Evaluation of statistical methods and sampling ...

IRENE L. GOROSITO, MARIANO MARZIALI BERMÚDEZ, RICHARD J. DOUGLASS, MARÍA BUSCH. Evaluation of statistical methods and sampling designs for the assessment of microhabitat selection based on point data APPENDIX A. Literature survey on small mammal microhabitat selection studied through the livetrapping technique.

We conducted a search for literature describing studies on microhabitat selection by small mammals which relied primarily on live trapping. We looked for articles containing microhabitat, habitat use, habitat selection, small mammal, live trapping, resource use or resource selection in either the abstract, title or keywords, using search engines in the following journals: Acta Oecologica; Acta Theriologica; Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae; African Journal of Ecology; Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment; The American Midland Naturalist; The American Naturalist, Austral Ecology (formerly the Australian Journal of Ecology); Biological Conservation; BMC Ecology; Caldasia; The Canadian Field-Naturalist; Canadian Journal of Zoology; Ecología Austral; Ecological Modelling; Ecological Research; Ecology; Folia Zoologica; Forest Ecology and Management; Journal of Animal Ecology; Journal of Arid Environments; Journal of Mammalogy; Journal of Natural History; Journal of Tropical Ecology; Journal of Vector Ecology; Journal of Wildlife Management; Journal of Zoology; Mammalia; Mammalian Biology; New Zealand Journal of Ecology; Oecologia; Oikos; Revista Chilena de Historia Natural; Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad; Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), The Southwestern Naturalist; Wildlife Research; and Zoologia (Curitiba).

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We reviewed 152 articles on microhabitat selection based on live-trapping. We believe the sample of literature provided in Table A1 is a representative sample of the available literature on the subject. The following methodological details were looked up in each article considered: Reference: author and year of publication; TTE: total trapping effort, in trap nights; NS: number of surveys (primary occasions) conducted in each grid/transect; NG: number of grids/transects; NT: number of traps per grid/transect; NN: number of consecutive trapping nights per survey (secondary occasions); NV: number of microhabitat variables analyzed; Method: main statistical methods applied to detect microhabitat selection, classified into: descriptive (Desc), hypothesis testing (Hyp), canonical and unconstrained ordination methods (Ord), multiple regressions and generalized linear models (GLM), mixed-effect models (GLMM), occupancy models (OM), and other methods (Other). In some cases, some of the information was absent or not clearly stated and had to be deduced or estimated from the available data. The histogram in Figure A1 shows that the distribution of trapping effort found in the literature is asymmetric. For this reason, we considered the median (about 7000 tn) to be more representative of typical trapping efforts than the mean. It is also noteworthy that no trend in trapping effort along the years was found. Total trapping effort varied in a wide range, with median 7740 (Q25% = 3496, Q75% = 17660), and showed no trend along years (see inset in Figure A1). Most studies collected data during 3 (= mode) consecutive nights, with 47.6% of the studies trapping for at least 5 consecutive nights per session. Typical designs involved 2-12 (Q25%-Q75%)

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trapping sessions and 2-12 (Q25%-Q75%) grids/transects. More summary statistics on sampling design are in Table A2. The use of methods varied in time (see Table A3). Overall, in 35.5% of the cases selection was assessed by simply comparing habitat variables among points with captures to those without captures by means of hypothesis tests (e.g.: t-tests, analyses of variance), in 23.7% by fitting regressions and generalized linear models (GLMs), and in 20.4% by ordination methods (e.g.: discriminant analysis, canonical correspondence analysis). In 13.2% of the cases, combinations of more than one of the methods were used. Methods based on detailed modelling, such as mixed-effect models (Zuur et al. 2009) and OMs (MacKenzie et al. 2006), were used in only 8 articles in our survey. Two papers were based only on descriptive statistics and a third one applied a method which did not fit other categories (Moran's eigenvector maps).

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TABLE A1. Details of surveyed literature.

Reference

NS

NG

NT

NN

NV

Method

Adler 1995

3234

1

15

20-50

3

16

GLM

Adler, Mangan & Suntsov 1999

5225

1

8

10-150

10

21

Ord + GLM

Adler et al. 2012

19400

1

7

140-300

10

14

GLM

Albanese, Rodríguez & Ojeda 2011

27600

4-8

12

46

5

6

Hyp

Albanese & Ojeda 2012

27600

8

12-18

36

5

7

GLM

Ale et al. 2011

7200

6

2

25

3

16

Ord

Arnan et al. 2014

1600

4

6

25

2-3

8

GLMM

Baldwin et al. 2004

1600

na

3

64

na

16

GLM

Belk, Smith & Lawson 1988

13800

11

3

200

4-5

19

Ord + Hyp

Bellows et al. 2001

28616

16

33

30

3

8

Ord

Bennet 1993

8087

17

3

20-81

4

11

Hyp

Bertolino 2007

3000

5

1

100

6

23

GLM + Hyp

55189

na

20

20-100

4-10

>50

Ord + Hyp

3870

2

5-8

30-60

3-5

5

Hyp

40000

5-7

8

100

3-7

10

OM

2736

~ 19

1

48

3

17

Ord + Hyp

Bias & Morrison 2006 Bilenca & Kravetz 1998 Block, Russel & Ganey 2011 Bonaventura et al. 2003

4

TTE

Bos, Carthew & Lorimer 2002

7983

9

12

9

~8

5

GLM

Bowers 1986

12600

1

6

150

8-25

8

Hyp

Bowers & Brown 1992

63798

93

14

49

1

2

GLM

Bowers 1995

~ 5600

15

1

107

3-4

8

Ord + GLM

741

2

3

25

5

1

Hyp

Braithwaite & Gullan 1978

13200

7

1

120

4

5

Hyp

Bramley 2014

12600

15

8

35

3

10

Ord

Buesching et al. 2008

9900

11

3

100

3

1

Hyp

Busch et al. 2000

5400

4

6

225

3

40

GLM

Busch et al. 2001

16200

4

6

225

3

938

1

45

6-15

3-6

6

Hyp

Chandrasekar-Rao & Sunquist 1996

12581

8

3

100-120

5

8

Hyp + Ord

Cockburn & Lidicker 1983

23500

na

4

10

2-3

34

Ord

Coppeto et al. 2006

34176

6

18

100 - 172

4

18

Ord

9386

6-8

6

49

3-7

8

GLM

Cox et al. 2000

432

2

3

24

3

11

Hyp

Cueto et al. 1995

7056

24

1

98

3

4

Hyp

10437

12

4

49

3-4

9

GLMM

3420

1

6

20 - 96

3-7

6

GLMM

Bowman et al. 2000

Chambers & Dickman 2002

Corbalán & Debandi 2006

Cunningham et al. 2005 Cusack et al. 2015

5

11-16 Hyp + GLM

Dalmagro & Vieira 2005

5178

13

1

100

6

10

GLM

30000

25

2

200

3

7

Hyp

2240

4

2

40

7

14

Ord

Dooley & Bowers 1996

11376

8

1

474

3

9

Hyp

Doyle 1987

20160

4

8

70

9

30

Ord

Dueser & Shugart 1978

9696

6

9

49

2-4

29

Ord

Dueser & Hallett 1980

16822

9

na

na

na

8

GLM

Ellis et al. 1997

44060

11

6

144

3

13

GLM

5937

14

1

20-90

3-10

28

Ord

13392

12

1

186

6

21

Ord

Fischer & Schroder 2014

3840

2

36-60

20

2

3

GLMM

Gebresilassie et al. 2004

2940

3

4

49

5

1

Hyp

Geier & Best 1980

11504

1

28

40-150

4

12

GLM

Ghiselin 1970

21124

na

3

400-700

na

1

Hyp

Gómez et al. 2009

2880

4

4

20

8

6

GLM

Gómez-Villafañe et al. 2012

3663

4

6

50

3

6

GLM

250

1

1

50

5

11

Hyp

7260

2-4

2

100-160

7-14

11

Ord

19944

2-12

2

100-144

6

5

GLM

Dammhahn & Kappeler 2008 de Lima et al. 2010

Ernest & Mares 1986 Etheredge, Engstrom & Stone 1989

Gonnet & Ojeda 1998 González-M. & Alberico 1993 González et al. 2000

6

Goodin et al. 2009

40500

6-8

4

121-242

8

24

GLM

Green et al. 1998

13000

24

2

42 - 100

5

3

Hyp

Greenberg 2002

6424

3-4

11

28 - 48

4

11

Hyp

Hallett 1982

6600

~ 11

1

150

4

15

GLM

Hansen & Batzli 1978

13920

29

2

72 - 88

3

1

Hyp

Hansen & Batzli 1979

11760

20

4

49

3

1

Hyp

3172

4

3

28

9

>15

Hyp

159

24

49

2-3

1

Hyp

Harper et al. 2005 Heske et al. 1994 Hodara & Busch 2010

1440

4

1

120

3

23

GLM

Holbrook 1978

9600

6

2

200

3

4

Hyp

Holbrook 1979

18600

3

4-6

100

11 - 19

~ 10

Hyp

4680

14

1

60

3-5

1

GLM

17600

2

16

100

5 -6

27

GLM

5000

1

5

100

10

4

Hyp

69120

4

48

90

4

10

Ord

Kajin & Grelle 2012

5880

8

1

147

5

7

OM

Kaminski et al. 2007

13696

2-3

20

49

3

9

Hyp

2880

1

12

60

4

1

Hyp

10828

2

2

450 4215

2

1

Hyp

Jacob & Brown 2000 Johnston & Anthony 2008 Jorgensen et al. 1995 Jorgensen & Demarais 1999

Kaufman & Fleharty 1974 Kaufman et al. 1983

7

455700

Kearney et al. 2007

960

2

1

30

8

2

GLM

3576

na

2

~ 75-100

na

14

Hyp

39960

10

32

27

5

6

OM

9600

8

2

100

6

48000

1

30

200

7-9

14

GLM

Kirkland & Griffin 1974

2844

2

2

130-200

4-9

2

Hyp

Klein & Cameron 2012

8820

4

3

147

5

12

GLM

Kotler 1984

7000

35

2

100

1

5

Hyp

Kotler 1985

240

1

2

40

2-4

1

Hyp

Lacher & Alho 1989

3582

1

4

76

2-4

10

GLM

Lam & Maguire 2013

64000

1

36

63 - 64

28

6

GLMM

Lambert & Adler 2000

22960

1

75

75

10

14

GLM

Litvaitis 1990

~ 9000

4

4

49

8-15

17

Ord

Llewellyn & Jenkins 1987

17920

41

1

140

3-5

9

Ord + Hyp

Luque Larena et al. 2002

7200

12

4

25

3

19

Hyp

Maitz & Dickman 2001

1728

2-3

4

48

3-5

11

Hyp

26136

27

1

121

8

12

Hyp

McCleery et al. 2006

6000

1

60

25

4

12

Hyp

M'Closkey & Fieldwick 1975

1040

13

4

20

1

10

Ord

Keckel, Ansorge & Stefen 2013 Kellner & Swihart 2014 Kelt et al. 1994 Kennedy et al. 2012

Martin & Dickinson 1985

8

9 - 11 Ord

M'Closkey & Lajoie 1975

na

na

12

na

na

4

Hyp

M'Closkey 1976

na

16

1

152

na

11

Ord

M'Closkey 1978

2646

13-15

21

9

1

10

Ord

M'Closkey 1981

5400

3

1

75-100

2-5

5

Ord

Melo et al. (2013)

3920

7

10

7

8

1

Hyp + Ord

Meserve 1976

7800

13

1

120

4-6

3

Hyp

Meyer, Kelt & North 2007

1134

3

8

9

3-4

9

GLM

21276

11-17

3

72-81

6

71

Ord

Monamy 1995

6800

17

1

100

4

5

GLM

Monamy & Fox 1999

4800

12

1

100

4

9

Ord

Morris 1979

5104

~ 12

4

100-120

1

21

GLM

Morris 1984a

3240

12

2

135

1

14

Ord

Morris 1984b

na

3 - 12

16

na

1-2

18

Ord

Morris 1984c

6402

12

4

135

1

18

Ord

na

2

4

135

na

11

GLM

Morrison & Anthony 1989

1536

1

4

64

5-7

7

Ord

Mowat et al. 2015

2700

3

12

25

3

9

GLM

Murúa & Gonzalez 1982

76032

12

4

144

11

15

Ord

Myton 1974

20532

~ 40

1

100 - 118

3 - 60

1

Hyp

Miklós & Žiak 2002

Morris 1987

9

Naxara et al. 2009

2700

9

25

2

6

5

GLM

720

1

12

20

3

10

GLM

Norton 1987

5664

6

6

45-64

4

2

Hyp

Oguge 1995

14016

8

1

64-256

7-8

5

Hyp

Poindexter et al. 2012

24000

1

15

200

8

14

Ord

Poindexter et al. 2013

16000

2

5

200

8

14

GLM

Price 1978

9504

18

4

132

1

1

Hyp

Price, Waser & Bass 1984

2800

7

2

200

1

2

Hyp

Price & Waser 1985

8400

1

2

200

11

1

Hyp

14400

2

6

200

6

3

Hyp

Rebar & Conley 1983

2160

1

3

36

20

1

Hyp

Rocha et al. 2011

3000

5

2

50

6

5

Other

Rosenzweig & Winakur 1969

5475

1

26

50 - 75

3-4

~ 11

Desc

Rosenzweig 1973

4536

7

9

24

3

4

Hyp

Saetnan, Gjershaug & Batzli 2009

16200

6

15

36

5

1

Hyp

Schnell et al. 2008

16200

2

5

200

8-9

13

GLM

Schnell et al. 2010

40000

5

5

200

8-9

14

GLM

7680

1

2

49

6

30

Ord

11415

4

12

20-395

2

7

Ord

Noguerales et al. 2015

Püttker et al. 2008

Seagle 1985 Silva, Hartling & Opps 2005

10

Simone et al. 2010

11520

1

72

20

8

28

Ord

5117

2-3

2

50

14-42

2

Hyp

80397

6

6

200

12

26

GLM

4320

6

10

12

6

10

Ord

Stamp & Ohmart 1978

56520

3-4

~ 180

90

3

na

Desc

Stancampiano & Schnell 2004

24000

8

60

50

1

29

Ord

2640

2

4

30

11

26

Hyp

Stevens & Tello 2009

18786

1

31

202

3

102

Ord

Tabeni, Mastrantonio & Ojeda 2007

24000

8

24

25

5

7

GLM

Thompson 1982a

3456

6

2

288

1

1

Hyp

Thompson 1982b

4608

16

4

72

1

8

Hyp

Thompson 1987

3728

2

4

72

3

1

Hyp

Tomblin & Adler 1998

9664

4

18

50-100

4

18

Ord

Traba et al. 2010

2918

2

6

60

4

6

Hyp

~ 2600

1

3

100-200

3-10

158

Hyp

7128

6

22

6

2

23

Hyp

17820

11

4

81

5

2

Hyp

1956

10

8

12

3

21

Hyp+Ord+GLM

21546

24

2

96

6-8

3

Hyp

Simonetti 1989 Smith, Gende & Nichols 2004 Sponchiado, Melo & Cáceres 2012

Stephenson 1995

Trainor et al. 2000 Tulloch & Dickman 2006 Turner & Grant 1987 Vernes 2003 Vieira & Monteiro-Filho 2003

11

Vukicevic-Radic et al. 2006

12

37200

31

1

400

3

1

Hyp

Yahner 1982

3510

20

5

11-33

2

32

Hyp + Ord

Yahner 1986

2880

15

12

8

2

77

Ord + GLM

TABLE A2. Summary statistics of sampling design characteristics in surveyed literature.

Min.

Q25%

Median

Mean

Q75%

Max.

240

3496

7740

16500

17660

455700

NS

1

2

6

9.66

12

159

NG

1

2

4

10.61

12

180

NT

2

40

75

101.6

135

2332

NN

1

3

4

5.57

7

32

TTE

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TABLE A3. Summary statistics of analysis methods applied in surveyed literature. Works using more than one method are counted multiple times, so fractions may add >100%.

Period

Hypothesis Ordination tests methods 5 1969-1974

Modelling methods GLM GLMM OM -

(83.3%) 1975-1979

1980-1984

1985-1989

1990-1994

1995-1999

2000-2004

2005-2009

2010-2015

Overall

14

Descriptive & Other 1 (16.7%)

8

4

1

(57.1%)

(28.6%)

(7.1%)

7

7

3

(43.8%)

(43.8%)

(18.8%)

11

8

3

(61.1%)

(44.4%)

(16.7%)

2

3

1

(33.3%)

(50.0%)

(16.7%)

9

7

5

(52.9%)

(41.2%)

(29.4%)

12

6

9

(54.5%)

(27.3%)

(40.9%)

12

6

(46.2%)

-

-

1 (7.1%)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

12

1

-

-

(23.1%)

(46.2%)

(3.8%)

5

7

10

4

3

1

(18.5%)

(25.9%)

(37.0%)

(14.8%)

(11.1%)

(3.7%)

46.7%

31.6%

28.9%

3.3%

2.0%

2.0%

FIGURE A1: Histogram showing the distribution of trapping effort in our literature sample (notice the log scale after the axis break). The inset (in semi-log scale) shows that there is no significant trend in trapping effort as a function of the year of publication; color lines are a linear fit (red) and the corresponding 95% confidence bands (green).

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