Estimating the parameters of a model of visual search ...

!"#$%#&'#()*+&,-$,&./0&$""&1$2#%&$(#&1(#%#3,4&.50&$""&*)26(#%&$(#&$77#1,$8"#4&.90&$""&*:3,%&$3;&%1#7)$"&7-$($7,#(%&$(#&7:((#7,4&$3;&.),-)3&,-# ?$(2)3&")3#%&%-:>3&:3&,-)%&(#')#>&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

!"#$%&#$'()#*+),&-&%+#+-")./)&)%.0+1)./)2$"3&1)"+&-4*)/-.%)567)0&#&8) &')&1#+-'&#+)%+#*.0)/.-)/$##$'(),-.,+-)567)43-2+") !

"#!$#!%&'()'*+),-.'!'/0!1+/-!23'&/*! "45'),64/,!+7!8'09+:+;-*?);&*?);&9,-!J+>59,':
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`&9:4!:4>>!H+66+/:-!+*>4)3409H':!P&++(P!/4')!,&4!:+L4)Q:47,!H+)/4)!MA,! 0','>4,>,>! 9>! ,&4+)4,9H'::-! ?/>',9>7'H,+)-! *4H'?>4! 9,! 965:94>! L+)>4! ,&'/! H&'/H4! :434:! 54)7+)6'/H4! 9/! '! )4;9+/! +7! ,&4! H?)34#! 1&4)4! ')4! ',! :4'>,! ,&)44! 6+04:>! 7+)! 79,,9/;!5)+54)!8N%!H?)34>!,&',!'3+90!,&9>!5)+*:46b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

!"##$%$&'&H@&9&.1@/&:*&I0&J&K:":(L&M:&J&N:(?$,L&O#,,#(&J&G$,#L&5P//QP/Q/5&P9L9/LR9&!B C!DE&SCEL&TTTT&GU&K-#7V4&TTTT&!(:;&K-#7V4&M:,#%L

!"#$%#&'#()*+&,-$,&./0&$""&1$2#%&$(#&1(#%#3,4&.50&$""&*)26(#%&$(#&$77#1,$8"#4&.90&$""&*:3,%&$3;&%1#7)$"&7-$($7,#(%&$(#&7:((#7,4&$3;&.),-)3&,-# ?$(2)3&")3#%&%-:>3&:3&,-)%&(#')#>&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

[7!+/4!'0+5,>!'!)?:4!7+)!)40?H9/;!,&4!6?:,95:4!6')(Q)',9/;!5'9)>!+/!'/!96';4!,+!'!>9/;:4!8N%Q:9(4!)',9/;4')H&! 6+04:!':>+!5)409H,>!8N%!0','#!C!H+66+/!)?:4!9>!,&4!&9;&4>,!)',9/;!'>>?65,9+/!,&4!)',9/;!+7!,&4!&9;&4>,!)',40!6')(!+/!,&4!96';4#![,!&'>!*44/! >&+L/!,&',!,&4!>4')H&Q6+04:!5)409H,40!8N%!H?)34!9>!P5)+54)P#!1&9>!5'54)!04>H)9*4>!79,,9/;!5)+54)!8N%!H?)34>!?>9/;!,&4! >4')H&Q6+04:!'/0!H+65')4>!,&46!,+!$8N$8N%!79,>#! !

LG! M!! 54)! 96';4O! ;:+*':Q)4>5+/>4! >,';4!,&',!904/,9794>!5+,4/,9':!:4>9+/!H'/090',4>!'/0!M99O!'!04H9>9+/Q6'(9/;!>,';4!Mf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g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b!!'!\!D!)45)4>4/,>!'!/+9>4!>9,4!'/0!'! \! @! )45)4>4/,>! '! >9;/':! >9,4#! N/! 09>4'>4Q7)44! H'>4>! M+! \! DO! +/:-! /+9>4Q>9,4>! M'! \! DO! ')4! 5+>>9*:44'>4Q5)4>4/,! H'>4>!M+!\!@O!*+,&!/+9>4!'/0!>9;/':!>9,4>!')4!5+>>9*:4!M'!\!D!+)!@O#!1&4!>&+),&'/0! &./+ !04/+,4>!,&4!H+6*9/',9+/!+7!6+0':9,-! &9,4>! +7! ,-54! '! +/! &./+ #! 1&4! /?6*4)! +7! /+9>4! >9,4>! )&./+ D ! 9>!

6+04:40! YDAZ! '>! '/! 9/,4;4)! )'/0+6! 3')9'*:4! >'65:40! 7)+6! '! $+9>>+/! 09>,)9*?,9+/! L9,&! 64'/!

O&.+ !


)&./+ D f 2(& MO&.+ O #!1&4!/?6*4)!+7!>9;/':Q>9,4>! )&./3 @ !9>!6+04:40!'>!'/!9/,4;4)!)'/0+6!3')9'*:4!>'65:40!7)+6!'!*9/+69':! 09>,)9*?,9+/! L9,&! ,)9':! >9T4! 4/@ ! '/0! 5)+*'*9:9,-! +7! >?HH4>>! Q &.
f "&)(5&!- M 4/@
/?6*4)!+7!:4>9+/>!9/!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>4! /@ #!1&4!6'S96?6!/?6*4)!+7!:4>9+/>!54)!H'>4!9>! 4 >9,4>!')4!9/04S40!*-! -' !L&4)4! -D !9/04S4>!/+9>4Q>9,4>!L9,&!5+>>9*:4!3':?4>! -D :4'>,!+/4!/+9>4Q>9,49,4>!L9,&!5+>>9*:4!3':?4>! -@



{ 6'S /@ 4/@ #!1&4!

D< @9,4#!1&4!TQ>'65:4>!')4!6+04:40!*-! 8&./+ -' f 0 M P&.' '65:40!7)+6!'!?/9,!3')9'/H4!/+)6':!09>,)9*?,9+/!L9,&!64'/!T4)+!'/0!>9;/':!>9,4>!7)+6!'!?/9,!3')9'/H4!/+)6':! 09>,)9*?,9+/!L9,&!64'/! P&. #!!! !

!"##$%$&'&H@&9&.1@5&:*&I0&J&K:":(L&M:&J&N:(?$,L&O#,,#(&J&G$,#L&5P//QP/Q/5&P9L9/LR9&!B C!DE&SCEL&TTTT&GU&K-#7V4&TTTT&!(:;&K-#7V4&M:,#%L

!"#$%#&'#()*+&,-$,&./0&$""&1$2#%&$(#&1(#%#3,4&.50&$""&*)26(#%&$(#&$77#1,$8"#4&.90&$""&*:3,%&$3;&%1#7)$"&7-$($7,#(%&$(#&7:((#7,4&$3;&.),-)3&,-# ?$(2)3&")3#%&%-:>3&:3&,-)%&(#')#>&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

LGP! ;+&-4*)%.0+1),-+0$4#+0)567)43-2+") =>9/;!,&4!&9;&4>,!)',9/;!'>>?65,9+/?:,>!04)9340!9/!847#! YXZ!7+)!H+/>,'/,!/?6*4)!+7!:4>9+/>!54)!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>44')H&!6+04:!7+)!3')9'*:4! /?6*4)>!+7!:4>9+/>!54)!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>4!9>!;934/!*-b!

§ O&.D O&.D § ] ··  929&. M] O D  4S5 ¨  %:; ¨ ¸¸ @ © @ ¹¹ © @ KW/#!D!

'/0! ! 4617

¦;

D #!!

4

KW/#!@)

4 D

) J4)4!]!9>!,&4!H?,+77!5')'64,4)!0479/9/;!'/!+54)',9/;!5+9/,!+/!,&4!8N%!,&4!/?6*4)!+7!:4>9+/>!9/!'!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,! H'>4!,&4!7)'H,9+/!+7!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>4>!L9,&!B!:4>9+/>!'! L49;&,40! '34)';4! +34)! '::! 3':?4>! +7! 4! \! D
617

4

9,934! 7)'H,9+/! 7+)! 6+0':9,-!&
0','>4,!L&4)4!434)-!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>4!&'>!B!:4>9+/>#!![/!,&9>!L+)(!'>>?640!,&',! O&.D \ O&. @ { O&. #![/!,&9>!H'>4!9,!H'/! *4!>&+L/!YXZ!,&',!,&4!8N%!H?)34!5)409H,40!*-!,&4!'*+34!4W?',9+/!9>!P5)+54)P!/+,!H)+>>!,&4!H&'/H4!09';+/':! '/0!&'>!6+/+,+/9H'::-!04H)4'>9/;!>:+54,!+54)',9/;!5+9/,!/+,!MD4H+/0!4W?',9+/!9/!KW/#!F!9>!:4>>!,&'/!+/4,!+54)',9/;! 5+9/,! >',9>794>! 1$R! ^! R$R! '*+34! ,&4! H&'/H4! 09';+/':#! "9774)4/,9',9/;! 1$R! '/0! R$R! L9,&! )4>54H,! ,+! ]! '/0! ,'(9/;!,&4!)',9+:+54!+7!,&4!8N%!H?)34!',!,&4!4/0!5+9/,!H'/!*4!>&+L/!,+!*4!M'>>?69/;!P!^!AO!!

! ,&4! 04)93',934! L9,&! )4>54H,! ,+! ]! #! 1&4! ')4'! ?/04)! ,&4! 8N%! H?)34! 4W?':>! ,&',! ?/04)! ,&4! H+/,9/?+?>!>4H,9+/!5:?>!,&4!')4'!?/04)!,&4!>,)'9;&,!:9/4!>4;64/,!H+//4H,9/;!,&4!?554)6+>,!5+9/,!,+!MD!>4H,9+/!H'/!*4!H':H?:',40!*-!/?64)9H':!9/,4;)',9+/#!! !

!"##$%$&'&H@&9&.1@9&:*&I0&J&K:":(L&M:&J&N:(?$,L&O#,,#(&J&G$,#L&5P//QP/Q/5&P9L9/LR9&!B C!DE&SCEL&TTTT&GU&K-#7V4&TTTT&!(:;&K-#7V4&M:,#%L

!"#$%#&'#()*+&,-$,&./0&$""&1$2#%&$(#&1(#%#3,4&.50&$""&*)26(#%&$(#&$77#1,$8"#4&.90&$""&*:3,%&$3;&%1#7)$"&7-$($7,#(%&$(#&7:((#7,4&$3;&.),-)3&,-# ?$(2)3&")3#%&%-:>3&:3&,-)%&(#')#>&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

LGQ! R$E+1$*..0)/3'4#$.') 2?55)4>>9/;!7+)!>965:9H9,-!,&4!6+0':9,-!'/0!)4'04)!>?*>H)95,>9,934>54H,934:-! ,&4! /?6*4)! +7! R8N%! *9/>>! ,&'/! ,&4! /?6*4)! +7! 8N%! *9/>
f #! 1&4! H?,+77>! ')4!

H+::4H,934:-!04/+,40!*-!,&4!H?,+77Q34H,+)! ] #! 9A !'/0! 4/,!,&4!/?6*4)!+7!/+)6':!96';4>!L9,&!/+!6')(>!'/0!,&4! /?6*4)! +7! 09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,! H'>4>! L9,&! /+! 6')(>54H,934:-#! [;/+)9/;! ,4)6>! ,&',! 0+! /+,! 0454/0! +/! >4')H&! 6+04:! 5')'64,4)>
> 929 M] " O  929 M] " D O@ >!,&4!5)+0?H,!+7!M8lDO!,4)6>!:9(4!,&4!+/4!>&+L/!'*+34
! !

" =

–!

"

)#!

KW/#!c!

" A

! 1+! 4>,96',4! ,&4! 5')'64,4)>! +/4! 6'S969T4>! ,&4! :+;')9,&6! +7! ,&4! :9(4:9&++0! L9,&! )4>54H,! ,+! ,&4!Fl8!5')'64,4)>#! [,! L'>! 7+?/0! ,&',! '::+L9/;! '::! 5')'64,4)>! ,+! 3')-! 9/0454/04/,:-! H+?:0! :4'0! ,+! ?/)4':9>,9H! 5')'64,4)! 4>,96',4>! M,-59H'::-! O! 9>! 0)934/!,+!:');4!3':?4>!'/0!Q!,+!?/9,-O#!1&9>!9>!0?4!,+!'!/4')!04;4/4)'H-!+7!,&4!:9(4:9&++0!7?/H,9+/!L&4)4*-!,&4!4774H,!+/!4! +7!'!5+>9,934!H&'/;4!9/! O !+)!Q !H'/!*4!':6+>,!H'/H4::40!*-!'!5+>9,934!H&'/;4!9/! ] D #!1&4!7+::+L9/;!':;+)9,&6!L'>!6+)4!

)&

>?HH4>>7?:#!M9O!R+)!;934/! O !04,4)69/40!*-!69/969T9/;!,&4!H&9Q>W?')4!;++0/4>>!

)&

+7!79,!>,',9>,9H#!M99O!1&4!:+;!:9(4:9&++0! !! !L'>!H':H?:',40#!M999O!1&4!5')'64,4)>! O ,45>! )454',40! ?/,9:! !! ! L'>! 6'S969T40#! 1&4! 6'S969T',9+/! )+?,9/4! 9/3+:340! >96?:',40! '//4':9/;! H+6*9/40! L9,&! '! 2965:4S!>4')H&!':;+)9,&6#!$8N$8N%!'/':->9>!L'>!':>+!H+/0?H,40!?>9/;!"mGQG8G%!>+7,L')4!YD_Z#!! ! LGS! 9,,1$4&#$.')#.)&)41$'$4&1)0&#&)"+#) 1&4!64,&+0!L'>!'55:940!,+!&?6'/!+*>4)34)!0','!7)+6!'!0?':Q6+0':9,-!R8N%!>,?0-!9/!L&9H&!E!)4'04)>!9/,4)5)4,40!Xc! /+)6':!'/0!eX!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>4>#!1&4!,+,':!/?6*4)!+7!:4>9+/>!L'>!XE!'/0!,&4)4!L4)4!',!6+>,!,L+!:4>9+/>!54)!09>4'>4Q 617 5)4>4/,!H'>4!M 4 \!@O#!C!EQ5+9/,!)',9/;!>H':4!L'>!?>40!M8!\!EO#!1&4!R8N%!0','!L'>!)40?H40!,+!8N%!0','!*-!'>>9;/9/;! ,&4!)',9/;!+7!,&4!&9;&4>,Q)',40!6')(!+/!'/!96';4!'>!9,>!8N%Q4W?93':4/,!)',9/;#![7!,&4!96';4!&'0!/+!6')(>>9;/40!,+!9,!M'/-!/?6*4)!:4>>!,&'/!D!L+?:0!&'34!>?779H40O#!1&9>!)4>?:,40!9/!8N%!0','!+/!'!cQ5+9/,!>H':4#![7! /4H4>>')-! /4H4>>')-!*4H'?>4!'!64'/9/;7?:!H&9Q>W?')4!>,',9>,9H!)4W?9)4>!',!:4'>,!E!H+?/,>!9/!4'H&!*9/#! !

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

!"##$%$&'&H@&9&.1@&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

09774)4/H4!L'>!:4>>!,&'/!DU!+7!H':H?:',9/;!C=%!,)'H(40!4'H&!+,&4)#!R9;#!D!9>!'!5:+,!+7! 2G!C=%!3>#!$8N$8N%!C=%#!1&4!:9/4')!)4;)4>>9+/!:9/4!9>!':>+!>&+L/!9/!R9;#!D#!1&4!'0V?>,40!8@!L'>!A#XEA@!>&+L9/;! ,&',!,&4!>4')H&Q6+04:!'/0!$8N$8N%!4>,96',4>!,)'H(40!4'H&!+,&4)#!! 1&4!8N%!H?)34>!?>9/;!*+,&!64,&+0>!')4!>&+L/!9/!R9;#!@#!1&4!:47,!5'/4:>!')4!>4')H&Q6+04:!79,,40!H?)34>!'/0!,&4!)9;&,! 5'/4:>! ')4! $8N$8N%Q79,,40! H?)34>#! 1&4! >&'54>! +7! ,&4! H?)34>! ')4! W?':9,',934:-! 09774)4/,#! C! 09>,9/;?9>&9/;! 74',?)4! +7! >4')H&Q6+04:!79,,40!8N%!H?)34>!,&',!,&4-!/434)!4S,4/0!H+/,9/?+?>:-!,+!MD!&'>!*44/!,4)640! ,&4!79/9,4!4/0Q5+9/,!5)+54),-!'/0!9>!>&')40!*-!'::!>4')H&Q6+04:!79,,40!+54)',9/;!H&')'H,4)9>,9H>!!YDEZ#!1&4!':,4)/',934!7)44Q )4>5+/>4!)4H4934)!+54)',9/;!H&')'H,4)9>,9H!MCR8N%O!H?)34!0+4>!/+,!H+/,9/?+?>:-!4S,4/0!,+!MD,9H!MB8N%O!H?)34!'*>H9>>'!0+4>!/+,!4S,4/0!,+!?/9,-j!'/0!,&4!R8N%!H?)34!0+4>!/+,!4S,4/0!,+!M’4')H&Q6+04:!'::+L>!7+)!,&4!5+>>9*9:9,-!,&',!>+64!96';4>!&'34!/+!04H9>9+/!>9,4>!'/0!+/!,&46!,&4)4! 9>!:9,4)'::-!/+,&9/;!,+!)45+),#!`4!9::?>,)',4!,&9>!904'!7+)!,&4!8N%!H?)34#!CHH+)09/;!,+!,&4!>4')H&Q6+04:!,&4!5)+*'*9:9,-! ,&',!'!09>4'>4Q'*>4/,!H'>4!&'>!T4)+!/+9>4!>9,4>!9>! % T4)+! /+9>4! >9,4>! !)#! T4)+! >9;/':! >9,4>! 9>! %

O

O

D Q

!'/0!,&4!5)+*'*9:9,-!,&',!'!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>4!L9,&!B!:4>9+/>!&'>!

4

617

#! R+)! O! \! D:',4! ,+! A#Fce! '/0!

A#DDA54H,934:-#![/!+,&4)!L+)0>!4S'65:44Q7)44!H'>4>!'/0!DDU!+7!09>4'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>4>! &'34!/+,&9/;!,+!)45+),#!2?55+>4!,&4!+*>4)34)!9>!?>9/;!'!DADQ5+9/,!8N%!>H':44/,>!H4),'9/,-!,&',!,&4)4!9>! /+!09>4'>4!'/0!DAA!)45)4>4/,>!H4),'9/,-!,&',!,&4)4!9>!09>4'>4#![7!,&4)4!9>!/+,&9/;!,+!)45+),4)34)!&'>!,+!;934!,&4! H'>4!,&4!T4)+!)',9/;#!N/!,&4!)46'9/9/;!H'>4>!>+64,&9/;!,+!)45+),4>!?>9/;! ,&4!7?::!DAAQ5+9/,!>H':4!)'/;9/;!7)+6!+/4!,+!DAA#!`&4/!H+/>,)?H,9/;!+54)',9/;!5+9/,>4>!)',40!+/4!+)! ;)4',4)!L9::!-94:0!,&4!+54)',9/;!5+9/,!R$R!\!DQA#Fce!\!A#cF@!'/0!1$R!\!DQA#DD!\!A#eX#!n+,4!,&',!,&4!+*>4)34)!H'//+,! +54)',4!9/79/9,4>96'::-!H:+>4!,+!MD!:+L4)40!,+!9,>!:+L4>,!:434:!,&4!+54)',9/;! 5+9/,!'55)+'H&4>!MA#cF@!L4::!>&+),!+7!MD,!'H&943'*:4!+54)',9/;!5+9/,4)34)!&'>! 4S&'?>,40!'::!H'>4>!L9,&!>+64,&9/;!,+!)45+),#!1&4!5+9/,!MD!/+,!)4'H&40!*-!,&4!+*>4)34)4>!)',40!A#!1&4!9/'HH4>>9*:4!>4H,9+/!+7!,&4!8N%!H?)34!9>! 0459H,40!R9;#!F!*-!,&4!0+,,40!:9/4>#!C::!>4')H&Q6+04:!5)409H,40!8N%!H?)34>!M:47,!5'/4:>!9/!R9;#!FO!&'34!'/!9/'HH4>>9*:4! >4H,9+/#!`9,&!'55)+5)9',4!H&+9H4>!+7!5')'64,4)>!,&4!?554)6+>,!+54)',9/;!5+9/,!H'/!*4!5)'H,9H'::-!9/09>,9/;?9>&'*:4!7)+6! 617

MD!MA#XXXXc?)4>!,&',!5)'H,9H'::-!434)-!09>4'>4Q7)44!H'>4!&'>!'!/+9>4!>9,4!'/0!Q! \!D!4/>?)4>!,&',!434)-!:4>9+/!9>!'!>9;/':!>9,44'>4Q5)4>4/,!H'>4!&'>!'!04H9>9+/!>9,4#! !

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`&4/!,&4!?554)6+>,!+54)',9/;!5+9/,!9>! H:+>4!,+!,&4!?554)!:47,!H+)/4)!+7!,&4!8N%!5:+,4')H&!54)7+)6'/H4!9>!&9;&!M>6'::!O!'/0!Q!':6+>,!?/9,-O#!`&4/!9,!9>!H:+>4! ,+!,&4!?554)!)9;&,!H+)/4)#!1&4!>&'54!+7!,&4!H?)34!*4,L44/!,&4!+)9;9/!'/0!,&4!?554)!

!"##$%$&'&H@&9&.1@R&:*&I0&J&K:":(L&M:&J&N:(?$,L&O#,,#(&J&G$,#L&5P//QP/Q/5&P9L9/LR9&!B C!DE&SCEL&TTTT&GU&K-#7V4&TTTT&!(:;&K-#7V4&M:,#%L

!"#$%#&'#()*+&,-$,&./0&$""&1$2#%&$(#&1(#%#3,4&.50&$""&*)26(#%&$(#&$77#1,$8"#4&.90&$""&*:3,%&$3;&%1#7)$"&7-$($7,#(%&$(#&7:((#7,4&$3;&.),-)3&,-# ?$(2)3&")3#%&%-:>3&:3&,-)%&(#')#>&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

6+>,!5+9/,!9>!'774H,40!*-!P#![7!P!9>!T4)+!:9/4')4H,9+/!+7!,&4!H?)34!9/H)4'>4>! L9,&!P#![7!>4')H&!54)7+)6'/H4!9>!904':!MO!\!A!'/0!Q!\!DO!,&4/!;++0!09>H)969/',9+/!*4,L44/!>9;/':!'/0!/+9>4!>9,4>!M&9;&!PO! 9>!/+,!/4H4>>')-!7+)!;++0!+34)'::!54)7+)6'/H4#![/!,&9>!:969,!434/!97!P!\!A!,&4!8N%!H?)34!L9::!*4!'!34),9H':!:9/4!7)+6!,&4! +)9;9/!,+!MA4! >9,4>'65:4! 9>! /4H4>>')9:-! 7)+6! '! >9;/':! >9,44!'/0!>9;/':!>9,4>#! 1&4!79,,9/;!':;+)9,&6!9>!965:464/,40!9/!iCR8N%!_#A!>+7,L')4!'3'9:'*:4!+/!LLL#043H&'()'*+),-#H+6#!! ! 94E'.?1+0(%+'#"8!"$%!L'>!>?55+),40!9/!5'),!*-!;)'/,>!7)+6!,&4!"45'),64/,!+7!J4':,&!'/0!J?6'/!24)39H4>,9,?,4>!+7!J4':,&!>?55+),40!*-!,&4!%'/H4)!_EA!84>4')H&!R+?/0',9+/!',! ,&4! "45'),64/,! +7! N/H+:+;-,96',9+/!+7!$')'64,4)>!+7!29;/':Q"4,4H,9+/!1&4+)-!'/0! "4,4)69/',9+/!+7!%+/7904/H4![/,4)3':>!Q!8',9/;QG4,&+0!"','#-H&+:+;->!c!9/!8N%!'/':->9>#!![/!`#!`#!$455:4)!'/0!C#!C#!C:,4)!+7!,&4!%&4>,! [6';9/;!%+/74)4/H4!DXed9;/!'/0!"','!C/':->9>!9/!8'09+:+;9H':!8N%!>,?094>,9;',934!8'09+:+;->!@_9>b!1&4! m9;'66'!6+04:!_M@O?':! >4')H&#! G40#! m9+:#>! ED4)g>!k?904),-)3&,-# ?$(2)3&")3#%&%-:>3&:3&,-)%&(#')#>&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

1'*:4!Db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

D!

@!

D! @! F! _! E! D! @! F! _! E!

@#Add! D#ceD! @#dXX! A#XAA! A#XcD! D#DeF! A#ecA! @#@Xd! A#EDc! A#Ec@!

D#AEd! A#ce@! De#cF! A#dXd! A#@_E! D#AED! A#Xde! _#EeX! A#FA_! A#ddc!

A#dAE! A#ecc! A#XFe! D#AAA! A#dXA! A#_ec! A#d_d! A#dED! A#edE! A#cdF!

QA#DF@! QA#Aed! QA#D__! A#AeA! A#@@F! QA#Ae@! A#AEA! QA#DFF! A#DDe! A#Ade!

D#DXd! D#ddD! D#_e@! D#ED_! D#d_A! A#c@e! A#Xd_! D#DEc! D#c@A!

A#eAD! A#eXE! A#eEF! A#eEe! A#eXD! A#cd@! A#dE_! A#dXF! A#ed_!

A#eXF!

A#eDX! A#ee@! A#e_X! A#eEc! A#eEe! A#ceA! A#dEA! A#dX_! A#ec@! A#d@A!

A#dFc!

! D! @!

Cvk!

D#ce_!

_#@e@!

A#ecA!

QA#AD@!

D#E_D!

A#eEF!

A#ecA!

D#Ae_!

D#E_A!

A#dAc!

A#AAcF!

D#AE_!

A#dcD!

A#dcc!

!

!

D!

84:#!"977#!

@!

!

1AB2=C2=CB  1AB@6 ! 1AB2=C2=CB

A#AAdd! A#AAcF!

! !

SG! BHTK5!;)

! '"!

!"&

$#"

!"%

!"$

!"#

!"! !"!

!"#

!"$

!"%

"#"

!"&

'"!

!

B$(G)F8)C/!4S';;4)',40!4S'65:4!+7!'/!965)+54)!8N%!H?)34!'!\! D!'/0!*!\!A#F#!1&4!P&++(P!/4')!MD&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

!"*(

#%&#%&'!()'!*+,!-.!()'

!"*!

-.!()'

!"&(

!"&!

!")(

!")!

!"%( !"%(

!")!

!")(

!"&!

!"&(

!"*!

!"*(

!

#%&#%&'!()'

B$(G)L8)$:+,!+7!>4')H&!6+04:!79,,40!')4'!C=%!?/04)!,&4!8N%!H?)34>!3>#!$8N$8N%!79,,40!C=%!7+)!,&4!7934!)4'04)>!'/0! ,L+!6+0':9,94>!MDA!0','!5+9/,>O#!1&4!>,)'9;&,!:9/4!9>!'!:9/4')!)4;)4>>9+/!79,!,)'H(40!,&4!$8N$8N%!C=%>#!!

! ! %/01/2!3

%/01/2!3

'"!

'"!

!"&

!"%

!"%

$#"

$#"

!"&

!"$

!"$

.4105678!9 .4105678!3

!"#

.4105678!9 .4105678!3

!"#

!"!

!"! !"!

!"#

!"$

!"%

!"&

!"!

'"!

!"#

!"$

!"%

"#"

"#"

%/01/2!9

%/01/2!9

!"&

!"&

!"%

!"%

'"!

M'O!

$#"

'"!

$#"

'"!

!"&

!"$

!"$

.4105678!9 .4105678!3

!"#

.4105678!9 .4105678!3

!"#

!"!

!"! !"!

!"#

!"$

!"%

!"&

'"!

!"!

"#"

!"#

!"$

!"%

!"&

"#"

!"##$%$&'&H@&9&.1@Y&:*&I0&J&K:":(L&M:&J&N:(?$,L&O#,,#(&J&G$,#L&5P//QP/Q/5&P9L9/LR9&!B C!DE&SCEL&TTTT&GU&K-#7V4&TTTT&!(:;&K-#7V4&M:,#%L

'"!

M*O!

!"#$%#&'#()*+&,-$,&./0&$""&1$2#%&$(#&1(#%#3,4&.50&$""&*)26(#%&$(#&$77#1,$8"#4&.90&$""&*:3,%&$3;&%1#7)$"&7-$($7,#(%&$(#&7:((#7,4&$3;&.),-)3&,-# ?$(2)3&")3#%&%-:>3&:3&,-)%&(#')#>&;:76?#3,@&A#,6(3&,:&+:6(&B+C!DE&F:G:&")%,&$3;&$11(:'#&:(&;)%$11(:'#&,-)%&%68?)%%):3@

%/01/2!:

%/01/2!:

'"!

'"!

!"&

!"%

!"%

$#"

$#"

!"&

!"$

!"$

.4105678!9 .4105678!3

.4105678!9 .4105678!3

!"#

!"#

!"!

!"! !"!

!"#

!"$

!"%

!"&

!"!

'"!

!"#

!"$

"#"

!"&

'"!

MHO!

%/01/2!;

%/01/2!;

'"!

!"%

"#" '"!

!"%

!"%

$#"

!"&

$#"

!"&

!"$

!"$

.4105678!9 .4105678!3

!"#

.4105678!9 .4105678!3

!"#

!"!

!"! !"!

!"#

!"$

!"%

!"&

'"!

!"!

!"#

!"$

"#"

!"&

'"!

"#"

M0O!

%/01/2!