Environmental Security and Ecoterrorism
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”. The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s “Partner” or “Mediterranean Dialogue” countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division. Sub-Series A. B. C. D. E.
Chemistry and Biology Physics and Biophysics Environmental Security Information and Communication Security Human and Societal Dynamics
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Series C: Environmental Security
Springer Springer Springer IOS Press IOS Press
Environmental Security and Ecoterrorism
edited by
Hami Alpas
Middle East Technical University Food Engineering Department Ankara, Turkey
Simon M. Berkowicz Hebrew University of Jerusalem Arid Ecosystems Research Centre Jerusalem, Israel and
Irina Ermakova Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS Academy of Geopolitical Problems Moscow, Russian Federation
Published in Cooperation with NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Security and Ecoterrorism Moscow, Russia 27–29 April 2010
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011928248
ISBN 978-94-007-1237-9 (PB) ISBN 978-94-007-1234-8 (HB) ISBN 978-94-007-1235-5 (e-book) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1235-5
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Preface
During 2010, several diverse incidents or threats took place related to environmental security and ecoterrorism. In August, several hundred wildfires broke out across the Russian Federation killing several dozen people and contributing to the deaths of hundreds affected by the poisonous smog. In October a toxic reservoir collapsed in Hungary, killing a handful of people and contaminating an estimated 1 million hectares of farmland. In December, US Department of Homeland Security officials indicated that the Al Qaeda group may try to poison food supply sources such as salad bars and buffets in restaurants and hotels and Israel’s largest forest fire occurred killing over 40 people. No matter whether harm to the environment and to lives is caused by deliberate actions, through negligence, or act of nature, they can serve as harbingers for future potential disasters. It was thus timely that a NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on “Environmental Security and Ecoterrorism” was held in Moscow, Russian Federation, between April 27–29, 2010, covering a multitude of topics related to this theme. A total of 43 participants from 17 different countries and from four continents participated in this Workshop and presented their research. Folowing each keynote speaker and at the end of each Session, considerable time was set aside time for debate and discussions. In addition, the participants had the opportunity to share experiences based on national and international best practices and studies performed. The forum was very fruitful regarding the Workshop theme and the informative presentations and congenial atmosphere contributed to the success of this ARW. The Workshop brought together a diverse group of individuals and we anticipate that new collaborative links will develop between some of the participants. Although the term “environmental security” is a rather straight-forward concept, “ecoterrorism” requires some explanation and definitions. One can divide ecoterrorism into two separate components. The first is where individuals or groups are environmental “activists”, carrying out actions against industries, companies or even governments that they believe are harming the environment, as a means to attract attention to their cause. For the large part, damage is caused to property although some deaths have been reported. The second is where the environment is used as a weapon to harm an opponent. Here the intended outcome is usually large-scale deaths, severe damage to the environment, and generating fear into the populace. v
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Perhaps we can add a third definition of ecoterrorism as harm caused by c ompanies, industry, or governments through negligence. Here, lack of either environmental regulations or enforcement by regulatory agencies can allow for hazardous sites to be established and/or become potential sites for natural disasters or that could attract the attention of terrorists. Insufficient forest fire outbreak monitoring capabilities, low standards for the construction of mining waste dams, and inadequate infrastructure are all examples that can provide inadvertent support of catastrophes. This book begins with a paper by Shearer & Liotta on how the environment is a security matter for a state. This is followed by Berkowicz who provided a background to definitions of ecoterrorism and a discussion on countermeasures. Kharlamova proposed modeling ecologic-economic complex systems to calculate the possible negative impacts of ecoterrorism. Issues related to food security weaknesses are covered by Veiga, Komar & Dvorak, and Bozoglu. Omelchenko focused on lead contamination buildup in the environment as a kind of latent ecoterrorism. Gnatko et al. looked at the application of electrolyzed aqueous solutions for water disinfection. Khaydarov et al. investigated intriguing questions related to environmental and health issues involving nanoparticles. Kharytonov & Kroik examined the environmental safety of mine wastes that are exposed during storage on the surface. Nochvai et al. dealt with air quality management and emergency response systems, while Popov et al. explored the application of hyperspectral imagery to detect contaminated soils. Winkler examined environmental security issues related to water resources crossing international boundaries. Ermakova completes this book with problems related to genetically modified organisms. The main outcomes of this ARW were: (i) Environment quality management systems should be developed for integrated assessment of environmental risks for the population, no matter if the threat is from terrorism or negligence, and for attaining optimal strategies to reduce such risks. (ii) Rapid detection, response, and coordination efforts must be developed for emergencies, accidents and terrorist attacks. Countermeasures must be prepared to cover most-likely contingencies. (iii) Reducing environmental risks requires public awareness of hazards and environmental education on possible threats. (iv) Technological developments may provide the needed tools for detecting, preventing, or monitoring of given threats to the environment and people. We take this opportunity to thank the Academy of Geopolitical Problems (AGP) for providing personnel and logistical support during the Workshop. Special thanks go to the NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division, Science for Peace and Security Section (SPS), for their unfailing support throughout all phases of this Workshop, in particular Dr. Deniz Beten, Programme Director Environmental Security, and to Lynne Campbell-Nolan, SPS Programme Assistant. The editors also greatly appreciate the valuable support of our distinguished colleagues Allan Shearer (University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA), Alexandra Veiga (Universidade
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Nova de Lisboa, Portugal), and Alex Omelchenko (University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada) for additional editing assistance. Last, we find it most appropriate to dedicate this book to the memory of our distinguished colleague, Dr. Tatiana Parshikova, Russian Federation, who tragically passed away during the ARW. Hami Alpas Simon M. Berkowicz Irina Ermakova
Participants of the NATO-ARW ”Environmental Security and Ecoterrorism”, Moscow, Russian Federation, April 27–29, 2010
Contents
1 Environmental Security and Its Meaning for the State........................ Allan W. Shearer and P.H. Liotta 2 Eco-Terrorism/Enviro-Terrorism: Background, Prospects, Countermeasures..................................................................................... Simon M. Berkowicz
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3 Ecoterrorism: An Ecological-Economic Convergence......................... Ganna Kharlamova
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4 Food Defence and Security: The New Reality....................................... Alexandra Veiga
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5 Theoretical Issues of Food Chain Security and Case Studies in the Czech Army................................................................................... Ales Komar and Jiri Dvorak
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6 Impact of Pesticides as Organic Micro-Pollutants on the Environment and Risks for Mankind......................................... Faruk Bozoglu
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7 Environmental Lead Contamination as Eco-Terrorism and a Threat to Ecosystems and Public Health..................................... Alexander Omelchenko
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8 Emergence of the Science and Technology of Electroactivated Aqueous Solutions: Applications for Environmental and Food Safety........................................................................................ 101 Elena N. Gnatko, Vasilij I. Kravets, Elena V. Leschenko, and Alexander Omelchenko
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9 Environmental and Human Health Issues of Silver Nanoparticles Applications..................................................................... 117 Renat R. Khaydarov, Rashid A. Khaydarov, Svetlana Evgrafova, Stefanie Wagner, and Seung Y. Cho 10 Environmental Security of Solid Wastes in the Western Donbas Coal Mining Region, Ukraine................................................... 129 Mykola M. Kharytonov and Anna A. Kroik 11 Urban Air Quality Management and Emergency Response................ 139 Volodymyr I. Nochvai, Angelina V. Shavrina, and Oleksandr A. Veles 12 Processing of Hyperspectral Imagery for Contamination Detection in Urban Areas........................................................................ 147 Mikhail A. Popov, Sergey A. Stankevich, Ludmila P. Lischenko, Vladimir V. Lukin, and Nikolay N. Ponomarenko 13 Ukraine and Romania: Transboundary Environmental Security and Ecology of Shared Water Resources................................ 157 Igor Winkler 14 Destruction of the Biosphere as the Result of Negative Influences of Different Factors on Living Organisms and the Environment........ 171 Irina Ermakova Subject Index.................................................................................................... 181
Contributors
Hami Alpas Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06531, Turkey
[email protected] Simon M. Berkowicz Arid Ecosystems Research Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
[email protected] Faruk Bozoglu Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
[email protected] Seung Y. Cho Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea Jiri Dvorak University of Defence, 65 Kounicova, Brno, The Czech Republic
[email protected] Irina Ermakova Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Academy of Geopolitical Problems, Moscow, Russian Federation
[email protected] Svetlana Evgrafova V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia Elena N. Gnatko Ukrainian State University for Chemical Engineering, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
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Contributors
Ganna Kharlamova Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University, Kiev, Ukraine
[email protected] Mykola M. Kharytonov Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian University, Voroshilova St., 25, Dnipropetrovsk 49027, Ukraine
[email protected] Renat R. Khaydarov Institute of Nuclear Physics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
[email protected] Rashid A. Khaydarov Institute of Nuclear Physics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Ales Komar University of Defence, 65 Kounicova, Brno, The Czech Republic
[email protected] Anna A. Kroik Dnipropetrovsk National University, Gagarina Av., 44, Dnipropetrovsk 49600, Ukraine Vasilij I. Kravets Ukrainian State University for Chemical Engineering, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine Elena V. Leschenko Ukrainian State University for Chemical Engineering, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine P.H. Liotta Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, USA Ludmila P. Lischenko Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth, Kiev, Ukraine Vladimir V. Lukin National Aerospace University, Kharkov, Ukraine Volodmyr I. Nochvai Pukhov Institute for Modeling in Energy Engineering, National Academy of Science Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
[email protected] Alexander Omelchenko Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
[email protected]
Contributors
Nikolay N. Ponomarenko National Aerospace University, Kharkov, Ukraine Mikhail A. Popov Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth, Kiev, Ukraine Angelina V. Shavrina Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Allan W. Shearer School of Architecture, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
[email protected] Sergey A. Stankevich Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth, Kiev, Ukraine
[email protected] Alexandra Veiga Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
[email protected] Oleksandr A. Veles Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Stefanie Wagner Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz University, Hanover, Germany Igor Winkler Yu. Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Kotsiubynsky St., 2 Chernivtsi 58012, Ukraine
[email protected]
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