Essays in Memory of

Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine Institute of Archaeology of the University of Rzeszów

THE CUCUTENI–TRYPILLIA CULTURAL COMPLEX AND ITS NEIGHBOURS

Essays in Memory of VOLODYMYR KRUTS Edited by Aleksandr Diachenko, Francesco Menotti, Sergej Ryzhov, Kateryna Bunyatyan and Sławomir Kadrow

Інститут археології Національної академії наук України Інститут археології Університету Жешова

КУЛЬТУРНИЙ КОМПЛЕКС КУКУТЕНЬ–ТРИПІЛЛЯ ТА ЙОГО СУСІДИ

Збірка наукових праць пам’яті ВОЛОДИМИРА КРУЦА За редакцією Олександра Дяченка, Франческо Менотті, Сергія Рижова, Катерини Бунятян і Славоміра Кадрова

УДК 903(477.5)"636"(082) ББК Т4(4)я43 К-90

Культурний комплекс Кукутень–Трипілля та його сусіди. Збірка наукових праць пам’яті Володимира Круца / За редакцією Олександра Дяченка, Франческо Менотті, Сергія Рижова, Катерини Бунятян і Славоміра Кадрова. — Львів: Видавництво «Астролябія», 2015. — 476 с., 225 рис. Книжку присвячено пам’яті Володимира Круца, роботи якого із кукутеньтрипільської проблематики стали надбанням світової археології. Збірка містить статті англійською, польською, російською та українською мовами, які охоплюють період неоліту – доби бронзи у Південно-Східній та Центральній Європі. В роботах дискутується розвиток населення кукутень-трипільського культурного комплексу, його етнічна структура, феномен поселень-гігантів, господарство «кукутень-трипільців» у взаємозв’язку з навколишнім середовищем, а також загальні проблеми інтерпретації археологічного матеріалу. Особливу увагу приділено взаємним зв’язкам давнього населення Центральної та Південно-Східної Європи, хронології трипільських пам’яток, структурі неолітичних та енеолітичних поселень, житлобудуванню та ритуальному руйнуванню споруд, поховальному обряду давніх суспільств. Результати останніх польових досліджень поєднано з переосмисленням уже відомих матеріалів.

Рекомендовано до друку Вченою радою Інституту археології НАН України 06.11.2014

Рецензенти: член-кореспондент НАН України Г.Ю. Івакін, д. і. н., професор М.І. Гладких

Institute of Archaeology of the University of Rzeszów

ISBN 978-617-664-060-8

Дизайн © Видавництво «Астролябія» 2015 Text © by Authors 2015

CONTENTS PREFACE .............................................................................................................................................. 11 ПЕРЕДМОВА ...................................................................................................................................... 15 1. In memory of Volodymyr Kruts ................................................................................................ 19 Aleksandr Diachenko, Francesco Menotti, Sergej Ryzhov, Kateryna Bunyatyan and Sławomir Kadrow 1. Пам’яті Володимира Круца ..................................................................................................... 23 Олександр Дяченко, Франческо Менотті, Сергій Рижов, Катерина Бунятян і Славомір Кадров

Part 1. THE CUCUTENI–TRYPILLIA: IDENTITIES, TRAJECTORIES OF DEVELOPMENT, AND THE GIANT-SETTLEMENTS PHENOMENON Частина 1. КУКУТЕНЬ–ТРИПІЛЛЯ: ЕТНІЧНА СКЛАДОВА, ШЛЯХИ РОЗВИТКУ, ФЕНОМЕН ПОСЕЛЕНЬ-ГІГАНТІВ 2. Триполье: культура и этнос ..................................................................................................... 27 Петр Толочко 3. Поселения-гиганты или прото-города — ошибочное противопоставление ........... 35 Биссерка Гейдарска 4. Interacting forms and visualized identities: the implications of graphic and syntactic variability in the symbolic repertoires of Trypillian culture groups .................................... 57 Kathryn Marie Hudson and Sarunas Milisauskas

Part 2. ENVIRONMENT AND SUBSISTENCE Частина 2. НАВКОЛИШНЄ СЕРЕДОВИЩЕ ТА ГОСПОДАРСТВО 5. Нові палеоботанічні матеріали з трипільських пам’яток ............................................. 97 Галина Пашкевич i Дмитро Черновол 6. The habitat of the Cucuteni culture within the Neamţ depression (Ozana–Topoliţa) in Moldavian Sub-Carpathians, Romania ................................................................................ 111 Constantin Preoteasa Part 3. SITE CHRONOLOGIES. THE ‘TRYPILLIANS’ AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS Частина 3. ХРОНОЛОГІЯ ПАМ’ЯТОК. ‘ТРИПІЛЬЦІ’ ТА ЇХ СУСІДИ 7. Cucuteni-Tripolye contact networks: cultural transmission and chronology ............ 131 Aleksandr Diachenko and Francesco Menotti

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8. Владимировская локально-хронологическая группа западнотрипольской культуры в Буго-Днепровском междуречье ........................................................................ 153 Сергей Рыжов 9. Eastern peripheries of the Funnel Beaker culture ............................................................... 167 Małgorzata Rybicka 10. Dom na wzgórzu, 3200 przed Chr. Mala osada ludności kultury pucharów lejkowatych na stanowisku Opatowice 42 (Kujawy) i jej południowo-wschodnie koneksje .............. 183 Aleksander Kośko i Marzena Szmyt

Part 4. SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE Частина 4. СТРУКТУРА ПОСЕЛЕНЬ 11. Планиграфия и структура поселения культуры Криш Сакаровка I (Республика Молдова) ............................................................................................................... 211 Валентин Дергачев и Ольга Ларина 12. Interpreting the Funnel Beaker culture village in Central Poland: intra-site organization and the community ...................................................................................................................................... 241 Andrzej Pelisiak

Part 5. HOUSE BIOGRAPHY: FROM ’BIRTH‘ TO ’DEATH‘ Частина 5. ЖИТТЯ ДОМУ: ВІД ‘НАРОДЖЕННЯ’ ДО ‘СМЕРТІ’ 13. Burn or bury? Mortuary alternatives in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of Central and Eastern Europe ......................................................................................................................... 259 John Chapman 14. Археологические исследования 2012–2013 гг. в Байя (уезд Сучава, Румыния) и некоторые новые данные о домостроительстве Прекукутень—Триполья ............. 279 Константин-Эмил Урсу и Станислав Церна 15. Malice сulture dwelling сlusters in South-eastern Poland ............................................. 299 Sławomir Kadrow 16. «Мегаструктура» — храм на трипільському поселенні біля с. Небелівка ........... 309 Михайло Відейко і Наталія Бурдо

Part 6. THE ’TRYPILLIANS‘ MATERIAL CULTURE: POTTERY, TOOLS, AND MORE Частина 6. МАТЕРІАЛЬНА КУЛЬТУРА ’ТРИПІЛЬЦІВ’: ПОСУД, ЗНАРЯДДЯ ТА ІНШІ ВИРОБИ 17. Крем’яний інвентар з господарської споруди на поселенні Бернашівка ............ 337 Павло Шидловський і Євген Слєсарєв

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18. Колекція пластики із ранньотрипільського поселення Могильна ІІІ ................. 357 Олександр Пересунчак і Наталія Бурдо 19. Крем’яні вістря з трипільського поселення Ожеве-oстрів ...................................... 367 Дмитро Черновол та Іван Радомський 20. Пам’ятки трипільської культури в Чернятині на Прикарпатті в контексті зв’язків з енеолітичними культурами Центральної Європи ................... 385 Віталій Конопля 21. Поселение каневской группы Западного Триполья Вильшана I............................ 413 Эдуард Овчинников 22. Керамічний комплекс пізньотрипільського поселення Шарин ІІІ ...................... 429 Дмитро Куштан 23. Керамічний комплекс пізньотрипільського поселення Євминка 1 на Чернігівщині (із зібрання Національного музею історії України) .............................. 441 Олена Якубенко та Олександр Кириленко 24. Могильник Козаровичи эпохи поздней бронзы .......................................................... 463 Сергей Лысенко

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CONTRIBUTORS Kateryna Bunyatyan Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine Natalia Burdo Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine John Chapman Department of Archaeology, Durham University Dmytro Chernovol Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine Valentin Dergachev Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Academy of Science of Republic of Moldova Aleksandr Diachenko Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine Bisserka Gaydarska Department of Archaeology, Durham University Kathryn Marie Hudson Department of Anthropology, Department of Linguistics, State University of New York at Buffalo Sławomir Kadrow Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences Dmytro Kushtan Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine Oleksandr Kyrylenko Department of Archaeology and Museum Studies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Vitaliy Konoplia I. Krypjakevich Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the NAS of Ukraine, Lviv Aleksander Kośko Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Olga Larina Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Academy of Science of Republic of Moldova Sergej Lysenko Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine

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Francesco Menotti School of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, UK Sarunas Milisauskas Anthropology Department, State University of New York at Buffalo Eduard Ovchinnikov Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine Galyna Pashkevych Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine Andrzej Pelisiak Institute of Archaeology, University of Rzeszów Oleksandr Peresunchak Zavallia Secondary School, Ukraine Constantin Preoteasa History and Archaeology Museum in Piatra Neamţ Ivan Radomskyi Department of Archaeology and Museum Studies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Małgorzata Rybicka Institute of Archaeology, University ofRzeszów Sergej Ryzhov Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine Pavlo Shydlovskyi Department of Archaeology and Museum Studies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Evhen Slesarev National University of ‘Kyiv-Mohyla Academy’ Marzena Szmyt Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Petr Tolochko Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine Stanislav Tserna ‘High Anthropological School’ University, Kishinev Constantin-Emil Ursu Bukovina Museum Complex, Suceava Mykhailo Videiko Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine Olena Yakubenko National Museum of History of Ukraine, Kyiv

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15 MALICE CULTURE DWELLING CLUSTERS IN SOUTH-EASTERN POLAND Sławomir Kadrow Keywords: Neolithic, Malice culture, dwelling clusters, houses

Introduction and general remarks The Malice culture is part of the Central-European cultural complex, known as Danubian II in V. Gordon Childe’s terminology (Childe, 1929: 68–97). Initially, this culture finds, including those from the eponymic site of Malice, were assigned to the Tisza culture (Kamieńska, 1959). This unit was mentioned as a local group of the Tisza culture complex for the first time in 1966 (Kozłowski, 1966: 13–15), undergoing a more precise characterisation later on (Kamieńska and Kozłowski, 1970: 98–105; Kamieńska, 1973). In the last twenty years, the characteristics of the classic (Kaczanowska, 1996) and the late phases (Kadrow, 1996), as well as the whole culture entity (Kadrow, 2006) have been described in much greater detail. In the meantime, the status of the Malice culture unit has been formulated as a distinctive, autochthonous, post-Linear culture, such as, for instance, the Stroke-Ornamented Pottery culture (Kozłowski, 1966; 1988; Kaczanowska et al., 1986). This concept was in opposition to views held hitherto about the peripheral position of that unit within the Tisza culture (e.g. Kamieńska, 1973) or within the Lengyel-Polgár circle (Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa, 1979; Kruk, 1980) as an effect of migration from Trans-Carpathian centres. The changes (evolutionary and over a long time) were more reminiscent of reformationof world views conditioned by its internal dynamicsthan of a comprehensive cultural change triggeredby migrations(Kadrow, 2005: 25–27). The territorial range of the Malice culture (Fig. 1) covers mostly the loess areas of Malopolska and Upper Silesia (the Głubczyce Upland; cf. Kurgan-Przybylska, 2005), the upper Dniester basin and the Volhynia

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Upland in western Ukraine (cf. Zakościelna and Gurba, 1997; Bandrivskiy and Krushelnitska, 2002; Bandrivskiy, 2004). Single sites or finds showing socalled Malice influences are also known from the borderland between Upper Silesia and Moravia, and from Moravia itself (Janák, 1991; Koštuřík, 1996; Kadrow, 2009). A similar situation has been recorded at several sites in eastern Slovakia and Trans-Carpathian Ruthenia (KaczaFigure 1. The maximal territorial range of the Malice culture nowska et al., 1986: 112– (dashed line): 1 — Targowisko 11—15 and Zagórze 2 sites, 114) and in Kuyavia (cf. 2 — Rozbórz 28 and 48 sites, 3 — Kraków-Nowa Huta-Mogiła Czerniak, 1994: 61–66). 62 site The dating of the oldest Malice culture assemblages, containing elements of the Samborzec-Opatów group and elements of the youngest assemblages, shows numerous links with phase B of the Tiszapolgár culture, is making it possible to estimate its duration at about 1000 years (see Kozłowski, 1996: 156), i.e. from 5000/4900 to 4100/4000 BC. Large-scale rescue excavations carried out in the recent years, mainly along the planned A4 motorway, have resulted in numerous archaeological sources which help study the construction and the layout of Malice culture settlements. The new data have mostly been obtained from two loess areas of the culture; one situated near Wieliczka and Bochnia, and the other lying between Rzeszów and Przemyśl (Fig. 1). Wieliczka — Bochnia loess areas During the rescue excavations on the route of the A4 motorway on the Wieliczka — Bochnia loess areas, series of post constructions were found in a clear stratigraphic situation at Sites 11 (Czekaj-Zastawny et al., 2004: fig. 9; Górski et al., 2006: fig. 8), 14 and 15 in Targowisko (Czerniak et al., 2006: 542, fig. 10, 11, 23; Czerniak et al., 2007: 479–481, fig. 10) and Site 2 in Zagórze (Chmielewski et al., 2006: 603–606, fig. 11–16). The above-mentioned constructions are remains of post houses, characterized by an interesting repetitive layout, one row of the posts on the perimeter, as well as a divided interior and an earthen feature (usually one or two) situated by the NW corner (Fig. 2). The inner post row divided the house into two parts, the smaller (usually NW) and the bigger, with the size proportions 1 : 4. The length of a house would normally measure 10–12 metres, while the width would reach 6.0–6.5 m (Czerniak et al., 2007: 479).

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Figure 2. Zagórze, site 2. Dwelling structure of the Malice culture — feature 997 (After: Chmielewski et al., 2006: fig. 14)

Figure 3. Targowisko, site 14–15. Dwelling structures of the Malice culture — highlighted in grey (After: Czerniak et al., 2007: fig. 10)

The constructions are unique, without any close analogies. Similar, though not identical, buildings have been discovered in the north-western part of the Carpathian Basin in south-western Slovakia: three in Svodín (Němejcová-Pavúková, 1986: figs. 1, 3; Pavúk, 2003: fig. 5: 1, 2) and one in Bučany (Bujna and Romsauer, 1986: fig. 2). Houses of that kind were typical for the early (I) phase of the Lengyel culture (Pažinová, 2009: 27–29, fig. 2). In the large settlement complexes at Targowisko and Zagórze, remains of postdwelling structures of the Malice culture were situated at considerable distances from one another. The minimum distance was 50 m, but usually larger (Fig. 3). Sometimes, two houses were located next to each other (Fig. 4). We do not know whether they functioned synchronously, or they represented consecutive building phases.

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Rzeszów — Przemyśl loess areas At Site 28 in Rozbórz, archaeologists have uncovered a rectangular post frame house (I), 13.8 m in length and 6.1 m in width, related to the Malice culture (Kadrow and Sznajdrowska, 2013: 27, tab. 362). The posts, spaced at relatively large irregular intervals, formed five (?) rows (Fig. 5). The dimensions of the structure corresponded to those of other Malice culture houses known from western Malopolska (cf. Site 2 in Zagórz — Chmielewski et al., 2006: 603– 606, figs. 11–16; Site 11 in Targowisko — Górski et al., Figure 4. Targowisko, site 14–15. 2006: figs. 7, 8; Czekaj-Zastawny et al., 2004: fig. 3; Two dwelling structures of the or Sites 14 and 15 in Targowisko — Czerniak et al., Malice culture 2006: figs. 10, 11). The Rozbórz house, however, differed from them in the details of its construction.

Figure 5. Rozbórz, site 28. Dwelling structure (construction I) of the Malice culture (After: Kadrow and Sznajdrowska, 2013: tab. 362)

At Site 42, researchers have found twelve dwelling structures of the Malice culture: eleven post constructions (Kadrow, 2013: tab. 324–326, 328–334, 338) and one groove construction1 (Kadrow, 2013: tab. 321). All those structures were oriented along the NNW-SSE axis. The post frame houses were rectangular, with their width ranging from 4.6 to 6.7 m and their length from 9.0 to 12.9 m (Fig. 6). The groove house was 5.3 m wide (Fig. 7); its length has not been fully determined because the house was only partially excavated. The best preserved constructional elements were rows of postholes which delimited the outer walls of the houses. In several cases, one could easily notice the internal division of the structures into two or three parts (e.g. Fig. 6). Groove construction, or groove house, is determined by linear incisions in the terrain (as opposed to other buildings that have only postholes as evidence of construction techniques) 1

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The houses at Site 42 in Rozbórz involved original constructional techniques, which place them somewhere between the Malice culture houses in western Malopolska, and the Lengyel culture structures in south-western Slovakia, where post constructions coexisted with post and groove (or groove buildings) of similar dimensions (e.g. Pažinová, 2009: fig. 2). An analogous situation has been recorded in presentday Hungary (cf. e.g. the settlements in Polgár-Csőszhalomdűlő — Anders and Nagy, 2007: fig. 1; Győr-Szabadréddomb — Virág and Figler, 2007: fig. 2: 3, 5–11; Mosonszentmiklós-Pálmajor — Virág and Figler, 2007: Figure 6. Rozbórz, site 42. Dwelling structure (3388) of fig. 6; Veszprém — Regenye, 2007: the Malice culture (After Kadrow, 2013: tab. 333) fig. 3, 4). The spatial layout of the Malice houses may indicate that there were no deep chronological differences between them. No stratigraphic arrangements or cases of too close proximity have been noted — and this possibly rules out the chronological contemporaneity of those buildings. However, the lack of regular spatial arrangement of dwelling structures suggests that a Malice settlement developed spontaneously for a long time, and that the recorded layout has not resulted from implementation of one consistent plan of the settlement at the moment when settlers decided to establish it (Kadrow, 2013). Neighbourhood of Kraków — Nowa Huta At Site 62 within the Mogiła housing estate of Krakow — Nowa Huta, archaeologists have found a post-frame above ground hut, which was assumed as typical for the Malice group. This relatively well preserved trapezoidal building, similar to those known from the Oder area, with the characteristic long pits situated along its walls, was probably used for a long time, as proven by traces of repairs. Other structures, constructed underground, were scattered around it over a large area (Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa, 1979: 103, fig. 40). The hut was approximately 18 m long and 4.5–7.5 m wide (Fig. 8). Its frame consisted of five rows of posts, with the middle row being formed by the strongest and possibly the tallest posts with the biggest diameter. The narrowest, northwestern, part of the structure included foundation grooves. However, the cultural affiliation of the trapezoidal house has not been determined with certainty. The source

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publication links the hut with the Lengyel culture, and not with the Malice culture (Godłowska, 1968: 137–143). Conclusions The Malice houses lacked the advanced standardisation typical of the Linear Pottery culture (No wak, 2009: 164–165). Although the general tendency to build large solid structures continued, the houses were definitely smaller than those in the Early Neolithic Age. At least four types of constructions have been recorded: rectangular post structures (Targowisko 11–15; Zagórze 2; Rozbórz 28 and 42), trapezoidal post structures (Krakow — Nowa Huta, Site Mogiła 62), groove and post structures (Krakow — Nowa Huta, Site Mogiła 62) and groove structures (Rozbórz 42). Apart from using gable roofs, as indicated by the presence of the middle row of postholes with a big diameter (Krakow — Figure 7. Rozbórz, site 42. A part of the dwelling structure (3355) of the Malice culture (After: Kadrow, Nowa Huta, Site Mogiła 62, Rozbórz 28, 42), people may also have 2013: tab. 321) built flat roofs (Targowisko 11–15, Zagórze 2), which probably covered structures made up of widely spaced posts delimiting the walls, without the middle row of postholes. All explored houses in southeastern Poland were oriented along the NNW—SSE axis (cf. Nowak, 2009: 164). The increasing tendency to diversify the constructions of houses in the period when the younger Danubian cultures, including the Malice culture, were formed, was reflected in the various changes which involved other different elements of material culture, noticeable as early as the Linear Pottery period. Instead of submitting to unidirectional cultural influences coming from south-western Slovakia, which set the pace and shape of stylistic transformations in ceramics already in the Želiezovce phase, individual houses in Linear Pottery settlements established their own contacts with various units of the eastern cultural complex, producing linear pottery in the Tisza basin and Transylvania (Kadrow, 1990: 59–63, fig. 14). Jurassic flint was more and more often replaced with chocolate or Volhynian flint, or with obsidian as a raw material (Kadrow, 1990: fig. 17). At the end of the Linear Pottery culture, compact settle-

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Figure. 8. Kraków-Nowa Huta-Mogiła, site 62. Dwelling structure of the Malice culture (?) (After: KulczyckaLeciejewiczowa, 1979: fig. 40)

ments with clearly defined boundaries gave way to extensive settlement zones, finally taking the form of Malice culture settlements of various sizes (cf. Kadrow, 2005: 25–27). The transformations must have been accompanied by significant changes in the social structure and in world images, which provided the ground for all human activity. The transformations described above did not disturb the essential elements of economy or technologies used in pottery production and flint working, and they did not affect the directions of settlement. This may point to the continuity of settlements in the areas where the Linear Pottery culture met the Malice culture in south-eastern Poland, and to a limited impact of migrations on the formation of the latter culture. The changes, evolutionary and stretched over a long time, were more reminiscent of reformation of world views conditioned by its internal dynamics than of a comprehensive cultural change necessitated by migrations (Kadrow, 2005: 25–27).

References Anders A., Nagy, E.G. 2007. Late Neolithic burial rites at the site of Polgár-Csőszhalom-dűlő. In J.K. Kozłowski and P. Raczky (eds.) The Lengyel, Polgár and related cultures in the Middle/ Late Neolithic in Central Europe. Kraków: The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences Kraków, Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University Institute of Archaeological Sciences, 83–96. Bandrivskiy, M. 2004. Wczesnoneolityczna osadа w Zaleścach na Górnym Podniestrzu. In: J. Libera, A. Zakościelna (eds.) Przez pradzieje i wczesne średniowiecze. Księga jubileuszowa na siedemdziesiąte piate urodziny docenta doktora Jana Gurby. Lublin: Instytut Archeologii UMCS, 89–100. Bandrivskiy, M. and Krushelnitska, L. 2002. Vidkrittya poselennya klasychnoy fazy malitskoy kultury u verkhnomu Podnistrovi. Zapiski Naukovogo Tovaristva imeni Shevchenka 244: 441–452. Bujna, J. and Romsauer, M. 1986. Siedlung und Kreisanlage der Lengyel-Kultur in Bučany. In B. Chropovský and H. Friesinger (eds.) Internationales Symposium über die Lengyel-Kultur, Nové Vozokany 5. — 9. November 1984. Nitra: Archäologisches Institut der Slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Nitra und Wien: Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Universität, 27–35. Childe, V.G. 1929. The Danube in Prehistory. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Chmielewski, B.J., Okoński, J. and Suchorska-Rola, M. 2006. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych na stanowisku 2 w Zagórzu, gm. Niepołomice w latach 2003–2004.

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