Evaluation of Distillers Dried Grains with ... - Wiley Online Library

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY

Vol. 24, No. 1 March, 1993

Evaluation of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as an Ingredient in Diets for Pond Culture of the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii JAMES H. TIDWELL,' CARLD. WEBSTER AND JULIA A. CLARK Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 USA

LOUISR. DABRAMO Department of Wildlqe and Fisheries, Mississippi State University, P.O.Drawer L W,Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 USA

Abstract Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were evaluated as an ingredient in practical diets for pond culture of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn msenbegii. Juvenile prawns averaging 0.66 f 0.47 g were stocked into nine 0.02 ha ponds at 19,760/ha. Three isonitrogenous diets (29% crude protein) containing 0, 20, or 40% DDGS were fed to shrimp in triplicate ponds. Average yield, survival, individual weight, and feed conversion did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) among treatments. When averaged over the three diets, results were: yield, 833 kg/ha; survival, 75%; individual weight, 57 B; and feed conversion, 3.1. It appears that DDGS is a suitable ingredient for use in practical diets for freshwater prawns a t levels of up to 40% of the total formulation, when prawns are stocked at the densities used in this study.

For approximately 20 years, research has been conducted directed toward the development of economically successful monoculture of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in temperate climates. These investigations have used a variety of feeds, but little effort has been devoted to improvement of feeds or feeding practices. Development of inexpensive high quality diets is extremely important because feed costs represent more than 50% of production costs for most aquaculture enterprises (Lovell 1989). At least a part of the development process involves investigation of alternative feed ingredients (DAbramo and Lovell 199 1). Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are primary fermentation residues from yeast fermentation of cereal grains and are a good source of protein (29% crude protein), without the documented antinutritional factors present in soybean meal (Wilson and Poe 1985; Shiau et al. 1987) or cottonseed meal (Robinson and Brent 1989).

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Corresponding author.

It has been reported that DDGS could be incorporated at levels of up to 40% of the total formulation in diets for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus without adverse effects on catfish growth (Tidwell et al. 1990; Webster et al. 1991). D'Abramo (1986) stated that the availability and chemical composition of DDGS make it an excellent candidate for inclusion in practical crustacean feeds. The present study was designed to evaluate DDGS as a potential ingredient in diets for freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii grown in monoculture in earthen ponds. Materials and Methods Description, Preparation and Stocking of Ponds Ponds were located at the Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky. The surface area of all experimental ponds was 0.02 ha and average water depth was approximately 1.1 m. Less than one week prior to the anticipated stocking date, ponds were filled and treated with two applications of liquid fer-

@ Copyright by the World Aquaculture Society 1993

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PRAWN DIET INGREDIENTS

tilizer (10:34:0) at an initial rate of 9.0 kg/ ha of phosphorus to achieve an algal bloom. One 7.6 cm air-lift pump operated continuously in the deepest area of each pond to prevent thermal stratification. Juvenile prawns were transported from the Aquaculture Unit of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Starkville, Mississippi, on 4 June 1991. On the stocking date (6 June 1991), the mean stocking weight was determined from a sample of 40 prawns that were blotted dry and individually weighed (2 ? SD = 0.66 +- 0.47). Three replicate ponds were randomly assigned to each of the three experimental diets containing different levels (0, 20, and 40%) of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Prawns were hand counted and distributed to the ponds at a density of 19,76O/ha.

Samples A 3.2 mm square mesh seine was used to collect a sample of individuals from each pond every three weeks during the growing season. Prawns composing the sample were individually weighed (wet weight) to the nearest 0.1 gram and returned to the pond.

TABLE 1 . Ingredient composition, proximate analysis, and relative ingredient costs of experimental diets containing different percentages of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Diet DDGS (%) Ingredient

0%

20%

40%

Fish meal (67%) Soybean meal (44%) DDGS Ground corn Meat & bone meal Wheat flour Mineral mixa Vitamin mixb Choline BinderC

15.00 30.00 0.00 23.75 8.00 13.00 0.10 0.10 0.05 10.00

15.00

15.00 19.00 40.00 2.75 0.00 13.00

30.00 20.00 11.75 0.00

13.00 0.10 0.10 0.05

0.10

0.10

10.00

0.05 10.00

Analyzed composition (as fed) Protein 29.37 Lipid 5.18 Moisture 9.69

28.70 5.46 9.75

29.28 6.88 9.75

Relative ingredient cost*

1.027

1 .ooo

1.05 1

a Mineral mix contained: Mn, 10.0% (as MnS04); Zn, 10.0%(as ZnSO4); Fe, 7.0%(as FeSO4), Cu, 0.7% (as CuSO4); I, 0.24%(as CaIO3); Co, 0.10%(as COS04); Ca, as carrier. Vitamin mix contained: thiamin (Bl), 1.01%;riboflavin (Bz), 1.32%;pyridoxine (B6), 0.9%; nicotinic acid, 8.8246; folic acid 0.22%;cyanocobalamine(BIZ), 0.001%;pantothenic acid, 3.53%;menadione(K), 0.246, ascorbic acid (C), 33.1%;retinol palmitate (A), 4,409 IU/kg; cholecalciferol (D3), 2,204,600 IU/kg; alphatocopherol (E), 66.2 IU/kg; ethoxyquin, 0.66%. Lignin sulfonate. Ingredient costs were based on prices quoted in Feedstuffs 1992,64(3):62.

Feed and Feeding Rates Experimental diets were formulated to contain 32% crude protein. Due to variations in ingredient composition, diets assayed 29% crude protein after manufacture. The composition of the control diet was similar to that of the diet utilized by drolysis, and moisture by drying to constant D’Abramo et al. (1989) and contained no weight in a convection oven at 95 C (AOAC DDGS (Table 1). For the two experimental 1990) (Table 1). diets, DDGS were added at 20% and 40% Two separate feedings, each consisting of of the formulation, partially replacing soy- one-half of the total daily ration, were disbean meal and corn. The DDGS used in the tributed over the entire surface ofeach pond study was a homogenous composite from between 0900-1000 h and between 1500seven distilleries, provided by the Distillers 1600 h. Prawns were fed a percentage of Feed Research Council, Des Moines, Iowa. body weight based on a feeding schedule Dietary ingredients were processed into 5 reported by D’Abramo et al. (1989). Feedmm sinking pellets by a commercial feed ing rates were adjusted weekly based on an mill (Farmers Feed Mill, Lexington, Ken- assumed 3.0 feed conversion (D’Abramo et tucky). Dietary protein levels were deter- al. 1989) throughout the study. Every three mined using macro-Kjeldahl, fat by acid hy- weeks, biomass estimates were adjusted ac-

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cording to sample weights. Survival was as- were determined according to the procesumed to be 100%. dures previously described for diets. Lipid was determined by ether extraction (AOAC Water Quality Management 1990). Dissolved oxygen (DO) and water temSensory Evaluation perature in all ponds were monitored twice daily (0900 h and 1530 h) by means of a Preparation for sensory evaluation of YSI Model 57 oxygen meter (Yellow Springs prawns from the three dietary treatments Instruments, Yellow Springs, Ohio). When consisted of thawing overnight at 2 C, cookthe DO level of any pond was predicted ing in boiling water for approximately eight (graphically) to decline to below 4.0 mg/L, minutes, and cooling to room temperature nightly aeration was provided to that pond (Silva and Ammerman 1989). Each memusing an electric vertical pump aerator. Lev- ber of an eight-member panel evaluated two els of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and shrimp, randomly sampled from each of the nitrite in water samples collected from each nine ponds, for odor, appearance, texture, pond (approximately 1300 h) were deter- and flavor. A 9 point hedonic scale was used mined weekly according to the outlined pro- to rank the samples with the 9 rating being cedures for a Hach DREL/S spectropho- “like extremely” and 1 rating being “dislike tometer (Hach Co., Loveland, Colorado). extremely” (Larmond 1977). The pH of each pond was determined daily Statistical Analysis (at 1300 h) using an electronic pH meter (Omega Engineering, Inc., Stamford, ConGrowth performance and feed conversion necticut). were measured in terms of final individual prawn weight (g), percentage survival, total Harvest yield (kglha), and feed conversion ratio One day prior to harvest, water levels in (FCR). Data, including sensory evaluation ponds were lowered to approximately 0.9 results, were analyzed by ANOVA using the m at the drain end. Each pond was seined SAS ANOVA procedure (SAS Institute, Inc. three times on 15 September 1991 using a 1988).Duncan’s multiple range test was used 1.3 cm square mesh seine. A complete to compare treatment means. Percentage draining of the ponds followed and remain- survival, FCR, and tail composition (pering prawns were manually harvested from centage moisture, protein, and lipid) were the pond bottom and purged in clean water. transformed to arc sin values prior to analTotal weight and number of prawns from ysis (Zar 1984). each pond were recorded at harvest. A samResults and Discussion ple of 50 prawns per pond were randomly collected, individually weighed, and clasThrough the duration of the study, water sified into three female morphotypes: ber- quality parameters did not differ signifiried (egg carrying), non-bemed (previously cantly (P> 0.05) among treatments. Water egg carrying), and virgin; and three male quality parameters averaged (fSE): water morphotypes, blue-claw, orange-claw, and temperature(AM), 25.6 _+ 0.9 C; water temsmall ( 0.05) and were comparable to those reported by DAbramo et al. (1989), except for biomass contributed by blue-claw males (20%) that was 10-1 5% greater. The ratio of small male (< 20 g) to orange-claw to blue-claw male prawns averaged 0.7:2.5:1 and the ratio of berried to non-berried female prawns 0.83:l in our pond populations. Organoleptic evaluations of prawns from each of the three dietary treatments indicated no negative impact on sensory characteristics from the inclusion of up to 40% DDGS in the diets. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among shrimp fed the three diets in odor, appearance, texture, or taste. Johnson and Dupree (199 1) found that sensory attributes of channel catfish were not affected when distillers solids were incorporated at 10% of a diet formulation. Results suggest that DDGS is a suitable

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M. J. Murphy. 1989. Polyculture of two sizes ingredient for inclusion in practical diets for of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachiurn rosenberpond culture of prawns at levels of 40% of gill with fingerling channel catfish (Ictaluruspuncthe total formulation. Future studies should tutus). World Aquaculture 20(3):72-7 5 . investigate diets containing higher DDGS Heinen, J. M., H. R. Robinette, L. R. D’Abramo and percentages, higher culture densities, and efR. L. Busch. 1987. Polyculture of Freshwater prawns Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii and channel fects of reducing feed costs by decreases in catfish fingerlings Ictalurus punctatus in 1985 in premix and fish meal levels.

Acknowledgments We thank Laura S. Goodgame, Daniel Yancey, Eddie Reed, Jr., and Wendell Harr i s for their assistance, and Sandy Hall for typing the manuscript. This research was partially funded by a grant from the Distillers Feed Research Council, Des Moines, Iowa, and was supported in part by a USDN CSRS grant to Kentucky State University under agreement KYX-89-88-03A. Literature Cited AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 1990. Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, USA. Cohen, D., Z. Ra’anan and A. Barnes. I98 1. Population profile development and morphotypic differentiation in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii (de Man). Journal of the World Manculture Society 12:23 1-243. D’Abramo, L. R. 1986. Intensive aquaculture of crustaceans; the use of distillers dried grains in commercial feed. Proceedings of the Distillers Feed Research Conference 4 1 :97-102. D’Abramo, L. R., J. M. Heinen, H. R. Robinette and J. S. Collins. 1989. Production of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii stocked as juveniles at different densities in temperate zone ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 20~81-89. D’Abramo, L. R. and R. T. Lovell. 1991. Aquaculture research needs for the year 2000: fish and crustacean nutrition. World Aquaculture 22(2):5742. D’Abramo, L. R., H. R. Robinette, J. M. Heinen, Z. Ra’anan and D. Cohen. 1986. Polyculture of the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii) with a mixed-size population of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture 59:7 1-80. Fair, P. H. and A. R. Fortner. 1981. The role of formula feeds and natural productivity in culture of the prawn, Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii. Aquaculture 24:233-243. Heinen, J. M., L. R. D’Abramo, H. R. Robinette and

Mississippi. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 18:19&195. Johnson, P. B. and H. K. Dupree. 199 1. Influence of feed ingredients on the flavor quality offm-raised catfish. Aquaculture 96: 139-1 50. Kohler, C. C. 1987. The use of ethanol distillery byproducts in aquaculture. Report to Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois, USA. Larmond, E. 1977. Laboratory methods for the sensory evaluation of food. Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Publication 1637. Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. Lovell, T. 1989. Nutrition and feeding of fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, New York, USA. Robinson, E. H. and J. R. Brent. 1987. Use of cottonseed meal in channel catfish feeds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 20:250-255. SAS Institute, Inc. 1988. SAS user’s guide: statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA. Shiau, S. Y, J. L. Chuang and C. L. Sun. 1987. Inclusion of soybean meal in tilapia (Oreochrornis niloticus x 0.aureus) diets at two protein levels. Aquaculture 69251-261. Silva, J. L. and G. R. Ammerman. 1989. The effect of precooking, packaging, and storage temperature on shelf-life ofdeheaded freshwater prawns. Pages 12-1 4 in J. L.Silva, J. 0. Hearnsberger, F. Hagan and G. R. Ammerman, editors. A summary of processing research on freshwater prawns at Mississippi State University 1984-1 988. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Information Bulletin 96 1, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA. Tidwell, J. H., C. D. Webster and D. H. Yancey. 1990. Evaluation of distillers grains with solubles in prepared channel catfish diets. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 51(3-4): 135-138. Webster, C. D., J. H. Tidwell and D. H. Yancey. 1991. Evaluation of distillers grains with solubles as a protein source in diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture 96: 179-190. Wilson, R. P. and W. E. Poe. 1985. Effects of feeding soybean meal with varying trypsin inhibitor activities on growth of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture 46:19-25. Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.