strong with a young and properly mated queen and sufficient stores of pollen and honey.  forSelect a site forproduces. the apiaryThe which is less susceptible to pests (e.g., clean dry hard my. It is well known its agricultural ground, no bears in the vicinity, of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen no bee eater birds nesting close by, no long weeds thethe hives and so on). geographical indications.touching However, revenue earned  Fence the apiary and use the country is low as compared national average. hive In- stands with the legs standing in bowls filled with water. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of  products Avoid pesticide poisoning. its produces. Surplus get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. Northeast Indiacondition. Use clean The equipment in good l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makesPreventive favourable measures setting upto food processing avoid bee diseases option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands  Maintain colony strength can address the economic and social issues.  Ensure sufficient food  Replace old combs every 2 years India  Requeen the colony every year  Clean hives regularly f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur,  Isolate a diseased colony from the apiary to prevent disease transmission to healthy ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources colonies. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, and Special cares to be taken in herbs bee farming: fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India1. isBee endowed with varied ago-climate, boxes should be made of woods locally known as Uningthou, Teak, Uyung, Tera and ate, sub-tropicalTolhao. and tropical agricultural commodities. These are the best choices for making bee boxes since the boxes made from these o Food Processing, Horticulture, are Floriculture, Farming, particularwoods neutral and odorless. Any odouriferous woods are not preferred to make done at primary level only and the rising standard of bee boxes. econdary and 2.tertiary processing of agricultural The bee boxes should be kept neat and clean all the time and not allow entry of ants, be utilized forreptiles, production of etc. by-products forestry. wasp Bee box of should be cleaned 7 – 14 days interval regularly to make clean scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, and healthy. emand of fishery is verykeep hightheinbee North East Region, 3. Never boxes in noisy area as it will lead to absconding of bee colony. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and 4. Always try to keep bee boxes in east-west direction and never let the boxes face each r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary other. orth East India.5. Mushroom production forcloth domestic Always wear light colour while in the vicinity of bee box/colony. nced with improvement the state of artis of their so that the honey comb will not be destroyed while 6. Scientificinhoney extractor required est potential in harvesting North Eastand India as the pesticide and the honey to the comb as there will be no damage to time saving for refilling in India compared to industrial nations of the world. the combs. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Multiplication of Bee Colony: modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all can parts Multiplication of bee colony be of done when the colony of the bee become doubles the labour-saving farm equipment have good for colony. Mostly the multiplication is done when they number of the strength of potential the present roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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show thein―Swarming‖ nature. It occurs when the colony has built a considerable strength. ri-business enterprises Northeast India Season for the multiplication of bee colony or swarming mostly occur from September to B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon November and again in February to April.

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center The future forComplex bees: For NEH Region ICAR Research Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India is now well established that bee keeping us promising and full of potential for income *Corresponding Itauthor email: [email protected]

generation while providing invaluable ecological services. However, the present trend of injudicious application of chemical pesticides is a huge threat to the ecological diversity and population bee speciesproduces. around the my. It is well known for itsofagricultural Theworld including India. Although contact pesticides are systemic ones,andeven systemic pesticides are not to be considered safe. of Meghalaya, worse Kachai than Lemon of Manipur Queen Neonicotinoid group of insecticides such geographical indications. However, the revenue earned as imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiomethoxam (all which are very popular the country is systemic) low as compared national average.among In- the farmers of Manipur are clearly implicated for the decline of bee species in Europe. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms ofThese pesticides not only reduced a bee‘s chances of survivalproducts but also get impair its natural its produces. Surplus wasted due to defense lack systems. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Bee poisoning chemical pesticides takes place in many ways: l for food processing and otherby related agri-businesses.  drift of of agricultural insecticide onto blooming crops or weeds adjoining treated fields he region favours cultivation produces.  insecticidal being gathered with the pollen and taken back to the hive by e region makes favourable setting up dusts food processing foraging bees. This is especially hazardous with open blooming flowers such as option. There are many small scale unorganized marigold, milk weed etc. loyment at low levels. The current zinnia, situation demands  bees drinking or contacting water on foliage or flowers which contains pesticides. can address the economic and social issues.

A toxic cocktail comprising of fungicides, weedicides and insecticides used in the agroecosystem are gradually causing a decline in wild bee‘s population and diversity around world.Arunachal Even if Pradesh, the pesticides are not directly targeting bees, they bear the ultimate f the 8 states ofthe Assam, Manipur, other beneficial insects such as dragonflies, damselflies, ladybird ura and Sikkim,consequences is a reservoir along of richwith natural resources beetles, spiders and parasitoids that prey on crop pests. ent people and cultures. It surely is many a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Inhas Manipur, the trendto of using chemical pesticides as the first and only resort to pest fauna, NE India all the potential transform into management and mostly based on hearsay without expert recommendations is a dangerous North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, begin with. This is commodities. further complicated by spraying chemical pesticides in the morning ate, sub-tropicalone andtotropical agricultural hours when foraging bees come in search of pollen and nectar and when natural enemies are o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, actively searching their prey. Destructive done at primary level only and the rising standard of method of honey hunting should be discouraged as year,processing 40 to 50% of the rock bee colonies are lost and fail to complete their respective econdary and every tertiary agricultural cycles. Their decline in strength is a threat to the ecosystem. At the same time, be utilized forbreeding production of by-products of forestry. scientific beekeeping be encouraged for the economic upliftment of the tribal scope for production of meat, milk andhas milktoproducts, populations in the forestRegion, and hill areas. It helps in conservation of the resources, and emand of fishery is very high in remote North East also the health, nutritional and economic status of the people in these areas. eaters. Presence of improves a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India.References: Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their Statistical Account of est potential in Brown North R.1874. East India as the pesticide andManipur. Mittal Publications. Pp 98. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Costanza R D, Arge, R. DE, Groot R., Farber S, Grasso M., Hannon, B., et al. 1997. The ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production value of the world‘s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260 house conditions can be taken up to harness the export G.K. and Ghosh Sh.in1997.Women modified crops, Ghosh have the highest potential this region of Manipur.APH Publishing, Pp 271. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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Gordon, inJ. Northeast and Davis, L. 2003. Valuing honeybee pollination: a report for the Rural ri-business enterprises India Industries Research and Development Corporation. RIRDC Publication No 03/077 B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon RIRDC Project NoCIE-15A:1-42

Agri-Business IncubationR,(ABI) CenterA, Singh N A and Sharma S K. 2016. Beekeeping: Its Ningombam A, Akoijam Beemrote ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Importance and Role in enhancing Farm income for the modern day farmers. In: Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Prakash N, Ansari M A, India Roy S S, Lal N, Saraswat P K, Sharma S K, Singh L *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Somendro and Roshan R K. Compendium of the Model Training Course on

Improving Entrepreneurial Skills of Farming Community for Income generation under Different IFS Models in NEH Region. 214 Pages, ICAR Research Complex for my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. TheLamphelpat, Imphal - 795 004 (India) NEH Region, Manipur Centre, of Meghalaya, Srivastava, Kachai Lemon ManipurText and Book Queenof Applied Entomology Vol. II. Kalyani Publishers, K.P.of2006.A geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Ludhiana.pp405-438 the country is low as compared national average. InThomas Daisy, Pal,behind N., SubbaRao, K. 2002. Bee Management and Productivity of Indian ersity in the region, it is lacking in terms of Honeybees. its produces. Surplus products getApiacta wasted 3due to lack ion and marketing products. Northeast India Umathe Partap. 2012.The Honeybees in mountain agriculture. LEISA March: 5-8 l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Viraktamath, Fakrudin, produces. B., Vastrad, A.S., Mohankumar, S. 2013. Monograph on he region favours cultivation S., of agricultural morphometry and phylogeography e region makes favourable setting up food processing of honey bees and stingless bees in India. Network projectsmall on honeybees‘ andstingless bees, Department of Agricultural Entomology, option. There are many scale unorganized of situation Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. loyment at low levels.University The current demands can address the economic and social issues. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Waterin Management Northeast India – Its Significance in Sustaining Agriculture in Hill Ecosystems – Issues And Strategies

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon D. J. Rajkhowa Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Jharnapani-797106 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Water is a vital component of agricultural production and is essential to increase both quantity quality of produce. Agriculture is the major user of water in most countries and my. It is well known forand its agricultural produces. The currently this sector faces the enormous challenge of producing almost 50% more food by of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen 2030 andHowever, doubling the almost 50%earned more by 2050. This has to be achieved with less water geographical indications. revenue resources, mainly because of increased competition arising out of growing population the country is low as compared national average. Inpressure, industrialization ersity in the region, it isurbanization, lacking behind in terms of and climate change.

its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Overthe theproducts. past fewThe decades, population ion and marketing Northeast India growth and economic expansion has resulted in increased abuseagri-businesses. of water leading to greater imbalance between water availability and l for food processing and use otherand related demand. It is now well accepted that climate change may have large impact on water he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. a region mostly by affecting fundamental drivers of hydrological cycles. e region makesresources favourableofsetting up food processing Increasing spatial and temporal variability option. There are many small scale unorganized and rainfall patterns (intensity, duration, frequency under changing climate are also affecting the availability of utilizable water loyment at lowetc.) levels. The the current situation demands resources. Other processes like change in population size and location, economic can address the economic and social issues. development and land use, infrastructure, ground water development and changing social values etc. also have major influences on water resources and must be considered along with India climate change in a holistic approach to water resource management (Brekke, 2009).

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, accounts of forrich 4.0% of global water resources and 2.45% of land resources. The country ura and Sikkim,India is a reservoir natural resources also supports 16%is of globalwaiting human toand 15% of global livestock resources. India receives ent people and cultures. It surely a region about 400 million hectare metres precipitation annually which is augmented by 20 m ha-m rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbsofand contributed rivers flowing in from fauna, NE India has all theby potential to transform intoneighbouring countries. Net evapo-transpiration losses are nearly 200 m ha-m. About 135 m ha-m is available on the surface and the remaining North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, groundwater. growing demand for water from the other sectors, availability of ate, sub-tropicalrecharges and tropical agriculturalWith commodities. water for agriculture is likely to decline. As such, efficient utilization of water is of utmost o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, importance. hasrising a highly seasonal done at primary level only India and the standard of pattern of rainfall, with 50 per cent of precipitation falling in just 15 days and over 90 percent of river flows in just 4 months (Sikka and Islam, econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural 2015). India is already facing water stress condition with per capita availability of water be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. 3 in 1951 to 1544m3 in 2011 (CWC, 2013). It is projected to declining sharply from scope for production of meat, milk and5177m milk products, 3 3 and 1235m reduce further emand of fishery is very hightoin1465m North East Region, by the year 2025 and 2050, respectively, under high population (Kumar eaters. Presence of a largegrowth numberscenarios water bodies andet al, 2005). The North Eastern Region accounts for 34% (653 BCM) of total water resources and 7.9 % of Indian land mass. The per capita r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary per hectare orth East India.availability Mushroomand production foravailability domestic of water in this region is the highest in the country. However, less than 5% of the nced with improvement in the state of art existing of their potential of the region is so far used for societal use. the India ultimate irrigation of about 4.26 m ha, the area presently under est potential in Against North East as the pesticidepotential and irrigation is only 0.85 m ha. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Although the availability of the ground water at relatively shallow depth (within 20 m) is very house conditions can be taken up to harness export high in this region, especially in the modified crops, have the highest potential in this regionvalley areas, only 4.3% of the existing ground water potential hashave beenreached developed far. of The region is endowed with average annual rainfall of of high yielding varieties all so parts 2500 mm with variability ranging from labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for 1200 mm in some parts of Nagaland to 11,000 mm in Cherrapunji (Meghalaya). than 70% of the rainfall concentrates in four months (July roundwater level and labour scarcity forMore agricultural

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September) and unfortunately, ri-business enterprises in Northeast India the lion‘s share of the rainfall particularly in the hilly region is lost as runoff due to peculiar topography and absence of adequate storage device.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business (ABI) Centerhas the highest average runoff of 350 BCM (53.6 % of Among the states,Incubation Arunachal Pradesh NER)Research followedComplex by Assam 211 Region BCM (32.3 % of NER) and Mizoram 31 BCM (4.7 % of ICAR For NEH NER). Total area covered by inlandIndia water in this region is 3,320 km2. The rivers in the region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, combined stretch of 17,323 km and a total water area of 1817.5 km2. Except for *Corresponding have authora email: [email protected]

Tripura, ground water development is low in other states of North East. Assam has the highest ground water potential among the N.E. states, but presently 12.83 % of ground water is being The total replenishable my. It is well known forutilized. its agricultural produces. The ground water resource in Arunachal Pradesh is 1.44, 24.89, of Manipur Meghalaya 0.54, Nagaland 0.72 and Tripura 0.66 BCM / of Meghalaya, Assam Kachai -Lemon Manipur- 3.15, and Queen year. The ground water will continue geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedto play key role in meeting the water needs in spite of rainfallnational and surface waterInavailability. the country is abundance low as compared average. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of For augmenting water its produces. Surplus products ground get wasted dueresources, to lack exploration of prospects of development of springs, roof top rain water harvesting, construction of shallow tube wells are some of the welcome ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India strategies. The climate change in North Eastern Region (NER) is also well perceived in the l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. form of change temperature, rainfall behaviour over times. The annual maximum and he region favours cultivation of in agricultural produces. minimum temperature from 1901 to 2003 has increased by 1.02oC and 0.60oC respectively. e region makes favourable setting up food processing to rise by another 3-5oC during the latter third of this century option. There The are temperature many smallis projected scale unorganized The change in demands rainfall pattern in NER is also well perceived in the form of loyment at low(Cline, levels. 2007). The current situation in and totalsocial rainfall, frequent flood, drought etc. The frequent deficits in rainfall and the can address the change economic issues. recurrent droughts in the region further substantiate the climate-induced alteration in the rainfall pattern (Manoj-Kumar, 2011). The change in climate may be due to various causes India which may be summarized as due to natural factors (volcanoes, ocean current, earth‘s tilt, solar radiation received by earth, etc.) and anthropogenic factors like – burning of f the 8 states ofvariation Assam, in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, fuel, change in landresources use pattern, industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, ura and Sikkim,fossil is a reservoir of rich natural transportation etc. Expected consequences of climate change are warmer conditions, changes ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to in growing period offlowers, crops, crop rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, herbs/ plant and migration, drought, extreme hot weather, storm and heavy rainfall / flood which are likely fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into to bring both threats and opportunities. An average in rainfall by 18% and rainy days by 9% in recent times compared to period 1951North East Indiareduction is endowed with varied ago-climate, 1990 in the north eastern region has been reported by Saikia et al. 2012. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Agriculture is standard mostly rainfed, subsistence type and suffers from a number of done at primary level only in andthetheNER rising of By and large, the region is characterized by fragility, inaccessibility and econdary and constraints. tertiary processing of agricultural marginality. Floods, erosion, be utilized for production of by-products of landslides forestry. etc. are common to the region due to its peculiar topography, geo-physical settings accentuated by faulty land use systems. The farmers of scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, region are mostly marginal emand of fishery is very high insmall Northand East Region,with small land holdings and low investment capacity. Watershed as a tool for soil and eaters. Presence of a large number water bodieswater and conservation (SWC) measures as well as for socioeconomic development of community r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary is already a widely accepted fact. The component of the watershed includes socio-economic survey for analysis of resource status, water orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic harvesting instructures, of bench and half moon terraces along with other nced with improvement the state construction of art of their agronomic measures for SWC, introduction of HYV crops, fruits and vegetables etc. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Anover integrated and farming. efficient Production management of water resources through proper planning is the ucated to switch for organic need of the hour to enhance food, environmental and livelihood security of the fast growing house conditions can be taken up to harness the export of thepotential region. This implies modified crops, population have the highest in this regionmanagement of water along with co-dependent natural resources viz., soil, vegetation, forest, of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofair and other soil biota. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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A key challenge for decision ri-business enterprises in Northeast India makers, policy makers and departments is to understand the strategies adopted by the farmers and other stakeholders in their efforts to address climate B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon change induced water stress. Small holder farmers are most vulnerable to climate change and Incubation Center thenAgri-Business have no alternative but(ABI) to adopt their livelihood system to changing climatic conditions. WaterResearch resourceComplex management strategy ICAR For NEH Region is thus, key to ensuring that agricultural production withstand the stresses caused by climate Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India change. The present poor performances in terms of efficiency plus competition over diminishing water resources warrant the need for *Corresponding water authoruse email: [email protected] investment in better water management systems.

In view accessproduces. to irrigation, my. It is well known forofitslimited agricultural The small farmers need to develop water conservation inor ex-situ, water harvesting systems to maximize on-farm water management. Water of Meghalaya, situ Kachai Lemonrain of Manipur and Queen management is also improved by having geographical indications. However, the revenue earned a greater diversification options for water sources, as compared small streams, shallow well,Inbore well and rain water storage. Other options such as the country is such low as national average. micro irrigation (drip, sprinkler), ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms ofwater lifting devices (gravity, manual and pumps – motorized, solar get etc.)wasted may also its produces. Surplus products duebetotried. lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Crop and diversification and insurance, information management and capacity building among l for food processing other related agri-businesses. farmers and other stakeholders is also important in the overall strategies of water resource he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. management. Rain water harvesting, e region makes favourable setting up food processing proper management of existing water resources, community participation will help to attain sustainable utilization option. There watershed are manydevelopment small scaleandunorganized of water for agriculture and uplift socio-economic conditions of the people. The stored water loyment at low levels. The current situation demands ―Jalkund‖ be used for crop production and partly for livestock/fish production. can address the in economic andcould socialpartly issues.

Creating awareness among the people about environmental and anthropogenic facts behind floods, droughts, scarcity of water and sustainable development of water resources of the byArunachal involving Pradesh, the people and utilizing indigenous knowledge and technology at the f the 8 states ofregion Assam, Manipur, time seems to be urgent need. Upgrading the rainfed agriculture through integrated ura and Sikkim,same is a reservoir of rich natural resources rainwater harvesting systems and complementary technologies such as low cost pumps and ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to water low head drip irrigation, runoff storage through farm rest wealth, fruits andapplication vegetables,methods, flowers, such herbsasand ponds, micro rain water harvesting fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform intostructures, earth dams etc. are some of the desired North East Indiainterventions. is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. TheHorticulture, sustainable livelihood in Farming, hills could be achieved by focusing on the improvement of o Food Processing, Floriculture, quality of household livelihood by harnessing local resources, which are compatible with the done at primary level only and the rising standard of agro‐climatic situation. In general, adaptation in rainfed agriculture may be econdary and mountainous tertiary processing of agricultural brought about by introduction of improved climate resilient crop cultivars, by modifying be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. existing cropping pattern, diversifying scope for production of meat, milk and milk products,the crops, introducing suitable water supply, irrigation, drainage resource conservation technologies. A raised and sunken bed system emand of fishery is verysystems high inand North East Region, helps in crop diversification and better eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies andwater use efficiency. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary efforts are required from water harvesting to distribution and application so as to orth East India.Concerted Mushroom production for domestic maintain a in proper waterofbalance. Efforts are also needed to develop water resources in an nced with improvement the state art of their integrated manner at basin level to not only sustain agricultural production but also protect est potential in North East India as the pesticide and the environment meetofthethe increasing in India compared to industrialand nations world. water requirements in other sectors. Watershed as a tool for soil and water conservation ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production (SWC) measures as well as for socio-economic development community already house conditions can be takenofup to harnessisthe exporta widely accepted fact. modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Thevarieties component the watershed socio-economic survey for analysis of resource of high yielding haveofreached all partsincludes of status, water harvesting structures, of bench and half moon terraces along with labour-saving farm equipment have good potential construction for other agronomic measures for SWC, introduction of HYV crops, fruits and vegetables etc. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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Increasing social awareness among the farmers to educate and prepare them to ri-business enterprises in scientific Northeastand India face the consequences of climate change is an integral part of overall adaptation strategy. B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioo N. Bamon This Mukherjee may be achieved through effective short / medium term climate predictions and Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)suitable Center and easily accessible microfinance and insurance dissemination and introducing facilities. CropComplex diversification, ICAR Research For NEHresource Region conservation practices, adoption of location specific integrated farming system modules, promotion of production and use of organic manures, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India water demanding crop rotation, crop varieties, agro-techniques such as direct *Corresponding appropriate author email:low [email protected] seeding, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, low water demanding crops like pulses and oilseeds, adoption and improvements of traditional water management practices etc. are some of for consideration in the overall strategy of efficient water management in my. It is well known forthe its options agricultural produces. The region. of Meghalaya, the Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is References low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Brekke,products I.D., Kiang, J.E., Olsen, its produces. Surplus get wasted due toJ.R., lackPulwardy, R.S., Raff, D.A., Turnip seed, D.P., Webb, R. and White, K.D. (2009). Climate Change and Water Resource Management: A ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Federal Perspective: U.S.Geological Survey Circular 1331, 65p l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Cline, W.R. (2007) Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country, Peterson e region makes favourable setting food processing Institute for up International Economics, Washington DC option. There are many small scale unorganized Kumar, R., R.D.Singh and K.D.Sharma (2005).Water resources of India.Current Science loyment at low levels. The current situation demands 89(5):794-811 can address the economic and social issues. Manoj-Kumar (2011). North East India: Soil and Water management imperatives for food security in a changing climate. Current Science 101 (9):111 India

Saikia, U.S., Goswami, B., Rajkhowa, D.J., Venkatesh, A., Ramachandran, Kausalya, Rao, f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, V.U.M, Venkateswarlu, B. and Ngachan, S.V. (2012). Sans Comprehensive ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Intervention Rainfed Agriculture in the North Eastern Region of India will suffer ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to from Intermittent Droughts and Floods as Indicated by Standardized Precipitation rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Index. National Symposium on ‘Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: Slicing fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Down the Uncertainties’, to be held at CRIDA, Hyderabad 22-23 January, 2013 North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, A.K. and Islam, A.commodities. (2015) Climate change and natural resource management. Souvenir ate, sub-tropicalSikka, and tropical agricultural – International Conference on Natural Resource Management for Food Security and o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, th Ruraland Livelihoods February. done at primary level only the rising10-13 standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Advances in Northeast in Plant Diseases India Management with a Focus on Biological Control Agents

1 2 B. Banerjee, AmitavaDeepak Mukherjee Singh and *, Remiioo S.K. Sharma N. Bamon , T.S. Leenda Monsang1, K. Levish Chongloi1, Asem Ameeta 1 Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Devi , Y. Prabhabati Devi1, K. Sonamani Singh1 and N. Prakash3 1 ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chandel 2 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, IndiaComplex For NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal-795004 ICAR Research 3 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103

my. It is well known Management for its agricultural of plant disease produces. has The been largely based on chemical pesticides and disease of Meghalaya, resistance Kachai Lemon varieties. of Manipur However, and current Queenanxiety about the environment indicates a need to limit geographical indications. application However, of chemicals the revenue for plantearned disease control.A broad and often over use of pesticides is the country is ecologically low as compared harmful, national toxicaverage. to manyInvertebrates and may lead to development of pesticide ersity in the region, resistance it is inlacking pathogens. behind Toinprovide terms pesticide of free methods for disease control. The pace of its produces. Surplus development products andgetdurability wasted due of resistant to lack varieties had been slow and unreliable in spite of ion and marketing tremendous the products. advancement The Northeast made inIndia field of plant genetic engineering. On the encouraging l for food processing alternate andtechniques other related foragri-businesses. plant protection is biological control of plant pathogens with fungal he region favours andcultivation bacterial antagonist. of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing the unorganized important microorganisms used for eco-friendly management of option. There Biocontrol are many agents small are scale pathogens/diseases of crop plants. The importance of bioagents like Trichodermaspp, loyment at lowplant levels. The current situation demands fluorescens, can address the Pseudomonas economic and social issues.Bacillussubtillis used in plant disease management has increased after they were realized to overcome pesticide resistance in pathogens. In the wake of globalization of trade, the production of agricultural commodities free of chemical pesticides India and prevention of pollution in the precious natural resources with hazardous chemicalsis a worldwide. Besides the bioagents have other many qualities such as f the 8 states ofserious Assam,concern Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, systemic in plants against the pathogens and also enhancing the crop ura and Sikkim,triggering is a reservoir of richresistance natural resources growth due to uptake essential micronutrients. Beyond any doubt, the bioagents have been ent people and cultures. It surely is a of region waiting to veryandwell proventoflowers, be veryherbs useful rest wealth, fruits vegetables, andcomponents of integrated disease management and integrated farming system. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropicalManagement and tropical agricultural commodities. of plant disease through induction of host resistance o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Evidences general defence done at primary level onlyindicate and thethat rising standard of response genes are present in every plant. Disease plants is not econdary and resistance tertiary in processing of determined agriculturalby the presence or absence of genetic information for but of rather by whether the existing information is expressed soon be utilized forresistance productionmechanism of by-products forestry. scope for production of and meat, milk and milk products,to control an infectious agent. If the genetic potential enough with sufficient magnitude emand of fishery very high North East for is resistance is in all plant thenRegion, key to resistance is the expression of this potential which is eaters. Presence a large number water bodies and theofbasis of plant immunization. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India.In Mushroom production for domestic the early part of this century, evidence the plant could protect against infection from prior nced with improvement in the state pathogen of art of began their to accumulate. This phenomenon became known as infection with another est potential in induced North East India asresistance the pesticide and Induced resistance can be expressed either locally or acquired to disease. in India compared to industrial In nations of theinduced world. resistance, plant tissues that respond to an initial or systemically. the local ucated to switch over forattempted organic farming. Production infection by a virulent pathogen or an avirulent form of pathogen or non- pathogen house conditions can be taken up to harness (bio-control),become resistantthe toexport subsequent infection by virulent pathogens inoculated at or modified crops, very have near the highest in this region to the potential site of pathogen/non-pathogenic attack. In systemic induced resistance, the of high yielding varieties have reached localized infection of one all partparts of aofplant by non-pathogen or a necrotic lesion including labour-saving farm equipment good potential pathogen resultshave in the expression offor an enhanced state of resistance throughout the plant. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Induction in of Northeast systemicIndia resistance in plants by biocontrol agents

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and N. Bamonrole in plant disease control.As naturally occurring Microorganisms playRemiioo an important Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center or exploited to achieve the desired results. Most of resident antagonist, they can be managed the microorganism, so called biocontrol ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region agents(BCAs) act directly on the plant pathogens and kill themUmiam, either Meghalaya-793103, by direct attachment on the body of the pathogen and then taking the nutrients India or by production of some metabolites that are directly inhibitory to *Corresponding from authorinside(Parasitism) email: [email protected]

the pathogen (antibiosis) (Mishra and Sinha,2000;Singh et al,2001).A large number of BCAs are reported to induce host resistance, both locally and systemically, in addition to their direct antagonistic Theproduces. existence The of potential BCAs that have broad-spectrum action would my. It is well known for its activity. agricultural an enormous impact on disease control and thereby on food production. of Meghalaya, undoubtedly Kachai Lemon of Manipurpositive and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Agentsnational as Inducer of Systemic Resistance the country is Biocontrol low as compared average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Biocontrol agents present its produces. Surplus products getare wasted dueintolarge lack number in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of the plant, where nutrients are provided by plants exudates. Increased plant productivity results in ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India the large part from the suppression of deleterious microorganisms and other plant pathogens l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. by these BCAs.ofSeveral research groups have utilized different BCAs to induced resistance in he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. many crops. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized Mediated loyment at lowBacteria levels. The current Induced situationResistance demands can address the economic and social issues. Bacterial-Mediated Induced Resistance in Cucumber: Beneficial Effect of the Endophytic Bacterium Serratiaplymuthica on the Protection against infection by India Pythiumultimum(Benhamouet al2000).Fluorescent pseudomonads are among the most bacteria inPradesh, reducingManipur, diseases plants. These bacteria are highly effective against f the 8 states ofeffective Assam, Arunachal plant can antagonize pathogens through competition from iron, ura and Sikkim,soil is a borne reservoir of pathogens. rich naturalThey resources antibiotics suppress competing microorganism and chitinases and glucanases lyse microbial ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to cellsand (Singh et al, 2001). rest wealth, fruits vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into investigations on ago-climate, mechanism of biological control by plant growth promoting North East IndiaRecent is endowed with varied rhizobacteria (PGPR) suggest that they protect plant from various pathogens by induction of ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. systemic resistance (ISR) in Farming, plants (Astrom, 1991; Wei et al, 1991). The evidence for o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, involvements of pseudomonads in ISR done at primary level only and the rising standard of was observed when lipopolysaccharides extracted the processing outer membrane of Pseudomonas fluorescens caused more accumulation of econdary and from tertiary of agricultural phytoalexins, increased amount of salicylic acid, phenolics and pathogensis related (PR) be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. protein. Van Peer and Coworkers (1991) reported that a Pseudomonas strain induced scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, systemic in carnation against Fusarium wilt. emand of fishery is veryresistance high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and In to bean treatment with and a P.apiary fluorescensstrain led to reduction in the number of foliar r an entrepreneur get seed into it. Beekeeping lesions caused by subsequent inoculation of P. syringaepv. Phaseolicola. There are many orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic more reportininthe ricestate by Krishnamoorthy nced with improvement of art of their and Gnanamanickman (1997), they reported that the strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens est potential in North East India as the pesticide and and P. putida protected the rice plants against Rhizoctoniasolani throughofinduced resistance. Because many rhizobacteria triggering ISR can in India compared to industrial nations the world. also inhibit growth of a pathogen directly ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production their capacity to inhibit disease may involve more than mechanism. Thus, intheorder prove that resistance in induced and it is truly systemic. house conditions canone be taken up to harness export must shown that inducing rhizobacteria are absent from the site of challenge with modified crops, It have the be highest potential in this region pathogens and that the inducing and challenging pathogen remain spatially of high yielding varieties have reached all parts bacterium of separated for duration of the experiment. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises BacterialinDeterminants Northeast India for ISR

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) contribute to growth and survival of bacteria in plants by Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center aiding in colonization in creating a favourable micro-environment, acting as a barrier of plant defencing compound and modulating ICAR Research Complex ForbyNEH Region host reaction. In the systemic protection of carnation against Umiam, Fusarium wilt by P. fluorescens WCS 417, heat killed bacteria or the purified Meghalaya-793103, India [email protected] membrane LPS were as effective in inducing resistance as live bacteria (Van *Corresponding bacterial author email:

Loon et al, 1998).This observation indicated that the bacterial LPS act as determinants of resistance induction by WCS417 in carnation. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The by bacteria of Meghalaya, Siderophores Kachai Lemonareofproduced Manipur and Queen under iron limiting condition that acts as chelating agent for iron in the soil. These geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedsiderophores are of different kinds. Pyoverdin-type of three WCSaverage. strains Inwere isolated and applied to radish roots. This purified the country is pseudobactin low as compared national siderophore induced resistance to the same level as the bacterial LPS. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Several including bacteria can produce salicylic acid (SA) as a siderophore under ion and marketing the resistance products. The Northeast India iron limiting condition in culture(Van l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Loon et al, 1998). Because siderophore mediated completion forof iron occurs produces. in the rhizosphere, it must be inferred that iron limitation he region favours cultivation agricultural commonly occurs around plant roots, making it likely that bacteria can produce siderophores e region makes favourable setting up food processing themany root surface. Different siderophores seems to trigger ISR .How these siderophores option. There atare small scale unorganized trigger ISR in a bacterial strain and plant species – specific way is unclear at present. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. Salicylic acid produce by bacterial strains as siderophores under iron limiting condition; experiments with P. aeruginosa 7NSK2 s the inducing rhizobacterium and tobacco mosaic India virus(TMV) as the challenging leaf pathogen suggest that bacterially produced SA to the induction systemic resistance. P. fluorescens CHA0, which produces a f the 8 states ofcontributes Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,ofManipur, and SAresources in culture (Meyer et al,1992), induced resistance in tobacco ura and Sikkim,Pyoverdinsiderophore is a reservoir of rich natural and tomato against tobacco necrosis ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting tovirus (TNV).The SA producing rhizobacterial strain Serratiamarcescens 90-166 herbs induced rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, and resistance to wildfire disease caused by P. syringaetabaci(Press et al, 1997).A rhizobacterial strain can induce resistance by different fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into depending on the local condition in the rhizosphere. For instance, a strain could North East Indiamechanism is endowed with varied ago-climate, induce ISR through a constitutive mechanism while starting to produce SA and consequently ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. trigger further resistance through Siderophore production when iron- limiting condition are o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, encountered (Van Loon et al,1998). done at primary level only and the rising standard A ofrhizobacterial strain can induce resistance by different depending of on the local conditions in the rhizosphere. For instance a strain could econdary and mechanisms tertiary processing agricultural induce ISR through a constitutive mechanism while starting to produces SA and consequently be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. trigger further resistance through scope for production of meat, milk and milk products,SA production when iron-limiting conditions are encountered (VaninLoon al, 1998). emand of fishery is very high Northet East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Fungal Agents asand Plant Defense Inducer r an entrepreneur to getBiocontrol into it. Beekeeping apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Some Trichoderma strains clearly are potent inducers of systemic acquired resistance like nced with improvement in the state of art of their responses. Strain T-39 of Trichodermaharzianum can be inoculated on to roots or on to est potential in North East India as the pesticide and leavesto and provides control of disease in India compared industrial nations of the world. caused by Botrytis cinerea on leaves of grapevine spatially separated from the site of application of the biocontrol agents (De Meyer et al, ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production 1998). Fungi are by far the most extensively researched group of biocontrol agents and they house conditions can be taken up to harness the export used against aerial, root and soil microbes. modified crops, have have been the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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113

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Yedidiaet al (1999) Anthracnose C. orbiculare

Howell et al (1999) Seedling blight R. solani

Howell et al (1999) Seedling blight R. solani

De Meyer et al(1998) Graymold Botrytis cinerea

Cucumber

Cotton

Trichoderma harzianumT39 T. virens, T. harzianum, T. Koningii T. virens T. koningii Trichoderma harzianumT203

Van Loon et al(1998)

Van Loon et al(1998)

Fusarium oxysporium f.sp dianthi Vascular wilt WCS417 Pseudomonas fluorescens P. syringaepv. phaseolicola Halo blight S97 Carnation

Botrytis cinerea Botrytis cinerea

P.aeruginosa7NSK2 Trichoderma harzianumT39 Pseudomonas fluorescens

Bacterial speck

P. syringaepv tomato P. Putida WCS356

Diseases

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural Pathogens

Graymold Graymold

Vascular wilt

F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani

India

Biocontrol agents mediated induced systemic resistance in plants

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues.

Bean

Downy mildew

Peronospora parasitica

Van Weeset al (1997)

Van Loon et al(1998) Bacterial speck

P. syringaepv. tomato

Van Weeset al (1997)

Van Weeset al(1997) Van Loon et al(1998)

Pseudomonas fluorescens Erwinia amylovora Bossom blight Pseudomonas fluorescens Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. raphani Vascular wilt WCS417 Apple Arabidopsis

References Biocontrol agents Plant species

Van Loon et al(1998)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Van Loon et al(1998) De Meyer et al(1998)

ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

Rice

Tomato

ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Aspergillus niger AN27 Bacillus amyloquefaciens 937a

P.putida V14i

P.fluorescens7-41i

P.aureofaciens25-33 P.aureofaciens28-9 P.aureofaciens36-5 P. corrugata 13 P.fluorescens-15 P. fluorescens G8-4 P.putida 34-13 P. putida 89 B-27 P. putida 89 B-27 P. putida 89 B-27 P. putida 89 B-27 P. putida 89 B-27 P. putida 89 B-27 P. putida 89 B-27 Serratia marcescens90166 S. marcescens90-166 S. marcescens90-166 S. marcescens90-166 S. marcescens90-166 S. marcescens90-166 S. marcescens90-166 S. plymuthica 2067

R. solani Tomato mottle virus

R. solani

R. solani

C. orbiculare Cucumber mosaic virus Diabrotica undecimpunctata Erwinia tracheiphila F. oxysporum f.sp. lachrymans F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum C. orbiculare

C. orbiculare C. orbiculare Pythium aphanidermatum Pythium aphanidermatum C. orbiculare C. orbiculare Acalymna vittatum C. orbiculare Cucumber mosaic virus Diabrotica undecimpunctata Erwinia tracheiphila F. oxysporum f.sp. lachrymans F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum Acalymna vittatu

Mosaic Herbivory Bacterial wilt Angular leaf spot Vascular wilt Anthracnose

Anthracnose Anthracnose Crown rot Crown rot Anthracnose Anthracnose Herbivory Anthracnose Mosaic Herbivory Bacterial wilt Angular leaf spot Vascular wilt Herbivory

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

Sheath blight

Sheath blight

Sheath blight Mottling

Van Weeset al (1997) Van Weeset al (1997) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Weeset al (1997) Van Weeset al (1997) Zehnderet al (1999) Van Weeset al (1997) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998)

Krishnamoorthy and Gnanamanickman(1997) Krishnamoorthy and Gnanamanickman(1997) Sen(2000) Murphy et al(2000)

Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998) Van Loon et al (1998) Liu et al(1995a) Liu et al(1995b) Van Weeset al (1997)

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

115

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Zehnderet al(1990) Zehnderet al(1990) De Meyer et al(1998)

Van Loon et al (1998)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Vascular wilt

Mosaic Mosaic Graymold Cucumber mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic virus Botrytis cinerea

India

F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues.

B. subtilis 937b B.pumilus SE34 P.fluorescencens WCS417 P.fluorescencens 89B-27 S.marcescens90-116 Trichoderma harzianumT39

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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In recentin years, research on mechanisms by BCAs especially by Trichoderma spp. for disease ri-business enterprises Northeast India control has centered on the role of chitinase, glucanases and protease in the biocontrol B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and2000; Remiioo N. Bamon process (Harman, Singh et al, 2001). More recently research emphasis has been Agri-Business Incubation induction (ABI) Centerof defense responses in the host plant by expanded to include Trichodermaharzianum(Howell et al, 1999),T. virens(Howell et al, 1999)and ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Penicilliumjancezewskii, A. niger etc.( Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, IndiaSen, 2000)against different pathogens.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The level of protection afforded by T-39 applied to roots was similar to the known bacterial ISR inducing organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa KMPCH. In an experiment, cucumber plantsfor were in theproduces. presence The or absence of Trichoderma harzianum strain T-203 in an my. It is well known its grown agricultural system. Plant was always larger in the presence of T-203 than its absence. of Meghalaya, axenic Kachaihydroponic Lemon of Manipur and Queen Both chitinases and peroxidase activities increased in root and leaf tissues of treated geographical indications. However, the revenue earned which isnational indication of ISR(Yedidiaet al, 1999). the country is seedlings, low as compared average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Seed treatment T. virens defense responses the synthesis terpenoid in the its produces. Surplus products with get wasted due stimulates to lack cotton roots. Analysis of extracts of cotton roots and hypocotyls grown from T. virens treated ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India seed showed the terpenoid synthesis and peroxidase activity were increased in the roots of l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. treated plants but not in the hypocotyls he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. of these plants or in the untreated control. Bioassay of the terpenoids for toxicity of R. solani showed that the pathway intermediates e region makes favourable setting up food processing and hemigossypol option. There desoxyhemigossypol are many small scale unorganized were strongly inhibitory to the pathogens. Research on the mechanism employed by the control agents Trichoderma virens to suppress cotton loyment at low levels. The current situation demands incited by Rhizoctonia solani has shown that mycoparasitism and antibiotic can address the seedling economicdisease and social issues. production are not major contributors to successful biological control (Howell et al, 1999). India Procedures to Demonstrate Induced Resistance by BCAs: f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, to perform induced systemic resistance by BCAs are ura and Sikkim,The is a common reservoirprocedures of rich natural resources 1) Coating seeds with high numbers ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to of BCAs before sowing, 2) Dipping the roots of seedlings rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs andin BCA suspension at the time of transplanting. 3) Pouring a suspension of BCAs fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform intoon or mixing it with autoclaved soil. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, induced Resistance by BCAs ate, sub-tropicalMechanism and tropicalof agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, The accumulation glycine rich proteins are found in the cell wall of many plants and done at primary level only and theofrising standard of systemically. help generally in the strengthening of the cell wall after econdary and accumulate tertiary processing of These agricultural infection by the pathogen. Papillae be utilized for production of by-products of forestry.are formed at the site of attempted penetration i.e. underside ofappressoria in the plants as a mean of restricting fungal penetration into scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, epidermal cells. inPapillae consist mainly of callose, UV-fluorescent material and silicon emand of fishery is very high North East Region, (Kovatset al, 1991). eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary been observed in many plant species following attempted infection by orth East India.Lignification Mushroom has production for domestic pathogenic inorganisms nced with improvement the state such of artasof fungi, their bacteria, viruses and nematodes. There is strong evidence that lignification is an important mechanism for disease resistance (Carver et al, est potential in North East India as the pesticide and 1994). in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production ISR a broad spectrum of pathogens. This suggests that a number of house conditions canisbeeffective taken upagainst to harness the export mechanisms or the enhanced modified crops, different have the highest potential in this region ability to induce these mechanisms after challenging infection must accompany the development of ISR. Synthesis of low molecular weight of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of antibiotics, one have of the classical responses to infection is the synthesis of phytoalexins that labour-saving farm equipment good potential for play an important role in the locally induced resistance. The accumulation and translocation roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 117

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of the phytoalexins ri-business enterprises in Northeastdepends India on the host-pathogen system. On the basis of the results of different experiments it was postulated that phytoalexins do not play a major role in the ISR B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamonbiochemical changes enhanced activity of peroxidase by BCAs. Peroxidases and associated Agri-Business Incubation Center leads to the production and(ABI) accumulation of hydroxyproline rich glycoprotein (HRGP) into the cell wall (Bradley al, NEH 1992). ICAR Research ComplexetFor Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India walls that have additional HRGP cross linked into them, they are more resistant to *Corresponding Since authorcell email: [email protected]

enzymatic attack. It is possible that the induction associated HRGPs may increase the resistance of the host cell wall to pathogen attack. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Accumulation Kachai Lemonofof pathogensis Manipur andrelated Queen(PR) proteins are acid soluble, proteinase resistance, acid or basic, localized in the extra-cellular space or in vacuole and accumulated in the plant geographical indications. However, the revenue earned pathogens attack. These proteins the country is after low as compared national average. In-have been classified into several major groups. Several PR proteins including PR-1, β-1-3-glucanase (PR-2), chitinases (PR-3),PR-4 and osmotin ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of (PR-5) products show antimicrobial in vitro (Van Loon et al, 1998).Moreover, chitinases and its produces. Surplus get wasted activity due to lack β-1-3-glucanases have a synergistic antifungal activity (Dixon et al, 1995).They also release ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India molecules that may act as elicitors(Keen et al, 1983; Mauchet al, 1988). PR proteins are l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. systemically by pathogen or resistance inducing chemicals such as salicylic acid.SA he region favours cultivationinduced of agricultural produces. increased activity of the salicylic acid e region makes favourable setting up food processinginduces resistance in the plants by application of BCAs blocking catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity in the cells which leads to the option. There through are many smallthescale unorganized accumulation of activated oxygen molecules. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. Induced Resistance as a component of Integrated Crop Management India The practical case for resistance inducers having a role in an integrated disease management reducing fungicide inputs can be made very strongly and based on progress f the 8 states ofstrategy Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, in recentofyears several scientific groups. Resistance inducers can be combined with ura and Sikkim,made is a reservoir rich by natural resources existing fungicide spray programmes ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting toeither as combined tank mix or as alternating sprays to achieve either higher levels herbs of disease rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, and control or reduced fungicide inputs. In addition, because inducers are not in themselves fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into antimicrobial it may be possible to integrate them biocontrolwith agents thereby increasing flexibility of management. North East Indiawith is endowed varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Many compoundFloriculture, have been shown to elicit resistance to pathogens in laboratory experiment o Food Processing, Horticulture, Farming, but few have been widely tested in done at primary level only and the rising standardthe of field. Timing g of elicitor application is more critical timingprocessing of fungicideofapplication and need to be carried out before the pathogen becomes econdary and than tertiary agricultural established.In general the level of protection offered by ISR/SAR in the field is less than be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. with current fungicides but they offer the opportunity of disease control in circumstances, scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, where therehigh is the reduce toxic or harmful agrochemicals inputs. So use of defense emand of fishery is very in desire NorthtoEast Region, inducers as a component of IPM offers eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and both the advantage of better disease control and lower fungicide input. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Referencesin the state of art of their nced with improvement est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Astrom, S. 1991.Induction in India compared to industrial nations ofofthedisease world.resistance in common bean susceptible to halo blight bacterial pathogens after seed bacterization with rhizosphere pseudomonas. J. Gen. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Appl. Microbiol37:495-501. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, Benhamou, have the highest in this region D., and Dehbi, L. 2000.Bacterialmediated induced N., potential Gagné, S., Le Quéré, of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of resistance in cucumber: Beneficial effect of the endophytic bacterium Serratia labour-saving farm equipment haveongood plymuthica the potential protectionforagainst infection by Pythium ultimum. Phytopathology roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 90:45-56. 118

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ri-business enterprises India Bradley, in D.Northeast J., Kjellbom ,P. and Lamb , C. J. 1992. Elicitor induced and wound induced oxidative cross-linking of a proline rich plant cell wall protein, a novel rapid defense B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon response.and Cell 70:21-30.

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Carver, T. L.W., Zeyen R.J., Region Bushnell, W.R., and Robbins, M,P. 1994. Inhibition of ICAR Research Complex For, NEH phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase increases Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India quantitative susceptibility of barley to powdery mildew *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

(Erysiphegraminis).Physiol.Mol.Plant.Pathol.44 :261-72

De Meyer, G., Bigirimana , J, Elad ,Y. and Hofte,M.1998. et al1998.Induced systemic my. It is well known forresistance its agricultural produces. Theharzianum T 39 biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea. in Trichoderma of Meghalaya, Kachai Eur.J.Plant.Pathol.104:279-286. Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned N. L. and Bhattacharya,M..1995. Engineering disease resistance in plant. the country is Dixon, low as R.A.,Palva, compared national average. InP. Singh and in U. terms S. Singh ersity in the region, it In is R. lacking behind of (eds.).Molecular methods in Plant Pathology, Lewis Publishers, Boka Raton, USA its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack.pp-249-272. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India of biocontrol: Changes in perception derived from Harman, G.E. 2000.Myths and dogmas l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. research on Trichoderma harzianum T-22.Plant Disease 84:377-393. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. C.R., Hanson, L.E., processing Stipanovic, R.D. and Pukhaber,L,S,1999. Induction of terpenoid e region makesHowell, favourable setting up food synthesis cottonunorganized roots and control of Rhizoctonia solani by seed treatment with option. There are many smallin scale Trichoderma virens.Phytopathology 90: 246-252. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the Keen, economic andand social issues. M .1983.β -1-3-Endoglucanase from soybean release elicitor N. T. Yoshikawa, active carbohydrate from fungal cell wall. Plant Physiol.71: 460-465. India Kovats K, Binder , A and Hohi , H.R. 1991. Cytology of induced resistance of tomato to infestans.Planta. f the 8 states of Assam,Phytophthora Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, 183:491-490.

ura and Sikkim,Krishnamoorthy, is a reservoir of rich natural resources K. and Gnanamanickman, S.S. 1997.Biological control of sheath blight of ent people and cultures.rice It surely is a region waiting to by plant associated. Pseudomonas spp.Curr.Sci 72:331-334. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Liu, L., Kloepper, J.W. and Tuzun , S. 1995a. Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber fauna, NE India has allagainst the potential to transform into angular leaf spot by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.Phytopathology 85: North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, 843-847. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Liu,Horticulture, L., Kloepper,Floriculture, J.W. and Tuzun , S. 1995b. Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber o Food Processing, Farming, against by plant done at primary level only andFusarium the risingwilts standard of growth promoting rhizobacteria. Phytopathology 85: econdary and tertiary659-698. processing of agricultural be utilized forMauch, production by-products of B. forestry. F.,of Mauch-Mani, and Boller,T. 1988. Antifungal hydrolases in pea scope for production of tissue.2.Inhibition meat, milk and milk products, of fungal growth by combinations of chitinase and β -1-3emand of fishery is very high in NorthPhysiol. East Region, glucanase.Plant 88:936-942. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Meyer, Georges, C. 1992. Iron metabolism in pseudomonas r an entrepreneur to get J.M., into it.Azelvandre, Beekeeping P. andand apiary fluorescens CHAO. Biofactors orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic 4:23-27. Murphy, J.E., Zehnder, G.W., Schuster, nced with improvement in the state of art of their D.J., Sikora, E.J., Polston, J.E. and Kloepper, J.W. (2000).Plant growth promoting est potential in North East India as the pesticide and rhizobacterial mediated protection in tomato against tomato mottle virus. Disease.84:779-784. in India compared to industrial nations of Plant the world. ucated to switch over C.M., for organic farming. Production Press, Loper, J. E. and Kloepper, J.W. 1997.Salicylic acid produced by Serratia house conditions can bemarcescens taken up to 90-166 harnessisthe notexport the primary determinant of induced systemic resistance in modified crops, have thecucumber highest potential in this region or tobacco. Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact 10: 761-68. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of Sen, equipment B.2000.Biological control: A success labour-saving farm have good potential for story. Indian Phytopathology.53:243-249. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 119

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast Skill & Technique India on Zero Tillage Production of Toria Oilseed

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon N. Arunkumar Singh Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Imphal West ICAR Research Complex ICAR For NEH Research RegionComplex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal- 795004 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Monocropping of rice is a common farming system in Manipur valley although double cropping is also practiced in few irrigated pockets. It resulted to low cropping intensity of 102 per cent, the being lack of irrigation my. It is well known for reason its agricultural produces. The facilities and awareness among the farmers about conservation agriculture techniques. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and QueenThe practice of zero tillage with local cultivar Yella started in However, Kakching the during 1970s by few innovative farmers. The zero tillage cultivation of geographical indications. revenue earned spread rapidly as cropaverage. thrives well the country is toria low as compared national In- even without irrigation. Realizing the potential of the practice ICAR Manipur with KVK Imphal West standardized the practice and instead of local ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of cultivarproducts Yella, improved variety its produces. Surplus get wasted due toM-27 lack was introduced which was an instant success. The local cultivar Yella gave an average ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India of 5 q/ha whereas improved variety M-27 gave an average ofrelated 8 q/ha agri-businesses. and maximum yield of 14 q/ha which is much higher than its potential l for food processing andyield other yield i.e. 12 q/ha. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing KVK Imphal West introduced the practice in Imphal West district in rabi 2000 option. There Subsequently are many small scale unorganized after conducting On Farm Testing. Because of the intervention of KVK, Imphal West, about loyment at low levels. The current situation demands ha areaand was brought under zero tillage in the district till 2015. can address the 800 economic social issues. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary ZERO TILLAGE WITH LOCAL CULTIVAR YELLA orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their a set of and techniques used in Conservation Agriculture (CA), which est potential in ZERO North TILLAGE East India isasone theofpesticide aims to to industrial enhance and sustain farm production by conserving and improving soil, water and in India compared nations of the world. biological resources. Essentially, it maintains a permanent or semi-permanent organic soil ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production cover (e.g. a growing crop orthe dead mulch) that protects the soil from sun, rain and wind and house conditions can be taken up to harness export allows soil micro-organisms and fauna modified crops, have the highest potential in this region to take on the task of "tilling" and soil nutrient balancing processes of high yielding varieties- natural have reached alldisturbed parts of by mechanical tillage. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 120

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ri-business enterprises Advantages in Northeast of zero tillage: India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo Bamonresearch and farmers experience that excessive tillage  It hasand been shownN. through Agri-Business Incubation Center removes surface(ABI) residues which protect the soil.  More tillage For causes erosion and soil degradation, especially in warmer areas ICAR Research Complex NEHmore Region where the top soil layer is thin. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India  Sowing with zero-tillage offers the benefits of retained surface residues and *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

reduced soil water losses.  Zero-tillage seeding systems can provide higher spring soil moisture and lower compared my. It is well known for itsevaporation agriculturallosses produces. The with conventional tillage systems. Zero-tillage sowing improve soil condition over time. Long term zero- tillage of Meghalaya, KachaiLemon of Manipur andmay Queen seeded fields are higher in the availability of organic nitrogen than in fields seeded geographical indications. However, the revenue earned using conventional methods. the country is low as compared national average. In- This is supported by the experience of many long time zero-tillers who reduced their fertilizer rates from soil test ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms have of recommendations without suffering yield decreases its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack  Soil erosion is reduced by ion and marketing the products. The Northeast Indiaabout 90 per cent and soil biological activity and biodiversity areagri-businesses. maximized. l for food processing and other related  Theofrice stubbles and higher plant density under zero-tillage leave less room for he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. weeds. e region makes favourable setting up food processing  Saves (which is very high in Manipur, i.e. about Rs 8000.00/ha) option. There are many smalltillage scalecost. unorganized  Early sowing is possible as no tillage is required: In Manipur due to delayed rain loyment at low levels. The current situation demands tillage operations can address the economic and social issues.are delayed causing further delay in sowing of the crop. Hence under conventional method sowing of toria is done during December to January months causing high incidence of pest and diseases and decrease in yield India  As soil is not opened maximum moisture is conserved and irrigation water minimized. f the 8 states of Assam,requirement Arunachal isPradesh, Manipur,  Convenient in irrigation : As soil of Manipur valley is mostly clay loam, flooding ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources irrigation or heavy rain cause oversaturation of soil resulting to yellowing of tender plants ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to growth. Such problems are avoided under zero tillage planting. rest wealth, fruitsand andstunted vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into PRACTICES FOR ZERO TILLED TORIA CULTIVATION: North East IndiaPACKAGE is endowedOF with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. 1. Horticulture, Soil: Rapeseed grows wellFarming, in light to heavy loam neutral soils. Zero tillage toria can be o Food Processing, Floriculture, grown successfully in all soil types done at primary level only and the rising standard ofof Manipur valley if sown at the right time. econdary and 2.tertiary agricultural Methodprocessing of sowing of for zero tillage: Just after harvest of rice crop spread the paddy straw be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. uniformly in the field and allow it to settle for 2-3 days and sow the seeds uniformly. If scope for production meat, milk and at milk theofmoisture is low theproducts, time of sowing give a pre-sowing irrigation. Burning of the emand of fishery ispaddy very straw high in North East after spreadingRegion, is often practiced by majority of farmers; however burning eaters. Presence ofgives a large number waterbenefit bodiesand andis hazardous in the long run, hence burning should be only temporary r an entrepreneur toavoided. get into For it. Beekeeping and apiary uniform spread of the seeds while sowing mix the seeds with convenient orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic amount of dry sand or soil. nced with improvement in the state of art of their Optimum moisture at sowing: est potential in 3.North East India as thelevel pesticide and Optimum moisture status of the soil for sowing can without using sophisticated equipment and success of the zero tillage toria in India comparedbetojudged industrial nations of any the world. depends on the status of moisture ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production content in the soil at the time of sowing. After the harvest of the cropthe theexport optimum moisture level could be judged by walking in the house conditions can be taken up paddy to harness shoes andinifthis theregion soil is little depressed but don‘t stick to the feet and index modified crops, havefield the without highest potential finger can easily make a hole in the of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of soil, it is the optimum moisture level for sowing. labour-saving farm equipmentmanagement: have good potential forwell decomposed cow dung (5-10 t/ha) should be 4. Nutrient Enough roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural applied in sufficient quantity to the preceding paddy crop. 121

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Chemical fertilizers:

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N.O Bamon A. Rainfed: 60 and kg N, 30 kg P 2 5 and 30 kg K2O/ha ½ of N (65 kg Urea/ ha.) + full of P 2O5 Agri-Business Incubation Center (188 kg SSP/ha.) + K(ABI) 2O (50 kg MOP) should be applied as basal before sowing. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Remaining ½ of N should be top dressed at 30 (32.5kg Urea/ha.) and 60 (32.5 kg Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Urea/ha.) days after sowing in India equal splits when sufficient moisture is there in soil (N, P *Corresponding author email: [email protected] and should be applied preferably through urea, SSP and MOP).

B. Irrigated: 80 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O/ha. my. It is well knownUrea: for its agricultural produces. The and MOP: 50 kg/ha 173 kg/ha SSP: 250 kg/ha of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. 5. Apply However, a thin layer the revenue of lime @ earned 1000 kg/ha before spreading of straw in the field. the country is 6. lowSeed as compared national average. rate: 12kg/ha (M-27) and In14 kg/ha (Yela). In improved and HYVs higher planting ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of resulting to low yield. density reduce number of pods/plant its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack 7. Seed treatment: the seeds with Mancozeb @ 2 g/kg of seed for the control of white ion and marketing the products. TheTreat Northeast India rust and downy mildew at seedling l for food processing and other related agri-businesses.stage. 8. cultivation Sowing time: The first fortnight of October to 2nd week of November for valley and for he region favours of agricultural produces. foot hillssetting and upland cropprocessing should be sown during September month. e region makes favourable up food option. There 9.areIrrigation: many small One scale or twounorganized irrigations are beneficial. First at 25-35 days after sowing and loyment at low levels. The current situation second at grain filling stagedemands i.e., 50-55 days after sowing can address the economic and social issues. 10. Plant protection: India Aphids: Early planted crop is seldom infested however if symptoms are observed give two sprays of Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 2ml/litre of water or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL@ 3ml/10 f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal litres of water. Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources 11. Harvesting: thewaiting crop when ent people and cultures. It surelyHarvest is a region to the colour of the leaves, stem and siliquae is pale greenvegetables, to yellow flowers, in colour. The and lower siliquae have a dried appearance while the upper rest wealth, fruits and herbs siliquae may look still green. Seeds fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into are dark in colour and produce rattling sound on 75% of the siliquae mature. The crop should be harvested in the morning North East India isshaking endowedand with varied ago-climate, before drying of morning dew to avoid shattering of pods. Make small bundles of the ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. harvest and keep in well Farming, ventilated shed in erect position for 4-5 days for better grain o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, filling and better quality seeds. done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and Dry tertiary processing the harvest for 5-6of daysagricultural in the sun and thresh. Clean the seeds thoroughly and store after be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. drying. If there is rain at the time of harvest stop harvesting and resume harvesting when scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, the rain stops. Never keep the harvest in heaps which is a traditional practice in Manipur. emand of fishery isIt causes very high in North East which Region, excessive heating deteriorates the seed quality drastically. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 122

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due toOFlack INITIAL GROWTH THE ZERO TILLAGE TORIA VAR: M-27 ion and marketing the products. The Northeast INITIAL GROWTHIndia OF THE ZERO TILLAGE TORIA VAR: M-27 l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary KVK TRAINERS IN THE ZERO TILLAGE FIELD orth East India. Mushroom production KVK for TRAINERS domestic IN THE ZERO TILLAGE FIELD nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Basic in Concept Northeast of Integrated India Farming System: An Option for Fostering Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation and Rural Agripreneurship

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon S. S. Roy, (ABI) M. A. Center Ansari, S. K. Sharma, Punitha P., B. Sailo, Chongtham Tania, Agri-Business Incubation Ch. Premabati Devi, I. M. Singh and N. Prakash ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal - 795 004 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The human population of India has increased to 1210.2 million at a growth rate of 1.76 per cent in 2011 and is estimated to increase further to 1530 million by 2030. There are my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The projections that demand for food grains would increase from 250 million tonnes to 345 of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen million tonnes in 2030. The Indian economy is predominantly rural and agricultural, and the geographical indications. However, the revenue earned declining trend in size of land holding poses a serious challenge to the sustainability and the country is low as compared national average. Inprofitability of farming. In view of the decline in per capita availability of land from 0.5 ha in ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of 1950-51 to 0.15 ha by the turn of the century and a projected further decline to less than 0.1 its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ha by 2020, it is imperative to develop strategies and agricultural technologies that enable ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India adequate employment and income generation, especially for small and marginal farmers who l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. constitute more than 80% of the farming community. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing To meet the multiple objectives of poverty reduction, food security, competitiveness and option. There are many small scale unorganized sustainability, several researchers have recommended the farming systems approach to loyment at low levels. The current situation demands research and development. A farming system is the result of complex interactions among a can address the economic and social issues. number of inter-dependent components, where an individual farmer allocates certain quantities and qualities of four factors of production, namely land, labour, capital and India management to which he has access (Mahapatra, 1994). This is a multidisciplinary wholefarm approach and very effective in solving the problems of small and marginal farmers. The f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, approach aims at increasing income and employment from small-holdings by integrating ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources various farm enterprises and recycling crop residues and by-products within the farm itself ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to (Behera and Mahapatra, 1999; Singh et al., 2006). No single farm enterprise is likely to be rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and able to sustain the small and marginal farmers without resorting to integrated farming fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into systems (IFS) for the generation of adequate income and gainful employment year round North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, (Mahapatra, 1992; 1994). Farming systems approach, therefore, is a valuable approach to ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. addressing the problems of sustainable economic growth for farming communities in India. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, The basic aim of integrated farming system (IFS) is to derive a set of resource development done at primary level only and the rising standard of and utilization practices, which lead to substantial and sustained increase in agricultural econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural production (Kumar and Jain, 2005). Integrated farming systems are often less risky, if be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. managed efficiently, they benefit from synergisms among enterprises, diversity in produce, scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, and environmental soundness (Lightfoot, 1990). On this basis, IFS models have been emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, suggested by several workers for the development of small and marginal farms across the eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and country (Rangaswamy et al., 1996; Behera and Mahapatra, 1999; Singh et al., 2006). r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Farming System (FS) nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Farming is a process of harnessing solar energy in the form of economic plant & animal in India compared to industrial nations of the world. products; whereas, system implies a set of interrelated process organized into a functional ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production entity. Hence, a farming system is defined as a population of individual farm systems that house conditions can be taken up to harness the export have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and modified crops, have the highest potential in this region constraints, and for which similar development strategies and interventions would be of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of appropriate. Depending on the scale of the analysis, a farming system can encompass a few labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for dozen or many millions of households. Farming systems of a region are decided by and large, roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 124

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by a number of soil and climatic parameters which determine overall agro-ecological setting ri-business enterprises in Northeast India for nourishment and appropriateness of crops and livestock or set of agriculture enterprise. At B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamonand monetary benefits act as guiding principles while farmers‘ level, potential productivity Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)system. Center The decisions w.r.t. choice of farming systems are opting for a particular farming furtherResearch narrowed downForunder of several other forces related to infrastructure ICAR Complex NEH influence Region facilities, socio-economic factors and technological developments, all operating interactively Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India micro-level. The household, its resources and the resource flows and interactions at the *Corresponding at author email: [email protected] individual farm levels are together referred to as a farm system (FAO, 2001). Systems could be defined as an organised unitary whole composed of two or more inter dependant and interacting components or The subsystems delineated by identifiable boundary or its my. It is well known for itsparts, agricultural produces. system.and It is a set of interrelated elements each of which is associated of Meghalaya, environmental Kachai Lemonsuper of Manipur Queen directly or indirectly with other elements geographical indications. However, the revenue earned and no subset is under-related to any other subsets. system approach, the whole farmsInrather than the individual crops/enterprises is considered the country is In low as compared national average. before any decision relation to the choice of enterprise and or technology is made. The ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of farmingproducts systemsget canwasted also be described its produces. Surplus due to lack and understood as by its structure and functioning. The structure in its wider sense includes among others, the land use pattern, production ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India relations, land tenures, size of holding l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. and their distribution, irrigation, marketing including transport and storage, credit institutions he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. and financial markets and research and education. e region makes favourable setting up food processing system designates a set of agricultural activities organized into functional units: option. There Farming are many small scale unorganized  To profitably harness energy loyment at low levels. The current situation solar demands  Preserving productivity can address the economic and socialland issues.  Ensuring environmental quality  Maintaining desirable level of biological diversity and ecological stability. India

Management strategies achieving economy and sustaining agriculture production f the 8 states ofResource Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meetingofdiverse requirements of farming house holds ura and Sikkim, is areservoir rich natural resources  Conserving the resource base and ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to maintaining environment quality  Efficient use flowers, of land, labour and available resources rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into farming system is a complex inter-related matrix of soil, plants, animals, North East IndiaTherefore, is endowed with varied ago-climate, implements, power, labour, capital and other inputs controlled in parts by farming families ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. andHorticulture, influenced toFloriculture, varying degrees by political, economic, institutional and social forces that o Food Processing, Farming, operate at many levels (Mahapatra, done at primary level only and the rising standard1992). of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural determining type ofoffarming be utilized forFactors production of by-products forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products,  isPhysical factor soil, topography) emand of fishery very high in (Climate, North East Region,  Economic factor (Marketing cost, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies andlabour availability, capital, land value, competition for demand, prevalent pest and diseases) r an entrepreneur toenterprises, get into it. consumer Beekeeping and apiary  Social factor (Type of community, orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic easy transport, marketing facilities and co-operative spirit) in the state of art of their nced with improvement  Objective (Income, production, cost etc.) est potential in North East India as the pesticide minimizing and  Availability resources components in India compared to industrialofnations of and the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Farming systemupfocuses on the between components under the control of house conditions can be taken to harness the interdependencies export and how thesein components modified crops, household have the highest potential this region interact with the physical, biological and socioeconomic factors, which is not underofthe control of household. Farm household is the basic of high yielding varieties have reached all parts unit equipment of farminghave system interdependent farming enterprises carried out on the farm. labour-saving farm goodand potential for Farmers are subjected to many socio-economic, bio-physical, institutional, administrative and roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 125

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technological constraints. The operator of the farming system is farmer or the farming family. ri-business enterprises in Northeast India The highly simplified model of farming system puts the farmer the decision maker, at the B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee N. Bamon center. Decisionsand areRemiioo influenced by the priorities of the household, farmer‘s knowledge and Agri-Business Center experiences, andIncubation resource(ABI) at his command. External factors - natural, economic and sociocultural, playsFor significant roles. ICAR Researchalso Complex NEH Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Farming Systems (RFS) *Corresponding Rainfed author email: [email protected]

Rainfed agriculture occupies 68% of India‘s cultivated area and supports 40% of the human and 60% of the livestockproduces. population. my. It is well known for its agricultural TheIt produces 445 of the food requirement, thus has and continue play a critical in India‘s food security. Agriculture in the rainfed areas of Meghalaya, will Kachai Lemontoof Manipur androle Queen and fragile ecosystems is inevitable for meeting the food, fibre and energy needs of the local geographical indications. However, the revenue earned If thenational rainfall average. is adequate, the country is inhabitants. low as compared In- farmers can expect a bumper crop. In case of less rainfall, crop may fail and it may be lost completely if rainfall is low (draught). On the other ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of side, a heavy rainfall may results uncertainty in crop production and it may lose or survive its produces. Surplus products get wasted due toinlack depending on the severity of flood. However, aberrant behaviour of monsoon rainfall, eroded ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India and degraded soils with multiple nutrient and water deficiencies, declining ground water table l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. andcultivation poor resource base of theproduces. farmers are principle constraints for low and unstable yields in he region favours of agricultural rainfed areas (Singh et al, 2004). The guiding principles for selection of crops and varieties e region makes favourable setting up food processing resources in rainfed areas are land use capability concept, water option. There for areefficient many management small scale of unorganized availability concept, crop substitution, loyment at low levels. The current situation demands quantity and distribution of rainfall, soil depth and crops.issues. Effective growing period concept is mostly used in deciding cropping can address the performance economic andofsocial systems in different agro-climatic zones. India Traditionally rainfed farmers are small subsistent land holders integrating livestock with crop With continuing population growth, intensifying crop and livestock systems f the 8 states ofproduction. Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, to play vital natural role in resources maintaining rural livelihoods. The philosophy behind shifting ura and Sikkim,continue is a reservoir of rich from cropping system to the farming ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting tosystem mode involves (i) in situ recycling of organic residues including farm wastes generated rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and at the farm to reduce the dependency on chemicals (ii) decrease in cost of cultivation through enhance input use efficiency, (iii) effective use of fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into of oneago-climate, component for the benefit of other component/components (iv) North East Indiabye-products/wastes is endowed with varied upgrading of soil and water quality and bio-diversity, (v) increased water productivity, (vi) ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. nutritional security through minimizing o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, chemical residues in soil plant animal human chain, and (vii) environmental security by moderating flow of green house gases from the soil to done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and environment. tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Farming systemmilk provides a vast canvass of livelihood gathering, a better risk coping strategy, scope for production of meat, and milk products, continuous flow inofNorth income andRegion, employment throughout the year for small landholders. It emand of fishery is very high East involves utilization of primary and produce of one system as a basic input of other eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies secondary and system themand mutually r an entrepreneur to getthrough into it. making Beekeeping apiary integrated. In kharif season, the rainfall both in terms of quantum and distribution decides the effective growing season and it becomes critical in orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic selecting cropping systems nced with improvement in the state of for art aofgiven theirreason. In rabi season available moisture in soil profile at sowing time dictates the choice crops in a given cropping system. In regions, receiving est potential in North East India as the pesticide of and 350-600 mm of nations rainfall ofand weeks effective growing season, intercropping (150% in India compared to industrial the 20 world. cropping intensity) is possible in regions having 20-30 weeks of effective growing season ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production from 650-750 mm of rainfall. In areas receiving more than 750 mm of rainfall and having an house conditions can be taken up to harness the export growing season inofthis more than 30 weeks double cropping is assured (Singh and modified crops, effective have the highest potential region Subba Reddy, 1986). Early planting and harvesting at physiological maturity of crops, less of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of number of tillage deep for placement of fertilizers for rabi crops are crucial for labour-saving farm equipment haveoperations, good potential succeeding double cropping. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 126

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Farming Systems Research (FSR)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Incubation (ABI) Center are to be farmer oriented, system oriented, problem TheAgri-Business farming system research activities solving approach, inter-disciplinary, compliments mainstream disciplinary research, test the ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region technology in on-farm trials and provides feedback from the farmers. The strategy of FSR Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India emphasize that the research agenda should be determined by explicitly define farmers *Corresponding should author email: [email protected]

needs through an understanding of the existing farming systems rather than its perception by the researchers. The farming systems research and extension should be dealt in holistic manner participatory my. It is well known foron its farmers agricultural produces. mode The with problem solving approach, keeping genders interdisciplinary of Meghalaya, activity, Kachai Lemon of Manipurand andinteractive Queen approach. It should emphasize extensive on-farm activities and complement the experimental on-station research and acknowledges the geographical indications. However, the revenue earned specificity of technical and document the inter dependencies among the country is location low as compared national average.solutions Inmultiple clients. Greater importance is placed on feedback to modify the content of ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of subsequent on farm necessary, its produces. Surplus products get trials, wastedifdue to lack by changing research priorities focusing policy shifts based upon micro level analysis. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast Hence India farming systems research is designed to understand farmers‘ priorities, strategies and resource l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. allocation decisions. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. core characteristics of the farming system research can be describes as follows. e region makesThe favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized is problem solving: As an applied problem solving approach, it emphasizes on developing loyment at lowItlevels. The current situation demands transferring appropriate technologies to overcome production constraints through can address the and economic and social issues. diagnosis of biophysical, socio-economic and institutional constraints that influence technological solutions. India

is holistic: The whole farmManipur, is viewed as a system encompassing interacting sub-systems, f the 8 states ofItAssam, Arunachal Pradesh, potential is considered ura and Sikkim,and is ano reservoir ofenterprise rich natural resources in isolation. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to It acknowledges location of technological solutions: Recognizing the rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, the flowers, herbsspecificity and location specific nature of agricultural production problems, it emphasizes on testing and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into technological solutions based on agro-ecological and socio-economic North East Indiaadaptation is endowedofwith varied ago-climate, specificities. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, It level defines is made on the identification of specific and done at primary onlyspecific and theclient rising groups: standard Emphasis of of farmers with similar problems and circumstances for econdary and relatively tertiary homogeneous processing ofgroups agricultural whom technology is to be developed be utilized for production of by-products of forestry.as the specific client groups. On the basis of common environmental parameters, scope for production of meat, milk and milk production products, patterns and management practices, relatively homogeneous domains need to be identified. emand of fishery is very highrecommendation in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and It to is get farmer participatory: It revolves r an entrepreneur into it. Beekeeping and apiary round the basic principle that successful agricultural research and development efforts should start and end with the farmers. Farmer participation orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic is ensured at generation and transfer processes such as system nced with improvement in different the statestages of artofoftechnology their description, problem diagnosis, design and implementation of on- farm trials, and providing est potential in North East India as the pesticide and feedback through monitoring andworld. evaluation. in India compared to industrial nations of the ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production It can gives ITK system: The Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK), which is house conditions be weightage taken up to to harness the export at thepotential farmer'sinlevel for sustainability through a dynamic process of integrating modified crops, time have tested the highest this region new innovations into the system as of high yielding varieties have reached all partsthey of arise, has to be properly understood by the scientists and utilised in their activities. labour-saving farm equipment haveresearch good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 127

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It is concerned with India ‘Bottom-up’ research strategy: It begins with an understanding of ri-business enterprises in Northeast existing farming system and the identification of key production constraints.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Incubation (ABI)greater Center emphasis on interdisciplinary cooperation among the It isAgri-Business interdisciplinary: It lays scientists fromComplex differentForareas specialisation to solve agricultural problems that are of ICAR Research NEHof Region concernUmiam, to farmers. Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

It emphasizes extensive on-farm activities: It involves problem analysis through diagnostic surveys, on-farm testing of the developed technologies, and providing feedback through evaluation influence the researchThe agenda of the experiment stations. It provides a structural my. It is well known for itstoagricultural produces. for the farmers toand express of Meghalaya, framework Kachai Lemon of Manipur Queentheir preferences and apply their evaluation criteria for selecting technologies suiting to their circumstances. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InIt is gender sensitive: While explicitly acknowledging the gender-differentiated roles of ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of farm family in agriculture, emphasizes its produces. Surplus products get wasted itdue to lack the critical review of farming systems in terms of activities analysis, access and ion and marketing the products. The Northeastcontrol India over resources and benefits and implication's in developing relevant research agenda. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. is iterative: Instead trying to know everything about a system at a time, it requires stepe region makesItfavourable setting up of food processing analysis of only functional relationships. option. There by-step are many small scalekeyunorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands is dynamic: It involves can address the It economic and social issues. recurrent analysis of the farming systems, permitting continuous learning and adaptations. India It recognizes interdependencies among multiple clients: The generation, dissemination adoption of relevant technologies f the 8 states ofand Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, to improve the productivity and sustainability of require productive and interactive linkages among the policy planners, scientists, ura and Sikkim,agriculture is a reservoir of rich natural resources developmental agencies and farmers. The approach attaches more importance for this critical ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to factor. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into on with actual adoption: It is to be judged by the extent to which it influences the North East IndiaIt isfocuses endowed varied ago-climate, production of socially desirable technologies that diffuse quickly amongst specified groups of ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. farmer clients. Floriculture, Farming, o Food Processing, Horticulture, done at primary level only and the rising standard of focuses processing on sustainability: It seeks to harness the strengths of the existing farming econdary and Ittertiary of agricultural practices, and to ensure that productivity gains are environmentally acceptable. Towards be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. preserving the natural resource base and strengthening the agricultural production base, it scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, attempts to high develop technologies that are environment friendly and economically viable. emand of fishery is very in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and It to complements experimentand station r an entrepreneur get into it. Beekeeping apiaryresearch: It only complements but does not substitute on station research. It has to draw upon the scientific knowledge and technologies generated orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic at researchinstations. It has to be nced with improvement the state of art of kept their in mind that the approach is not being promoted as panacea for all maladies of local agricultural production systems. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Integrated Farming SystemProduction (IFS) ucated to switch over for organic farming. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export farming system is the scientific integration of different interdependent and modified crops, Integrated have the highest potential in this region interacting farm enterprises for the efficient use of land, labour and other resources of a farm of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of family which provide year potential round income labour-saving farm equipment have good for to the farmers specially located in the handicapped zone. IFS a component of farming system research (FSR), introduces a change in farming roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 128

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techniques maximum production is a cropping pattern and take care of optimal utilization ri-business enterprises in for Northeast India of resources. Unlike specialized farming system (SFS) integrated farming systems activity is B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and selected, Remiioo N. Bamon focused round a few inter-dependent, inter-related and often inter-linking production Agri-Business (ABI) Centerand related subsidiary professions. Integrated farming systems based onIncubation few crops, animals systemResearch involves the utilization primary produce and secondary produce of one system as ICAR Complex For NEHof Region basic input of other system, thus making Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India the mutually integrated as one whole unit. There is a effective linkages and complementarities of various components to develop holistic *Corresponding need authortoemail: [email protected] farming system. Integrated farming is defined as biologically integrated system, which integrates natural resources in a regulation mechanisms into farming activities to achieve maximum off-farm inputs, my. It is well known for itsreplacement agriculturalofproduces. The secures sustainable production of high quality food other products through preferred technologies, sustain farm income, of Meghalaya, and Kachai Lemon of Manipur andecologically Queen eliminates or reduces sources of present environment pollutions generated by agriculture and geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the multiple function of agriculture. It emphasizes a holistic approach. Such an the country is sustains low as compared national average. Inapproach is essential because agriculture has a vital role to play that is much wider than the ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of production of crops, including its produces. Surplus products get wasted dueproviding to lack diverse, attractive landscapes and encouraging biodiversity and conserving wild Sustainable development in agriculture must include ion and marketing the products. The Northeastlife. India integrated farming system with efficient soil, water crop and pest management practices, l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. which are environmentally and cost effective. The future agricultural system should he region favours cultivation of agriculturalfriendly produces. be reoriented from the single commodity system to food diversification approach for e region makes favourable setting up food processing production and income. Integrated farming systems, therefore, assume greater option. There sustaining are manyfood small scale unorganized importance for sound management of farm resources to enhance farm productivity, which loyment at low levels. The current situation demands reduceand environment degradation and improve the quality of life of resource poor farmers can address the will economic social issues. and to maintain agricultural sustainability. The difference between mixed farming and integrated farming is that enterprises in the integrated farming systems interact ecoIndia biologically, in space and time, are mutually supportive and depend on each other. Hence, farming system is also known as ‗Integrated Biosystems‘. f the 8 states ofintegrated Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources The aimsItofsurely the integrated farming can be achieved by efficient recycling of farm and ent people and cultures. is a region waitingsystem to animal minimizing nutrient rest wealth, fruits and wastes, vegetables, flowers, the herbs and losses and maximizing the nutrient use efficiency, following efficient cropping systems fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform intoand crop rotations and complementary combination of enterprises. various enterprises that could be included in the farming system are North East Indiafarm is endowed withThe varied ago-climate, crops, livestock, poultry, fishery, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. sericulture, agro-forestry, horticulture, mushroom cultivation, apiary, crop residue recycling etc. Thus it deals with whole farm approach to o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, minimize risk and increase the production and profit with better utilization of wastes and done at primary level only and the rising standard of system is based on the concept that ―there is no waste‖, and econdary and residues. tertiary Integrated processingfarming of agricultural ―waste is only a misplace resource which can become a valuable material for another product. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. It may be possible to reach the same scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, level of yield with proportionately less input in the integrated farming and the would be more sustainable because the waste of one emand of fishery is very high in North Eastyield Region, enterprise becomes the output of another, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and leaving almost no waste to pollute the environment or totogetdegrade resourceand base. Integrated farming meets the potentially conflicting r an entrepreneur into it. the Beekeeping apiary challenges at farm level, in a manner orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic that balances food production, profitability, safety, animal welfare, nced with improvement in thesocial state responsibility of art of theirand environmental care. Integrated farming seeks to reinforce the positive influences est potential in North East India as the pesticide of andagricultural production whilst reducing its negative impacts. It is a nations common whole farm management approach that combines the in India compared to industrial of sense the world. ecological care of a diverse and healthy environment with the economic demands of ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production agriculture to ensure a continuing supply house conditions can be taken up to harness the export of wholesome, affordable food. It is not prescriptive is a dynamic concept: must have the flexibility to be relevant on any farm, in any modified crops, because have the ithighest potential in this it region country, and it must always be receptive of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of to change and technological advances. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 129

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ri-business enterprises IntensiveinIntegrated Northeast Farming India System (IIFS)

B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioo N. Bamonon the one hand and livelihood security on the other, IIFS Mukherjee refers to sustainable production Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center wherein all the components of agriculture, horticulture, forestry, livestock, poultry, fishery can beResearch integrated in a complimentary way besides soil conservation measures, vermicompost, ICAR Complex For NEH Region mushroom production apiculture and liquid manure preparation, etc. in such a way so that the Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India becomes self sufficient to meet its input and other requirements. It involves agricultural *Corresponding farm author email: [email protected]

intensifications, diversification, value-addition and intensive use of farm resources. To be ecologically sustainable, such intensification is knowledge-intensive rather than capitalintensive andagricultural which replace, to theThe extent possible, market purchased chemical inputs with my. It is well known for its produces. grown biological inputs. of Meghalaya, farm Kachai Lemon of Manipur andHence, QueenIIFS sometimes is also reffered as organic integrated farming system (OIFS). IIFS can meet the needs of poor as well as rich farmers and makes geographical indications. However, the revenue earned self-sufficient well as Inself-reliant. Hence, the integrated farming system fulfills the country is the lowfarmer as compared nationalasaverage. four major aspects of agriculture ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms viz. of economic viability, easy adaptability, ecological sustainability social due acceptability. The modern agriculture emphasize too more its produces. Surplus productsand get wasted to lack dimensions viz., time and space concept. Time concept relates to increasing crop ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India intensification in situation where there is no constraint for inputs. In rainfed areas where there l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. is no possibility of increasing the intensity of cropping, the other modern concept (space he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. concept) can be applied. In space concept, crops are arranged in tier system combining two or e region makes favourable setting up food processing crops with field duration as intercrops by suitably modifying the planting option. There more are many smallvarying scale unorganized method. Income through arable cropping alone is insufficient for bulk of the marginal loyment at low levels. The current situation demands as dairy, poultry, fish culture, sericulture, bio-gas production, edible can address the farmers. economicActivities and socialsuch issues. mushroom cultivation, agro-forestry and agri-horticulture, etc., assumes critical importance in supplementing their farm income. It should fit well with farm level infrastructure and ensures India fuller utilization of bye-products. Intensive integrated farming system is only the answer to problem of increasing production for increasing income and for improving the f the 8 states ofthe Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,food Manipur, of small scalenatural farmers with limited resources. ura and Sikkim,nutrition is a reservoir of rich resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Why Integrated Farming rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers,System? herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into in with areavaried underago-climate, cropping : Area under cropping is decreasing day by day to North East IndiaShrinkage is endowed urbanization, industrialization, population, construction of buildings & highways. As a result ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. there is sharp declining in theFarming, per capital carrying capacity of the land. The population of o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, India is expected to increase to 137 done at primary level only and the rising standard&of166 crores, respectively, in 2030 & 2050 AD, while the will decline 141.3 & 131.3 million. econdary and cultivable tertiary land processing of to agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Smallof&meat, Fragmented : The average holding of a farm in India has been declining & scope for production milk andholding milk products, overis80% operational are below the size of 1.0 hectare. emand of fishery veryofhigh in Northholdings East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Seasonal nature of incomeand & employment & out-migration : Cropping activities in rain r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping apiary fed areas areas are restricted to four months in rainy season. Employment opportunities are orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic scarce in other seasons. to large-scale migration of male farmers to cities in search nced with improvement in the state This of artleads of their of work. Round the year employment est potential in North East India as the pesticide and opportunities should be there to check out-migration from to rural areas. nations of the world. in India compared industrial ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Deterioration : The ultimate goal of sustainable agriculture is to conserve house conditions can be taken of up resource to harnessbase the export human population over in a longer period. This can be achieved by seeking the optimal use of modified crops, of have the highest potential this region internal production inputs in a way of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of that provide acceptable levels of sustainable crop productivity & livestock in economically profitable return. labour-saving farm equipment have goodproduction potential resulting for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 130

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Household requirement: ri-business enterprises in Northeast IndiaA country or state is said to achieve complete food & nutritional security if each & every person is able to consume a minimum quantum & quality of various B. Banerjee, Amitava Remiioo N. food Mukherjee ingredients and i.e adequate & Bamon balanced diet on a regular basis, minimum education. Other Agri-Business Incubation Center requirements include timber(ABI) system approach is essential for meeting all these diverse needs from limited holdings small & marginal farmer. ICAR Researchland Complex For of NEH Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Integrated Farming System *Corresponding Advantages author email: of [email protected]

Productivity: IFS improves space utilization and provides an opportunity to increase economic per unit produces. area per The unit time by virtue of intensification of crop and allied my. It is well known for itsyield agricultural Theofsystem improves soil fertility and soil physical structure from appropriate of Meghalaya, enterprises. Kachai Lemon Manipur and Queen crop rotation and using cover crop and geographical indications. However, the revenue earned organic compost. IFS also reduces weeds, insect pests diseases fromnational appropriate crop the country is and low as compared average. In- rotation. IFS also ensures rejuvenation of system productivity. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Profitability: Use The waste material India of one component at the least cost. Thus reduction of cost ion and marketing the products. Northeast of production and form the linkage of utilization of waste material, elimination of middleman l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. interference in of most input used. Working out net profit B/ C ratio is increased. he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing Organic through effective utilization of by products of option. There Sustainability: are many small scale supplementation unorganized linked component is done thus providing an opportunity to sustain the potentiality of loyment at low levels. The current situation demands base forissues. much longer periods. IFS avoids deforestation and thus provides can address the production economic and social sustainability to the ecosystem. India Balanced Food: Different components of varied nature enables to produce diversified differentPradesh, sourcesManipur, of nutrition. IFS ensures food & nutritional security. f the 8 states ofproducts Assam, and Arunachal ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Environmental IFS waste materials are effectively recycled by linking ent people and cultures. It surely Safety: is a regionInwaiting to appropriate components, thusherbs minimize rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, and environment pollution and maintain agro-ecological equilibrium. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, recycling of crop residues, livestock wastes and other unutilized ate, sub-tropicalRecycling: and tropicalEffective agricultural commodities. resources in IFS. Floriculture, Farming, o Food Processing, Horticulture, done at primary level only and the rising standard of New Technology: Resource rich farmers fully utilize technology. Money flow econdary and Adoption tertiary of processing of agricultural round the year from different components also gives an inducement to the small/original be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. farmers to go for the adoption technologies. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Saving Energy: To identify an alternative source to reduce our dependence on fossil energy eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and source time. Effective recycling technique the organic wastes available in the r an entrepreneur to getwithin into it.short Beekeeping and apiary system can be utilized to generate biogas. orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Energy crisis can be postponed to the later period. nced with improvement in the state of art of their Fodder Crisis: Every piece est potential in Meeting North East India as the pesticide and of land area is effectively utilized. Plantation of perennial legume nations fodder of trees field borders and also fixing the atmospheric nitrogen. in India compared to industrial the on world. These practices will greatly relieve the problem of non – availability of quality fodder to the ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production animal component linked. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Solving Fuelhave and reached Timber all Crisis: agro- forestry appropriately the production level of high yielding varieties partsLinking of of fuel and industrial woodpotential can be for enhanced without determining effect on crop. This will labour-saving farm equipment have good also greatly reduce deforestation, preserving our natural ecosystem. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 131

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Employment Generation: ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Combing crop with livestock enterprises would increase the labour requirement significantly and would help in reducing the problems of under B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo Bamon employment to aand great extentN.IFS provide enough scope to employ family labour round the Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center year.

ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Agro-industries: When one of produce Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India linked in IFS are increased to commercial level there surplus value adoption leading to development of allied agro-industries. Thus IFS enhances *Corresponding is author email: [email protected]

opportunities for agriculture based industries.

Increasing Efficiency: IFS The provide good scope to use inputs in different component my. It is well known for its Input agricultural produces. benefit cost ratio. Hence, IFS ensured less reliance to outside inputs – of Meghalaya, greater Kachai efficiency Lemon of and Manipur and Queen fertilizers, agro-chemicals, feeds, energy geographical indications. However, the revenue earned etc. the country is low as compared national average. InIncome year: Due to ersity in the region, it isRounds lacking the behind in terms of interaction of enterprises with crops, eggs, milk, mushroom, honey, silkworm. its produces. Surplus products getcocoons wasted due to lackProvides flow of money to the farmer round the year. Thus, IFS improves standard of living of the farm families in spheres of food, clothing, ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India shelter, health & education. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. to Organize Systems under On-Farm Conditions e region makesMethodology favourable setting up foodFarming processing option. There are many small scale unorganized FarmThe selection Select the agro-ecological zone in which FSR is to be initiated. If loyment at lowlevels. current :situation demands necessary, furtherissues. divide this agro-ecological zone to identify specific farming situation. can address the economic and social  Selection of villages and farmers : Select the village in each farming situation comprising marginal / small and medium / large farmers. Selection of village and farmers should be India random so as to represent all farming community of the target area.  Diagnosis of constraints increasing farm productivity : Carry out survey through rapid f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,inManipur, appraisal. Prepare inventory of farm resources and support services. Identify the ura and Sikkim, is arural reservoir of rich naturalanresources production constraints. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to  and Research, designflowers, and technology generation and adoption rest wealth, fruits vegetables, herbs and  Technology transfer and diffusion fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into of improved farming systems within recommended North East India is domain. endowed with varied ago-climate, technologycommodities. of improved farming system – productivity, economic returns, ate, sub-tropicalandImpact tropicalofagricultural energy input –Floriculture, output, employment, o Food Processing, Horticulture, Farming, equity (gender issue) and environment. done at primary level only and the rising standard of of Integration econdary and Principles tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized forIn production of by-products of forestry. agriculture, crop production is the main activity. The income obtained from crops may scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, hardly be sufficient to sustain the farm family throughout the year. Assured regular cash flow emand of fishery is very high North East is possible whenin the crop is Region, combined with other enterprises. Judicious combination of eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies enterprises, keeping in view of theand environmental conditions of a locality will pay greater r an entrepreneur to get intoAtit.the Beekeeping anditapiary dividends. same time, will also promote effective recycling of residues/wastes. orth East India.Hence, Mushroom production for domestic the following principles of integration need to be considered for a successful farming nced with improvement system. in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the sufficient world. high quality food, fiber, fodder and industrial raw  The system should produce ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production material house conditions can besystem taken up to harness thedemands export of the society  The should meet the modified crops,  haveThe thesystem highestshould potential in thisaregion maintain viable farming business of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of  The system should care for the environment labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for resources  The system should sustain the natural roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 132

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Major Components ri-business enterprises in Northeast India of IFS (Prakash et al., 2015; Roy et al., 2014 and 2015)

A. Crop B. Livestock & B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Poultry Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)Cattle Center Cereals ICAR ResearchPulses Complex For NEH Region Buffalo Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Oilseeds PigIndia Goat *Corresponding author email: Fruits [email protected] Vegetables Sheep Spices Chicken Plantation crops Duck my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Flowers of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Fodder/forage geographical indications. However, crops the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InAgro-forestry ersity in the region, it is Sugarcane lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Fibre crops

C. Fishery Composite fish culture Fingerling production Paddy cum fish culture

D. Secondary Agriculture Bee keeping Mushroom cultivation Food processing Vermicomposting Biogas production Azolla cultivation Sericulture Moriculture

ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. An IFS can be developed by integrating the above four components (A+B, A+C, B+C, A+D, he region favours cultivation of agricultural B+D, C+D, A+B+C, A+B+D,produces. A+C+D, B+C+D, A+B+C+D). Selection of crops, livestock, e region makesfishery favourable setting up food processing and secondary agricultural activities depend on compatibility, farmers‘ preference, option. There suitable are many small scale unorganized agro-climate, available technology and marketing facility. Integration of pig with loyment at lowduck/poultry levels. The current situation demands is not recommended. can address the economic and social issues. A Conceptual Framework of IFS Integrating Various Components (Roy et al. 2014) India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in The North East India of asnatural the pesticide andemploying the modern concepts of farming systems is conservation resources in India compared to industrial nationsagricultural of the world. essential for sustainable development and ensuring greater livelihood securities to ucated to switch forpeople organicoffarming. Production theover poor ecologically handicapped areas. Hence, natural resource management house conditions can beistaken up to harness the export (NRM) an integral part of IFS. NRM refers to the management of natural resources such as modified crops, land, have the highest in animals, this region water, soil,potential plants and with a particular focus on how management affects the of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of quality of life for both present and future generations. Natural resource management is labour-saving farm equipment good potential for congruent with have the concept of sustainable development, a scientific principle that forms a roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural basis for sustainable global land management and environmental governance to conserve and 133

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preserve in natural resources. ri-business enterprises Northeast IndiaNatural resource management specifically focuses on a scientific and technical understanding of resources and ecology and the life-supporting capacity of B. Banerjee, Amitava Remiioo Bamon thoseMukherjee resources. and NRM issuesN.are inherently complex as they involve the ecological cycles, Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Centerplants and geography etc. All these are dynamic and hydrological cycles, climate, animals, inter-related. change in of Region them may have far reaching and/or long term impacts which ICAR ResearchAComplex Forone NEH may even be irreversible. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

The Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) approach combines conservation objectives with the generation of economic benefits for rural communities. The three key assumptions being that; locals are better placed to conserve natural resources, my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The people will conserve a resource only if benefits exceed the costs of conservation and people of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen will conserve a resource that is linked directly to their quality of life. When a local people‘s geographical indications. However, the revenue earned quality of life is enhanced, their efforts and commitment to ensure the future well-being of the country is low as compared national average. Inthe resource is also enhanced. CBNRM is based particularly on advocacy by ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of nongovernmental organizations working with local groups and communities, on the one its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack hand, and national and transnational organizations, on the other, to build and extend new ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India versions of environmental and social advocacy that link social justice and environmental l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. management agendas with both direct and indirect benefits observed including a share of he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. revenues, employment, diversification of livelihoods and increased pride and identity. e region makes favourable setting up food processing CBNRM has raised new challenges, as concepts of community, territory, conservation, and option. There are many small scale unorganized indigenous are worked into politically varied plans and programs in disparate sites. Major loyment at low levels. The current situation demands emphasis should be given on erosion management (preventive and control measures), water can address the economic and social issues. conservation (in-situ, run-off and water table management), soil fertility management (management of nutrients, acidity, soil biological activity and nutrient recycling) and India vegetation management (crops, trees and pastures management). The following measures can be undertaken for efficient management of soil and water resources in an integrated farming f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, system. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Soil Conservation Water Conservation ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to  Bench terracing  Zingg terracing rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and  all Half terracing  Micro-watershed fauna, NE India has themoon potential to transform into  Bunding (contour, graded)  Community pond North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate,  Gully development / Gully plugging  Water harvesting (rain, runoff, roof etc.) ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities.  Contour trench  Dew harvesting o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming,  Hedge row planting  Gully plugging done at primary level only and the rising standard of  Cover cropping  Check dam econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural  Intercropping  Catch pit be utilized for production of by-products of forestry.  Strip cropping  Scooping scope for production meat, milk and milk products,  of Alley cropping  Contour trench emand of fishery  is very high (Horizontal/stubble) in North East Region, Mulching  Percolation tank  aGrass barriers  Mulching (Vertical) eaters. Presence of largewaterway/Vegetative number water bodies and  Planting across the slope  Micro irrigation r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary  Conservation tillage for domestic  Conservation tillage orth East India. Mushroom production   Furrow management (ridge & furrow, tied Manuring / Integrated nutrient nced with improvement in the state of art of their management ridging, board bed furrow, dead furrow est potential in North East India as the pesticide and  Soil amendments etc.) in India compared to industrial nations of the world.  Biological enrichment of soil  Compartmental building ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production  Windbreaks, Shelterbelts and soil binding  Multiple use of water house conditions can be taken up to harness the export crops  Perennial horticulture/Agro-forestry modified crops, have highest potential in this for region  the  Organic agriculture Application of chemicals aggregate of high yielding varieties have parts bitumen) of  Revitalization of Traditional Water stability (e.g.reached Poly vinylallalcohol, labour-saving farmequipment have good potential Reclamation of cultivable land for harvesting structures roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 134

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ri-business enterprises Sloping Agricultural in Northeast India Land Technology (SALT)

B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioo N. Bamon SALTMukherjee is a technology package of soil conservation and food production that integrates Agri-Business Incubationmeasures. (ABI) Center several soil conservation Basically, SALT method involves planting field crops and perennial in bands 3-5Region m wide between double rows of nitrogen-fixing shrubs and ICAR Research crops Complex For NEH trees planted along the contour. These Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Indiaminimize soil erosion and maintain the fertility of the considerably in the establishment of a stable ecosystem. The double *Corresponding soil. authorSALT email: helps [email protected]

hedgerows of leguminous shrubs or trees prevent soil erosion. The crop provides permanent vegetative cover which aids the conservation of both water and soil. The legumes and the perennial crops maintain produces. soil and air temperatures at levels favorable for the better growth of my. It is well known for its agricultural The agricultural crops. and During the development stage of SALT, some guidelines should of Meghalaya, different Kachai Lemon of Manipur Queen be considered essential. It was felt that geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedthe system should: the country is low as compared national average. In Adequately protect soil against ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in termserosion; of  Helpproducts restore soil structure andtofertility; its produces. Surplus get wasted due lack  Be in food crop production; ion and marketing theefficient products. The Northeast India  Be applicable to at least 50% of hillside farms; l for food processing and other related agri-businesses.  cultivation Be easily duplicated by produces. upland farmers using local resources and preferably without he region favours of agricultural needing outside loans; e region makes favourable setting up food processing culturally acceptable; option. There areBemany small scale unorganized  Have the small farmdemands as its focus, and food production as its top priority (fruit trees loyment at low levels. The currentfamily situation and forest, etc. areissues. regarded as secondary); can address the economic and social  Give results in as short a time as possible;  Require minimal labor; and India  Be economically feasible and ecologically sound. f the 8 states ofAssam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, is an improvement existing technologies. It is a simple, effective method of ura and Sikkim,SALT is a reservoir of rich naturalover resources farming uplands, without losing to erosion (MBRLC, 1988). It consists of the ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waitingtopsoil to following ten basic steps: rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into A-frame The A-frame is a simple device for laying out contour lines across North East India1. isMaking endowedthe with varied :ago-climate, the slope. It is made of a carpenter level and three wooden or bamboo poles nailed or tied ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. together in the shape of aFarming, capital letter A with a base about 90 centimeters wide. A o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, carpenter's level is mounted on done at primary level only and the rising standardtheofcrossbar econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Determining the contour lines : One leg of the A-frame is planted on the ground, and be utilized for2.production of by-products of forestry. the other leg is swung until the carpenter's level shows that both legs are touching the scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, on theinsame helper drives a stake beside the frame‘s rear (first) leg. The emand of fishery isground very high Northlevel. East ARegion, process is repeated across the eaters. Presence of a large number water bodiesfield. and The contour lines should be spaced 4–5 m apart. r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Cultivating the contour lines : One meter strips along the contour lines should be orth East India.3. Mushroom production for domestic plowedinand to of prepare nced with improvement the harrowed state of art their for planting. The stakes serve as a guide during ploughing. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. 4. over Planting seedsfarming. of different nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs : Along each prepared ucated to switch for organic Production contour line, two furrows should be laid out. Two to three seeds are planted per hill, with house conditions can be taken up to harness the export distance of potential 12 centimetres modified crops, havea the highest in this between region hills. The seeds should be covered firmly with soil. When the hedgerows are fully grown, of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of they hold the soil and serve as a source of fertilizer. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 135

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5. Cultivating alternate ri-business enterprises in Northeast Indiastrips : The space between the rows of nitrogen fixing trees on which the crops are to be planted is called a strip or alley. Cultivation is done on alternate B. Banerjee, Amitavastrips Mukherjee Bamon (stripsand 2, Remiioo 4, 6 andN.so on). Alternate cultivation prevents erosion because the Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)the Center unploughed strips will hold soil in place.

ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region 6. Planting permanent crops : Permanent crops such as coffee, cacao, banana, citrus and Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India others of the same height may be planted when the nitrogen fixing species are sown. Only *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

the spots for planting, however, are cleared and dug, and later only ring weeding is employed until the hedgerows are large enough to hold the soil in place. Permanent crops areforplanted in every produces. third strip.The Tall crops should be planted at the bottom of the farm my. It is well known its agricultural whileLemon the short ones are planted at the top. of Meghalaya, Kachai of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned short-term : Short the country is 7. lowPlanting as compared nationalcrops average. In- and medium-term income producing crops (pineapple, ginger, taro, sweet potato, peanut, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of mung bean, melon, sorghum, corn, upland rice, etc.) should be planted between strips of permanent crops as a source of food and regular its produces. Surplus products get wasted duethe to lack income while farmers are waiting for the permanent crops to bear fruit. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. 8. cultivation Trimmingof of agricultural nitrogen-fixing trees : Every 30 to 45 days, the growing hedgerows are cut he region favours produces. to a height of 1.0 to 1.5 m from the ground. The cut leaves and twigs should be piled on e region makes favourable setting up food processing soil around crops, where they serve as an excellent organic fertilizer. In this way, option. There arethemany small the scale unorganized only a minimal amount of commercial fertilizer (about 1/4 of the total fertilizer loyment at low levels. The current situation demands requirements) is necessary. can address the economic and social issues.

9. Practicing crop rotation : A good way of rotating is to plant cereals such as corn or upland rice, tubers and other crops on strips where legumes were planted previously, and vice versa. This Pradesh, practice will help maintain the fertility and good condition of the soil. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Manipur, management practices in crop growing, such as weeding and pest control, should ura and Sikkim, is aOther reservoir of rich natural resources be carried out regularly. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and 10.has Building green terraces : Tointo enrich the soil and effectively control erosion, organic fauna, NE India all the potential to transform straw,ago-climate, stalks, twigs, branches and leaves, and also rocks and stones, are North East India ismaterials endowedsuch withasvaried piled at the base of the rows of nitrogen fixing trees. As the years go by, strong, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. permanent terraces will be Farming, formed which will anchor the precious soil in its right place. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, done at primary level only and the rising standard of Phillipines, so far, three SALT systems have been developed: econdary and Intertiary processing of more agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Simple Technology scope for production of Agro-Livestock meat, milk and milk products,(SALT-2) : It is an agroforestry system based on goat production, with in a land useEast of 40% for agriculture, 40% for livestock and 20% for forestry. emand of fishery is very high North Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Sustainable Technology (SALT-3) : It is based on small-scale r an entrepreneur to get into it.Agroforest BeekeepingLand and apiary reforestation integrated with food production. Of the farm area, about 40% is used for crops orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic and 60% for forestry. intercropping can effectively conserve the soil, nced with improvement in the state This of art―food-wood‖ of their thereby providing food, wood and income to the slope land farmer. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Small Agrofruit Technology (SALT-4) : In recent years, fruits and other ucated to switch over for organic Livelihood farming. Production perennial crops have been integrated into agroforestry system. When fruit trees is introduced house conditions can be taken up to harness the export known the Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology (SALT-4). Its modified crops, into havethe the SALT highestsystem, potential in thisasregion general objectives are to produce food, of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of increase incomes and promote soil conservation in a limited area of slope ha). for labour-saving farm equipment have land good(0.5 potential roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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ri-business enterprises Sloping Watershed in NortheastEnvironmental India Engineering Technology (SWEET)

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andbased Remiioo N. Bamon SWEET is a R&D package aimed at to achieve twin goals of ecological restoration of Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)enhancement Center degraded lands and livelihoods of stakeholders. This package is an integration of simple technologies such asRegion water harvesting, soil conservation, selection of suitable ICAR Research Complex For NEH species Umiam, for wasteland plantation, India nursery raising of suitable plants for afforestation, bioMeghalaya-793103, and after care of plantations with stakeholders participation, etc. Community feed*Corresponding fencing author email: [email protected]

back is taken for ecological and socio-economic suitability of plant species. Also plants are screened for their vigour and eco-physiological parameters. As water is a crucial input for plantation, store rainfall-runoff are constructed. To avoid cold conditions and my. It is well known for itspoly-ponds agriculturaltoproduces. The poly-pits poly-tunnels are used for raising saplings. Pits (60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm) of Meghalaya, frost, Kachai Lemon and of Manipur and Queen for plantations are filled with gravel free soil, mixed with well-composted farmyard manure geographical indications. However, the revenue earned kg/pit for fastnational growth average. of the plants. the country is @ low3 as compared In- Bio-composting of weeds and agriculture waste can be utilized to supplement FYM. This ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of technology was developed by G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment anddue Development, Almora and subsequently spread over a number its produces. Surplus products get wasted to lack of locations in the Indian Himalayan Region through the Integrated Eco-development ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Research Programme (IERP) of the GBPIHED. Agroforestry, silvi-pasture, agril for food processing and other related agri-businesses. silvisilvipasture, MAPs cultivation along with MPTs were tested in diverse he region favours cultivation of agri-horticulture, agricultural produces. ecological and socioeconomic conditions across the IHR to rehabilitate community e region makes favourable setting up food processing idealscale tree-crop combinations were demonstrated (Anonymous, 1994). option. There wastelands are manyand small unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Linked Agripreneurship Development can address the Options economicfor andIFS social issues.

IFS offers good opportunity for development of various agripreneurship based on one or more component(s). In most of the cases, the components of IFS supplies the major raw to the agripreneurial unit. These agripreneurship is called Integrated f the 8 states ofmaterial Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, In rural areas, the agripreneurship should be small scale and group based ura and Sikkim,Agripreneurship. is a reservoir of rich natural resources preferably by involving farm women or unemployed rural youths. Hence, it not only acts as a ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to source additionalflowers, income herbs generation rest wealth, fruits and of vegetables, and to increase the farm profitability but also helps in employment generation and women fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform intoempowerment. Micro-finance approach can also be with such Some examples of IFS linked agripreneurship and suggested North East Indialinked is endowed with venture. varied ago-climate, integration are as given below. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, of Agripreneur Suggested done at primaryExample level only and the rising standard of Integration Poultry / Livestock Livestock econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural based integrated farming system Fishery, Fishofnursery Fishery based integrated farming system be utilized for production by-products of forestry. Bee keeping and honey Integration with agro-forestry, mustard, floriculture etc. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, processing emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Mushroom cultivation Integration with paddy, vermicompost eaters. PresenceProcessing of a largeunit number water bodies and Integration with multiple fruit crops (fruit processing); spices r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and(spice apiaryprocessing); pulses (pulse processing); oilseeds (oil orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic extraction) nced with improvement in the state of art of their Vermicomposting/Composting Integration with suitable crops preferably legumes (for crop est potential in North East India as the pesticide and livestock (for animal/poultry waste) and mushroom (for residue), mushroom) etc. in India compared to industrial nations of thespent world. Integration with moriculture ucated to switchSericulture over for organic farming. Production cultivation house conditionsProtected can be taken up to harness theNursery, export cultivation of high value crops, floriculture modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Integrated system has the advantages of increasing economic yield per unit area per of high yielding varietiesfarming have reached all parts of unit time, profitability, sustainability and provides balanced nutritious food for the farmers, labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for pollution free environment provide opportunity for effective recycling of one product as roundwater level and labour scarcity for and agricultural India

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input to other component, money round the year and solve the energy, fodder, fuel and timber ri-business enterprises in Northeast India crisis, avoids degradation of forests and enhance the employment generation, increase input B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjeeand and finally Remiiooimprove N. Bamon use efficiency the livelihood of the farming community. Integrated Agri-Business (ABI) Center farming systemsIncubation have emerged as a well-accepted, single window and sound strategy for harmonizing joint management of land, water, vegetation, livestock and ICAR Researchsimultaneously Complex For NEH Region human Umiam, resources. A number of such Meghalaya-793103, India illustrations can be given emphasizing the greater of [email protected] integrated farming system in generating technologies aimed at combating land *Corresponding advantage author email: degradation. It is this approach that can lead to a quantum jump in the productivity on a sustainable basis and ensure better livelihood securities to the people in fragile ecosystems. Hence,fortheitsfuture agricultural system should be reoriented from the single commodity system my. It is well known agricultural produces. The integrated system sustaining food and nutritional security as well as for of Meghalaya, to Kachai Lemonfarming of Manipur andfor Queen development of rural agripreneurship to improve the farm profitability. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InSources of lacking Information and ersity in the region, it is behind in Further terms ofReading its produces. Surplus products get wasted to lack Environment Engineering Technology (SWEET), Anonymous. 1994. Slopingdue Watershed ion and marketing theGBPIHED: products. The Northeast India Almora. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Behera UK and Mahapatra produces. IC. 1999. Income and employment generation of small and he region favours cultivation of agricultural marginal farmers through integrated farming systems. Indian Journal of Agronomy. e region makes favourable setting up food processing 44(3): 431-39. option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at lowBehera levels. UK Theand current situation demands Sharma AR. 2007. Modern Concepts of Agriculture. Division of Agronomy, can address the economic and social issues. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012.

Behera UK, Jha KP and Mahapatra IC. 2004. Integrated management of available resources of the small and marginal farmers for generation of income and employment in India.Pradesh, Crop Research 27(1): 83-89. f the 8 states of Assam,eastern Arunachal Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Byravan, S., Chella R. S., An Evaluation of India‘s National Action Plan on Climate Change. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Centre for Development Finance (CDF), IFMR, Chennai, 2012. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into CARDI. 2010. A Manual on Integrated Farming Systems (IFS). 57 pages, Caribbean North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Agricultural Research and Development Institute. Ministry of Economic ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Development, Belize. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Christen Olafand andthe O‘Halloranetholtz Zita. 2002. Indicators for a Sustainable Development in done at primary level only rising standard of Agriculture. European Initiative for Sustainable Development in econdary and tertiary processing 20of pages, agricultural Agriculture (EISA), Germany. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production milkSystems and milk products, Dent of J meat, B.1990. theory applied to agriculture and the food chain. Elsevier, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Amsterdam. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and FAO. 2001. Systems Poverty: Improving Farmers’ livelihoods in a changing r an entrepreneur to get into Farming it. Beekeeping andand apiary World.production Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp 412. orth East India. Mushroom for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their Jha D. 2003. An overview of farming systems research in India. Annals of Agricultural est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Research 24(4):695-706. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. Kumar S and Jain D K. 2005. Are linkages between crops and livestock important for the ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production sustainability of the farming system? Asian Economic Review 47(1):90-101. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, Lightfoot have the highest potential in thisofregion C. 1990. Integration aquaculture and agriculture: a route to sustainable farming of high yielding varieties have reached all parts systems. Naga, The ICLARM of Quarterly 13(1):9-12. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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Mahapatra C. 1992. Farming ri-business enterprises in INortheast India systems research challenges and opportunities. Eastern Indian Farming System Research & Extension, Newsletter 6(4):3-10.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI)system Center research – A key to sustainable agriculture. Fertilizer Mahapatra I C. 1994. Farming News, 39(11) :13-25. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India MBRLC. 1988. A Manual on How to Farm your Hilly Land without Losing your Soil. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center, Davao del Sur, Philippines.

Prakash N, Roy S S, Ansari M A and Sharma S K. 2015. A Comprehensive Manual on Integrated Farming System The : An Approach Towards Livelihood Security and Natural my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. Resource Conservation. Publication No. RCM (TM) - 08. 368 Pages, ICAR Research of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Complex forthe NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal. geographical indications. However, revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InPrakash N, Roy SS, Sharma PK and Ngachan SV. 2012. Developing the Potential of ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Underutilized Horticultural Crops of Hill Regions. ISBN 81-7019-473-3 (India), its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ISBN 1-55528-330-6 (USA) 608 Pages, (Prakash N, Roy S S, Sharma P K and ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Ngachan S V Ed.). Todays and Tomorrows Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation agricultural produces. Pretty J. 1995.ofRegenerating Agriculture: Policies and Practice for Sustainability and Selfe region makes favourable setting up food processing Reliance. Earthscan Publications, London. option. There are many small scale unorganized Chopra Pankaj. Integrated Farming System. 90 pages, Department of loyment at lowRana levels.SSTheand current situation demands Agronomy, can address the economic and socialCollege issues. of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. India

Rana SS and Rana MC. 2013. Modern Concepts in Crop Production. 144 pages, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh.

A, Venkitaswamy R, Purushothaman and Palaniappan SP. 1996. Rice-Poultryf the 8 states ofRangaswamy Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Fish-Mushroom integrated farming systems for lowlands of Tamil Nadu. Indian ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources of isAgronomy, 41(3): 344-48. ent people and cultures.Journal It surely a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Roy S S, Ansari M A, Sharma S K and Prakash N. 2015. An Overview of Integrated Farming fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into System. Compendium of Short Course on Integrated Farming System : An Approach North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Towards Livelihood Security and Natural Resource Conservation. Publication No. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. RCM (TM) - 08. pp 1-18, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Meghalaya - 793103. done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and Roy tertiary processing of agricultural SS, Prakash N, Sharma PK, Singh IM and Ngachan SV. 2012. Principles and Concepts be utilized for production of by-products forestry. of Organic Farming.of136 pages, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umroi scope for production ofRoad, meat,Umiam, milk and milk products, Meghalaya. emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Roy Sharma SK, water Ansaribodies MA, Banerjee A, Deshmukh NA, Prakash N and Ngachan SV. eaters. Presence of SS, a large number and Farming System for Sustainable Agriculture. Integrated Farm r an entrepreneur to get2014. into it.Integrated Beekeeping and apiary Management, pp 1-24. Gupta orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Asha and Saxena Vijay Laxmi Eds. Aaviskar Publishers, Distributors, nced with improvement in the state of art ofJaipur, their India. est potential in Shaner North East as thePF pesticide and WW,India Philipp and Schmehl WR. 1982. Farming Systems Research and in India compared to Development: industrial nations of the world. Guide for Developing Countries. West View Press, Colorado, USA. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Singh G. taken 2005.up Farming systems options for sustainability of natural resources. Proceedings house conditions can be to harness the export of Symposium on Alternative modified crops, have the highest potential in this regionFarming Systems : Enhanced income and employment generation options all for parts smallofand marginal farmers (Singh A K, Gangwar B and of high yielding varieties have reached Sharma S K Eds.). pp 57-64. labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for 16-18 September, 2004. Project Directorate for Systems Modipuram. roundwater level and Cropping labour scarcity forResearch, agricultural 139

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Singh HP, Sharma KD, Subba Reddy G and Sharma KL. 2004. Dryland Agriculture in India. B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andand Remiioo N. Bamon Challenges Strategies for Dryland Agriculture. CSSA Special publication No. 32. Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center and American society of Agronomy 671S., USA p. Crop Science Society of America 67-92. Complex For NEH Region ICAR Research

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Singh Kalyan, Bohra J S, Singh Y and Singh J P. 2006. Development of farming system *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

models for the north-eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. Indian Farming 56 (2): 511.

Singh for RPits and Subba Reddy G. 1986. my. It is well known agricultural produces. The Research on drought problems in arid and semi-arid tropics. ICRISAT, Patancheru, of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and QueenIndia. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Vision 2030, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya. the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, is lacking behind in terms Visionit2030, Project Directorate of of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack Pradesh. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Visionand 2050. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya. l for food processing other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Watson H R. The Development Of Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) In The e region makes favourable setting up food processing Philippines. Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center, Davao del Sur, Philippines. option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at lowWeb-sources levels. The current situation demands can address the http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/fishery/fish_ifs.html economic and social issues.

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/ppps/pdf/ilubrochure.pdf http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/nasirdar-476664-integrated-farming-systems/ India http://www.crida.in/DRM2-Winter%20School/GSR-VM.pdf f the 8 states ofhttp://www.fao.org/farmingsystems/description_en.htm Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, http://www.hillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/agronomy/lect/agronura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources 4711/Lecture%203%20System%20approach.pdf ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to http://www.hillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/agronomy/lect/agronrest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and 4711/Lecture%201%20Farming%20system%20scope %20importance%20and%20concept.pdf

fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Prevalence in Northeast and Control India Strategies of Diseases Affecting Livestock and Poultry in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center I. Shakuntala ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam– 793103 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

In India, epidemics of major diseases occur frequently, and are poorly controlled, resulting in large number of deaths. Many of the chronic and sub-clinical diseases cause heavy losses through fertility, decreased my. It is well known fordecreased its agricultural produces. Theweight-gain, inefficient use of feed or the inability of animals to work. Extensive economic of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queenlosses have been ascribed to these diseases in terms of lost of productivity to 30-50% geographical indications. However, estimated the revenue earned in developing countries and health care costs in man and animals both. Increased mass movements of human and animal population, tourism, trade the country is low as compared national average. Inwith animals and animal products, and changing pattern of agriculture practices ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in termsdeforestation of and food habits have often resulted in emergence of newer infections and change in its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack epidemiology of existing zoonoticIndia infections. With the global population expected to increase ion and marketing the products. The Northeast by 50% (another 3 billion people) by 2050, it is imperative that everything possible is done to l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. maximise the efficiency of food production, without degrading the environment. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces.

e region makes favourable setting up food processing diseases livestock production through direct costs (deaths, morbidity, option. There Animal are many small impact scale unorganized reduction in productivity) and indirect costs (prevention and control measures). loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Controlling major livestock diseases in large rural societies has the potential to dramatically can address the economic and social issues. improve the quality of life of the rural poor. Animal health care management is controlled by three principal factors namely i) Genetic make up ii) Nutrition iii) Environment including India climatic conditions, so any implementation of these practices must consider all possible to these factors. One of the pre-requisite in animal husbandry practices for f the 8 states ofoutcome Assam, related Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and proper health care resources management is knowledge and awareness about the common ura and Sikkim,better is a reservoir of rich natural disease encountered in animals. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to

rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and The rainfall andtohumidity in the region makes a favorable condition for fauna, NE India hashigh all the potential transformprevailing into of various and pathogens that affect the livestock population of the region. North East Indiagrowth is endowed withparasites varied ago-climate, The disease reporting system is inadequate due to difficult terrain and inaccessible ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. geographical areas. Prompt diagnosis o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, and follow up action in case of disease outbreaks become difficult to delayed transportation and communication. There is a constant threat done at primary level only and due the rising standard of of exotic livestock diseases due to sharing of international boundaries with the countries like econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Bhutan, Nepal and China and uncontrolled trans-border migration of be utilized forMyanmar, productionBangladesh, of by-products of forestry. livestock. Some of the common diseases scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, of animals most frequently encountered in the North Eastern region emand of fishery is very highare in listed Northbelow. East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Foot & into Mouth Disease (FMD): Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the most contagious r an entrepreneur to get it. Beekeeping and apiary disease causing severe economic loss orth East India. Mushroom production for domesticin susceptible cloven-hoofed animals caused by FMDV belonging in to the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. The virus exists as seven nced with improvement state of art of their serotype Asia1 and est potential in distinct North East India(O, as A, the C, pesticide and Southern African Territories (SAT) 1-3 and multiple subtypes in each serotype. The disease in India compared to industrial nations of the world.situation in India is complicated due to the plurality of theover circulating virusfarming. strains Production in serotype O, A and Asia1, unrestricted movements of animals ucated to switch for organic from infected areas and in apparent infection in small ruminants. Infection with one serotype house conditions can be taken up to harness the export against another. modified crops, does have not the confer highestimmunity potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of FMDequipment cannot be differentiated clinically from other vesicular diseases, including swine labour-saving farm have good potential for vesicular disease, vesicular stomatitis and vesicular exanthema. It is endemic in India since roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 141

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many centuries. Most India of the outbreak in India is reported due to Serotype O, Asia I, and A ri-business enterprises in Northeast reported from Eastern India, Southern and Northern states respectively. Serotype ‗C‘ not B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo recorded since 1995. SerotypeN.OBamon FMD virus isolates from India group in seven sub-lineages. Agri-Business Incubation Center Pan Asia I and Pan Asia II are responsible for type O Currently three lineages viz.(ABI) ‗Ind2001‘, outbreaks in the country. is mainly ICAR Research Complex ForIt NEH Regioncharacterized by high fever, stringy salivation, vesicles on mouth, cheek, udder and feet, vesicular eruptions etc. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

There is no specific treatment available and only symptomatic treatments can be taken up. Antiseptic mouthwash with potassium permanganate, sodium carbonate, boric acid and glycerin be applied produces. over mouthThe lesions. Antiseptic and antibiotics may be given on foot my. It is well known formay its agricultural lesions on mammary tissues. A course of antibiotic should be given parenterally. of Meghalaya, lesions Kachai and Lemon of Manipur and Queen Control should be done with regular geographical indications. However, the revenue earned vaccination. Availability of quality vaccine as per is utmost important for the the country is requirement low as compared national average. In- success of control programme. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Infectious Bovine its produces. Surplus products get Rhinotracheitis wasted due to lack(IBR): IBR is an acute contagious disease of cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus-1 It has got diverse clinical manifestations in cattle ion and marketing the products. The Northeast(BHV-1). India and buffaloes such as rhinotracheitis, keratoconjunctivitis, reproductive disorders including l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. infertility, pustular vulvovaginitis, repeat breeding, abortion, still birth, and balanoposthitis in he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. bulls. The virus also causes mastitis in milch cows, encephalitis and fatal disease in newborn e region makes favourable setting up food processing The few studies out indicate that the disease is widely prevalent in the region option. There calves. are many small scalecarried unorganized and may be an important cause for reproductive disorders. Shakuntala et al (2006) reported loyment at low levels. The current situation demands overalland seropositivity of IBR to be 31.28 %. The percent positivity in different states was can address the the economic social issues. 48.48% (Assam), 14.28% (Arunachal Pradesh), 31.75% (Manipur), 70% (Mizoram), 5.66% (Meghalaya) and 20.83% (Sikkim). A higher seropositivity (41.5%) was observed in sera India samples collected from animals with reproductive disorders. High seropositivity rate was bovine population of the region. f the 8 states ofdetected Assam, in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Haemorrhagic (HS): Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) is an acute septicaemic ent people and cultures. It surelySepticaemia is a region waiting to disease caused by Pasteurella multocida rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and having a wide distribution particularly in tropical countries in Africa and Asia. In North fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform intoEastern region, the disease is occurred most commonly or following monsoon. Most of the outbreaks are seen during the period of high North East Indiaduring is endowed with varied ago-climate, humidity. Signs include sudden onset ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities.of fever (106-107°F), subcutaneous edema in neck and brisket regions, respiratory diarrhoea, rotation of eye balls, coma and may lead to o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture,distress, Farming, death within few hours. Animals can be cured only if they have been treated with antibiotics done at primary level only and the rising standard of the veryprocessing early stagesofof agricultural the disease followed with sulphonamides and anti-inflammatory econdary and intertiary drugs. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Black Quarter (BQ): It East is anRegion, acute infectious and highly fatal, bacterial disease of cattle emand of fishery is very high in North cause by Clostridium chauvoei. Blackleg eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and like disease in cattle of Manipur was found to be caused Clostridium perfringens Type A (Verma, 1982; 1985; 1986a). Shome et al., (2000) r an entrepreneur to getbyinto it. Beekeeping and apiary reported that Clostridium perfringens orth East India. Mushroom production for domesticType A as the causative agent of a typical blackleg in cattle in Manipur. Buffaloes, and goats are also affected. Young cattle between 6-24 nced with improvement in the state of art sheep of their months of age, in good body condition est potential in North East India as the pesticide and are mostly affected. It is soil-borne infection which generally occurs during season. in India compared to industrial nationsrainy of the world.The disease spreads through ingestion of contaminated feed and contamination of wound. In India, the disease is sporadic (1-2 animal) in nature. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Clinical manifestation includes high house conditions can be taken up to harness the export fever (106°F), lameness & painful swelling with soundpotential in affected partregion with rapid respiration. In most cases, animal found dead modified crops, crepitating have the highest in this without any prominent symptoms. is drug of choice @ 10,000 units / Kg body of high yielding varieties have reached all parts Penicillin of weight 1M & locally daily potential for 5-6 days. labour-saving farm equipment have good for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 142

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A typical ri-business enterprises in Blackleg Northeast(False India blackleg): A typical Blackleg is a disease of cattle in Manipur caused by C. perfringens Type A. Clinical signs and symptoms are similar with that of Black B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon of cultivable pasture was found to be the main source quarter disease inand cattle. Contamination Center State is subtropical and humid which favours the of Agri-Business infection. TheIncubation climate (ABI) of Manipur survival of theComplex spore forFor a long ICAR Research NEH time. Region1% death in cattle population has been reported in the state with an estimated economic loss of Rs. 20 million per year. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Brucellosis: It is one of the serious diseases affecting livestock that can be transmitted to man through the ingestion of contaminated animal products and handling of infected animals. In animals, losses occur due my. It is well known for its serious agricultural produces. Theto abortions, stillbirth, premature birth of weakling, and loss of meat and of Meghalaya, infertility Kachai Lemon of Manipur and milk. QueenIn animals it tends to localize in the genital tract but it involves the reticulo endothelial system geographical indications. However, the revenue earned in humans. the country is low as compared national average. InBrucellosis is caused by several species, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of currently there are ten spp. described in the genus Brucella. Each one infect its produces. Surplus products getmay wasted duedifferent to lack host spp., but each Brucella spp. has a preference for its host spp., B. melitensis (sheep goats), B. abortus (cattle), B. suis (pigs), B. ovis (rams), ion and marketing the products. The Northeast and India B. canis (dogs), B. microti (rodents-Microtus arvalis ), B. neotomae (rodents - Neotoma l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. lepida ), B. pinnipedialis (pinnipeds), he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces.B. ceti (cetacea), and B. inopinata (originally isolated from a human patient, but its preferential e region makes favourable setting up food processing host is not known). option. There are many small scale unorganized thiscurrent Brucella spp. can be subdivided in biotypes. Therefore, three biotypes (1-3) loyment at lowThree levels.ofThe situation demands been and identified in B. melitensis; eight biotypes (1-7, 9) in B. abortus; and five biotypes can address the have economic social issues. (1-5) in B. suis. All Brucella spp. are considered potentially pathogenic for humans, with the exceptions of B. neotomae, B. microti, and B. ovis [6, 9]. Man becomes infected with India Brucella through ingestion, contact, inhalation and accidental inoculation. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, tuberculosis, ura and Sikkim,Tuberculosis: is a reservoir ofBovine rich natural resourcesone of the important zoonoses has been reported in livestock population of this region.toHowever, not much work has been carried out on ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting epidemiological aspect of this disease rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and in the region. There are reports of isolation of Non tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) in milk samples. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, Mastitis-denotes an inflammation of the udder, this disease is responsible for heavy ate, sub-tropicalMastitis: and tropical agricultural commodities. financial losses toFloriculture, dairyman due to discarding of abnormal milk, reduced milk production and o Food Processing, Horticulture, Farming, butter fat, decreased market value done at primary level only and the rising standard of of cow and cost of drugs and veterinary services. The the milk include change of colour, change of consistency (clot) and presence of econdary and changes tertiaryin processing of agricultural abnormally large number of leukocytes. High yielding dairy cows are more commonly be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. affected than low yielder. Exotic and cross bred cows are more prone to mastitis than the scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, local In addition to East this, Region, the mastitic milk may be the means for transmission causing emand of fishery is cows. very high in North dreadly diseases like tuberculosis, sore throat, food poisoning in human beings. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies brucellosis, and Treatment can followed and up first with evacuation of the udder content, Intra mammary r an entrepreneur to get into it. be Beekeeping apiary antibiotic therapy/infusion and injections of antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin, orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic ampicillin, in tetracycline IM. Hot fomentation of udder with magnesium nced with improvement the state or of chloramphenicol art of their sulphate should be rendered to relieve inflammation. Antibiotic ointment can be applied est potential in North East India as the pesticide and locally. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export fever or hog cholera is one of the most important and modified crops, Pig have diseases: the highestClassical potential swine in this region devastating viral diseases of pigs. of high yielding varieties have reached all partsThe of morbidity is very high and mortality may reach up to 100% in younghave animals. late, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) labour-saving farm equipment goodOf potential for emerged as an important disease in pig population of North Eastern Region. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 143

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Swine Fever: Classical swine fever is a serious and highly contagious viral disease of pigs. Acute or chronic infections occur; both are usually fatal caused by classical swine fever or B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Flaviviridae. It is characterized by high temp. (106hog cholera virus Pestivirus, FamilyAgri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center 107°F), hyperemia with purplish discoloration of snout, ears, abdomen, inner side of legs ICAR Research Complex For NEH Regionwobbling gait, tremor, convulsion, paralysis, death (erythematous patches), pneumonia, Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, within 24 hrs. Lesions like turkey India egg appearance in kidney, button ulcer in intestine, spleen *Corresponding infarction author email: [email protected] are some typical postmortem findings. Although lapinized vaccine is widely used in our country to control CSF due to high cost of production of the lapinized vaccine an alternative was sought to develop effective cell culture vaccine against the disease. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Porcine Kachai Lemon of Manipur Queen Reproductive andand Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): Porcine Reproductive and geographical indications. However, the (PRRS) revenue isearned Respiratory Syndrome a highly contagious viral disease that was first recognized the country is almost low as simultaneously compared national average.Europe Inin Western and North America in the late 1980s. It is caused ersity in the region, is lacking behind in terms of by theit Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), a small singleits produces. Surplus products get wastedRNA due tovirus, lack Type 1, or European genotype, Type 2, or North stranded, non-segmented ion and marketing the products. TheThe Northeast American genotype. clinical India signs of PRRS vary with the strain of virus, the immune l for food processing other related status and of the herd and agri-businesses. management factors. The incubation period ranges from 3-37 days. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. Clinical features include dermatological lesions, reproductive failure in sows, respiratory e region makesdisease favourable settingand upgrower food processing in piglets pigs, subclinical infection often occurs in finishing pigs, boars, option. There gilts, are and many small scaleherds, unorganized sows, in some infection is generally asymptomatic. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the Diagnosis economic and social issues. of PRRS should be based on clinical signs and post-mortem examination, in conjunction with laboratory tests. Differential diagnoses for reproductive disease include classical swine fever (CSF). India

f the 8 states ofWith Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, the growing importance of pig production in many regions of the world, the emergence ura and Sikkim,of is aa highly reservoir of rich natural virulent strain of aresources virus that has already reached pig populations around the globe ent people and cultures. surely is a aregion waiting to health threat with a major socio-economic impact, is to be Itconsidered serious animal rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and affecting the livelihoods of millions of pig farmers fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East IndiaErysipelothrix is endowed with varied ago-climate, infection: Erysipelothrix insidiosa (E. rhusiopathiae) is the causative ate, sub-tropicalorganism and tropical commodities. andagricultural hosts include man, pig, cat, cattle, crocodile, dog, dolphin, duck, fish, geese, o Food Processing, Floriculture, Farming, goat,Horticulture, horse, mink, sea lion, sheep, chicken and turkey, etc. Transmission occurs through done at primary level contact only and with the rising standard of direct tissues of infected animals or contaminated animal products, econdary and contamination tertiary processing of cut, agricultural of wound, abrasion with soil or other material containing infectious be utilized fororganisms. productionHigh of by-products of forestry. fever, anorexia, prostration, conjunctivitis, diamond shaped urticarial lesion scope for production of meat,onmilk and neck, milk products, (commonly belly, throat, thigh) diarrhoea, arthritis, lameness, endocarditis, emand of fishery is very high in North Region, emaciation and cynosis areEast the main symptoms in animals. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping Diseases of Sheep & Goat and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement the also statehave of art of their role to play in the region both for meat and fibre Sheep and in Goat a significant est potential in requirement. North East India as the andlivestock in some of the pockets of NEH region, Goats arepesticide important in India compared to industrial of Assam, the world. particularly in thenations states of Sikkim and Tripura. The areas of sheep production are ucated to switch over forlimited organictofarming. however KamengProduction district of Arunachal Pradesh, part of Assam, Meghalaya and house conditions can be taken up to harness thereported export in goat are contagious ecthyma, clostridial infection, Nagaland. Infectious diseases modified crops, listeriosis, have the highest potential inand thisparasitic region infestation. The most common parasitic diseases in mycoplasmosis of high yielding varieties reached all partsnematodiasis, of NEH regionhave are gastrointestinal liver fluke infection, taeniasis caused by labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 144

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Cysticercus tenucollis, the intermediate stage of tapeworm Taenia hydatigena and ri-business enterprises in Northeast India coccidiosis.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business (ABI) Center Diseases of Yak Incubation (Poephagus grunniens) ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region The yaks are native to high mountain Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Indiaregions of Central Asia. In North Eastern Region, the areemail: reared in West Kameng and Tawang districts of Arunachal Pradesh and West, North *Corresponding yaks author [email protected]

and East districts of Sikkim. The natural habitat of the yaks is usually in pollution and germ free environment. Probably due to this reason, they rarely suffer from diseases. However, occurrence many of produces. the common my. It is well known for its of agricultural The diseases of cattle has been reported in yaks. The of Foot Mouthand Disease of Meghalaya, incidence Kachai Lemon of and Manipur Queen(FMD) was recorded in yak population of Sikkim. The virus type isolated were ‗Asia 1‘ and ‗A‘. Morbidity rate of 34% and 11.7% mortality in three geographical indications. However, the revenue earned of FMDnational in yaks were observed the country is outbreaks low as compared average. In- in Sikkim and regular outbreaks of FMD have been reported in Arunachal Pradesh. Seropositivity against Brucellosis and IBR has been reported ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of in Nyukmadung farm animals. its produces. Surplus products get wasted due Other to lackbacterial agents like Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Pseudomonas were isolated from yak calves in Arunachal Pradesh. Parasitic infection in yak ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India is very common in the region. Both ecto and endo parasites affect these animals. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. of Mithun (Bos frontalis) e region makesDiseases favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized rare current bovine species, mainly confined in North-Eastern Hill Region of India. They loyment at lowMithun, levels. The situationisdemands comparatively hardy and thrive well on coarse fodder of the jungle. Due to of their free can address the are economic and social issues. range grazing farming system, they are not being monitored properly. The diseases reported in Mithun of NE Region are FMD, Black quarter, Brucellosis, anthrax and parasitic diseases India especially GI parasites, coccidiosis, hydatidosis, babesiosis, etc. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, of Poultry ura and Sikkim,Diseases is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Theand important poultry diseases in the region are Ranikhet disease, Marek‘s rest wealth, fruits vegetables, flowers, herbsprevailing and disease, Infectious bursal disease, Fowl pox, hydropericardium and Avian influenza (reported fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Tripura, North East Indiainis Manipur, endowed with varied Meghalaya ago-climate, and Assam). Bacterial diseases (Salmonellosis, Colibaccillosis, Fowl cholera, CRD, Clostridial infections etc.), fungal diseases (Brooder ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. pneumonia, Aflatoxicosis), parasitic disease (coccidiosis) are also responsible for o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture,and Farming, substantial losses in poultry industry. done at primary level only and the rising standard ofAmong the bacterial diseases salmonellosis is one of important diseasesofin agricultural poultry. The Salmonella serotypes commonly encountered in econdary and the tertiary processing poultry in this region are S. be utilized for production of by-products ofEnteritidis forestry. (9, 12: g, m :-), S. Agona (4,5,12: g, s, f:1,2), S. ), S. Fayed (6, 8: Iw:1, 2) and S. Typhimurium (4, 12: i: 1,2). Kentucky (8,20: I, z scope for production of meat, milk 6and milk products, emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, Raniket Disease (New-Castle Disease): eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Newcastle disease is a viral disease of birds with a wide range signs and fromapiary mild to severe. Newcastle disease is caused by viruses in r an entrepreneur to get intoofit.clinical Beekeeping the serotype avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). It is a widespread, highly contagious orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic infection ofinthetherespiration and of nervous nced with improvement state of art their systems of nervous system of poultry. Mortality due to the Raniket disease may be as high est potential in North East India as the pesticide andas 100 per cent in young flock whereas in laying birds the mortality is notnations so high. is transmitted directly from bird to bird through nasal or in India compared to industrial of Disease the world. mouth discharges, by air, or by contaminated feed and litter. Good biosecurity can help ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production prevent Newcastle disease in poultry flocks. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region Marek's Disease disease of high yielding varieties have (MD): reachedMarek's all parts of is a Herpes virus infection of chickens, and rarely turkeys in close association with for chickens. The disease has various manifestations: a) labour-saving farm equipment have good potential Neurological Acute infiltration of the roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural CNS and nerves resulting in 'floppy broiler syndrome' 145

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and transient paralysis,India as well as more long-standing paralysis of legs or wings and eye ri-business enterprises in Northeast lesions; b) Visceral - tumours in heart, ovary, tests, muscles, lungs; c) Cutaneous - tumours of B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N.by Bamon feather follicles. and Characterized bilateral or unilateral paralysis of legs, wings or neck due Agri-BusinessofIncubation (ABI) Center to enlargement various nerves inside the body, besides these two typical forms, there are other manifestation of the such as blindness and skin tumors. ICAR Research Complex Fordisease NEH Region

Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India influenza (Bird flu): India has declared itself free from highly pathogenic Avian *Corresponding Avian author email: [email protected]

Influenza (H5N1 and H5N8) after surveillance in the states showed no evidence of its presence, from 6th June, 2017 and notified the same to OIE. Avian influenza—known informally avian fluproduces. or bird flu my. It is well known for its as agricultural Theis a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted birds. Lemon The type the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Avian of Meghalaya, to Kachai of with Manipur and Queen influenza strains are divided into two geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedtypes based on their pathogenicity: high pathogenicity or compared low pathogenicity TheInmost well-known HPAI strain, H5N1, appeared in China the country is (HP) low as national (LP). average. in 1996, and also has low pathogenic strains found in North America. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack COMMON METABOLIC DISEASES ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Milk fever orofparturient he region favours cultivation agriculturalparesis: produces.Milk fever (parturient hypocalcaemia) is a metabolic disease that occurs frequently in high producing dairy cows. Milk fever strikes at the onset of e region makes favourable setting up food processing whenever cow is unable to mobilize calcium from her body stores fast enough to option. There lactation are many small ascale unorganized meet her milk secretion needs. Symptoms of clinical milk fever can include loss of appetite, loyment at low levels. The current situation demands and muscle weakness and, in severe cases, ―down cows,‖ and even can address the dullness, economicincoordination and social issues. death. Subclinical hypocalcaemia affects a much higher percentage of cows – as many as 5060% of older cows in some herds. Diseases associated with subclinical hypocalcaemia India include retained placenta, displaced abomasums, ketosis and mastitis. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, or acetonemia or hypoglycemia: Ketosis is a common disease of adult cattle ura and Sikkim,Ketosis is a reservoir of rich natural resources typically occurs in dairy cows in early lactation and is most consistently characterized by ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to partial andflowers, depression. is aimed at reestablishing normoglycemia and rest wealth, fruits and anorexia vegetables, herbsTreatment and reducing serum ketone body concentrations. Prevention of ketosis is via nutritional fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East Indiamanagement. is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Piglet anemia: The piglet is born with limited supplies of iron and if it had been born in the o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, wild would depend on supplementation done at primary level only and the rising standard of to its diet from iron bearing soils. Indoors the pig has access to iron other of thanagricultural to the sows' milk (which is deficient) until it starts to eat creep econdary and notertiary processing feed. It is necessary therefore to give extra iron either by mouth or by injection. The pig is be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. born with a normal level of haemoglobin in the blood of 12-13g / 100ml and this rapidly scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, drops downhigh to 6-7g by 10East to 14Region, days of age. A shortage of iron results in lowered levels of emand of fishery is very in North haemoglobin in the red cells, (anaemia), eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and a lowered capacity for the carriage of oxygen around thetobody and it. an increased susceptibility r an entrepreneur get into Beekeeping and apiary to disease. orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic Strategies in forthe Control diseases nced with improvement state of of Livestock art of their Establishing a good health program for est potential in North East India as the pesticide and livestock and poultry is a necessary step, if profit is to be realized. Vaccination helps to reduce the probability of disease but cannot solely be in India compared to industrial nations of the world. depended upon for prevention. Well-designed herd health programs address multiple areas of ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production management in order to reduce likelihood of disease outbreaks. Proper identification and house conditions can be taken up to harness the export of the diseases in aregion farm is most essential. The disease problems amongst modified crops, prevention have the highest potential in this livestock in the North Eastern Region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofcan be control in the following wayslabour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 146

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Proper Proper epidemiological epidemiological survey surveyofofdisease disease incidence incidence andand prevalence, prevalence, evaluation evaluation of pathogens, of pathogens, ri-business enterprises in Northeast India identification identification of of factors factorsresponsible responsibleforfortheir their predisposition predisposition andand adoption adoption of various of various tools tools to to B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee combat combat diseases. diseases. and Remiioo N. Bamon

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center 1. 1.Research Development Development of ofFor sensitive sensitive and andspecific specific methodology methodology to identify to identify thesethese pathogens pathogens and and ICAR Complex NEH Region evolve evolve necessary necessary prophylactic prophylactic and and therapeutic therapeutic technologies. technologies. Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India 2. 2. email: Establishment Establishment ofof aaregional regionalreferral referrallaboratory laboratory for for diagnosis diagnosis of livestock of livestock diseases diseases *Corresponding author [email protected]

including including the theimportant importantexotic exoticdiseases. diseases. 3. 3. Regular Regular monitoring monitoringofofdiseases diseasesat at thethe international international entry entry points points whilewhile transporting transporting the the animals animals my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The 4. 4. Proper Proper infrastructural network network created for for identification identification of disease of disease of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon infrastructural of Manipur and Queen hashasto tobe becreated outbreaks, outbreaks, immediate immediate reporting reporting to to regional regional diagnostic diagnostic laboratories laboratories to confirm to confirm geographical indications. However, the revenue earned diagnosis followed followed by prompt promptcontrol control measures. measures. the country is low as diagnosis compared nationalby average. In5. 5. Proper Proper sanitary sanitary and and phytosanitary phytosanitary regulations regulations should should be followed. be followed. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of 6. 6. products Biosecurity Biosecurity should bebedue designed designed toto prevent prevent spread spread of disease of disease by minimizing by minimizing movement movement its produces. Surplus getshould wasted to lack of of biologic biologic organisms organisms and and their their carriers/ carriers/ vectors vectors onto onto and and within within any operation any operation at at ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India farm. farm. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. 7. 7. Education Education of of the thepersonnel personnel about about thethe risks, risks, health health hazards hazards and and economic economic impact impact from from he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. infections infections can can help help reducing reducing the the risk risk of of spread spread of diseases. of diseases. e region makes favourable setting up food processing 8.many Effective Effective control zoonotic zoonoticdiseases diseases should should be be taken taken up promptly up promptly starting starting from from option. There are8. smallcontrol scaleofofunorganized quick quick diagnosis diagnosis and and medical medical care, care, isolation isolation and and immune immune and and chemo chemo prophylactic prophylactic loyment at low levels. The current situation demands measures measures for forthe the high-risk high-riskgroups. groups. can address the economic and social issues. 10. 10. Maintain Maintain good good records recordsrelative relativeto toflock flock or or herd herd health. health. The The record record should should include include vaccination, vaccination, deworming, deworming,disease disease problems problems andand medication medication history. history. India 11. 11. Authorities Authorities inin the the Government GovernmentSector Sectorshould should givegive importance/ importance/ emphasis emphasis for for production production of of Hygienic Hygienic livestock livestock products products by by establishing establishing proper proper and and scientific scientific f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, slaughter slaughter houses with withproper proper AM AM and and PMPM facilities. facilities. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of houses rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and VACCINATION VACCINATION SCHEDULE SCHEDULE FOR FOR CATTLE CATTLE AND AND BUFFALOES BUFFALOES fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropicalName and tropical agricultural commodities. Primary Name of of Type Typeofofvaccine vaccine Primary Booster Booster Re- ReDose Dose Vaccine Vaccine vaccination vaccination vaccination& route & route o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, vaccination done at primary level only and the rising standard of Raksha-ovac Oil Oiladjuvanted adjuvanted FMD FMD 4 months 4 months 9 month 9 month Annually Annually 2 ml 2 ml econdary and Raksha-ovac tertiary processing of agricultural FMD FMD vaccine vaccine vaccine vaccine I/M I/M be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. (Trivalent (Trivalentvaccine) vaccine) scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery very high Alum in North East Region, 6 month HS HSis vaccine vaccine Alum precipitated precipitated 6 month andand 6 month 6 month Annually Annually 5 ml 5 ml eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and formalin formalininactivated inactivated above above S/C S/C (P-52 strain,Pasteurella Pasteurella strain, r an entrepreneur to get into it. (P-52 Beekeeping and apiary multocida) multocida)for domestic orth East India. Mushroom production nced with improvement in the state of art of their BQ BQVaccine Vaccine Alum Alumprecipitated precipitated 6 month 6 month andand 2-3 2-3 Annually Annually 5 ml 5 ml est potential in North East India as theinactivated pesticide and above formalin formalin inactivated above weeks weeks S/C S/C in India compared to industrialBQ nations of the world. BQ(S-49, (S-49, C.C. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production chauvoei) chauvoei) house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Raksha Formalin inactivated 6 month andand 6 month 6 month Annually Annually 3ml 3ml modified crops, Raksha have the highestFormalin potentialinactivated in this region 6 month HS+BQ HS+BQ above above S/C S/C of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural 147 147

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ri-business enterprises Vaccination in Northeast ScheduleIndia for Pigs

Name of Age B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Vaccine Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center SwineResearchFattening pigsNEH - a single ICAR Complex For Regiondose at the age of 2 months Fever Umiam, Breeding pigs - 1st vaccination at the age of 2 Meghalaya-793103, India Vaccine months. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Dose

Route

1 ml

I/M or S/C

2nd vaccination at 6 months after 1st vaccination. Revaccinate once a year.

my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The Vaccination Schedule for Sheeps and Goats of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Disease Vaccine Primary the country is low as compared national average. InVaccination ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of Anthrax Anthrax spore vaccine At the age of 6 its produces. Surplus products get(100ml), wasted Intervet due to lack /IVBP. month & above ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Haemorrhagic Raksha H.S.vaccine or At the age of 6 l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Septicaemia H.S.Vaccine (100ml) month & above he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. (H.S.) Indian immunologicals e region makes favourable setting /Intervet up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized B.Q.vaccine At the age of 6 loyment at low Black levels.Quarter The currentRaksha situation demandsor (B.Q.) B.Q.Vaccine (100ml) month & above can address the economic and social issues. India

Indian immunologicals /Intervet

Enterotoxaemia Raksha E.T.Vaccine or (E.T.) type CManipur, & D or f the 8 states of Assam, ArunachalETV Pradesh, Multicomponent ET ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources vaccine (100 ml) Indian ent people and cultures. It surely isimmunologicals a region waiting to /Intervet

4 month & above if dam is vaccinated Or At 1 week if dam is unvaccinated

Regular Vaccination Annually in endemic area. Annually before monsoon .

Dose and Route 1 ml s/c

Annually before monsoon.

2 ml s/c

Annually before monsoon Booster- 15 days after

2 ml Or 5 ml s/c

2 ml s/c

rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Rakha FMD/ Raksha 4 month & above Twice in a 1 ml s/c Or fauna, NE IndiaFoot has&allMouth the potential to transform into Disease OVAC/ Clovax (50 & year. 1ml i/m Or North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, 100 ml) ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Vaccination Schedule for Poultry done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and Poultry tertiary processing of agricultural Route Age Name of Vaccine Dose th be utilized for Layers production of5-7 by-products of forestry. day Lasota I/R or I/O scope for production of meat, 14-16 milk thand day milk products, I.B.D. I/O or D/W th emand of fishery is very high in North 24-26 day East Region, I.B.D. (booster) D/W th eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and 30 day Lasota (booster) D/W r an entrepreneur to get into it.7thBeekeeping andFowl apiary week Pox 0.2 ml. I/M th orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic 9 week Deworming nced with improvement in the state of art of their 10th week R2B 0.5 ml. I/M th as the pesticide and est potential in North East India 15 week Debeaking D/W in India compared to industrial world. 17th nations week of theLasota th farming. Production ucated to switchBroilers over for organic 3-5 day Lasota I/O or I/n house conditions can be taken7-9 upthto harness theI.B.D. export day I/O or D/W th modified crops, have the highest potential in this region 16-18 day I.B.D. (booster) D/W th of high yielding varieties have reached 24-26 day all parts Lasotaof(booster) D/W labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for Note – Intra Nasal; for I/O –agricultural Intra Occular; D/W – Drinking water; I/M – Intra Muscular roundwater level and: I/N labour scarcity 148

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ri-business enterprises DEWORMING in Northeast SCHEDULE: India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo Bamon Desirable characteristics of anN.ideal anti helmintic (wormicidal) should have broad spectrum Agri-Business (ABI) Centerboth mature & immature stages of the worm. It should activity. It shouldIncubation be effective against have wide margin of safety. It should ICAR Research Complex For NEH Regionbe easy to administer. Underdosing of drugs should be avoided,Umiam, same class of anthelmintics should not be use continuously and not the east repeated Meghalaya-793103, India anthelmintics should not be done. Administer liver tonics in animals for at least two to *Corresponding use author email: [email protected]

three days after vaccination or deworming to avoid stress on liver or body of animal.

DEWORMING SCHEDULE FOR LIVESTOCKS my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen TYPE OFHowever, WORM theDEWORMING geographical indications. revenue earned SCHEDULE - Once in a month the country is Round low as worm compared national average. In- for 1 to 6 month of age. Once in a two ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms ofmonths for 6-12 months of age. - Thrice year i.e. June , October & March after one year of its produces. Surplus products get wasted dueintoalack age. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Liver and flukeother related Twice in a year i.e. May & October in prevalent areas. l for food processing agri-businesses. Tapeworms Twice in a year i.e. January & June in kids/lambs in problematic he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up flocks. food processing Source: www.kvkbaramati.com/faculties.html option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the References economic and social issues.

H. Rahman, Ashok Kumar, H. V. Murugkar, I. Shakuntala and B. R. Shome (2008). Zoonotic Diseases Prevalent in North Eastern India. Advances in Veterinary Public Health. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, pp 28-34. f the 8 states of Assam,Publisher: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim,O. is M. a reservoir of rich resources Radostits., C. C.natural Gay, D. C. Blood and K. W. Hinchcliff. A Textbook of the Diseases ent people and cultures.ofItCattle, surely Sheep, is a region waiting Pigs, Goats to and Horses. Ninth Edition. Publishers: Book Power & rest wealth, fruits and British vegetables, flowers, herbs and Council. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into C.W. (1984). Veterinary Medicine and Human Health. 3rd Edition, Williams and North East IndiaSchwabe, is endowed with varied ago-climate, Wilkins, Baltimore, USA ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, I., Shome Rajeswari, Verma N. D. and Maurya S. K. Shome B. R., Songer J. G., Shakuntala done at primary level (2000). only andAcute the rising standard of fatal myonecrosis (atypical blackleg) caused by ß2 toxigenic econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Clostridium perfringens type A in cattle of Manipur state, India. Conference of be utilized for production of by-products of Animal forestry.Diseases. (CRWAD-2000) Chicago, USA Nov 12-14, Research Workers on scope for production of2000. meat,Abst. milkBact. and milk products, Path#2 emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, www.kvkbaramati.com/faculties.html eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary http://www.ndri.res.in/ndri/Design/Index.html orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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ri-business enterprisesEntrepreneurship in Northeast Indiaand Skill Development on Market Driven Fish Products

S. K. Das B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Division of Fisheries Agri-Business IncubationICAR (ABI)Research Center Complex For NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya- 793 103 ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding India authorisemail: [email protected] the second largest producer of fish in the world contributing 5.5 per cent of global fish

production. India is also a major producer of fish through aquaculture and ranks second in the world after China. According to the annual reports (2015-16) published by the Department of my. It is well known forhusbandry, its agricultural produces. The Animal Dairying and Fisheries, Govt. of India, the total fish production during of Meghalaya, 2014-15 Kachai Lemon of Manipur Queen was 10.16 million and metric tonnes with a contribution of 6.51 million metric tonnes geographical indications. However, the revenue earned from inland sector and 3.65 million metric tonnes from marine sector respectively. India is the country is also low aasmajor compared national average. In-aquaculture and ranks second in the world after China. producer of fish through ersity in the region, it is contributes lacking behind in 0.9% termstoofnational gross domestic products (GDP) and 5.17 % to The sector about its produces. Surplus products wasted due to lack agricultural GDPget (2014-15). ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and othernutritious related agri-businesses. Fish provides food, fishery and fish farming generate income and employment to he region favours cultivation of agricultural millions of poor people and produces. trade in fishery products contributes to poverty reduction and e region makesnational favourable settinggrowth up foodinprocessing economic many developing countries. Global fish production from capture option. There has are remained many small scale stable unorganized relatively over the past two decades while fish production through loyment at lowaquaculture levels. The has current situation demands progressively increased. Indian aquaculture has demonstrated a six and half can address the fold economic andover social growth theissues. last two decades, with freshwater aquaculture contributing over 95 percent of the total aquaculture production. India Fish contributes substantially to the domestic food security of India which has a per capita f the 8 states ofconsumption Assam, Arunachal Manipur,aquaculture being a homestead activity in several parts of 8 kg.Pradesh, With freshwater ura and Sikkim,of is the a reservoir rich natural country,ofbesides addingresources to the nutritional security it also helps in bringing additional ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to income to rural households. rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India hasand all fish the potential Fish products to is transform consumed into as food all over the world. With other seafood, it provides North East Indiatheis world's endowedprime with varied source ago-climate, of high-quality protein; 14–16 percent of the animal protein ate, sub-tropicalconsumed and tropical agricultural commodities. worldwide. Over one billion people rely on fish as their primary source of animal o Food Processing, Horticulture, protein. Fish andFloriculture, other aquaticFarming, organisms are also processed into various food and non-food done at primary level only andalso thecontain rising standard of products. Fish other important nutrients, such as fats, vitamins, and minerals. econdary and Fish tertiary processing of agricultural flesh, including muscles and the small bones found in them, the ligaments, fatty tissue, be utilized forand production of by-products of forestry. blood vessels, is the most nutritional part of the fish. The flesh generally constitutes 35– scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, 69 percent of the fish‘s total weight. Other edible parts are the developed gonads (roe and emand of fishery is and, veryfrequently, high in North East Region, milt) the liver. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to chemical get into it.composition Beekeepingofand The theapiary flesh of various types of fish varies greatly. On the basis of orth East India.fatMushroom production domestic content, fish is dividedforinto three categories: lean (with a fat content no higher than 2 nced with improvement in the state (containing of art of their percent), medium-fatty 2–5 percent fat), and fatty (with a fat content greater than est potential in 5North East India as the pesticidecompounds and percent).The content of nitrogen in fish ordinarily is 16–20 percent. in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over fish, for organic farming. Dead as a result of Production the action of their own enzymes and microorganisms, under house conditions can be taken up to harness the export geophysical and chemical changes that lead to spoilage. Slime appears on the surface of the modified crops, body, have the potential this region andhighest the muscles loseintheir flexibility and elasticity. Fermentative decomposition of the of high yielding varietiesfats, haveand reached parts of occurs (autolysis), and bacterial decomposition proteins, other allsubstances labour-saving farm equipment have good commences (rotting). The potential change inforthe chemical composition of the tissues as a result of roundwater level and is labour forthe agricultural rotting easilyscarcity detected: flesh becomes soft and turns a dull greenish color, cavities and

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gas bubbles form in the flesh, and the flesh separates from the bones. Fish in a stage of ri-business enterprises in Northeast India bacterial decomposition is not suitable for use and cannot be used as raw material.

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Incubation (ABI) Center To Agri-Business prevent spoilage, fish and other sea foods are frozen, salted, or smoked. Most frozen fish products are obtained cleaned fish in the form of carcasses or sections. Filet is produced ICAR Research Complexfrom For NEH Region from large ocean fish (cod, haddock, bluefish, and dentex). Cod-liver and whale blubber are Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India asemail: raw materials in the production of medicinal preparations (medicinal fats and vitamin *Corresponding used author [email protected]

preparations). Fishmeal, fish glue, guanine, and pearl essence are among the products used for animal feed or industrial purposes. These fish products are made from wastes obtained in dressing (heads, fins, scales,The innards), as well as from fish unsuitable for use as food. my. It is well known forthe its fish agricultural produces. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen We need to process fish and prepare different products under the following circumstances geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low• as Bulk compared national average. Infish catch ersity in the region, it is lacking terms of • Place where behind fish notin available its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack • Delicacy ion and marketing •theVariety products. TheProduct Northeast India of fish l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. In the North East India mostly live / fresh fish are consumed. However, some traditional e region makesprocessing favourablepractices setting up food processing are followed with very limited scale, viz. option. There are many small scale unorganized saltingdemands loyment at low levels.•TheChilling currentand situation • Drying can address the economic and social issues. • Smoking • Fermentation India • Value addition (sausage, pickle, papad etc.) f the 8 states of Assam,• Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, fish preservation techniques ura and Sikkim,Different is a reservoir of rich natural resourcesare

ent people and cultures.• It surely a region waiting to Dryingis(sun drying, freeze-drying etc.) rest wealth, fruits and •vegetables, Chilling flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all• theSalting potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, • Smoking (hot smoking, cold smoking) ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. • Marinading / marinating o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, • Canning done at primary level •onlyFermentation and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary of agricultural • processing Vacuum packing or MAP be utilized for production of by-products • Fish sausage etc.of forestry. scope for production of• meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery very added high infish North East play Region, Theisvalue products a very important role in the diet of majority of people in eaters. Presence a large number water bodies andsuch traditional fish products such as dry fish, smoked theofNorth East India. There are many r an entrepreneur to get into it. fish Beekeeping and apiary fish, fermented etc prepared locally with indigenous fish species especially in the hill orth East India.states Mushroom production for domestic of the region. Recently, the institute at head quarter, Meghalaya has made a maiden nced with improvement in the stateseveral of art fish of their attempt to standardize products viz. fish pickle, fish chakli and fish sausage etc. est potential in from Northa low Eastcost India as thefish pesticide and hypophthalamus. cultured Pangasius in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Development in Northeast of India Poultry Based Entrepreneurship with respect to NEH Region

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Chongtham and Remiioo Sonia,N.M. Bamon Norjit Singh*, Blessa Sailo, B.K. Sharma and Kha Lovingson Agri-Business Incubation ICAR(ABI) Research Center Complex For NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal- 795 004 * ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Central Agricultural University, Imphal Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Entrepreneurship is essentially creative in nature. It is a matter of exploration and initiation of new things, new way of doing things, new methods of production, new use and new market for products or services.produces. But scholars my. It is well known for its agricultural The have explained entrepreneurship much above this definition. Entrepreneurship, of Meghalaya, general Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen according to Schumpeter, is essentially a creative activity, the entrepreneur being innovator introduces something new into the economy, a geographical indications. However, the revenue an earned of production not yet testedInby experience in the branch of manufacture, a product the country is method low as compared national average. with which consumers are not familiar, ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of a new source of raw material or new market hitherto unexplored and other similardue innovations. its produces. Surplus products get wasted to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Livestock sectorrelated can generate alternate livelihood to the marginal section of the society. The l for food processing and other agri-businesses. total poultry population in the country he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces.has increased by 12.39 % over the previous census and total poultry in up thefood country is 729.2 million numbers in 2012 by Livestock Censuses, e region makesthe favourable setting processing Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' option. There are many small scale unorganized Welfare, GoI. As per report of the Working Group on Animal Husbandry & Dairying- 12th loyment at low levels. The current situation demands Year and Plan:social 2012-17, demand for animal food products is responsive to income changes, can address the Five economic issues. and is expected to increase in future. Global market for animal products is expanding fast, and it is an opportunity for India to improve its participation in global market. India

recent Arunachal years therePradesh, has beenManipur, increasing recognition among the development community of f the 8 states ofInAssam, the role of backyard poultry production ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources in sustaining and enhancing poor peoples‘ livelihoods in developing countries. Market oriented ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to backyard poultry enterprises are being recognized as a stepping stone for the poorest households enabling them to take the first step towards rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and breaking out of the vicious circle of poverty and deprivation. There is also growing evidence fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into the role of rural family poultry in enhancing the food and nutrition security of North East Indiatoisdemonstrate endowed with varied ago-climate, the poorest households, reducing the livelihood vulnerability and insecurity, and promotion ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. of gender equity.Floriculture, Opportunities have also expanded for small scale poultry enterprises due to o Food Processing, Horticulture, Farming, improved market access infrastructure done at primary level only and the rising standard of and a preference structure that might still favour free desi processing birds and eggs. As a result, there has been increased market orientation even econdary and range tertiary of agricultural among small scale poultry These changes have brought large and small be utilized for production of by-products of enterprises. forestry. production systems competitive space which has created both challenges and scope for production of meat, milk in andoverlapping milk products, opportunities. Despite the potential offered by backyard poultry production in reaching out to emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, theofpoorest, haswater beenbodies little public eaters. Presence a large there number and support for backyard poultry production in India. Recently, however, the Government r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiaryof India and a number of State governments have sensitive to the potential offered by this activity and have begun to Poultry Based orth East India.become Mushroom production for domestic Livelihoodsinofthe Rural Similarly, nced with improvement statePoor. of art of theirthere is growing realization among the private sector players of the ‗business potential‘ by this sector. This opens up new possibilities of est potential in North East India as the pesticide offered and nurturing synergistic partnerships between public, private and civil society organizations with in India compared to industrial nations of the world. the common objective of enhancing poor peoples‘ livelihoods. One example of private sector ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production promoted backyard house conditions can be taken up to poultry harness in theIndia exportpertains to the ‗Kuroiler‘ introduced by Kegg farms Private Ltd. Kuroiler – ―Kegg + Broiler‖ is a dual purpose hardy bird with significantly modified crops, have the highest potential in this region higher productivity than all indigenous of high yielding varieties have reached parts of birds while retaining many desirable features of indigenous birds, such as the feather colors for camouflage, agility to escape from predators labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for and resistance to diseases. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Problems in Northeast of PoultryIndia based Entrepreneurs in entrepreneurship development with respect to NEH region

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Agri-Business Incubation Center Instability of Govt. policy(ABI) and lack of adequate financial support are two most important problems in the process entrepreneurship development. Absence of entrepreneurship ICAR Research Complex For of NEH Region courses Umiam, in the curriculum of educational institutions affect the entrepreneurship development Meghalaya-793103, India which ultimately frustrate the sample entrepreneurs in taking right decision in right *Corresponding adversely author email: [email protected]

time like shifting to new production technology or expanding new venture. Adequate institutional credit facilities may be made available to sample poultry farmers so that they do not fallforprey to moneylenders. Further, my. It is well known its agricultural produces. Thered-tapism of the bank officials needs to be simplified, that Lemon prospective entrepreneurs can avail themselves of credit facilities offered by of Meghalaya, so Kachai of Manipur and Queen concerned agencies. Training to entrepreneurs has become an essential factor at this moment. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned assessment of training needs, the country is For low better as compared national average. In- training of entrepreneurs is most essential. It is also necessary to train the trainers of entrepreneurs. Further, local resources, technology and ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of existingproducts stock of get problems considered in designing training courses for entrepreneurs its produces. Surplus wastedmay due be to lack like poultry farmers. In this context, ion and marketing the products. The Northeast Indiaeducational institutions, professional bodies can also cooperate and collaborate. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing Sector in North (NE) Region option. There Poultry are many small scale Eastern unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands to Livestock Census 2003, N. E. Region is home for 210.32 lakh livestock and can address the According economic and social issues. 364.62 lakh poultry which accounts for 4.34 per cent of the total livestock and 7.46 per cent of poultry birds in India. Assam being the largest NE state has maximum of the total India livestock and poultry (66 % and 59 %, respectively) resources of NE Regions and followed Meghalaya (7 % each) and Manipur, Tripura (7 % & 8 %, respectively). f the 8 states ofby Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources In case ofIt poultry, accounts ent people and cultures. surely isAssam a region waiting for to 59.42 per cent of the total poultry population of NE region, by flowers, Tripura (8.38 rest wealth, fruits and followed vegetables, herbs %) andand Manipur (8.07%). The region has experienced an increase of 13 per cent in poultry population. In aggregate level in NE states, egg production fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into 2 per cent the total egg production level in the country during 2005-06 (Table 5). North East Indiais isonly endowed withofvaried ago-climate, Assam is the highest (55 %) producer ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. of egg in the region, followed by Tripura (11%) and Nagaland (9%). Though the country has witnessed a huge leap in egg production during the o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, 1998-99 and 2005-06 but it has been done at primary level only and the rising standard ofmuch slower in NE region. A significant decline of 78 cent can be observed egg production in Arunachal Pradesh whereas Nagaland has econdary and per tertiary processing of in agricultural witnessed highest (81%) increase in egg production in the region during the same period. be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, In NE stateshigh per in capita eggEast availability emand of fishery is very North Region, is 34 in comparison to national average of 42. The per capita availability of eggs is higher eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and in Nagaland (41) followed by Manipur (40) and Meghalaya All the states registered varying degree of increase in per capita egg r an entrepreneur to get into(39). it. Beekeeping and apiary availability except Sikkim, Mizoram and Tripura. Similarly, the productivity of desi or native orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic and improved fowlstate is much lower nced with improvement in the of art of than theirthe national average. Desi fowls of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim produces more than the rest of India whereas improved fowls of Sikkim, est potential in North East India as the pesticide and Nagaland and Arunachal produces more than the rest of India. in India compared to industrial nations Pradesh of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Rearing poultry small the numbers house conditions can be of taken up toinharness export in the backyards under free range or semi-intensive a common practice followed modified crops, system have theishighest potential in this regionin North East Region. Abundant availability of natural food base such as waste, cereal, grain, of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofpulse, grain byproducts, kitchen waste, insects, worms, greenequipment grass etc.have is agood boonpotential to backyard labour-saving farm for poultry in all parts of this region. Egg and meat production in NE is largely dependent roundwater level and labour scarcity for agriculturalon low yielding native chicken. Increasing the genetic

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potentialin ofNortheast these native chicken varieties may help in increasing their productivity. However, ri-business enterprises India the present selection and breeding program (Natural Selection) being adopted by farmers may B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andconsiderably Remiioo N. Bamon not be enough to increase the production of the native chicken. Practicing Agri-Business backyard poultryIncubation farming in(ABI) ruralCenter household with improved varieties of birds can ensure the availability of Complex eggs andFormeat rural / tribal areas, which could help in alleviating the ICAR Research NEHin Region incidence of protein deficiency of the Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Indiasusceptible group, women, children, expectant mothers aged; besides providing supplemental income. *Corresponding and author email: [email protected]

Due to several above limitations to establish the intensive poultry farming in this region, it is alwaysforconvenient to encourage rural poultry in North East Region. Rearing my. It is well known its agricultural produces.small-scale The largely of depend on and the Queen type of the bird reared, availability of resources and the of Meghalaya, method Kachai Lemon Manipur preference of local population for meat or eggs. Specific varieties of birds are available for geographical indications. However, the revenue earned (dual purpose). In areas whereIn-plenty of natural feed resources (insects, white ants, the country is both low as compared national average. fallen grains, green grass etc.) are available, a small number of birds (10-20) can be reared for ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of meat purpose under its produces. Surplus products get free-range wasted duecondition. to lack If the local demand is for meat in large quantity, the dual purpose or colored feathered ion and marketing the products. The Northeast Indiabroiler chicken can be reared under semi-intensive conditions by providing all the essentials impacts. Interestingly, the majority of the varieties l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. developed for the kind of farming need about 25-30% less input in the form of movement and he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. feed. It is necessary to develop suitable e region makes favourable setting up food processing chicken varieties, which thrive and survive well in free-range conditions of NE (high humidity and diversified climatic condition) with option. There backyard are many small scale unorganized low to medium input (feed) resources loyment at low levels. The current situation demands available in this region. Predator menace, challenge pathogens, consumer can address the with economic and social issues.preference, lack of balanced and expensive feed are some of the other issues pertinent to this region. India Directorate of Poultry Research (DPR), Hyderabad has developed two varieties like Vanaraja Gramapriya duePradesh, to their Manipur, versatile adoptability in all climate conditions of our country. f the 8 states ofand Assam, Arunachal of these two varieties has increased day by day in some parts ura and Sikkim,The is a acceptance reservoir ofand richpopularity natural resources of the state including Nagaland, Mizoram and Assam. In addition, few more ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waitingManipur, to chicken varieties flowers, like Giriraja, Girirani, (UAS, Bangalore), Gramalakshmi (KAU rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, herbs and Mannuthy), Nandanam (TANUVAS, fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform intoChennai), Kalinga brown (OUAT, Bhubaneswar etc., colored and tinted eggs similar to the desi hen and can be tried for their North East Indiapossessed is endowed withplumage varied ago-climate, suitability and adoptability under free range scavenging conditions. Other multi coloured, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. meatHorticulture, type chicken varities like Krishi-bro (DPR, Hyderabad) and CARI Dhanaraj (CARI, o Food Processing, Floriculture, Farming, Barielly) can be tested for their production under semi intensive farming condition using low done at primary level only and the rising standard of feed for promotion of of broiler farming in NE Region. econdary and cost tertiary processing agricultural be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Since ofallmeat, the above-improved bird varieties developed for backyard poultry farming are scope for production milk and milk products, hatched outhigh artificially, they essentially emand of fishery is very in North East Region, require initial brooding. During juvenile period chick cannot regulate its body temperature eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies andand therefore, needs artificial heat to maintain body temperature. chicks are easily prone to predator attack. Therefore, warm r an entrepreneur to get into Additionally, it. Beekeepingyoung and apiary environment should be provided for up to five weeks of age. Though majority of these orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic chicken varieties immune nced with improvement in the possess state ofbetter art of their competence than commercial broiler / layer varieties, they need to be protected from common est potential in North East India as the pesticide and infectious disease like Ranikhet diseases, infectious Bursal andnations fowl pox. Rearing in India compared to disease industrial of the world.conditions include providing artificial heat, vaccination and shelter for better survivability and performances of these birds under free-range backyard ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production conditions. Very recently, a new indigenous breed called ―Kaunayen‖ chicken from Thoubal, house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Imphal Eastinand districts of Manipur is registered. They are also modified crops, Imphal have theWest, highest potential this Bishnupur region found in the hill districts of Chandel, Churachandpur, Senapati, Ukhrul and Tamenglong. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of These birds have an good elongated bodyfor with long neck and legs. Their estimated population is labour-saving farm equipment have potential approximately 60,000-80,000. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Major Strategies in Northeast andIndia Action Plan for poultry development in NEH region

B. Banerjee, Amitava Bamon Feed Mukherjee is the mainand costRemiioo factor asN.70-80 percent of cost of rearing the bird goes to feed. Cost of Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Centeris higher than mainland India due to many factors like poultry feed in North Eastern Region transportation ICAR Research charge, Complexnon-availability For NEH Regionof big commercial feed mill, non-availability of large quantityUmiam, of feedMeghalaya-793103, ingredient etc. Formulation of balanced feed with the locally available India raw [email protected] material is a major challenge to cut down cost of rearing. Controlling the *Corresponding cheaper author email:

incidence of disease in free range and backyard chicken is a challenging task as they are exposed to adverse environmental conditions such as weather changes, poor quality feed, contaminated water and air, predators my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. Theetc. are the important sources of diseases transmission. diseaseof(RD), Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) and fowl pox are the most important of Meghalaya, Ranikhet Kachai Lemon Manipur and Queen diseases commonly occurring in this region. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InThe material used for nightinshelter ersity in the region, it is lacking behind termssuch of as wood and bamboo offers a good hiding place for externalproducts place forgetexternal (like lice, flees, ticks, mites, etc.) and warrants regular its produces. Surplus wasted parasites due to lack monitoring and examination of birds ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India for their presence seriously. Similarly, scavenging natureand of other birds related exposesagri-businesses. them to several internal parasites, which affects their growth and l for food processing production performance. Regular monitoring and de-worming of birds for internal parasites is he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. very important. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized the vaccination against the major disease likes Ranikhet disease (RD), loyment at lowUnfortunately, levels. The current situation demands Bursal disease can address the Infectious economic and social issues.(IBD) and fowl are mostly not practiced at all. The major losses therefore take place when these disease outbreak occurs which happens mostly in winter. So, this high mortality rates can be made checked by putting vaccination services in place. Also, India brooding management (the care and management of day-old chicks up to 4 – 6 weeks of age), andPradesh, brooding management advice should be provided by the relevant f the 8 states ofspecific Assam, housing Arunachal Manipur, experts. ura and Sikkim,scientific is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Rearing of multipleflowers, age groups the same place under free range and backyard farming rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, herbsat and makes disease control most difficult. Besides, different species of poultry like chicken ducks, fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into guinea fowls, etc.ago-climate, are reared in the same premises, thereby transmitting many North East Indiaturkeys, is endowed with varied diseases among them and could jeopardize the vaccination programme. In addition the ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. carcasses of birds that died Farming, of infectious disease also pose serious health hazard to the o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, backyard chicken. done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural North Eastern Region is trans-boundary area and exposed to neighboring be utilized forMoreover, productionthe of by-products of forestry. countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar and China. So trans-boundary diseases and scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emerging zoonotic diseases should be strictly controlled. Pandemic disease emand of fishery is veryand highre-inemerging North East Region, like Avian influenza outbreaks are frequently reported from this region of India, so a strict eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and quarantine should be set at the international borders connecting to neighboring r an entrepreneur to get intounit it. Beekeeping andup apiary countries to check the import and export orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic of poultry birds and its products to this NE region. nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Options in for Northeast Entrepreneurship India Development through rearing of Ornamental fishes in North Eastern Region of India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo N. Bamon Basudha1 Ch and S.K. Das2 Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center 1 ICAR Research for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamhelpat, Imphal 795004, ICAR Research Complex For Complex NEH Region 2 ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India 793103 Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Ornamental fish keeping and its propagation has been an interesting activity for many people and it is one of the oldest and popular hobbies since ancient times. Over 2500 species are my. It is well known for in its the agricultural produces. fish The industry, of which over 60% are of freshwater origin. involved global ornamental of Meghalaya, 30-35 Kachaispecies Lemonofoffreshwater Manipur and fishQueen dominate the market. More than 90 percent of freshwater geographical indications. However, the revenue earned fish are captive bred whereas only few marine ornamentals are bred in captivity. The growing the country is interest low as compared national average. In-in steady increase in aquarium fish trade globally. in aquarium fishes has resulted ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus wasted due to since lack 2000 rose steadily from US$177.7 million to a peak Global products exports ofget ornamental fish ion and marketing the products. The in Northeast Indiadeclining slightly to US$347.5 million in 2014. The of US$364.9 million 2011, then l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. wholesale value of the global ornamental fish trade is estimated to be US$ 3.5 Billion. The he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. trade at retail level is worth more than US$10 billion with an average annual growth of over e region makes10%, favourable setting up food processing while the entire industry including plants, accessories, aquarium, feed, and drugs is option. There estimated are many small to be worthscale moreunorganized than US$18-20 billion. loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the About economic social issues. 120and countries import ornamental fishes and the major importers are European Union,

United States and Japan. Singapore is the largest exporter for many years and is regarded as a major trade hub. About 80% of the import to USA originates from Asia and the rest from South America.It has been estimated that about 30 freshwater fish species dominate the f the 8 states ofglobal Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, market such as live bearers, neon tetra, angel fish, gold fish, zebra danio and discus. ura and Sikkim,The is a guppy reservoir rich tetra natural resources andofneon species alone represent more than 25% of the market by volume ent people and cultures. surely is by a region and moreItthan 14% value.waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential toin transform Ornamental fish trade India into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropicalThere and tropical is greatagricultural demand andcommodities. great scope for Indian freshwater ornamental fish in international o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, market for export in the tune ofFarming, US$ 30 million. Export of ornamental fishes from the country done at primary only and thetorising standard of is level mainly confined freshwater varieties; mostly fishes collected from the wild. Most of the econdary and exported tertiary fish processing of agricultural lists are predominantly from north eastern states and Western Ghats (85%) and be utilized foraproduction of by-products of forestry. few of a bred variety of exotic species (15%). scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, emand of fishery is very to high in North East According Swain (2012), outRegion, of 806 fish species inhabiting in freshwater of India, the total eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and fish species reported from north east are 267 consisting of 114 genera under 38 families and r an entrepreneur get intoAssam it. Beekeeping and217 apiary 10toorders. contributed fish species, Arunachal Pradesh 167, Meghalaya 165, orth East India.Manipur Mushroom domestic68, Sikkim 29 and Tripura 134. At Present, 58 species 121, production Mizoram 48,forNagaland nced with improvement in the state offish art species of theiroccurring in the north east i.e., 33% of the total export of indigenous ornamental est potential in are North East India as the pesticide and currently being exported as per MPEDA, India (Swain, 2012). in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch overthough for organic Production India, not anfarming. important contributor to the global aquarium trade (only 0.3% by value) house conditions can be taken up to harness the export fishes from the country is mainly confined to wild(Kurup, 2014), the export of ornamental modified crops, caught have thefreshwater highest potential this the region varietiesinand export is limited to fishes collected from the wild. This of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of individuals of restricted range and threatened species unmanaged trade involving millions of labour-saving farm have good potential for has received very little interest and attention. is anequipment important conservation issue, which roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural India

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ri-business enterprises in Northeast India programme on ‗Green Certification‘ (GC, a concept that deals In the year 2008, an ambitious with the promotion of a service or a product as ‗environmentally sound‘) of freshwater B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon ornamental fishesand was launched to increase the global market shares of aquarium fish trade in Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) the country. Guidelines for GCCenter of ornamental fishes in India (Silas et al, 2014) were ICAR Researchdeveloped Complex For subsequently by NEH a taskRegion force in collaboration with the United Nations Conference Umiam, India on Trade andMeghalaya-793103, Development (UNCTAD) and Project PIABA (a community-based *Corresponding interdisciplinary author email: [email protected] programme promoting sustainable harvest of ornamental fishes in the Brazilian Amazon). Although, the country has The GC listed only 103 species, however it covers all the freshwater ornamental fishes that occur in country. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Ornamental Kachai Lemon oftrade Manipur and Queen fish in North East India geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is The low ornamental as comparedfish national In-but vital part of international fish trade. It contributes sectoraverage. is a small ersity in the region, it is tolacking behind in terms of developing producing countries, and in the major positively rural development in many its produces. Surplus get wasted duetheto retail lack value is many times that of its trade value with a marketsproducts for ornamental fish, ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India chain. The sector presents numerous challenges to positive impact throughout the value l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. operators, ranging from issues related to animal welfare and health to the protection of he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. endangered species. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There The are ornamental many small fish scale marketunorganized in north east can be broadly categorized into domestic and export loyment at lowmarket. levels. The domestic current situation demands market is mainly dominated by exotic fishes such as live bearers, gold can address the fish, economic and socialcichlids issues. etc. angels, discus, India

Presently, the ornamental fish trade in region is unorganized, sporadic and mostly from wild collection. Indiscriminate collection and exploitation poses a great threat to the survival of f the 8 states ofsome Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ornamental fish. Habitat destruction and clearing of of the rare varieties of indigenous ura and Sikkim,shade is a reservoir of rich natural along wet-zone stream resources affect many endemic fishes since most are shade lover species ent people and cultures. is a region to the family Cyprinidae and Cobitidae exhibit the that live Itinsurely shallow streams.waiting Of these, rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs andmodifications rendering them to fit as aquarium fishes. greatest variety of colouration and fin fauna, NE India has all thehill potential transform intolike Nemachiline loaches, cat-fishes, Puntius spp. and Small size, streamtoadapted fishes North East Indiatheis Asiatic endowedglass withfishes variedofago-climate, the genus Parambassisalso find important place in the list of ate, sub-tropicalaquarium and tropical agricultural fishes owing tocommodities. their interesting shapes, transparent body, colourful and lively o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, nature. Aborichthys, Acantopsis, Acantopthalmus, Ailia, Aplocheilus, Badis, Batasio, done at primary level onlyBotia, and the Brachydanio, rising standard of Barilius, Channa, Clupisoma, Danio, Devario, Esomus, econdary and Gagata,Lepidocephalichthys, tertiary processing of agricultural Mystus, Nandus,Notopterus,Pangio,Puntius, Raiamas, be utilized forRasbora, productionSisor, of by-products of forestry. Trichogaster, etc are the genera without special Sperata, Synchrossus, scope for production of while meat, milk and milk products, devices Akysis,Amblyceps, Acanthocobitis,Erethistis, Exostoma,Garra, Glossogobius, emand of fishery is very highHara, in North East Region,Macrognathus, Mastacembelus, Myerglanis, Olyra, Glyptothorax, Homaloptera, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Physoschistura, Pseudecheneis, Psilorhynchus, Pterocryptis, Schistura, Tetraodon, r an entrepreneur to get into it.etcBeekeeping and apiary Xenentodon, have special structural modifications for adaptation to their habitats orth East India.(Vishwanath Mushroom etproduction al. 2009). for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in All North East India as been the pesticide these fishes have found to and be suitable for keeping in aquaria. However, breeding and in India compared to industrial the world. rearing techniquesnations of theseoffishes are not standardised yet; the prospects for keeping aquaria ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production remain as apparition. This makes a large number of hobbyists in the state compelled to import house conditions can be taken up to harness theatexport commercial ornamental fishes high price. The domestic market has a demand for such modified crops, varieties have the highest potential in thisSword region tail, Koi carp, Discus, Angel, Tiger shark, Loach, etc. like Gold fish, Guppy, of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of (Swain, 2006, 2008). labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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Fishes belonging to the genus Barilius, Brachydanio, Danio, Esomus, Rasbora, Puntius, ri-business enterprises in Northeast India Psilorynchus, Psilorhynchoides, Acanthocobitis, Neonoemacheilus, Schitstura, Botia, B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andLepidocephalaichthy, Remiioo N. Bamon Somileptus, Batasio, Amblyceps, Mystus, Gagata, Acanthopthalmus, Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center Hara, Sisor, Chaca, Sicamugil, Xenetodon, Aplocheilus, Chanda, Parambasis, Badis, Nandus, Trichogaster, etc. have been found to be suitable for keeping in ICAR Research ComplexChanna, For NEH Tetraodon Region aquaria.Umiam, According to Vishwanath (2009) the region is attributing in having certain endemic Meghalaya-793103, India genera Akysis, Amblyceps, Badis, Conta, Erethistes, Erethistoides, *Corresponding fish author email: viz.Aborichthys, [email protected] Exostoma, Meyersglanis, Sisor etc. Most of fish species under these genera are having ornamental value and demand in international trade. my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. The fish of Meghalaya, Ornamental Kachai Lemon offarming: Manipur and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned fish farming an excellent the country is Ornamental low as compared nationalis average. In- business opportunity in north east India since there is huge demand from domestic and export ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of markets. Ornamental fisheries in the region has a good potential due wasted to enormous geographical spread, extensive species diversity and its produces. Surplus products get due to lack intensive research and development ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India efforts that are already put in by the associated institutions. Therelated regionagri-businesses. forms one part of 34 biodiversity hot spots listed by Conservation l for food processing and other International, 2005). produces. The region has immense potential of fishery resources and he region favours cultivation (Roach of agricultural harbours valuable fish germplasm resources. 267 fish species including more than 40 species e region makes favourable setting up food processing to small this region have been reported. The region is blessed with abundant option. There endemic are many scale and unorganized ornamental fishes. The biggest advantage of the region is that it is home for 85% of the loyment at low levels. The current situation demands fish thatissues. are normally found in Indian exporter‘s priority list. Scientific and can address the ornamental economic and social systematic exploration of this potential will definitely ensure a significant niche for this state in this sector besides employment generation and easy earning of foreign exchange. India

selection of ornamental f the 8 states ofSite Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, fish Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Ornamental fish are primarily in outdoor, earthen ponds or cemented tanks. For ent people and cultures. It surely is a produced region waiting to small culture flowers, a minimum 500 sq.ft land area is required where the farmer can rest wealth, fruits andscale vegetables, herbsofand construct few rectangular concrete tanks. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into For big projects more than 1ha land area is required numberswith of earthen and cemented tanks are required for the culture of koi carp, North East Indiaand is aendowed varied ponds ago-climate, catfish, gourami and barbs. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, The success culture done at primary level only of andornamental the rising fish standard of greatly depends on the location and layout of the unit adopting proper ofmanagement econdary and with tertiary processing agriculturalprotocols in the breeding and rearing. The basic necessities are like plenty of forestry. fresh water, quality brood stock and uninterrupted electric be utilized for production of by-products of supply. For this reason, one has to plan meticulously while establishing an ornamental unit. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, There are also other parameters, emand of fishery is very highseveral in North East Region, which are need to be considered to have success in this culture practice. Some of these are discussed below. eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies parameters and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Nets areproduction required tofor cover the breeding and rearing ponds and tanks for ornamental orth East India.  Mushroom domestic fishes protect fromofbirds. nced with improvement in the tostate of art their  Sufficient water and electricity supply at the breeding and rearing units are important. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and  to Selection of nations the quality brooder in India compared industrial of the world.is the most important aspect for the success of the unit. Hence, skilled manpower is required. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production  Some species reproduce in soft house conditions can be taken up to harness the exportacidic water, while a few others prefer hard alkaline water potential to breed.inLivebearers modified crops, have the highest this region usually prefer to breed in hard alkaline water, while fishes like Angel, of high yielding varieties have reached allDiscus, parts ofTetra, Oscar and Loaches preferssoft acidic water. But otherhave egg good bearers like goldfish, danio, catfish, rosy barb, and fighter fish can labour-saving farm equipment potential for tolerate a wide range of water. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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 Bio-filter is essential ri-business enterprises in Northeast Indiafor proper water quality management in the production unit.  To increase breeding viability, avoid breeding of same fish for more than 2 years. B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and should RemiioobeN.collected Bamon from different places. Breeders (ABI) Agri-Business Farm madeIncubation aqua pellets canCenter be prepared by using different agricultural by-products, for which a small is required. The farmer can also use the commercial ICAR Research Complex For pelletizer NEH Region fish/prawn feed available in Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India the market.  Live food like Zooplankton, Tubifex, Blood worms, Chopped Earthworms etc. are also *Corresponding author email: [email protected] very much essential for brood fishes and larvae. For proper marketing of fish, better communication facility (roadways/ rail/ airport) is required nearby to the Constantproduces. touch with small, middle, or large traders will benefit the farmer in my. It is well known for itsfarm. agricultural The marketing of his product. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen  Prospective farmers can earned avail training and new methods demonstration to get geographical indications. However, the revenue knowledge about the new the country is low as compared national average. In- know-how in their respective field of interest and expertise. Integrated units ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of like Ornamental fish- vermin-compost, Vegetable cultivation/backyard its produces. Surplus products get wasted due kitchen to lack garden, aquaponics can be adopted for better profit.  Few concrete and glass tanks are to be constructed at the entry of all fish farms for ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India proper observation and quarantine before adding to the existing stocks. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Any unappealing situations like mass mortality or unidentified signs and symptoms he region favourscultivation of agricultural produces. among farmed fish must be attended immediately by taking advice for a specialist. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized andcurrent rearingsituation unit should be made near a constant supply of water and electricity. If loyment at lowBreeding levels. The demands unit is and located the streams, it will be excellent where the unit can receive portable can address the the economic socialnear issues. water and the rearing unit can be made flow-through. Breeding and rearing unit may be established preferably nearer to airport/railway station so that live fish could be easily India transported to internal market as also for export. A fish breeder could concentrate preferably a single marketable species to streamline management measures. Proper knowledge on f the 8 states ofonAssam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, demand, customer ura and Sikkim,market is a reservoir of rich naturalpreference resources and overall, the operation of a marketing network through personal contacts and publictorelation is desirable. Pioneer and expert groups in this ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting fieldand may always beflowers, kept in touch rest wealth, fruits vegetables, herbs with and to keep track of recent developments in marketing as well as research advancements, through fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into training. North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, beginner start the work on breeding of any live-bearer followed by goldfish or any ate, sub-tropicalAand tropicalshould agricultural commodities. other egg-layer for getting acquainted o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, with the procedures on handling and maintenance of brood fish and young one. Good knowledge on the biology, feeding behaviour and ambient done at primary level only and the rising standard of the fish are econdary and condition tertiary of processing of prerequisites agricultural for breeding. Live food like Tubifex worms, Moina, earthworms‘ etc. for brood-stock and larval stages need special attention. The larvae similarly be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. need infusoria, artemia naupli, planktons scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, such as rotifers and smaller daphnia during the early stage. A unit emand of fishery is very highforincontinuous North Eastproduction Region, of live-food is, therefore necessary for successful maintenance of the unit. In most eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies cases and breeding is easy, but larval rearing might require special AsBeekeeping a supplementary feeding the farmer can prepare on-site pelletted feed by r an entrepreneur to getcare. into it. and apiary using local agro-produce. To avoid health related problems, a proper water quality needs to orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic be ensured in by the installing bio-filters. The ornamental fishes can be bred at varied periods of the nced with improvement state of art of their year. The same is true in the case of local colourful fishes. Various colourful indigenous est potential in North East India as the pesticide and fishestolike Danios, Gauramis sota, Trichogaster labiosus and T. fasciatus), in India compared industrial nations of the(Polyacanthus world. Loaches (Botia histrionica, Syncrossus berdmorei, Botiadario), Hill trouts (Bariliu ssps), ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production Snake heads, Barbs, Catfishes (Hara hara, Chaca chaca, Galypto thoraxsps, Mystus sps), house conditions can be taken up to harness the export ssp, Mastacembelus modified crops, eels have(Macrognathu the highest potential in this region sp), etc are popular aquarium fishes. of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of These fishes are priced fishes in the international ornamental fish markets. labour-saving farm equipment havehighly good potential for Indiscriminate exploitation from natural sources may lead to extinction of some of the rare roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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varieties in of Northeast indigenousIndia ornamental fishes, as decline in numbers is already reported from the ri-business enterprises natural habitats. Further there is an inherent danger of certain species disappearing from the B. Banerjee, Amitava and Remiioo regionMukherjee if the present mode N. of Bamon exploitation continues. It is high time to take immediate Agri-Business Incubation Center measures to conserve this(ABI) natural wealth of this region. If the potential is exploited judiciously, it Complex can be aFor good source of income for the country. For conservation and easy ICAR Research NEH Region domestication of such valuable species breeding and rearing techniques are to be Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Keeping this view, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, *Corresponding standardized. author email: [email protected] take up conservation plan through breeding and rearing of selected fishes. CIFA is playing major role for conducting research and training programmes on freshwater ornamental fish breeding culture in the region by conducting several training programmes. my. It is well known for and its agricultural produces. The of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen In addition to that the many farmers also visit CIFA regularly for exposure to this area. geographical indications. However, revenue earned of ―ornamental fish village‖ through community participation is also another the country is Development low as compared national average. Inarea of success. CIFA scientists regularly facilitates the new entrepreneurs in the ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of development of get viable business its produces. Surplus products wasted due to plans lack to establish ornamental units. There are several governmental incentives and subsidies ion and marketing the products. The Northeast Indiato start ornamental fish farming. NFDB provides 50% subsidy establishing ornamental fish breeding and culture farms. Hence a farmer can l for food processing andfor other related agri-businesses. prosper more inofthis direction produces. by availing the supports laid by the Government. he region favours cultivation agricultural e region makes favourable setting up food processing than 90% of freshwater ornamental fish are bred in captivity, in contrast with marine option. There More are many small scale unorganized species. Indeed, most marine species, loyment at low levels. The current situation demandsboth fish and invertebrates, are caught directly in their origin can address the habitats economicofand socialusing issues.often unsuitable methods, resulting in the depletion of marine ecosystems and destruction of coral reefs, particularly in Southeast Asia. Therefore, ornamental fish species caught in the wild by fish-producing countries do not always meet the India environmental protection and bio security requirements of importing countries, which over years Arunachal have become increasingly stringent in terms of animal health and well-being. The f the 8 states ofthe Assam, Pradesh, Manipur, in importing countries is in continuous evolution. The current economic crisis could ura and Sikkim,situation is a reservoir of rich natural resources lead to a significant drop in the ornamental fish trade – a trade which to date has been subject ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to to rapid growth and development, providing a basis for socio-economic opportunity in rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and various developing countries. The problems of greatest relevance to operators in the sector fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into to healthwith and varied the interpretation North East Indiarelate is endowed ago-climate,of the many regulations in the field of animal welfare and the protection of endangered species. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, Development of breeding done at primary level only and the rising technology standard of of indigenous species econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA) is a leading research Institute in the be utilized forCentral production of by-products of forestry. country working in research and development of different aspects of ornamental fish breeding scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, andisitsvery nutrition related since last two three decades. Success in breeding and larval emand of fishery high in Northresearch East Region, rearing has been achieved in a dozen eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies andof ornamental fishes endemic of North Eastern India. Successful and larval r an entrepreneur to get intobreeding it. Beekeeping andrearing apiary of the spiny eel Mastacembelus armatus have been achieved by the Institute. Some success on brood stock development of Y-loach (Botia orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic lohachata),inYellowtail rasbora) and many indigenous ornamental fishes nced with improvement the state Scissortail of art of (Rasbora their of commercial importance has been made. Hybridization programme were also being done est potential in North East India as the pesticide and successfully by taken upofbetween two indigenous barbs. In F1 generation, it has been in India compared to industrial nations the world. observed that the spot in caudal peduncle region in the hybrids was more prominent and ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production surrounded by golden colour ring. The species are kept in a controlled condition for further house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, research. have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of The equipment indigenoushave fish good species(s) thatforcould be successfully bred and reared at CIFA are labour-saving farm potential Brachydanio rerio (Zebra fish), Puntius conchonius (Rosy barb), Colisa fasciata (Banded roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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gourami),inColisa lalia (Dwarf ri-business enterprises Northeast India gourami), Parlucioma daniconius (Black line rasbora), Esomus barbatus (Flying barb), Danio aequipinnatus (Giant danio), Danio devario (Torquoise B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee Remiioo N. Bamon danio), Puntius and sophore (Sophore barb), Puntius ticto (Two spot barb), Badis badis Agri-Business (ABI) Center (Melon barb). In ICAR Research Complex for NEH (Chameleon fish)Incubation and Puntius fasciatus Region, Manipur Centre, of Pangio pangia (Geetakumari and Basudha, 2014) and ICAR Research Complex ForBreeding NEH Region Polycanthus sota (Geetakumari and Basudha, 2012. Breeding protocols of Puntius denisonii Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India Puntius filamentosus and larval rearing of Ompak pabda has been developed and *Corresponding and author email: [email protected] standardized (Swain et al., 2008). Besides CIFA, other institutions like College of Fisheries, Raha, Assam has been able to breed few ornamental fish species including Peacock eel of North Eastern India (Dasproduces. and KalitaThe 2003). my. It is well known for its agricultural of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Some indigenous species like Chaca chaca (Sane and Bhide, 1992) and geographical indications. However,ornamental the revenuefish earned chuna (Sane, 1962) are also the country is Colisa low as compared national average. In- bred by the NGO at Mumbai leading to their commercialization in small scale. It is high time to develop breeding technology of many ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of indigenous varieties which are its produces. Surplus products get wasted due depleting to lack from nature. Unless the technology of commercial breeding of an Indian species made, it is difficult to conserve our indigenous fish ion and marketing the products. The Northeast isIndia biodiversity as well as adoption of programmes on entrepreneurial scale for export (Swain et l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. al., cultivation 2008). he region favours of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing in ornamental fish breeding and farming, training on the subject is a option. There For are beginners many small scale unorganized prerequisite which will help to gain knowledge and market potential. It is always better to loyment at low levels. The current situation demands withand the social livebearers can address the begin economic issues.like Guppy, Platy, Swordtail and Molly (as they breed easily) and after acquiring some experience, they can attempt for breeding and rearing of egg layers like Koi carp, gourami, goldfish, barbs, fighter fish etc. It is always advised for a farmer to be India master on a single species than venturing in to many species as they require different practice. CIFAtechnologies f the 8 states ofmanagement Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, for ornamental fish culture CIFA has successfully and standardized the successful rearing of 16 indigenous ornamental species from NEH, ura and Sikkim,bred is a reservoir of rich natural resources Eastern and Southern Western ghat region comprising barbs, danios, rasboras, catfish and ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to chameleon fish. Recent achievement rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs andof captive breeding technology of an endangered fish Dawkinsia tamraparneii has beeninto successful at CIFA leading to commercial production. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform through selection process is one of the major achievement North East IndiaDevelopment is endowed of‖Shining with varied barb‖ ago-climate, and in ornamental fish industry, now under field trial with a private company at Udaipur, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Rajasthan. Development of CIFACURE, a medicine for controlling fungal and bacterial o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, diseases is gaining the momentum in many states of India. In order to make ornamental done at primary level only and the rising standard of export oriented industry, Matsyafed, FRMS and MPEDA are providing econdary and fisheries tertiary an processing of agricultural assistance for ornamental fish breeding be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. and export. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Conclusion emand of fishery is very high in North East Region, eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Development ornamental fish industry would benefit the people to earn a living. Breeding r an entrepreneur to get into it.of Beekeeping and apiary of indigenous and exotic fishes for the domestic markets fetches appreciable price. It requires orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic little space in andthe lessstate initial nced with improvement of investment art of theirthan most other forms of aquaculture. At the first stage of starting of an ornamental fish farm, est potential in North East India as the pesticide and very sophisticated or complicated equipment is not necessary. Only a nations clear understanding in India compared to industrial of the world.of habits and biology of the fish basic needs is required so it can be practiced even urban areas with little alteration of backyard or even the roof of ucated to switch over for organic farming.inProduction a dwelling. As less manpower needed, the women or the elders can run small home units. house conditions can be taken up to harness theisexport slightly more sophisticated equipment such as heaters, aerators and power filters, and modified crops, With have the highest potential in this region practices such as selective breeding, stock manipulation and proper feeding, large units can of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of be maintained urban areas also. for labour-saving farm equipmentinhave good potential roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises References in Northeast India

B. Banerjee, Amitava Remiioo N. Bamon Das SMukherjee K and Nand Kalita (2003). Captive breeding of peacock eel, Macrognathus aculeatus, Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center VII, No. 3, 17-21p Aquaculture Asia, July-Sept.Vol. ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Geetakumari, Kh. and Basudha, Ch. 2014. Eco-biology and breeding of eel-loach Pangio Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India pangia, (Hamilton). Proc. National seminar on Recent advances in fishery science. *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

D.M. College of Science publication/Special Issue No. 2:124-130.

Geetakumari Kh. and Basudha, Ch (2012) Breeding biology and behaviour of honey trichogaster chuna my. It is well known gourami, for its agricultural produces. The (hamilton) (teleostei:osphronemidae) Symposium Proceedings: Biodiversity Status of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen& Conservation Strategies with reference to NE India, Published by CAS in Life Sciences, geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Manipur University (2012). ISBN : 978-81-9233431-8 the country is low as compared national average. Inersity in the region, is lacking behind in terms ofOrnamentals Kerala 2014, Department of Fisheries, Kurup,it B. M., 2014. In Souvenir, its produces. SurplusGovernment products getofwasted lack Kerala,due pp.to1–9. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India Raghavan, R. Dahnukar, N and Tlusli, M.F., 2013, Uncovering obscure trade: threatened l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. freshwater fishes and theproduces. aquarium pet markets. Biological Conservation, 164:158–169. he region favours cultivation of agricultural e region makesSilas, favourable setting up food processing E G and Gopalakrishnan, A and Ramachandran, A and Anna Mercy, T V and Sarkar, option. There are Kripan many small scale unorganized and Pushpangadan, K R and Anil Kumar, P and Ram Mohan, M loyment at low levels. TheAnikuttan, current situation Kand K Kdemands (2011) Guidelines for green certification of freshwater can address the economic and social issues. ornamental fish. Marine Products Export Development Authority, Kochi. ISBN 978India

81-910104-0-4

Sane S R and L R Bhide (1992).The successful spawning of Chaca chaca, Tropical Fish hobbyist, March 196-199Manipur, p. f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Sane S R (1962). Colisa chuna. A rare and exciting subset gourami, The aquarium, 93-96 p. ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Swain, S.K. (2012) Freshwater ornamental fish farming and trade: a roadmap for India. In: rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and Anna Mercy, TV, Boopendranath, MR., Jayachandran, K.V., and Saira Banu (Eds) fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Ornamental kerala 2012 Souvenir, Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Kerala, India xiv North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, +102p ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. Swain, S.K., Singh, S.K., Routray, P and Barik, N.K. 2008. Indigenous ornamental fishes: o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, and strategies for propagation and conservation. e-planet, 6 (2): 20 -26. done at primary levelstatus, only issues and the rising standard of econdary and Swain. tertiaryS Kprocessing of agricultural (2006). Ornamental fish breeding and culture, In Hand book of Fisheries and be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. Aquaculture, ICAR, New Delhi, DIPA Publ, 354-377 p. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, Vishwanath, W. in (2009) emand of fishery is very high NorthFish Eastdiversity Region,of North east India. In : Wetlands of North East India Aquatic eaters. Presence of aEcology, large number waterBioresources bodies and and conservation (Edt. L. Kosygin), Akansha Publishing House, New Delhi, 95-113p r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production house conditions can be taken up to harness the export modified crops, have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of labour-saving farm equipment have good potential for roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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ri-business enterprises Approaches in Northeast for Converting India Waste into Enriched Manure through Composting

T. Basanta Singh, Rishikanta Singh, Arati Ningombam, Ch. Basudha Devi and I. M. Singh B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andKh. Remiioo N. Bamon ICAR Research Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) CenterComplex For NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal-795004 ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India [email protected] immemorial we are using manures from organic wastes for enriching the soil *Corresponding From authorthe email:

fertility and for higher productivity. If we talk about the waste management, three words come in our mind with hierarchy; reduce, reuse, and recycle. The injudicious use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural agriculture is increasing my. It is well known for its produces. Theexposing ourselves to extreme health hazards. So, the system of in Manipur the North India is gradually turning to the organic system due to of Meghalaya, farming Kachai Lemon andeast Queen various harmful evidences and low geographical indications. However, the revenue earnedsustainability of inorganic farming. The enormous wastes produced the Invarious agricultural activities often creates nuisance. So, the country is organic low as compared nationalduring average. the farmers used to burn the refuges in situ without the knowledge of its harmful emissions ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of and useful conversions. So,due it istovery its produces. Surplus products get wasted lackmuch essential to convert these biomass refuges into useful composts. Without converting ion and marketing the products. The Northeast Indiathis biomass in to compost, success is dull for organic farmers. l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. products part of the economy and of everyone‘s life. Organic e region makesOrganic favourable settingare up an foodimportant processing is ―asmall production which sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It option. There farming are many scale system unorganized relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than loyment at low levels. The current situation demands use of and inputs withissues. adverse effects‖. All plants and animals, anything made from plants or can address the the economic social animals, and any wastes generated by plants and animals are regarded as organic. Recycling organic materials in most cases means composting. Composts are used as an important source India of organic matter and nutrients in organic agriculture, and are also an important component of for nurseries. f the 8 states ofgrowing Assam, media Arunachal Pradesh, Compost Manipur, plays an important role in building a resilient farming system, by providing both the energy sources and the nutrients to sustain soil biodiversity. ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to Classification of Manures rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into Organic Manures (contain low amount of plant nutrient) North East IndiaA.isBulky endowed with varied ago-climate, (1) Compost: Rural compost, Town compost, Vermicompost etc. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. (2) F.Y.M.: Cattle manures, Sheep penning, Poultry manures. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, (3) Sewage and sludge done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural Green manures: Leguminous plant and Non-leguminous plant be utilized forB. production of by-products of forestry. scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, C. is Concentrated Manures emand of fishery very high in Organic North East Region, 1. Oil cakes. (Richest sourceand of plant nutrient of all organic manures): Edible Oil eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies Cakes (Mustard, Groundnut, r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary Seasame, Linseed etc.) and Non-edible Oil Cakes (cakes from Castor, Sunflower, Mahua, Karaja etc.) orth East India. Mushroom production for Neem, domestic 2. Waste slaughter nced with improvement in theProducts state ofofart of theirhouse: Blood meal and Bone meal. 3. Fish products: Fish Meal est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. D.over Guano: Manuresfarming. from theProduction excreta and dead bodies of marine birds. ucated to switch for organic house conditions can be taken up to harness the export of Composting modified crops, Advantages have the highest potential in this region of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of We get lots of have advantages through for composting like, volume reduction of waste, low final labour-saving farm equipment good potential weight of compost, temperature kill pathogen, weed seeds and seeds, matured compost comes roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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into equilibrium with the soil, during composting number of wastes from several sources are ri-business enterprises in Northeast India blended together, excellent soil conditioner, saleable product, improves manure handling, B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee andpollution, Remiioo N. Bamon reduction, additional revenue, suppress plant diseases reduces the risk of pathogen (ABI)the Center andAgri-Business pests, reduceIncubation or eliminate need for chemical fertilizers, promote higher yields of agricultural crops, facilitate reforestation, wetlands restoration, and habitat revitalization ICAR Research Complex For NEH Region efforts by amending contaminated, compacted, and marginal soils, cost-effectively remediate Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India by hazardous waste, remove solids, oil, grease, and heavy metals from *Corresponding soils authorcontaminated email: [email protected] sewage water runoff, capture and destroy maximum percent of industrial volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in contaminated air and provide cost savings of at least 50 percent over conventional soil, water, produces. and air pollution my. It is well known for its agricultural The remediation technologies, where applicable. of Meghalaya, Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen Disadvantages of Using Composts geographical indications. However, the revenue earned the country is low as compared national average. InAgricultural use ofbehind composts remains ersity in the region, it is lacking in terms of low for several reasons like, product is heavy and bulky, making expensive its produces. Surplus productsit get wasted to duetransport, to lack low nutrient value of compost is low compared with that of chemical fertilizers, and rate of nutrient release is slow so that it cannot usually ion and marketing the products. The Northeastthe India meet the nutrient requirement of crops l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. in a short time, thus resulting in some nutrient deficiency, theofnutrient composition he region favours cultivation agricultural produces.of compost is highly variable compared to chemical fertilizers, agricultural users might have concerns regarding potential levels of heavy metals e region makes favourable setting up food processing contaminants in compost, particularly mixed municipal solid wastes, option. There and are other manypossible small scale unorganized potential for contamination becomes an important issue when compost is used on food crops, loyment at low levels. The current situation demands and/or heavy application of composts to agricultural soils to accumulate salt, can address the long-term economic and social issues. nutrient, or heavy metal and may adversely affect plant growth, soil organisms, water quality, and animal and human health. India

waste into enriched manure through composting f the 8 states ofConverting Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources Composting can be as the ultimate step of in recycling. They are the end product of ent people and cultures. It surely is described a region waiting to a process involving flowers, the breakdown of various materials (e.g. leaves, manure, food scraps) rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, herbs and into a more usable form for the plants. fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into This break down occurs because of the biological of various microorganisms living inside the decaying materials. Compost returns North East Indiaactivity is endowed with varied ago-climate, nutrients and organic material to soil. ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities.The compost can be prepared from the various waste materials available in the farm like: Cereals straws that is unsuitable for feeding of farm o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, animals, farm weeds and grasses, done at primary level only and the rising standardwater of hyacinth etc., sugarcane leaves and trash, stalk of jowar, bajra, etc.,ofwaste gunny bags, old cotton cloths, cellulose based wastes, papers econdary and maize, tertiary processing agricultural etc., house /kitchen refuges and waste materials of vegetables, fruits, etc., waste materials of be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. crops, mushroom spent straw wood ash etc., poultry/duck litter and urine soaked bedding scope for production of meat, milk and milk products, materials shed.East Region, emand of fishery is veryfrom highcattle in North eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and Indispensable for fruitful composting r an entrepreneur to get into it.inputs Beekeeping and apiary orth East India. Mushroom production for domestic (i) Bulk Organic Refuse: organic refuge is the prerequisite before taking any nced with improvement in the state of artBulk of their composting process. The waste materials est potential in North East India as the pesticide and from cattle shed, and these organic refuse having high to C:N ratio are preferred composting. The mixture of different kinds of organic in India compared industrial nations of thefor world. material residues ensures a more efficient ucated to switch over for organic farming. Production decomposition. house conditions can be taken up to harness the export Starter: Here, the region decomposition of the organic waste is brought about by modified crops, (ii) haveSuitable the highest potential in this microorganisms. They are very abundant in the finished compost, fertile soil etc. The of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of materials like cow soil, animal labour-saving farm equipment haveurine, good potential for dung, sewage, sludge, activated substances, ADCO powder etc. can be used as starter. roundwater level and labour scarcity for agriculturalThe ADCO Powder is suspected to be a mixture of

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(NH4)2SO (27 kg), Superphosphate (13.5 kg), MOP (11.250 kg) and lime stone (22.5 kg). ri-business enterprises in4 Northeast India with this starter, good compost can be produced within 4-5 months. But, turning and B. Banerjee, Amitava Mukherjee and Remiioo availability is difficult (7.0 kgN. perBamon 100 kg of dry waste product).

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center (iii) Water: Moisture is For necessary to support the metabolic activity of the micro-organisms. If ICAR Research Complex NEH Region the compost pile is less than 50-60% Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, Indiamoisture, composting may not be satisfactory. Excess [email protected] pore spaces, impeding diffusion of oxygen through the compost materials and *Corresponding water authorfills email:

leading to anaerobic conditions. Mixing in additional bulking agent such as dry wood chips, cardboard pieces, or newspaper strips is likely to alleviate the problem. If you are composting in a bioreactor with drainage holes,The you may notice leachate draining out, this liquid is often my. It is well known for its agricultural produces. in nutrients andManipur can be diluted for use on plants. of Meghalaya, rich Kachai Lemon of and Queen geographical indications. However, the revenue earned Decomposition of average. farm refuse the country is (iv) low Air: as compared national In- is an oxidation process and occurs in the initial stages. The air may be introduced by turning ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms ofthe compost heaps at an interval of 10 to 15 days. The further products decomposition should its produces. Surplus get wasted dueproceed to lack anaerobically to minimise the loss of organic matter and Nitrogen. ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. Phages/stages of agricultural Compostingproduces. he region favours cultivation of e region makes favourable setting up food processing processes go through four stages: (1) mesophilic, (2) thermophilic, (3) option. There All areproper manycomposting small scale unorganized cooling, and finally ending with (4) curing/compost maturation stage. The duration of each loyment at low levels. The current situation demands depends the issues. initial composition of the feedstock mixture, water content, aeration and can address the stage economic and on social quantity and composition of microbial populations. India 1) The mesophilic phase: f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, the mesophilic phase, resources labile C-rich substrates are rapidly metabolized by a mixture of ura and Sikkim,During is a reservoir of rich natural bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi preferring moderate temperature typically between 15 and ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to 40 and °C. Due to this flowers, aerobic metabolism, rest wealth, fruits vegetables, herbs and heat is generated. Turning the material leading to aeration temporarily decreases temperature, resulting in a rapid decomposition of further fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into material thus, temperature increases again. These mesophilic bacteria can North East Indiaavailable is endowed with and varied ago-climate, include E. coli and other bacteria from the human intestinal tract, but these soon become ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. increasingly inhibited by the temperature. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of Thermophilic phase:of agricultural econdary and 2)tertiary processing be utilized for production of by-products of forestry. The thermophilic bacteria takeproducts, over in the transition range of 44oC-52oC (111oF-125.6oF) and scope for production of meat, milk and milk o o C (158 F). This heating stage takes place rather quickly and may caniscontinue up to emand of fishery very high in about North70 East Region, last only a few days, weeks, or months. This phase favours mainly actinomycetes and eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and thermophilic bacteria such as r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping andBacillus. apiary When labile C compounds of the feed substrates decline, there is gradual decrease orth East India. Mushroom production for domesticin temperature linking to cooling phase. After the thermophilic period, will appear to have been digested, but the coarser nced with improvement in heating the state of arttheofhumanure their organic material will remain. est potential in North East India as the pesticide and in India compared to industrial nations of the world. 3)over Cooling phase: farming. Production ucated to switch for organic house conditions can be taken up to harness the export stage,potential degradation the more refractory organic compounds continues and soil modified crops, During have thethis highest in thisofregion meso and macro fauna enters (fungi, of high yielding varieties have reached all parts ofearthworms and bugs). It takes many months to break downequipment some of have the more material in compost such as lignin which comes labour-saving farm goodresistant potentialorganic for from wood materials. During this phase, the microorganisms that were chased away by the roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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thermophiles migrate back ri-business enterprises in Northeast Indiainto the compost digesting the more resistant organic materials. Lignins resist breakdown by thermophiles. However, other organisms, such as fungi, can B. Banerjee, Amitava andgiven Remiioo N. Bamon breakMukherjee down lignin, enough time.

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center 4) Curing phase (aging,For orNEH maturing): ICAR Research Complex Region Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India this stage have beneficial influence on compost maturation as well as plant *Corresponding Organisms author email:[email protected]

diseases suppression as they are able to metabolize phytotoxic compounds. It is a critically important stage of the compost-making process. A long curing period (a year) adds a safety net forforpathogen destruction. The utmost my. It is well known its agricultural produces. The importance is the fact that the organic matter has stabilized, thus containing fairly resistant C compounds. Many human pathogens only of Meghalaya, been Kachai Lemon of Manipur and Queen have a limited period of viability in the soil. Immature compost can be harmful to plants. geographical indications. However, the revenue earned compost national can produce phytotoxins, can rob the soil of oxygen and nitrogen, and can the country is Uncured low as compared average. Incontain high levels of organic acids. ersity in the region, it is lacking behind in terms of its produces. Surplus products get wasted due to lack ion and marketing the products. The Northeast India l for food processing and other related agri-businesses. he region favours cultivation of agricultural produces. e region makes favourable setting up food processing option. There are many small scale unorganized loyment at low levels. The current situation demands can address the economic and social issues. India

f the 8 states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, ura and Sikkim, is a reservoir of rich natural resources ent people and cultures. It surely is a region waiting to rest wealth, fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs and fauna, NE India has all the potential to transform into North East India is endowed with varied ago-climate, ate, sub-tropical and tropical agricultural commodities. o Food Processing, Horticulture, Floriculture, Farming, done at primary level only and the rising standard of econdary and tertiary processing of agricultural be utilized forDifferent production of by-products of forestry. stages during composting as function of time, appearance and succession of compost biota, temperature and milk further processes scope for production of meat, and milk products, (Lechner et al, 2005 Smith & Collins, emand of fishery is very high in and North East Region,2007) eaters. Presence of a large number water bodies and r an entrepreneur to get into it. Beekeeping and apiary orth East India.Methods Mushroom production for domestic of Composting nced with improvement in the state of art of their est potential in Composting North East India as divided the pesticide andcategories by the nature of the decomposition process. may be into two in India compared to industrial nations ofdecomposition the world. occurs where oxygen (O) is absent or in limited In anaerobic composting, ucated to switch over for organic supply. Under thisfarming. method, Production anaerobic micro-organisms dominate and develop intermediate house conditions can be taken up to harness theorganic export acids, hydrogen sulphide and other substances. In the compounds including methane, modified crops, absence have the of highest potential in this region O, these compounds accumulate and are not metabolized further. Many of these of high yielding varieties have reached all parts of present phytotoxicity. As anaerobic composting is a compounds have strong odours and some labour-saving farm equipment have good itpotential for seeds and pathogens intact and takes longer time low-temperature process, leaves weed roundwater level and labour scarcity for agricultural

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than aerobic composting. ri-business enterprises in Northeast India But it requires little work involved and more nutrients are conserved. B. Banerjee, Amitava Remiioo N. Bamon A: (i)Mukherjee Indore-pitand method (Aerobic and Passive)

Agri-Business Incubation (ABI) Center An important practice of composting was made at Indore in India by Howard ICAR Researchadvance Complexin Forthe NEH Region in the mid-1920s. The traditional procedure was systematized into a method of composting Umiam, Meghalaya-793103, India known the Indore method (FAO, 1980). *Corresponding now author email:[email protected]

In this process, all the organic material waste from the farm are collected and stacked in a pile. Hard material are first The spread on the road and crushed under tractors or bullock my. It is well known for itswoody agricultural produces. Green and soft materials are allowed to wilt for two to three days to remove excess of Meghalaya, (