Evaluation of Phytoremediation Potential of Datura ...

International Journal of Futuristic Trends in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2348-5264 (Print), ISSN: 2348-4071 (Online) Vol. 2 (3), 2014

Evaluation of Phytoremediation Potential of Datura inoxia for Heavy Metals in an Industrially Polluted Area in Bhopal, India (Paper ID: 22ET2802201504)

Ashwini A. Waoo

Swati Khare

Sujata Ganguly

Research Scholar Govt. Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya

Professor Govt. Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya

Barktullah University, Bhopa, India

Professor Institute for Excellence in Higher Education (IEHE), Bhopal, India

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

because they are non-biodegradable, extremely toxic at low concentrations, and their chances of mobilization under changing physical-chemical conditions. Selection of a remediation technique for a site contaminated with metals is complex, time consuming and site specific. Some factors that influence selection of a suitable procedure are size, location and history of site, accessibility to the site, and effectiveness of treatment options, soil and contaminant characteristics, availability of technical and financial. Phytoremediation is proved to be multidisciplinary scientific approach for clean-up of contaminated soils [1]. It combines the sciences like soil chemistry, plant physiology, and soil microbiology. It has been applied to a wide range of pollutants in small-scale field or laboratory studies. These pollutants include heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, radionuclides, chlorinated solvents, explosives, surfactants and organophosphate insecticides [9]. Some higher plant can accumulate higher concentrations of metals in their tissues without-showing toxicity [10]. Such plants can be used successfully to clean up heavy metal polluted soils if their biomass and metal content are large enough to complete remediation within a reasonable period. The advantages of phytoremediation in the management of contaminated soils are as follows:  Allows in situ remediation  Operates by solar energy  Cost effective as compared to other physiochemical methods,  Remove pollutants from soil or reduce their mobility towards groundwater  Sustains the soil properties,  Enhance soil quality and productivity, thus it can prevent the loss of soil resources [3]. The research carried out at industrial area Govindpura and native plant Datura inoxia found in majority in that area. Datura represents a genus having nine species of vespertine

Abstract: Environmental pollution is a very vital issue nowadays, affecting all the people in one way or the other. Due to rapid increase in human population and industrialization, the demand for natural raw materials and source of energy are increasing day by day in developing countries, directly or indirectly the industrial wastes are entered into natural water resources, mostly without correct treatment, thus posing a serious threat to the environment. Contaminated soils pose a major environmental and human health problem, which may be partially solved by the emerging phytoremediation technology. This study concentrates on the Vegetation-enhanced bioremediation or phytoremediation plan using Datura inoxia for the surroundings of industrial area of Bhopal, which is heavily affected by anthropogenic pollution. The city of Bhopal and its surrounding area is known to be one of the most important industrial regions of the country of India. The main industrial hubs of the country are located in this region. The industries in Bhopal in majority are engaged in producing cotton textile, electrical products and jute. Keywords: Phytoremediation, Pollution, Bhopal, India, Datura inoxia

I.

Barktullah University, Bhopa, India

INTRODUCTION

Modern day’s industrialization and natural resources exploitation brings the large amounts of toxic and waste compounds into the ecosystem. In the last century Industrial practices in the have led to discharge of an enormous amount of natural and synthetic compounds over big areas of land and water. The only problem of today’s world is of soil and water contamination from hazardous materials and wastes. The hazardous wastes generated by most of the industries, has the mixture of many toxic substances, which may be inorganic as well as organic in nature. Industrial activity has led to very high heavy metal concentrations on the environment, In general the concentration is 100–1000 fold higher than those in the Earth’s original crust composition, and therefore local living organisms can be exposed to even higher levels [2]. Heavy metal contamination of soil is still an unsolved problem. Heavy metal compounds in soil are very hazardous pollutants Akshar Publication © 2014

http://www.ijftet.wix.com/research

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International Journal of Futuristic Trends in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2348-5264 (Print), ISSN: 2348-4071 (Online) Vol. 2 (3), 2014

flowering plants which generally belongs to the family Solanaceae. Datura has a local name, Angel's Trumpets. It is widely distributed as a member of wild solanaceous plants in Sudan called as Devil’s apple. This local name indicates that the plant generally induces narcotic or toxic effects on grazing animals, and thus they have been used for a long time by traditional herbalists for different purposes. Datura species are widely distributed in different parts of the world including Mexico, India, Caribbean Island, China U.S. and Africa [11] [5] [6]. It is mainly found in anthropogenic areas and shores of rivers or lakes. Datura inoxia (thorn-apple, downy thorn-apple, Indian-apple, moonflower) is a species in the family Solanaceae. The plant is a native to Central and South America, also introduced in Asia, Australia, Europe and Africa. The citation of scientific name is is given as D. inoxia. Datura inoxia is an annual shrubby plant that typically reaches a height of 0.6 to 1.5 metres [7]. The stems and leaves of Datura inoxia are covered with short and soft greyish hairs, giving the whole plant a grayish appearance. Leaves are generally elliptic in entireedge with pinnate venation. The plant emits a foul odour like that rancid peanut butter when crushed. The flowers are white, trumpet-shaped, 12–19 cm (4.75-7.5 in) long [8]. They first grow upright, and then incline downward. Flowering occurs in early summer. Fruits are eggshaped spiny capsule of about 5 cm in diameter which splits open when ripe by dispersing the seeds. It can also disperse by the fruit spines getting caught in the fur of animals, and transported far away from the mother plant. The seeds have hibernation capabilities, by which they can last for many years in the soil. The whole plant and the seeds can act as deliriants, and have a high probability of overdose [4]. The plant’s root systems absorb soil contaminants and translocate them into the stems and leaves. They may accumulate the contaminants up to harvesting. The growth cycle must be repeated through several crops to achieve a complete clean-up. II.

constant weight and ground to powder. These 3 dried samples were digested with a mixture (3:1) of concentrated nitric acid and hydrofluoric in microwave assisted Kjeldahl digestion. Each microwave extraction vessel was added with 6 ml of nitric acid and 2 ml of hydrofluoric acid together with 0.8 g of plant sample. The vessels were capped and heated in a microwave unit at 800 W to a temperature of 190°C for 20 min with a pressure of 25bar. The digested samples were diluted to 50 ml and subjected to analysis of the metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometer using flame atomization. Results are expressed on dry weight basis of each component. B) Extraction of Heavy metals from shoots and leaves of Datura inoxia The Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb accumulation by Datura inoxia was studied in the shoots and leaves. Table 1 shows the mean values of shoot. Toxic metal concentrations were found in the shoots as follows: Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cu. Figure 1 shows the graphical representation of heavy metal concentration by phytoextraction of shoots of Datura inoxia showing highest concentration of lead in shoots of Datura. Table. 1.

S. No. 1

Heavy Metal Extract ion from Shoots of Datura inoxia from Contaminated Sites at Govindpura industrial area, Bhopal Cu Cr Pb Cd Ni (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Datura Shoots 11.59 82.5 92.48 21.53 25.03 Trees / Plants

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Govindpura is one of the towns in Bhopal, India, situated in the BHEL Township in the city of Bhopal at the latitude 230 N and 770 E. It has extensive industrial parkland that comprises mainly supplementary industries to BHEL. Datura inoxia plants were collected near the industrial dumping site and phytoextraction of shoots and leaves were carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

Fig. 1.

Graph showing the heavy metal concentration in shoots of Datura inoxia growing at Govindpura industrial area, Bhopal

Table 2 shows the mean values of metal accumulation of leaves in relation to the different external concentrations of toxic metals. In this plant significantly higher metal concentrations were found in the leaves than in the shoots. Toxic metal concentrations were found in the leaves as follows: Cr > Pb > Cd > Ni > Cu.

A) Analysis of Datura inoxia for Trace and Heavy Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Live plant parts of Datura inoxia leaves and stem were collected randomly from the plants found in target study area in April month. All the samples were air-dried for seven days. The samples were oven-dried at 60°C temperature to a

Table. 2.

Akshar Publication © 2014

Heavy Metal Extract ion from Leaves of Datura inoxia from Contaminated Sites at Govindpura industrial area, Bhopal


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International Journal of Futuristic Trends in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2348-5264 (Print), ISSN: 2348-4071 (Online) Vol. 2 (3), 2014 S. No.

Trees / Plants

1

Datura Leaves

phytoremediation technologies are emerging to remove pollutants. The application of in vitro systems for basic research in phytoremediation helps to study the role of plants for the remediation of contaminated sites, and in the improvement of their effectiveness. Applications of this approach of introduction of foreign genes into plant genome that can enhance the rate of the bioremediation will must be discussed in future. This paper deals with the role of Datura inoxia as a heavy metal accumulator plant and its importance in phytoremediation of industrially contaminated site.

Cu Cr Pb Cd Ni (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 28.58

232.5

232.8

70.5

38.5

Figure 2 shows the graphical representation of heavy metal concentration by phytoextraction of leaves of Datura inoxia showing highest concentration of lead in leaves of Datura. The leaves of Datura inoxia showed the higher metal accumulation than the leaves of Datura inoxia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thanks to my supervisor and co-supervisor for their valuable guidance and also thankful to Dr. Shagufta Khan, Director, Growtips Biotech Training Institute, Bhopal for her support in my research work. I would like to thanks to Dr. Aabha Gargava, Principal, Government. M.V.M. Bhopal to provide me resources in Govt. M.V.M.. This research was also facilitated by UGC, Delhi, India. At last I would like to thanks to my husband and son, without their support this research output cannot come into existence. REFERENCES Fig. 2.

[1]

Graph showing the heavy metal concentration in leaves of Datura inoxia growing at Govindpura industrial area, Bhopal

III.

[2]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

[3]

Datura inoxia is a plant having phytoremediational importance; it is one of the hyper accumulating plants and can survive in highly heavy metal containing area. This research concentrates on exploring the potential of Datura for phytoremediation purpose. It represents an excellent example of removal of heavy metal pollution from soil through phytoremediation and help in remediation of industrially contaminated area. Phytoremediation is an essential tool against the industrial soil pollution because it takes advantage of natural plant processes [12]. The phytoextraction studies with atomic absorption spectrophotometer revealed that Datura inoxia had accumulated various heavy metals in the leaves and shoots. The table no 1 and 2 have shown that stem and leave accumulate highest amount of lead and chromium. Recently, as more and more effort is directed toward research to understand and improve the performance of plants in remediation technologies, the number of results obtained with the help of in vitro plant cell and tissue cultures is rapidly increasing [13]. IV.

[4] [5] [6] [7]

[8]

[9] [10]

[11]

[12]

CONCLUSION

This research paper in mainly focused on heavy metal accumulation study in Datura inoxia growing at industrial area Govindpura Bhopal in India. This plant shows higher phytoremediation potential in case of heavy metals like Cupper, Lead, Nikel, Cadmium, and Chromium. Now days,

[13]

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McIntyre Terry, ‘Phytoremediation of heavy metals from soils’, Advancesin Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 78, 97-123, 2003. E. Carral, Puente, X., Villares, R., Sci. Total. Environ, 172, 175, 1995. Kokyo Oh, Chiquan He, Tao Li, Hongyan Cheng, Xuefeng Hu, , Lijun Yan, Yonemochi Shinichi, “Development of Profitable Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils With Biofuel Crops”, Journal Of Environmental Protection, , 4, 58-64 Doi:10.4236/Jep.2013.44a008 Published Online (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jep), April 2013. A E Elhadi, Physiochemical properties of seed oil of Datura inoxia. M.Sc. Thesis (chemistry), University of Khartoum, Sudan, 2002. R E Schultes, Hofmann A. Plants of the gods. Healing plant press, Rochester, NY. 92p, 1992. H M Burkill. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Vol. 5, 2nd ed. Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, UK. 686p, 2000. Preissel, Ulrike; Preissel, Hans-Georg, Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. pp. 117–119, 2002. Annapoorani, S. Grace, "An Eco-Friendly Antimicrobial Finish Using Datura inoxia and Leucas Aspera on Cotton Fabric". International Journal of Scientific Research (IJSR) 2 (4), April 2013. M. A. Rahman, Hasegawa, H., Aquatic arsenic: phytoremediation using floating macrophytes. Chemosphere, 83: 633-646, 2011. S. Wei, Zhou, Q., Srivastavac, M., Xiao, H., Yanga, C., Zhang, Q. KalimerisintegrifoliaTurcz. Ex DC: An accumulator of Cd. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162: 1571-1573, 2009. R. A. Howard, Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. Dicotyledoneae, Part 3, Vol. 6. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, MA. 658p, 1989. S. K. Padhi et al., “Phytoremediation as an Alternative for Treatment of Paper Industry Effluents by Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)-A Polishing Treatment”, I. J. of Research in Chemistry and Environment Vol. 2 Issue 3 July 2012(95-99) ISSN 2248-9649. A. A. Waoo*, S. Khare, S. Ganguly, Comparative in-vitro Studies on Native Plant Species at Heavy Metal Polluted Soil Having Phytoremediation Potential, International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 2(2), pp. 49-55, 2014.


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