MECHANISM ON INTRANET Erman, H., Zaki, M.M., Nazrulazhar, B., Faizal, M.A, NorOF Azman, and Yahaya, ESTABLISHMENT IPV6 M.A., NETWORK USINGA.R. TUNNELLING
MECHANISM ON INTRANET Faculty of Information and Communcation Technology Universiti Teknikal MalaysiaB., Melaka Erman, H., Zaki, M.M., Nazrulazhar, Faizal,(UTeM) M.A., Ayer Keroh, Nor Azman, M.A., and Melaka Yahaya, A.R. Faculty Author of Information
[email protected], Communcation Technology e-mail: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) Ayer Keroh, Melaka
ABSTRACT: TheAuthor emerging Internet Protocol version six e-mail:
[email protected], (IPv6) has promises several benefits that can overcome the weaknesses of the current Internet Protocol IPv4. Among the ABSTRACT: The emerging Protocolthe version six (IPv6) solution provided by IPv6Internet are solving depleted IPv4has promises several benefits that strong can overcome the weaknesses of the addresses and providing security mechanism in current the Internet Protocol IPv4. Among the solution provided by IPv6 are solving network. Despite the hype and promises, there is still some the depleted IPv4 addresses and providing strong security mechanism in issues need to be resolved before an organization can migrate the network. Despite the hype and promises, there is still some issues need over to IPv6 and still allowing the IPv4 infrastructure to exist. to be resolved before an organization can migrate over to IPv6 and still One of the issues to be toconsidered areissues theto transition allowing the IPv4 infrastructure exist. One of the be considered mechanism to bemechanism use in switching to IPv6 are the transition to be use inover switching overas to there IPv6 asare there several transitions mechanisms be by choose by an to are several transitions mechanisms to betochoose an organization allow the coexistence of the IPv6coexistence and IPv4 in the infrastructure. organization to allow of same IPv6network and IPv4 in the Therefore this paper describes the setting up of IPv6 test bed (Test6-T) same network infrastructure. Therefore this paper describes in intranet environment using the bed tunneling mechanism in order to find thean setting up of IPv6 test (Test6-T) in an intranet the best solution for providing an IPv6 environment in an existing IPv4 environment using the tunneling mechanism in order to find network infrastructure. the best solution for providing an IPv6 environment in an existing IPv4 network infrastructure. KEYWORDS: IPv6, TEST6-T, Transition Mechanism, Tunelling KEYWORDS: IPv6, TEST6-T, Transition Mechanism, Tunelling
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The current Internet Protocol (IP) which is known as IPv4 has been used for almost 30 years, published in 1981, the RFC 791 document, explained the Internet Protocol has not been substantially changed. With its robustness, easy to implement and interoperable, IPv4 has given a significance contribution to the rapid growth of the today’s Internet 1 does not expecting the growth of usage. Yet, the initial design of IPv4 the network to be rapidly increasing and causing the number of IPv4 addresses depleting day by day (www.potaroo.net) is expecting the IPv4 addresses scheme will be totally exhausted at the end of 2011. Due to this reason, a Request For Comments (RFC) 1752 (Parkhurst, B., 2005), has issued "The Recommendation for the IP Next ISSN: 1985-3157 Vol. 5 No. 2 July-December 2011 Generation 77 Protocol" in 1994, to developed a suite of protocol and standard to cater
the network to be rapidly increasing and causing the number of IPv4 addresses depleting day by day (www.potaroo.net) is expecting the Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology IPv4 addresses scheme will be totally exhausted at the end of 2011. Due to this reason, a Request For Comments (RFC) 1752 (Parkhurst, B., 2005), has issued "The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol" in 1994, to developed a suite of protocol and standard to cater the exhaustion of address and the security issue of IPv4. Which then The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) introduced the new version of IP, known as the IP- The Next Generation (IPng) and later known as IPv6. Other than providing larger address space, IPv6 also provide the fundamental features needed on network infrastructure, these include the issues on security, mobility, extensibility and dynamic reconfigurability. With it capability and promises, it is now seen as the preferred solution for the evolving Internet. Since IPv4 has dominating the network infrastructure for some time, migrating from IPv4 to IPv6 is not a simple task; there are some issues to be resolved before the whole network infrastructure can support IPv6. During this phase the two networks will coexist in the same network infrastructure, hence there is a need to have a transition mechanism that let this two network to be operating in the same infrastructure. Currently there are several transition mechanisms that can be used to addresses specific transition and interoperability of IPv6 with IPv4. Among of the transition mechanisms are dual stack, translation and tunneling. This paper evaluates and deployed one of the transitions mechanisms, namely tunneling mechanism as the first step in finding the preeminent transition mechanism for an existing IPv4 intranet network to support IPv6 network. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 discuses the background of transition mechanism, Section 3 presents the methodologies and the technique use in creating the fast attack module. Section 4 elaborates on the result validation. Finally, section 5 conclude and discuss the future directions of this work. 2
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
IPv4 and IPv6 Infrastructure
IPv4 network has been contributing a lot in ensuring information and resources being shared among the Internet user across the continent and has been an important integral part of the Internet revolution. Even though it has been develop with careful plan and consideration, still at one point it has becoming to a stagnant level and walking towards 78 ISSN: 1985-3157 Vol. 6 No. 1 January-June 2012 declination phase. Among the major drawback of IPv4 is its IP addressing scheme that has it limitation. Expected to be obsolete in
2.1
IPv4 and IPv6 Infrastructure
IPv4 network has been contributing a lot in ensuring information and Establishment of IPV6 Network Using Tunnelling Mechanism on Intranet resources being shared among the Internet user across the continent and has been an important integral part of the Internet revolution. Even though it has been develop with careful plan and consideration, still at one point it has becoming to a stagnant level and walking towards declination phase. Among the major drawback of IPv4 is its IP addressing scheme that has it limitation. Expected to be obsolete in these few years, IPv4 addressing scheme uses 32 bits address number to identified host and differentiated the type of host via 5 types of classes. The class’s concept wasted the address number availability, yet there are some works that tries to solve the IP shortages still it is not enough to fulfill the demand of the ever increasing Internet users who wanted to be always connected to the Internet anywhere and at anytime. As the number of hosts connected to the Internet are increasing, techniques such as Subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Network Address Translation (NAT) just slowing down IPv4 address exhaustion process but not solving the problem at hand which is the exhaustion of IP address. The need of IPv6 cannot be denied especially in providing huge number of addresses; 128 bits address scheme can provide enough unique address for every molecule on the surface of the earth address (Tanenhaum, A.S., 1996). The packet layout in IPv4 and IPv6 is also difference; IPv4 has minimum 20 bytes header and maximum 60 bytes while IPv6 has only 40 bytes with optional extension header. The extension header provides IPv6 with flexibility and expandability in adding up a new option for the future whereas in IPv4 this is impossible. Ioan and Sherali (www.ietf.org.) stated that the performance overhead in processing these two headers is minimal. IPv6 ease the user in connecting to the network, only a small configuration need to be done on the host site. This is provided by the auto configuration properties of IPv6, although the host in IPv4 can provide the same properties, it still needs a DHCP server to dedicate the IP address to the host while in3IPv6 the addressing is done via its router discovery and solicitation. This creates “plug and play” scenarios which simplify the user to use the network. The administration task is also minimize as the reconfiguration of IP addressing within the network can be done in the routing devices only and the rest of the host connected to the router will be updated automatically with the new address scheme. Another issue addresses by IPv6 is the security of the information travel through the ISSN: network. IPv4 Vol. depends the security 1985-3157 6 No. 1 onJanuary-June 2012 application 79 provided by the upper layer, if the upper layer is not providing any
network can be done in the routing devices only and the rest of the host connected to the router will be updated automatically with the new Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology address scheme. Another issue addresses by IPv6 is the security of the information travel through the network. IPv4 depends on the security application provided by the upper layer, if the upper layer is not providing any security measure to conceal the information, subsequently the information is transfer nakedly over the network and any man in the middle attack will result in exposure of information. Despite the IPSec availability in IPv4, it still needs to be enabled on both the client and server before the connections between them are secure. IPSec (Raicu, I. and Zeadally, S., 2003), provide data encapsulation on network layer, its provide access control, connectionless integrity, data origin authentication, protection against replays and confidentiality. In IPv6, IPSec is mandatory, consequently providing security for the information from the upper layer automatically. 2.2
Transition Mechanism
IPv4 network has supported the network and Internet for quite sometimes making the sudden migration to IPv6 is costly and impossible as lot of the resources and devices are currently running on IPv4. A careful and detail planning need to be done for the transition phase so that IPv4 and IPv6 network can exist in the same infrastructure without disturbing the availability of the services. In general there are three transition mechanisms that can be choose in establishing IPv6 and at the same still maintaining IPv4 network infrastructure. The three mechanisms are Dual Stack, Network Address Translation/Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) and Tunneling mechanism. 2.2.1 Dual stack In this transition mechanism, the network permits the host to communicate using either IPv6 or IPv4 packet as long as the destination 4 is also configured with the same type of IP. This provides easiness and flexibility in the network; once the IPv6 is fully deployed the IPv4 can be removed. The only drawback is that all the network resources and devices must be fully supported IPv6 and IPv4. An organization has to bear some cost in upgrading all the old machines and network resources so that it can supported IPv6, these includes the hosts, routers, switches and firewall. The whole backbone infrastructure needs to be upgraded. 2.2.2 NAT-PT NAT-PT provide transition mechanism through a translation table that 80 ISSN: 1985-3157 1 January-June 2012 match the IPv6 address withVol. it 6IPv4No.counterpart. The NAT router or server to be in the same network to provide the translation, if it is failed
Establishment of IPV6 Network Using Tunnelling Mechanism on Intranet
2.2.1 Dual stack In this transition mechanism, the network permits the host to communicate using either IPv6 or IPv4 packet as long as the destination is also configured with the same type of IP. This provides easiness and flexibility in the network; once the IPv6 is fully deployed the IPv4 can be removed. The only drawback is that all the network resources and devices must be fully supported IPv6 and IPv4. An organization has to bear some cost in upgrading all the old machines and network resources so that it can supported IPv6, these includes the hosts, routers, switches and firewall. The whole backbone infrastructure needs to be upgraded. 2.2.2 NAT-PT NAT-PT provide transition mechanism through a translation table that match the IPv6 address with it IPv4 counterpart. The NAT router or server to be in the same network to provide the translation, if it is failed then the whole packet send through the network stumble. Even though this is the simplest transition mechanism and the cost is minimal, it is not suitable for future advancement of IPv6 establishment since it is not supporting the future expansion of IPv6 features. NAT-PT is only suitable for temporary solution until one of the other techniques can be implemented. 2.2.3 Tunneling
Marcus, G., and and Kitty, N.,Niles (Marcus, G., G.,1998), Marcus Goncalves Kitty (Marcus, 1998), state state that tunneling can happen between two IPv6/IPv4 routers or between IPv6/IPv4 host and IPv6/IPv4 router. This transition mechanism also considered as configured tunnel in which the IPv6 packet send by the host is encapsulate inside an IPv4 packet by the router before it send through the network cloud and when it reached the router at the other end, the packet will be decapsulated from the IPv4 packet and the remaining IPv6 packet is process normally via IPv6 topologies. Tunneling permits isolated IPv6 nodes or networks to communicate without changing the underlying IPv4 infrastructure and thereby provides a transitional method of implementing IPv6 while retaining W.Ross F.Kurose IPv4 connectivity. connectivity. According According totoWeith Weith, W.R.,and andJames James, F.K., W.R. and the tunneling tunneling concept can be (Weith, W.R., and James James, F.K., F.K., 2001), 2001), the illustrated as below: 5
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(Weith, W.R. and James F.K., 2001), illustrated as below:
the tunneling concept can be
Figure 1: Tunneling Concept
For the purpose of this paper the researcher has choose the Tunneling mechanism as its translation mechanism. The main reason for this consideration is that the existing network in our facility is not fully ready with IPv6 since the overall backbone is only supporting IPv4. Moreover, the test bed developed should be able to support the future expansion of IPv6. Hence the only transition mechanism that can support both of the reason above is only tunneling.
3.0
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
3.1
Implementation
The deployment of intranet IPv6 testbed (Test6-T) in an intranet environment using the tunneling mechanism takes several steps. One of them is designing an infrastructure which is IPv6 compatible. The Test6-T was setup with sequences techniques in basic networking approach. The deployment of Test6-T started with the logical and physical design as well as the IP addresses distribution as depicted in Fig. 2 and Table I. Fig. 2 illustrated the physical design of Test6-T network, from the figure it is shown than in the test bed we have two native IPv6 network, namely Site A and Site B, the two sites is connected through our existing IPv4 intranet Infrastructure. Each site has a switch and a router that is IPv6 and IPv4 compatible, this router will be configured with tunneling configuration. Site A consist of a network printer and a host whereas site B consist of a host and a server containing a DNS and web server, the entire node is IPv6 enabled. The two hosts are installed with windows vista as it operating system and the server operating system is installed with windows server 2008 with the DNS and IIS web server is enable. Both the DNS and web server is 6 merely for testing the network.
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IPv4
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Switch A
Network Printer
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DNS & Web Server
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Figure 2: Test6-T Physical design Table 1. shows the IP distribution for the entire network. Node Router A - Serial 0/2/0 Router A - Fa 0/0 Router A - Tunnel 0 Router B Fa 0/0 Router B Serial 0/1/1 Router B Tunnel 0 Client A Client B Network Printer Web and DNS server
IPv6 Address 2001:DB8:C19:1::5/64 2002:C0A8:2101::1/128 2001:DB8:C18:1::3/64
IPv4 Address 192.168.1.13/30 192.168.3.1/24 192.168.2.1/24 192.168.1.22/30
2002:C0A8:6301::1/128 2001:DB8:C19:1::6/64 2001:DB8:C18:1::6/64 2001:DB8:C19:1::7/64 2001:DB8:C18:1::4/64
RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 enable
RouterB (config-if)#ipv6 enable
RouterA(config-if)#exit
RouterB (config-if)#exit
RouterA(config-if)#no RouterB (config-if)#no shutdown Router A and Routershutdown B is configured with tunneling configuration,
Figure 3. shows the configuration done on both router.
RouterA(config)#interface Serial 0/2/0 RouterA> enable RouterA(config-if)#ip address RouterA#configure terminal 192.168.1.22 255.255.255.252 RouterA(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 enable RouterA(config)#interface RouterA(config-if)#no shutdown FastEthernet0/0 RouterA(config-if)#exit RouterA(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0rip RouterA(config)#router RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 address2 RouterA(config-router)#version 2001:DB8:C18:1::3/64 RouterA(config-router)#network RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 enable 192.168.1.0 RouterA(config-if)#no shutdown RouterA(config-router)#network RouterA(config-if)#exit 192.168.2.0
(a) Router A configuration
7
RouterB (config)#interface Serial 0/1/1 RouterB> enable RouterB (config-if)#ip address RouterB#configure terminal 192.168.1.13 255.255.255.252 RouterB unicast-routing RouterB (config)#ipv6 (config-if)#clockrate 64000 RouterB (config)#interface RouterB (config-if)#no shutdown FastEthernet0/0 RouterB (config-if)#exit RouterB (config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0rip RouterB (config)#router RouterB (config-router)#version (config-if)#ipv6 address2 RouterB 2001:DB8:C19:1::5/64 RouterB (config-router)#network RouterB (config-if)#ipv6 enable 192.168.1.0 RouterB (config-if)#no shutdown RouterB(config-router)#network RouterB (config-if)#exit 192.168.3.0
(b) Router B configuration
RouterA(config)#interface Serial 0/2/0 RouterB (config)#interface Serial 0/1/1 Figure 3: Router Configuration RouterA(config-if)#ip address RouterB (config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.22 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.13 255.255.255.252 The following configuration is used RouterB for enabling the IPv6 and RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 enable (config-if)#clockrate 64000 the tunneling mechanism in the Router A and Router B. RouterA(config-if)#no shutdown Vol. 6 No. RouterB (config-if)#no ISSN: 1985-3157 1 January-June 2012shutdown 83 RouterA(config-if)#exit RouterB (config-if)#exit
RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 enable Journal of Advanced Manufacturing RouterA(config-if)#no shutdownTechnology RouterA(config-if)#exit
RouterB (config-if)#ipv6 enable RouterB (config-if)#no shutdown RouterB (config-if)#exit
RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 enable RouterA(config)#interface Serial 0/2/0 RouterA(config-if)#no shutdown RouterA(config-if)#ip address RouterA(config-if)#exit 192.168.1.22 255.255.255.252
RouterB enable RouterB (config-if)#ipv6 (config)#interface Serial 0/1/1 RouterB (config-if)#no shutdown RouterB (config-if)#ip address RouterB (config-if)#exit 192.168.1.13 255.255.255.252
RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 enable RouterA(config)#interface Serial 0/2/0 RouterA(config-if)#no shutdown RouterA(config-if)#ip address RouterA(config-if)#exit 192.168.1.22 255.255.255.252 RouterA(config-if)#ipv6 rip enable RouterA(config)#router RouterA(config-if)#no shutdown RouterA(config-router)#version 2 RouterA(config-if)#exit RouterA(config-router)#network
RouterB (config-if)#clockrate 64000 RouterB (config)#interface Serial 0/1/1 RouterB (config-if)#no shutdown RouterB (config-if)#ip address RouterB (config-if)#exit 192.168.1.13 255.255.255.252 RouterB (config)#router (config-if)#clockrate RouterB rip 64000 RouterB (config-if)#no shutdown RouterB (config-router)#version 2 RouterB (config-if)#exit RouterB (config-router)#network
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.0 RouterA(config)#router rip RouterB (config)#router rip RouterA(config-router)#network RouterB(config-router)#network RouterA(config-router)#version 2 RouterB (config-router)#version 2 192.168.2.0 192.168.3.0 RouterA(config-router)#network RouterB (config-router)#network (a) Router A configuration (b) Router B configuration 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.0 Figure 3: Router Configuration RouterA(config-router)#network RouterB(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0 192.168.3.0
The following enabling the IPv6 and the (a) Router Aconfiguration configuration is used for (b) Router B configuration tunneling mechanism in the Router A and Router B. Figure 3: Router Configuration Router(config)#interface Tunnel0
Router(config)#interface Tunnel0
Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable Router(config)#interface Tunnel0 Router(config-if)#tunnel source Router(config-if)#ipv6 address Serial 0/2/0 2002:C0A8:6301::1/128 Router(config-if)#tunnel destination Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable 192.168.1.13 Router(config-if)#tunnel Router(config-if)#tunnel source mode Serial ipv6ip0/2/0 Router(config-if)#tunnel Router(config-if)#exit destination 192.168.1.13 Router(config-if)#tunnel Router(config)#ipv6 routemode ipv6ip 2001:DB8:C19:1::/64 Tunnel0 Router(config-if)#exit Router(config)#ipv6 route ::/0
Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable Router(config)#interface Tunnel0 Router(config-if)#tunnel source Serial Router(config-if)#ipv6 address 0/1/1 2002:C0A8:2101::1/128 Router(config-if)#tunnel destination Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable 192.168.1.22 Router(config-if)#tunnel sourceipv6ip Serial Router(config-if)#tunnel mode 0/1/1 Router(config-if)#exit Router(config-if)#tunnel destination 192.168.1.22 Router(config)#ipv6 route Router(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip 2001:DB8:C18:1::/64 Tunnel0 Router(config-if)#exit Router(config)#ipv6 route ::/0 Tunnell
The following configuration is used for enabling the IPv6 and the Router(config-if)#ipv6 address Router(config-if)#ipv6 address tunneling mechanism in the Router A2002:C0A8:2101::1/128 and Router B. 2002:C0A8:6301::1/128
Router(config)#ipv6 route Tunnel0 Router(config)#ipv6 route 2001:DB8:C18:1::/64 Tunnel0 (a) Router A configuration (b) Router B configuration 2001:DB8:C19:1::/64 Tunnel0 Router(config)#ipv6 route ::/0 Tunnell Figure 4: IPv6 Configuration in the router Router(config)#ipv6 route ::/0 Tunnel0
(a) order Routerto A configuration Router configuration In make the DNS server (b) works inB the IPv6 environment Figure 4: IPv6 Configuration in the router Forward Lookup Zones file has to be added with the windows server 2008 IP address which is 2001:DB8:C18:1::4. 8
3.2
Testing
8 ping was done with difference These network connectivity testing network connection and the result obtained are as follow. For the
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In order to make the DNS server works in the IPv6 environment 2008 IP address which is file 2001:DB8:C18:1::4. Forward Lookup Zones has to be added with the windows server Establishment of IPV6 Network Using Tunnelling Mechanism on Intranet 2008 IP address which is 2001:DB8:C18:1::4. 3.2 Testing These Testing network connectivity testing ping was done with difference 3.2 network connection and the result obtained follow. For difference the These network connectivity testing ping are wasasdone with network connection and the result obtained are as follow. For the 3.3 Ping All connectivity testing using ping command is successful and the 3.3 Ping results are depicted in figusing 5. All connectivity testing ping command is successful and the results are depicted in fig 5.
(a) Host A PING Host B (a) Host A PING Host B
(b) Host B PING Host A (b) Host B PING Host A
(c) Host A PING Network Printer (c) Host5:APing PING Network Printer Figure testing on Test6-T 9
3.4 Web server testing
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Figure 5: Ping testing on Test6-T
3.4 Web server testing The implementation of DNS server and Web server can be shown by using a web browser in host A. The IPv6 address and the URL address of the web server is type into the address bar. Figure 6 illustrated the successful result for this testing .
(a)
Accesing web server using (b) Accesing web server using IP address URL address Figure 6: Web Server Testing
4.0 CONCLUSION In this paper, we presented the preliminary work in establishing IPv6 Network using Tunnelling Mechanism on Intranet Environment that is supported fully by IPv4 backbone infrastructure. From the implementation shown in the previous section, it becomes clear that IPv6 networking with tunnelling mechanism can be successfully implemented in intranet environment. It has been proven from the implementation that each IPv6 host can ping the other host even though it is separated by an IPv4 infrastructure. The web server application testing also shown that the client in site A can successfully connected with the web server in site B. These proved that we can implement IPv6 network in an existing IPv4 infrastructure without having to disturb the running services and application and both the network can be coexist at the same time. In conclusion, base on our implementation, it shown that there is no difficulty in implementing an 10 IPv6 network in an intranet environment. This could be the preliminary step towards the migrating from IPv4 to IPv6. 86 5.0
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Parkhurst, B., 2005. Routing first-step, Cisco Press.
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IPv6 network in an environment. could be the preliminary implementation, itintranet shown that there isThis noThis difficulty inbethe implementing an IPv6 IPv6 network network ininintranet anan intranet environment. environment. This could could be thepreliminary preliminary stepstep towards the migrating from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 network inmigrating an intranet environment. This could be theonpreliminary Establishment of IPV6 Network Using Tunnelling Mechanism Intranet step towards towards the the migrating from from IPv4 IPv4 totoIPv6. IPv6. step towards the migrating from IPv4 to IPv6. 5.0 5.0R EFERENCES 5.0 REFERENCES REFERENCES
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