Evaluation of some Physicochemical Parameters and Benthic

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J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Dec. 2016 Vol. 20 (4) 1097-1103

Evaluation of some Physicochemical Parameters and Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Ikere Gorge Reservoir in Oyo State, Nigeria *1ABED-NEGO OSAYANDE AIWERIOGHENE; ADEDOLAPO, ABEKE AYOADE 1

2

Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Hydrobiology and Fisheries Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria *- Corresponding Author-E-mail:[email protected] Phone number: +234-8033855807

ABSTRACT: The physico-chemical parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates of Ikere Gorge Reservoir were studied to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on this man-made lake by collecting surface water and benthic samples. Physico-chemical parameters were within the allowable limits of USEPA for fresh water bodies apart from conductivity (0.055 ± 0.002µS/cm) which was below standard. There were significant differences (p1 mg L-1) are not good for aquatic life (Johnson et al., 2009). Six benthic macroinvertebrates belonging to three phyla (Arthropoda, Mollusca and Annelida), three classes (Insecta, Gastropoda and Clitellata), six orders (Diptera, Pelecypoda, Ephemeroptera, Heterobranchia, Caenogastropoda and Hirudinida) and six genera (Chironomus, Melanoides, Cloeon, Bulinus, Bellamya and Hirudo) were recorded from Ikere Gorge Reservoir (Table 3).

Table 3: Checklist of Benthic Macro-invertebrates in Ikere Gorge Dam Reservoir, Iseyin Phylum Arthropoda Arthropoda Mollusca

Class Insecta Insecta Gastropoda

Order Diptera Ephemeroptera Pelecypoda

Family Chironomidae Ephemeridae Thiaridae

Genus Chironomus Cloeon Melanoides

Mollusca

Gastropoda

Heterobranchia

Planorbidae

Bulinus

Mollusca

Gastropoda

Caenogastropoda

Viviparidae

Bellamya

Annelida

Clitellata

Hirudinida

Hirudinidae

Hirudo

Species Dipterum tuberculata

Unicolor

The wet season months recorded higher distribution of benthic macro invertebrates than the dry season months. Melanoides tuberculata and Chironomus spp were well distributed between seasons (Table 4) Table 4: Seasonal Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Ikere Gorge Reservoir. Season

Wet Dry

Number of Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Percentage of abundance) Melanoides May fly Larvae Bulinus sp Leech (Hirudo tuberculata (Cloeon species) dipterum) 262 (38.53%) 374 (55%) 4 (0.59%) 25 (3.68%) 1 (0.15%) 173 (34.02%) 300 (59.06%) 5 (0.98%) 22 (4.33%) 2 (0.39%) Chironomus spp

Bellamya unicolor 11 (1.62%) 6 (1.18%)

Station 3 (57.55%) recorded the highest abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates and station 1(2.11%) recorded the least. The benthic macroinvertebrates with the highest percentage abundance was Melanoides tuberculata (56.88%) > Chironomus spp. (36.71%) > Bulinus sp. (3.97%) > Bellamya unicolor (1.43%) > Cloeon dipterum (0.76%) with Hirudo (0.25%) having the least ( Table 5).

ABED-NEGO OSAYANDE AIWERIOGHENE; ADEDOLAPO, ABEKE AYOADE

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Evaluation of some Physicochemical Parameters and Benthic Macroinvertebrates

Table 5: Percentage Abundance of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Different Sampling Stations of Ikere Gorge Reservoir. Chironomus sp Sampling Stations

Number of Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Percentage abundance) Melanoides May fly Larvae Bulinus sp Leech Tuberculata (Cloeon (Hirudo species) dipterum)

Bellamya unicolor

Total

Station 1

5 (20%)

0

0

20 (80%)

0

0

25(2.1%)

Station 2

173 (36.19%)

285 (59.62%)

1 (0.21%)

14 (2.93 %)

0

5 (1.05%)

478(40.3%)

Station 3

257 (37.68%)

389 (57.04%)

8 (1.17%)

13 (1.91%)

3 (0.44%)

12 (1.76%)

682(57.6%)

Total

435(37%)

674(57%)

9(0.76%)

47(3.97%)

3(0.25%)

17(1.43%)

1185

Spatial variation occurred in the diversity indices with Station 3 being highest in terms of species richness, followed by Station 2 and then Station 1 for the Margalef’s and Shannon-Weiner indices. Station 1 had the highest species evenness 0.73 , while species in stations 2 and 3 were equally even (Table 6) Table 6: Spatial variation in diversity indices of Benthic Macro-invertebrates of Ikere Gorge Reservoir, Iseyin Nigeria Stations Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

Margalef’s Index 1.43 1.49 1.76

From the Principal component analysis (Fig. 1) showing the interaction between physico-chemical parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates, it was observed that the distribution and abundance of some benthic macroinvertebrates such as Mayfly nymph (Cloeon dipterum), Bulinus sp., Leech (Hirudo species), and Bellamya unicolor were determined by changes in some physico-chemical parameters such as pH, DO, BOD, conductivity, transparency, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate. The abundance and distribution of Chironomus sp. and Melanoides tuberculata were independent of any physicochemical parameter. Surface water temperature and TDS did not affect the distribution and abundance of any benthic macroinvertebrates. From the present study, the low number of benthic macroinvertebrates encountered could be due to some ecological imbalance arising from alterations of

ShannonWiener 0.22 0.36 0.40

Evenness 0.73 0.52 0.52

some important factors (including water quality, immediate substrates for occupation and food availability) governing the abundance and distribution of the benthic communities(Andem et al., 2012). Similar results were obtained by Ogbeibu and Egborge(1995) in water bodies in the Okomu forest reserve (sanctuary) in southern Nigeria and they stated that high biodiversity is expected in ecosystems devoid of significant anthropogenic impacts. The occurrence and dominance of pollution tolerant species (Melanoides tuberculata and Chironomus larvae) in the study area suggests deterioration of water quality. Chironomus larvae are known to thrive in polluted environment probably due to possession of hemoglobin a pigment that transport and store dissolved oxygen (Tyokumbur et al., 2002). The presence of these indicator species suggests organic pollution from anthropogenic source.


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M turberculata 2.5 chironomus sp 2.0

FACT2

1.5

1.0

0.5

TDS

0.0

water temp. air temp. DO bulinus sp TRANSPA BBOD unicolar PHOSPH Conduct leech mayfly SULPHATE NITRATE

-0.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

ph

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

FACT1 FACT2 v FACT1

Fig 1: Principal component analysis (PCA) showing the interaction between Physico-chemical parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates of Ikere gorge Reservoir Conclusion: The physico-chemical parameters of Ikere Gorge Reservoir were within the allowable limits for fresh water bodies apart from conductivity which was below standard. The dominant benthic macroinvertebrates fauna of the reservoir recorded were pollution-tolerant species. The low number of benthic macroinvertebrates of Ikere Gorge Reservoir and the dominant species (Melanoides tuberculata and Chironomus sp.) being pollution tolerant suggest that the reservoir is relatively under stress. It is relatively polluted with organic pollutants from anthropogenic sources such as the surrounding communities and waterfront dwellers releasing raw human excreta, detergents, and wastewater and cleaning agents from the communities. Therefore regular assessment of the water quality is advised as to checkmate the increasing pollution trend.

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