EVALUATION OF GHG EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIALS THROUGH ENHANCEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ILOILO CITY, PHILIPPINES International Conference WasteSafe, Khulna, Bangladesh February 12 –15th, 2011 Figure 1: Location Iloilo City, Philippines
Introduction Johannes G. Paul
Climate change is considered as one of the greatest global challenges of the 21st century and hence emerges as an important determinant of waste management approaches. The waste management sector contributes to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect primarily through emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) mainly due to emissions from waste disposal.The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report places the contribution made by the waste management sector to global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions on a level of 2.7 %. However, Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has a much greater potential to reduce GHG emissions since many effects of enhanced waste management are not “credited” to the waste sector but are included in the energy or industrial sector if it comes to GHG inventories. Avoided emissions from related substitution of virgin raw materials may offer GHG emissions reductions in a magnitude of 10-15%. The presented example from Iloilo City, Philippines underlines the importance to enhance MSWM systems by integrating climate mitigation considerations. With this approach the Local Government Iloilo City aims to distinguish between doable and self-sustaining practices and new technologies, which would normally be “out of reach” but could be applied by utilizing the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as proposed under the Kyoto Protocol (KP).
Waste management situation in Iloilo City Metro Iloilo is a fast growing urban centre with more than half a million inhabitants. Presently, 170 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) are collected every day and disposed at the Calahunan dumpsite. With support of the German development assistance program “Solid Waste Management for Local Government Units in the Philippines” the Local Government Iloilo City proposed to establish a new landfill. In order to optimize material recovery and to increase the landfill life span, feasible options for waste recovery, material recycling, waste treatment and waste to energy are explored in several scenarios applying a Climate Calculator developed by the German Bank for Reconstruction (KfW) and the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). With this approach the various GHG emissions are made visible and can be compared in tons CO2-eq per annum for a baseline situation and the targeted intervention scenarios. Prior to designing a new landfill, the solid waste delivered at Calahunan were perceived to be residual. However, incoming wastes contain a significant fraction of valuable materials such as organic waste or plastic residues that could ne recovered as Alternative Fuels and Raw materials (AFR). Enhanced waste segregation and higher collection rates as well as controlled disposal of wastes prevent pollution of natural water resources, air and soil. Through recycling activities, the informal sector significantly contributes to resource efficiency by making secondary raw materials available for the production of new products.
Figure 2: Waste composition Iloilo City (2003) Results 2003 (original data) metals glass
other inorganic
GIZ-AHT Project Office Parola Street, DENR Compound Iloilo City, Philippines www.swm4lgus.net
Konrad Soyez Universität Potsdam Park Babelsberg 14 14482 Potsdam—Germany 25.05.2018
Assessment of scenarios with GHG calculator For the assessment a GHG calculator developed by IFEU Heidelberg was utilized (Giegrich & Vogt, 2009). This tool offers that a user can roughly assess the climate effects of waste management options even in very early steps of the decision making process. It contains basic routines for calculation of GHG emissions by typical waste management technologies such as controlled dump, landfill with and without gas collection, mechanical-biological treatment of waste prior to deposition, mechanical-physical stabilization and co-processing in cement kilns, recycling of waste components, composting and digestion of organic components. Detailed information on how to use as well as which values are used for calculation is given in a manual. The results of the climate calculator application for Iloilo City are summarized in Figure 3. Debits of the scenarios refer to GHG emissions by deposition of waste in a landfill but also emissions by processing such as energy needs of machinery etc. Credits are a result of recycling of components when recycled material substitute new material. Net GHG effects are the sum of both debits and credits and are decisive for decision makers. Numbers are given as emissions per year. Figure 3: Comparison of tons C02-eq /yr. for 4 SWM scenarios in Iloilo City (based on GTZ Climate Calculator; Giegrich & Vogt, 2009)
tons C02-eq /year
GHG emissions
60.000
Debits
Credits
Net
50.000
40.000
Results 2003 (combined data)
30.000
20.000
special
metals glass
inorganic 10.000
0
-10.000
Kitchen waste
Plastic
-20.000
AFR
-30.000
2006
2006 textile
Paper
Yard waste
Organic
2010
2010
S1 (digester) Scenario 1
S2 (composting) 2 Scenario
(biodigester)
(composting)
Note: Scenario 1 utilizes 50 % and Scenario 2 only 25 % of delivered organic 25.05.2018 waste
Figure 2 demonstrates the huge potential for resource recovery, whereas it also indicates that more than 60 % of the collected waste is organic in nature. Furthermore, a fraction of light density plastics and various packages of around 20 % could be recovered as AFR. Alone the treatment and reuse of these materials could reduce waste disposal in Iloilo by up to 80 %. Although waste segregation and the conduct of composting is mandated by RA 9003, the municipal waste collection in Iloilo City and elsewhere in the Philippines still receives a large fraction of organic residues (Figure 2) as well as other recyclable components. Hence, the local government explored options to exclude these waste components from waste disposal.
For the baseline scenario 2006 around 55,000 tons CO2-eq/year GHG emissions respectively 46,000 tons CO2-eq/year net emissions result if benefits from material recovery are deducted. In 2010, due to increased material recovery, waste disposal will further be reduced and consequently total estimated GHG emissions are less with around 50,000 tons CO2-eq/year resulting in net emissions of 33,000 tons CO2-eq/year. Scenario 1 assumes that an anaerobic digester would be established as CDM project with a recovery of organic waste in the magnitude of 50%. Scenario 2 assumes that a simple windrow composting project will be established which will utilize 25 % of all organic delivered waste. Main difference between Scenarios 1 and 2 is that especially fine organic waste could be treated by the anaerobic digester, but can not be composted with Scenario 2 due to quality considerations, e.g. contaminations respectively disturbances such as ashes, broken glass components and uncertain liquids absorbed by the fine waste fraction.
Conclusions Based on the results of GHG emission assessments conducted for several SWM scenarios, substantial enhancements can be expected for MSWM systems, especially if organic waste is segregated and either composted on a large scale or treated with an anaerobic bioreactor, whereas the latter would offer the highest net emission reductions in the magnitude of 32,000 tons CO2-eq/year, if compared with the baseline scenario from 2006. However, the latter may only be realized through a CDM project, which would allow a corresponding technology transfer. In this context it has to be mentioned that this treatment technology does not exist in the Philippines so far. However the local government of Iloilo City realized the great potential of the proposed anaerobic treatment technology and intends to initiate a regarding CDM support project as proposed with the Kyoto Protocol.
References
Foto 1: Woman sorting materials at mechanized waste processing facility 26.05.2018 26.05.2018
For more information please contact: GIZ-AHT Project Office Parola Street, DENR Compound
Iloilo City, Philippines Phone/Fax: +63 902 67534218
E-mail: Website:
[email protected] www.swm4lgus.net
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