BOOKOFPROCE E DI NGS2018
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IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING AND NATURAL SCIENCES (ICENS) ISBN 978-605-67955-3-4
The Effect of B4C Reinforcement Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Steel / Al-B4C Circular Layered Composites
Investigation of Heat Transfer from Heated Square Patterned Surfaces in a Rectangular Channel with an Air Jet Impingement Investigation on Fatigue Behavior of B4C Powder Size in Al 6061-B4C Composites
Anaysis Of Recent Occupational Accidents At Seyitomer Thermal Power Plant (Turkey) Evaluation Of Work Accidents Recently Occurred In Seyitomer Lignite Corporation (Turkey) Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Specifications of Natural Building Stones in Terms of Water Saturation The Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Physical-Mechanical Properties of Tuff
Analysis of Cooling of the Heated Circle Patterned Surfaces by Using an Air Jet Impingement
Modeling the Weight and Length Changes of the Concrete Exposed to Sulfate using Artificial Neural Network The factor of optimum angle of carbon fiber reinforced polymers
Designing a web based data acquisition system for battery-powered wireless sensor nodes: WiFiLab A Review on Low Voltage Analog Circuit Design
Quality Function Deployment Approach for Evaluation Parameters of Highway Pavement
359 367 377 385 392 399 406 411 421 432 439 448 453
Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Specifications of Natural Building Stones in Terms of Water Saturation Cem Sensogut 1, Sunay Beyhan2, Onder Uysal1 Abstract In this study, cube samples of marble and travertine blocks obtained from 7 different parts of Turkey are used. The physical and mechanical properties of the samples such as uniaxial compressive strength, ultrasonic P wave velocity, unit volume weight, porosity, and water absorption were determined. Experimental studies were conducted on both dry and water saturated conditions. Thus, the effect of water saturation was determined in experimental works. Consideration of the effect on water saturation, strength and P-wave velocity is important in terms of usability of natural building stones. Statistical relationships were established between the results of the experimental work. Simple regression analyzes were performed for each independent variable. The relationship representing the best correlation between water absorption, porosity, unit volume weight, uniaxial compressive strength, and P wave velocity in dry and saturated basis was determined. Accordingly, the P-wave velocity changes inversely to the porosity, in proportion to the density. Furthermore, depending on the increase in saturation, the compressive strength increases in the natural building stone where the P-wave velocity increases. The determination of such relationships is important in the sense of their use in the natural building stones. Keywords: P-wave velocity, Saturation, Uniaxial compressive strength
1. INTRODUCTION Sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic rocks defined as marble, which can give blocks in sizes suitable for the standards, cut and polished or their surface can be treated and their material properties are compatible with the coating stone norms. According to this definition, sedimentary rocks such as limestone, travertine, sandstone; metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, marble, quartzite; magmatic rocks such as granite, syenite, serpentine, andesite and basalt are also called marble [1]. Natural stones have been used in various forms, mainly for building material purposes, and as a result, the marble sector has become an important branch of industry. Natural building stones are used for various objectives in the construction industry (coating, walls, pavements, flooring etc.) [2]. The physical-chemicalmineralogical properties of natural building stones are important factors in determining where these stones will be used. Therefore; resistance of natural building stones to environmental influences should be determined, their engineering and structural properties should be investigated, and by using the data obtained natural stone selection appropriate to the structure should be made [3]. Natural building stones and materials are exposed to some degradation due to various influences such as time, environment and climatic conditions. These materials are weakened by the effects of deteriorations and begin to lose their physical and mechanical properties. In order to be able to take countermeasures against degradation, it is first necessary to determine its reason [4]. Natural stones are building materials that are most damaged by various external factors such as rainfall (rain and snow), temperature difference and wind. These external factors (atmospheric and climatic conditions) cause different decomposition and degradation such as fragmentation, dispersion, spillage, loss of gloss and brittleness in natural building stones. Dumlupinar University, Department of Mining Engineering, 43270, Kutahya, Turkey.
[email protected],
[email protected] 1
Corresponding author: Dumlupinar University, Department of Mining Engineering, 43270, Kutahya, Turkey.
[email protected],
2
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Water is an important factor in the decomposition and degradation of natural building stones. The porosity of the rock is one of the most important factors that enable the water to pass into the rock body. Rocks that have different shaped and sized porous structure are getting water to their structure depending on the porosity ratio. These pores significantly affect the unit volume weight, water absorption, permeability, durability in freezingthawing and wetting-drying periods, compressive strength, heat and sound insulation of the rock. Water; when combined with other environmental factors such as wind and temperature difference, it accelerates the deterioration of rocks and affects the physical-mechanical properties of the rock negatively. Therefore, it is very important to know the effect of water on the building stones beforehand, in order to determine the mechanism of disintegration, especially in natural building stones.
3
4 2
TURKEY 6
1 5
7
Figure 1. Regions of marble and travertine samples used in the experiments
[1. Denizli (travertine-1), 2. Kutahya (travertine-2), 3. Bilecik (marble-1) , 4. Bursa (marble-2), 5. Mugla (marble-3), 6. Afyon (marble-4), 7. Mugla (marble-5)]
In this study, 5 marble and 2 travertine type natural stones that have different geological origin were taken from seven different regions in Turkey and examined in detail (Figure 1). The physical and mechanical properties of samples such as uniaxial compressive strength (air dry - σdry, saturated - σsat), ultrasonic wave velocity (air dry - Vdry, saturated - Vsat), unit volume weight (ρ), porosity (n) and water absorption (weight - Aw, volumetric Vw) were determined and the relationship between them was revealed. Both dry and water saturated samples have been used in experimental studies. Thus, the effect of water saturation on the compressive strength and the ultrasonic velocity is also determined. Consideration of the effect of water saturation on strength and ultrasonic velocity is important in terms of usability of natural building stones. Knowing the physicalmechanical properties of natural stone is important in terms of choosing suitable materials for the structure. 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES a. Method Natural stone samples were prepared in accordance with the methods recommended by ISRM [5] and TS 699 [6]. 10 samples (air dry and saturated) from each natural stone type were used in experimental studies to determine the uniaxial compressive strength of dry and water saturated specimens (Figure 2). The dry and water saturated apparent densities of natural stone species are calculated by mass / volume ratio according to the method proposed by the standards. For dry density, samples were dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 hours and their dry weight was determined. In the water saturated density experiment, samples were kept in water until the constant mass was reached and then weighed. In this experiment, 3 samples were used from each natural stone type. In order to determine the effective porosity of the samples, 3 samples in sizes of 70x70x70 mm were used from each natural stone type. The high porosity of natural building stones such as marble reduces the economic efficiency of the stone as the strength property is reduced by increasing porosity [1]. 400
For the weight and volumetric water absorption experiments, the samples were kept in pure water at 21 °C until the constant mass was reached. An ultrasonic test device was used to determine the transition time of ultrasonic sound waves through the rock (Figure 3). This device determines the transition time of the ultrasonic sound waves in the rock with the receiving and transmitting props between the two opposite surfaces of the rock sample. This transition time can take different values with the microfractures in the rock material.
Figure 2.Marble and travertine samples used in experimental work
Figure 3. View of experimental set up (water saturation of samples, uniaxial compressive strength and ultrasonic velocity test) 2.2. Test results The results obtained within the scope of experimental studies for determining the physical and mechanical properties (σsat, σdry, Vdry, Vsat, ρsat, ρdry, n, Aw, Vw) of natural building stones are given in Table 1. According to Table 1; when the water absorption and porosity values of the experimental specimens belonging to different zones are high, the value of the strength decreases. In addition, the strength values can be different depending on the change in other physical and mechanical properties. When the ultrasonic velocities of the samples are examined according to their dry and water saturated state, by the decreasing water saturation of sample, ultrasonic velocity increases. In general, water saturation has a significant effect on physical and mechanical properties of marble and travertine type natural building stones examined in this study. This will also affect the structure that natural stones have been used. Hence, the stability of structure will be less against climate effects.
Table 1. Physical and mechanical test results of natural stone 401
Natural stone type
Sample zones
Physical and mechanical properties σsat (MPa)
σdry (MPa)
Vdry (km/s)
Vsat (km/s)
ρsat (g/cm3)
ρdry (g/cm3)
Porosity (n) (%)
Aw (%)
Vw (%)
1
Travertine-1
46,03
52,01
5,253
5,646
2,37
2,35
3,634
1,470
3,512
2
Travartine-2
64,49
81,18
5,503
5,931
2,54
2,49
2,111
0,801
2,196
3
Marble-1
81,72
98,97
6,448
6,548
2,68
2,67
0,287
0,135
0,277
4
Marble-2
77,53
85,87
5,745
6,050
2,69
2,68
0,347
0,112
0,348
5
Marble-3
61,31
71,19
5,918
6,237
2,69
2,67
0,525
0,066
0,579
6 7
Marble-4
55,03
67,55
5,869
6,168
2,69
2,68
0,301
0,097
0,361
Marble-5
88,25
99,81
6,003
6,211
2,71
2,67
0,211
0,146
0,297
3.
REGRESSION ANALYSES
Relations between the results of experimental studies were obtained by simple regression analysis. These relations are given in Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 together with the regression equations.
ρsat saturated denstity (g/cm3)
2,8 ρsat = 0,9586ρdry + 0,1306 R² = 0,9856
2,7 2,6 2,5 2,4 2,3 2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
ρdry air-dry denstity (g/cm3)
Figure 4. Relationship between the measured dry and saturated densities
402
2,9 air - dry ρdry = 0,8287Vdry0,6496 R² = 0,6732
ρ - denstity (g/cm3)
2,8 2,7 2,6 2,5
saturated ρsat = 0,5156Vsat0,8987 R² = 0,7003
2,4 2,3 5
5,5
6
6,5
7
Vp - ultrasonic wave velocity (km/s)
σsat - uniaxial compressive strength (MPa)
Figure 5. Ultrasonic wave velocities related to the dry and the water saturated densities
90 80 70 60 σsat = 0,8587σdry - 0,508 R² = 0,9515
50 40 50
60
70
80
90
100
110
σdry - uniaxial compressive strength (MPa)
Figure 6. The uniaxial compressive strength related to dry and saturated densities
σucs uniaxial compressive strength (MPa)
110 air-dry σdry = 0,7605Vdry2,6302 R² = 0,5507
100 90 80 70
saturated σsat = 0,1333Vsat3,4311 R² = 0,4637
60 50 40 5
5,5
6
6,5
7
Vp - ultrasonic wave velocity (km/s)
Figure 7. Relationship between the ultrasonic wave velocity and the uniaxial compressive in case of dry and saturated conditions. 403
4
air-dry y = 4E+10Vdry-14,22 R² = 0,7138
n - porosity (%)
3
2
saturated y = 2E+15Vsat-19,68 R² = 0,6829
1
0 5
5,2
5,4
5,6
5,8
6
6,2
6,4
6,6
6,8
Vp - ultrasonic wave velocity (km/s)
Figure 8. The porosity as function of the ultrasonic wave velocity in case of dry and saturated conditions
4 saturated n = 786801σsat-3,362 R² = 0,5061
n -porosity (%)
3
air-dry n= 939498σdry-3,279 R² = 0,4766
2
1
0 40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
σucs - uniaxial compressive strength (MPa)
Figure 9. Relationship between the porosity and the uniaxial compressive in case of dry and saturated conditions.
404
Vw volumetric water absorption (%)
4
saturated - ultrasonic wave velocity y = 6E+14x-19,01 R² = 0,7199
3,5 3
dry - ultrasonic wave velocity y = 2E+10x-13,74 R² = 0,7526
2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 5
5,5
6
6,5
7
Vp ultrasonic wave velocity (km/s)
Figure 10. Relationship between the volumetric water absorption and the ultrasonic wave velocity in case of dry and saturated conditions.
4.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the effects of rainfall (water) on the physical and mechanical properties of natural building stones were determined by experimental studies. This effect is the result of the reaction of the water through the pores of the rock. Saturated rocks fail much quicker under pressure by the influence of the water in their pores. This failure is directly proportional to the porosity of the rock. Increasing of the porosity of the natural building stone caused the strength and the ultrasonic velocity to decrease (Figure 8, 9). According to the relationship between ultrasonic velocity and uniaxial compressive strength applied to both dry and water saturated specimens, the increase in strength caused an increase in ultrasonic velocity (Figure 7). It has been determined that the ultrasonic velocity is proportional to density and inversely proportional to porosity. According to this, the ultrasonic velocity increases while the density increases and the ultrasonic velocity decreases when the porosity increases (Figures 5, 9). In addition, when the air dry and water saturated uniaxial compressive strength test results were evaluated statistically, a high correlation was obtained between them (Figure 6). According to the results of the water saturation test of the samples (Figure 10), the decrease in water absorption value causes the ultrasonic velocity to increase. As a result, determining the physical and mechanical properties of the natural building stones such as marble and travertine type, which will be used especially in the outdoors of the buildings, will enable us to determine the causes of the degradation that may occur due to the climatic conditions in the building. Thus, the constructions in which natural stone materials are used will preserve their original structures for many years.
REFERENCES [1]. T. Onargan, H. Kose, A.H. Deliormanli, “Mermer”, TMMOB Maden Muhendisleri Odasi yayini, Ankara, 2005 [2]. N. Sengun, R. Altindag, C.E. Koccaz. “Isparta yoresinde bulunan bazi magmatik kokenli kayaclarin kesilebilirlik analizi”. DEU Muhendislik Fakultesi, Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi Cilt: 11 Sayi: 31, 2009. [3]. I. Kilic. “Kesan Bolgesi Kumtaslarinin Yapi Tasi Olarak Kullanilabilirligi” Trakya Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu Mimarlik Anabilim Dali Edirne Doktora Tezi, 2009 [4]. M. Dal, A.D. Ocal. “Limestone used in Islamic religious architecture from Istanbul and Turkish Thrace”, METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, METU.JFA.2013/1 (30:1), 29-44, 2013 [5]. ISRM, “The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization testing and monitoring: 1974-2006”, In: Ulusay, R. and Hudson, J.A. (Editors), Suggested Methods Prepared by the Commission on Testing Methods, International Society For Rock Mechanics (ISRM), Ankara, Turkey, 2007 [6]. TS 699, “Tabii Yapi Taslari Muayene ve Deney Metotlari”, Turk Standartlari Enstitusu, Turkiye, 1987
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