5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology Thessaloniki, Greece, 14-20 April 2004
Evolution of late Miocene mammalian faunas and palaeoenvironment in the Northern and Eastern Mediterranean realms Bonis L. de1, Bouvrain G.2 & Koufos G.D.3 1
Laboratoire de Geobiologie, Biochronologie et Paléontologie Humaine. Université de Poitiers, 40 av. du rect. Pineau, F-86022, Poitiers, France,
[email protected] 2 Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France 3 Laboratory of Geology and Palaeontology, Department of Geology, University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,
[email protected] Keywords: Mammals, late Miocene, Mediterranean, palaeoecology
Introduction The late Miocene is a crucial period in the history of peri-Mediterranean mammalian faunas with a large turn-over and appearance of several new taxa in Europe. These change occurred together with geological and geographical ones, as well as modification of climatic conditions. Due to the movements of African and Eurasian plates, the compressive phase of the Alpine orogenic procession, which begun during the Mesozoic, was active during the late Miocene. This process determines the elevation of the mountains and the sliding up of slices, and also a contraction of the area allowing faunal displacement, despite extension in some places. This time corresponds to the finishing of the Appennine chain, the Sardo-Corsica area, the Betic chain or the Kabylian mountains. During the Miocene a transgression invaded the periAlps groove and gave another sea named Paratethys which spread from the Western Mediterranean to the Aral Sea and far ahead. From the late Miocene the Paratethys regressed place to place to become sometimes lakes or lagoons and the spreading of the continental areas allows some inter-continental relationships with the arrival of new faunas in Europe. The continental late Miocene European mammalian faunas have been divided in two different ages of mammals: Vallesian on the bottom and Turolian on the top (Crusafont 1954). The Vallesian corresponds also to the mammalian Neogene zones MN 9 and MN 10 and the Turolian to MN 11, MN 12 and MN 13 (Mein 1990). These ages of mammals were defined on local Spanish faunas and the correlation with other areas in Europe sometimes is a problem. Another problem will be the correlation with the Miocene marine stages In western Europe, we admit that the Vallesian began a little after (11.3 ± 0.2 Ma) the Tortonian beginning and it ended during the middle Tortonian (9.1 Ma). The Turolian corresponds to the upper Tortonian and Messinian (9 to 5.5 Ma). In Central Paratethys, the former corresponds to the early to middle Pannonian and the later to the late Pannonian and Pontian. In Eastern Paratethys, on one hand, the Vallesian is correlated to the latest Sarmatian (Khersonian and may be late Bessarabian) and the lower Maeotian and, on the other hand, the Turolian corresponds to the late Maeotian and Pontian (Steiniger 1999). Our aim is to follow the mammalian change through Europe first during the Vallesian and second during the Turolian from the Iberian Peninsula to the Eastern Mediterranean. For every age of mammals we shall look for faunal differences between the different areas and, through the flora when possible (even if sometimes it is difficult to precisely correlate floristic and mammalian localities), to explain the differences in terms of climatic variations. We statistically compare the different large mammal genera associations to show that some of them can be characteristic of climatic conditions (Bonis et al. 1979; Bonis et al. 1991; 1992).
Ref: S5-11
5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology Thessaloniki, Greece, 14-20 April 2004 Vallesian For the Vallesian, a factor analysis founded on the per-cent (percentage) of localities in which there are occurrences of a genus with each other genera reaches the result that there is a faunal shift from east to west in the faunal associations, some genera could be linked with climatic conditions. Another factor analysis comparing the localities themselves in function of their faunal list shows that there are two different faunal sets in western and south eastern Europe corresponding to a more forested and more open environment respectively. When mammals are associated with floral data, we can see that there is a floral change in Iberian Peninsula between early Vallesian (MN 9) and late Vallesian (MN 10). This change corresponds to the "midVallesian crisis" (Sanz de Siria 1997; Agusti et al. 2003). In France, Switzerland, Germany and central Europe (Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Slovakia), the Vallesian faunas seems also linked to quite forested areas (Bonis et al. 1991). The landscapes were very different in the Balkans and southern Europe with the presence of open environment faunas. But in these areas we cannot find a "mid-Vallesian crisis" because there are few localities or because there is no significant change in the climatic conditions.
Turolian The mammalian Turolian faunas as a whole are generally considered as open environment faunas with few exceptions (Frantzen 1997: Frantzen & Storch 1975). But, an analysis of the per-cent (percentage) localities in which a mammal genus is linked with another genus shows that some genera are very often linked each other and it is possible to distinguish two groups, one of them more associated to the presence of permanent water and probably less open environment. The first group contains Castoridae, Tapiridae and Tragulidae which nowadays are linked to the presence of water, and also Cervidae, Deinotheriidae, Chalicotheriidae , Dihoplus and Dystichoceras. The other one contains Orycteropus which nowadays is ubiquistic and Ceratotherium which nowadays deals with open environment. Both are grouped with Samotherium, Chilotherium and Schizotheriinae, the last one being hypsodont and probably a grazer. Another analysis (presence-absence in the Turolian localities) using only the mammalian genera of both extreme groups on the graph allows to show what is the grouping of the localities. 2D Plot of Row Coordinates; Dimensions: 1 x 2 Input Table (Rows x Columns): 47 x 13 Standardization: Row and column profiles Dimension 2; Eigenvalue: ,31019 (13,85% of Inertia)
1,5 1,0 0,5
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Dimension 1; Eigenvalue: ,65592 (29,28% of Inertia)
Figure 1. Correspondence analysis : plotting of 47 fossil mammal localities on the axis 1 and 2 in function of their faunal assemblages. Ref: S5-11
5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology Thessaloniki, Greece, 14-20 April 2004 We note that the Western and Central European localities are opposed to the localities of Samos and Turkey. The localities of continental Greece, Bulgaria and FYROM are in-between. The localities of Moldavia spread from one group to another one on the top of the graph, those of Ukraine are also on the top of the graph but close to the Greek and Bulgarian localities. The analysis indicate differences in the paleo-environment of these areas as well as geographical position. For instance, on one hand a German locality can plot close to the Spanish localities insofar it contains the same kind of fauna corresponding to a similar environment. On the other hand the grouping of the Samos localities with the Turkish ones could indicate the presence of an Aegean strait during late Miocene. Mammals which characterise the Western and Central European localities are more linked to humidity or forests and those which characterise the eastern area seem to have dealt with more open environments.
Conclusions The analysis of the late Miocene European mammalian faunas indicates that: •
during Vallesian the palaeoenviromental conditions were more forested in Western Europe and more open in South-eastern Europe.
•
during Turolian there two groups of mammalian faunas. The first is correlated with the presence of permanent water and probably with less open environment, and the second with more open environment and more drier conditions.
•
the Turolian localities of Western and Central Europe are opposite to those of Samos and Turkey, while those of the Balkan Peninsula are between them.
•
the similarity of Samos and Turkish faunas indicates the possible presence of an Aegean strait during the late Miocene.
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