2013 International Conference on Technology,Informatics,Management,Engineering & Environment (TIME-E 2013) Bandung,Indonesia,June 23-26,2013
Environmentally Friendly Batik Cleaner From Sapindus Mukorossi Using Taguchi Method Ernawati
Endra Joelianto
Dept. of Chemical Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University Bandung, Indonesia
Instrumentation & Control Research Group Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia
[email protected]
anthehnintic, antidermatophytic, antitussives and cytotoxic activities have been demonstrated in the saponins of plants. Recent trends in food and cosmetic preservation are to avoid the use of chemical agents. Hence, it is of interest to investigate the long known saponin as a traditional batik cleaner to produce a modern cleaner not only to batik but also to other purposes which are environmentally friendly.
Abstract-The paper considers the making of an optimum and environmentally friendly batik cleaner from Sapindus mukorossi
(Lerak)
by means of Taguchi method. The result shows that
Taguchi method effectively reduces the number of required experiments required to find the optimum composition of the components. In addition, optimum control factors of a more environmentally friendly batik cleaner are obtained by using the extraction of Sapindus mukorossi fruit without treatment, at 85
Sapindus mukorossi (Sapindaceae) which generally grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia is an economically important agricultural plant as a source of natural surfactants. But today, "lerak" that usually can be obtained with reasonable price in Indonesia especially in the central batik areas has already been forgotten and many people do not know about its potential as environmentally friendly cleaner. Sapindus mukorossi plants grow in tropical climates with high humidity, well drained, fertile and contains lots of humus, it is matched with Indonesian climate. Compact roots of S. mukorossi can also be used for controlling erosion and windbreaks. In Indonesia, "Ierak" plants are scattered in various areas in Indonesia, such as Sumatera, West Java, Central Java, and East Java. However, "Ierak" plants have not been widely cultivated as they are only planted as a side crop [4].
·C for 50 minutes with ratio 1:10 in water. However, regarding to the acidic level, the acidic resulted from the liquid waste of the optimum batik cleaner has satisfied the allowable value but it has to be improved to be more environmentally friendly. Analysis on the saponin level shows that the obtained crude saponin of the optimum cleaner is 2.233% and known as triterpenoid saponin.
Keywords-batik cleaner; saponin; sapindus mukorossi; taguchi method
I.
INTRODUCTION
Batik is one of Indonesian culture which has been confirmed officially by UNESCO on 2nd October 2009. Etymologically, batik is originated from two Javanese words "amba" and "titik" that means writing and point. Batik outfits indicated the status of persons. At first, batik was made only limited for royal family and their followers. Batik art gradually began to be imitated by the people nearest to the royal area. Nowadays, batik becomes a popular traditional outfit for formal occasions such as wedding, office uniform, etc.
Saponin found in Sapindus Mukorossi is of triterpenoid type. Saponin has pale yellow colour, it is easily dissolved in methanol and water, but it is not dissolvable in chloroform, benzene, and petroleum eter. Saponin has no fix boiling point but it will be unraveled at 95°C [5]. Saponin in S. mukorossi acts as surfactant which is similar to surfactant in detergents. It is lowering surface tension and causes washing water more alkali. Saponin consists of aglikogent which prefers to fat (hydrophobe) that will penetrate the dirt from fat in the clothes and glicogent that prefers to water (hydrophile) which loosen dirt from the fabric and dispersing it. This causes the dirt will not patch to the batik fabric again and the colour of the batik fabric will be maintained longer [6].
For locking color quality of batik fabric, fruit of Sapindus mukorossi (known as "Lerak" in Indonesian language) has been utilized for long time as batik traditional cleaner in Indonesia. The major active ingredients of S. mukorossi are saponins. Saponins are a family of structurally related compounds of sapogenin as aglycone linked to sugar as glycone. The presence of both polar (sugar) and nonpolar (steroid or triterpeneoid) groups provides saponins with strong surface-active properties. Previous phytochemical studies have identified various types of saponins, including sesquiterpene oligoglycosides, hederagenin saponins, dammarane-type triterpenes, and tirucallane type triterpenoid saponins from the pericarp, stem and fruits of S. mukorossi [I].
In this paper, it will be looked for an optimum batik cleaner made from Sapindus mukorossi which is also environmentally friendly by using Taguchi method [7-12]. The orthogonal arrays of Taguchi method [12] is used in order to reduce number of experiments. It also means a reduction in both period and cost of experiment and research. The ratio of Sapindus mukorossi in water, treatments of Sapindus mukorossi fruit, extraction time and extraction temperature for this batik cleaner making will be examined by using Taguchi
Saponins are also added to shampoos [2], liquid detergents [3], toothpastes and beverages as emulsifier and long lasting foaming agent [1]. In addition, some pharmacological effects, such as molluscicidal, anti inflammatory, antimicrobial,
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method in order to get the optimum batik cleaner with optimum number of experiments.
following Table I shows the selected control factors and levels which are used in the experiments.
The beginning process of Taguchi method is carried out by making several batik cleaners with different control factors according to the orthogonal arrays [12]. The cleaning capability of the batik cleaner is then determined by washing pieces of batik which have been applied with some dirt like sweet soya sauce. Afterwards, the produced liquid waste will be analyzed according to its cleanliness level of the dried batik fabric, pH level and COD. The obtained results will be graded by using the criteria "Larger the Better Characteristic" [12]. The last step is to make the optimum batik cleaner obtained from Taguchi method and followed by analysis of the cleaning capability, saponin content analysis and test of triterpenoid saponin. In addition, analysis such as pH and COD will also be done to the liquid waste produced from washing by using the optimum batik cleaner. II.
A.
TABLE I.
where A B C D
MATERIAL AND METHOD
VARIA nON OF CONTROL FACTORS AND LEVELS
Levels
Control factors
1
2
3
A
65
75
85
B
I: 20
I : 15
1 : 10
C
35
50
65
D
Cut into 8 pieces
crushed
Without treatment
Extraction temperature in °c Ratio of S. mukorossi in 1500 ml of water Extraction time in minutes Treatment of S. mukorossi (shown in Figure 2)
Material
There are two different types of materials used in the experiment. The first is the main materials used for making batik cleaner which are Sapindus mukorossi (Ierak) and water. These components are carried out in similar way to the traditional process in making batik cleaner found in Central Java, Indonesia. Figure 1 shows the fruit (brown colour) and the seed (black colour) of Sapindus mukorossi. The second materials perform as the proponent materials for testing and analyzing the resulted batik cleaner from S. mukorossi. There are sweet soya sauce, potassium dichromate solution (K2Cr207), H2S04-Ag2S04 reagent, ferro ammonium sulfate solution, ferroin indicator, ethyl acetate, and butanol.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Cut into 8 pieces
Crushed
Without treatment
Figure 2.
C.
Treatment of Sapindus mukorossi.
Larger-the-Better (L TB)
In Taguchi method, it is introduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR ratio) in order to investigate the effect of noise in the variation. The type of SIN ratio depends on the desired characteristics. It is known 3 types of SIN ratio: Smaller-the better (STB), Larger-the-better (LTB) and Nominal-the-better (NTB). In this paper, LTB is chosen as it corresponds to the quality of the product will be better if the SIN ratio value becomes bigger. The SIN ratio of LTB is given by the following equation [12]
Figure l.
Fruit and seed of S. mukorossi.
S / NUB
B.
=
-lOlog
(In2:-2 1
-
n
Method
The method used in this paper can be divided into two parts: preface research and main research. In this paper, the conditions of making batik cleaner are called the control factors and the variation of control factors are called level. The
1=1
Yi
J
where n
: number of test in the trial
Yi : total value of the analysis result
58
(1)
D.
The making of Batik Cleaner (Preface Research)
III.
The conditions of S. mukorossi as required by the Taguchi method for making batik cleaner extracted in water with variations of each control factors is shown in Table II. Table II denotes the matrix of orthogonal array [12] that specifies the level of the control factors to be used in each experiment. Moreover, it also determines the minimum required number of experiment. TABLE II.
Number oj Experiments
A.
Control Factors B
C
D
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
1
3
3
3
4
2
I
2
3
5
2
2
3
I
6
2
3
1
2
7
3
1
3
2
8
3
2
1
3
9
3
3
2
I
The batik fabric used in this experiment is a batik printing of square form with dimension 0.5 m x 0.5 m. In this process, 100 ml soy sauce is dissolved into 1000 mL of water, and mixed. The batik fabric is then soaked into soy sauce solution for approximately 30 minutes. After the soaking process is fmished, the batik fabric is then taken away and air dried. The picture of the clean fabric and the dirty fabric with soy solution is shown in Figure 3.
The mixture of materials is blended by using an impeller. The batik fabric that had been soaked in soy sauce solution (I:5) about 30 minutes is then washed for approximately 30 minutes. The liquid waste of washing result is settled and filtered to be used as a sample in the main research. E.
Figure 3.
Amalysis of Batik Cleaner Waste (Main Research)
Parameter Cleanliness level pH COD (mg/L) 80
