Examples of items rejected from the data The ...

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APPENDIX 1

Examples of items rejected from the data The following few items illustrate the lexical items or forms which were rejected from the data on the basis of the selection and classification criteria presented in Chapter 5.

Item

MED etymology

Reason for rejection/ Comment

baðe

From OE phrase ba þa (cp. O Fris, OHG, OI & Goth.)

The MED derives this item from native elements and only offers a non-English source for comparison. However, the OED (s.v. both adj. & adv.) suggests that the source of the EME form is apparently ON.

‘both’

(s.v. bothe num.) eorl

OE eorl

‘great noble’

(s.v. erl n.)

The MED does not suggest ON origin, although this item is elsewhere often explained as an indirect semantic loan from ON.

tidinge

LOE tidung & ON: cp. OI tiðindi, tiðendi pl.; use of e.g. -ende, -inde instead of -ing(e due to ON endings.

A difficult case to solve. The OED (s.v. tiding) mentions that tiðende, etc., are “clearly from Norse” although LOE tidung might be a native derivative. Only forms with either -ð- or -ndwere admitted into the data: see tiðende in Appendix 2.

‘report, information, message’

(s.v. tiding(e n.)

294

ampulle ‘small flask’

OE ampulla, anpola, ampella; L ampulla; OF ampol(l)e, amp(o)ule

Another difficult choice; in the end, only forms with a diphthong in the second syllable were accepted as French-derived: see ampoile in Appendix 2.

(s.v. ampulle n.) circumcisioun

L

‘circumcision’

(s.v. circumcisioun n.)

turnen

OE turnian… & OF torner, tornier, tourner, (chiefly AF) turner; also cp. L tornare, ML turnare

‘to turn, rotate’

(s.v. turnen v.)

The MED does not suggest an OF source, although the form of the word would make it tempting to classify it as French-derived. Evidently a complex etymology here. The OED (s.v. turn v.) refers to Latin as the source of two OE forms; subsequent ME forms were perhaps reinforced by OF. Regarded as a Latin-derived verb here; note, however, that the noun turn is classified as a French loan.

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APPENDIX 2

Items classified as Norse- or French-derived The entries in the loanword list consist of the following: Item part of speech. [source language] meaning (semantic field). Texts: number of texts in which the word is attested in HCM1/SAMPLE with the largest number of tokens. token total in HCM1. If the item is only attested in Vices and Virtues (the case study, Ch. 7) and not in any of the HCM1 text samples, this is indicated with ‘V&V only’. The form of some lexical items may not be historically accurate. Usually, the form has been selected from those offered by the MED on the basis of what is attested in HCM1. Source languages [F] [N]

= classified as a French-derived word = classified as a Norse-derived word

Bolded letter symbol = etymology supported by both the MED and OED. Semantic fields The classification is based on A Thesaurus of Old English (TOE). The following types of lexical items have been classified semantically: (1) nouns; (2) items occurring in Chapter 6 on the lists of widely used Norse- and Frenchderived words (excluding grammatical words); and (3) items recorded in Vices and Virtues (see Ch. 7 for their frequency).

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The abbreviations used here follow the order of the TOE: Phys. Life Matt. Need Ment. Ex. Op. Em. Lang. Poss. Act. Social War Law Prop. Rel. Work Leis.

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

The Physical World Life and Death Matter and Measurement Material Needs Mental Faculties Existence Opinion Emotion Language and Communication Possession Action and Utility Social Interaction Peace and War Law and Order Property Religion Work Leisure

-Aacheisun n. [F] motive, occasion (Ex.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. acorden v. [F] make peace. Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. adlen v. [N] earn, merit. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. ai adv. [N] always, forever. Texts: 1/ORM. 27. ai-till prep. [N] ever until. Texts: 1/ORM. 3. akeasten v. [N] overthrow, cast down. Texts: 3/HMAID. 6. allegate adv. [N] in all ways; nevertheless. Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. amit n. [F] eucharist vestment (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. ampoile n. [F] small flask (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. angoise n. [F] anguish (Em.). Texts: 2/HMAID. 2. angren v. [N] irritate, distress. Texts: 1/ORM. 2. arabisz n. [F] Arabian horse (Life). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. armen v. [F] arm oneself. Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. aromat n. [F] aromatic substance (Life). Texts: 1/KATH. 1. article n. [F] article in rules (Matt.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. asailen v. [F] assail, assault. Texts: 2/HMAID. 6. astoren v. [F] mend, improve (Work). Texts: V&V only. atempren v. [F] temper, control (Social). Texts: V&V only. atiffen v. [F] adorn. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1.

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aturn n. [F] appearance (Life). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. aturnet adj. [F] decked out. Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. aunen v. [N] disclose, appear. Texts: 1/ORM. 6.

-Bbagge n. [N] bag (Work). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. band n. [N] bond, chain (Law). Texts: 3/ORM. 11. baptist n. [F] baptist (Rel.). Texts: 3/TRIN. 10. baret n. [F] struggle, strife (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. barraigne adj. [F] barren. Texts: 1/TRIN. 1. bascin n. [F] basin (Need). Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. basme n. [F] aromatic resinous product (Life). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. beaken v. [F] peck. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. beast n. [F] beast (Life). Texts: 5/HMAID. 13. beastlich adj. [F] resembling a beast. Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. beggild n. [F] (female) beggar (Prop.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. beplaiten v. [F] accuse (Law). Texts: 1/VICES1. 1. besant n. [F] bezant (coin) (Prop.). Texts: 1/VICES 1. 4. bibarren v. [F] confine securely. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. bicacchen v. [F] deceive, take advantage of (Ment.). Texts: V&V only. bisamplen v. [F] moralise; explain. Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. bisemen v. [N] be becoming, seem. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. bispused adj. [F] married. Texts: 1/TRIN. 1. bisteaðet adj. [N] beset, distressed. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. bitaken v. [N] give, bestow. Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. blame n. [F] rebuke (Op.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. blamen v. [F] criticise. Texts: 1/TRIN. 2. blomen v. [N] bloom, flourish. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. bodeword n. [N] commandment (Social). Texts: 1/ORM. 1. boiste n. [F] box (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. bonde n. [N] farmer (Need). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. bone n. [N] prayer (Rel.). Texts: 5/MARGME. 22. brennen v. [N] burn. Texts: 1/PETERB. 2. breven v. [N] record in writing. Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. brinie n. [N] mailcoat (War). Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. broche n. [F] brooch (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. bule n. [N] bull (male bovine animal) (Life). Texts: 2/KATH. 2. bulge n. [F] bag (Work). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. bun adj. [N] ready, prepared. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. burgeis n. [F] citizen of borough (Life). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1.

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-Ccacchen v. [F] catch. Texts: 3/ANCR. 8. cake n. [N] cake, loaf (Need). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. canceler n. [F] chancellor (Social). Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. cangun n. [F] fool; dwarf (Ment.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. cart n. [N] cart (Ex.). Texts: 1/ORM. 4. castel n. [F] castle (War). Texts: 6/PETERB. 24. castelweorc n. [F] castlework (Need). Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. cause n. [F] motive, reason (Ex.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. cendal n. [F] costly fabric (Need). Texts: 1/JULME. 1. chalengen v. [F] rebuke, accuse. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. champiun n. [F] champion (War). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. change n. [F] change (Ex.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. changen v. [F] change. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. chapele n. [F] chapel (Rel.). Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. charbucle n. [F] precious stone (Work). Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. charoine n. [F] carcass (Life). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. chartre n. [F] charter (Law). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. chaste adj. [F] chaste. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. chastete n. [F] chastity (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. c(h)ast(i)en v. [F] chasten, correct, rebuke (Social). Texts: 3/SWARD. 3. chere n. [F] face (Life). Texts: 3/SWARD. 3. ciclatun n. [F] silken fabric (Need). Texts: 1/JULME. 1. cite n. [F] city (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. clergesse n. [F] learned woman (Ment.). Texts: 1/KATH. 1. clergie n. [F] learning, science (Ment.). Texts: 1/KATH. 2. clubbe n. [N] club (War). Texts: 1/LAYBR . 2. cnif n. [N] knife (Work). Texts: 3/KATH. 3. conqueren v. [F] conquer. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. consence n. [F] yielding, consent (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. corbin n. [F] raven (Life). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. cost n. [F] cost(s) (Prop.). Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. craulen v. [N] crawl, swarm (Ex.). Texts: V&V only. cravant adj. [F] defeated. Texts: 2/MARGME. 2. crechen v. [N] hook, catch. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. crien v. [F] cry. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. crok n. [N] trick, hook (Act.). Texts: 2/KATH. 2. crunen v. [F] crown, reward vb. Texts: 4/HMAID. 10. cunestable n. [F] chief officer (Social). Texts: 1/SWARD. 2. cunfort n. [F] gratification, relief (Em.). Texts: 2/A NCR. 8. cuntesse n. [F] countess (Social). Texts: 2/PETERB. 2. cure n. [F] chariot (Ex.). Texts: 1/JULME. 2. curt n. [F] court, sovereign's assembly (Social). Texts: 2/PETERB. 2.

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c(u)rune n. [F] crown (Social). Texts: 7/HMAID. 18. custome n. [F] custom (Act.). Texts: 1/TRIN. 1. cwite adj. [F] free. Texts: 2/HMAID. 2. cyrograffe n. [F] indenture, formal document (Law). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1.

-Ddame n. [F] lady, mother (Social). Texts: 2/ANCR. 3. deciple n. [F] disciple (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. degre n. [F] stage, rank (Matt.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 4. delit n. [F] delight (Em.). Texts: 2/HMAID. 9. deliten v. [F] delight vb. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. deliveren v. [F] deliver, save. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. derf adj. [N] cruel, bold, hard. Texts: 4/HMAID. 9. desiren v. [F] desire, long for. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. despoilen v. [F] devastate, rob. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. desputinge n. [F] debating, discussion (Lang.). Texts: 1/KATH. 1. devotiun n. [F] devotion (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. dialoge n. [F] dialogue (Lang.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. dignete n. [F] dignity, excellence (Op.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. discipline n. [F] chastisement (Law). Texts: 2/VICES1. 3. dring n. [N] warrior, retainer (War). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 2. drup adj. [N] sad. Texts: 2/MARGME. 2. drupi adj. [N] downcast. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. drupnen v. [N] be sad, droop. Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. duc n. [F] duke (Social). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 7. dusileic n. [N] folly (Ment.). Texts: 1/KATH. 1. dute n. [F] doubt, anxiety (Ment.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1.

-Eeggen v. [N] urge (Ment.). Texts: 4/HMAID. 11. ehtend num. [N] eighth. Texts: 1/ORM. 2. eise n. [F] ease, physical comfort (Em.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 4. embreven v. [F] keep a record. Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. emperice n. [F] empress (Social). Texts: 1/PETERB. 5. entremeten v. [F] meddle with. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. eritage n. [F] heritage (Prop.). Texts: 2/HMAID. 2. erite n. [F] heretic (Rel.). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. erres n. [F] foretaste, pledge (Social). Texts: 1/VICES1. 1. estat n. [F] position, state, estate (Ex.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. estresse n. [F] estate, dwelling (Need). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. etlung n. [N] estimation, guessing (Ment.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. ewangelist n. [F] evangelist (Rel.). Texts: 3/JULME. 3. evene n. [N] nature, character (Matt.). Texts: 2/HMAID. 4.

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-Ffalsen v. [F] deceive, prove wrong. Texts: 3/SWARD. 3. familiarite n. [F] familiarity (Act.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. feble adj. [F] feeble. Texts: 2/HMAID. 4. feblesce n. [F] weakness (Ex.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. feirleic n. [N] beauty (Op.). Texts: 3/SWARD. 3. feolah n. [N] fellow (Social). Texts: 2/JULME. 2. feolahlice adv. [N] as fellows. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. feolahschip n. [N] fellowship (Social). Texts: 1/JULME. 1. flatrung n. [F] flattering (Op.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. flitten v. [N] remove, proceed. Texts: 2/ORM. 2. flum n. [F] river (Phys.). Texts: 4/JULME. 4. flur n. [F] (image of) flower (Life). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. fluttung n. [N] sustenance (Need). Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. fol adj. [F] foolish, wicked, wanton. Texts: 2/ANCR. 7. folhardi adj. [F] foolhardy. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. folie n. [F] foolishness (Ment.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. folliche adv. [F] foolishly, lasciviously. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. forschalden v. [F] burn severely, scald to death. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. fortrusten v. [N] be over-confident. Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. fra prep. [N] from. Texts: 4/ORM. 23. freoleic n. [N] freedom (Act.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. frest n. [N] period of time (Ex.). Texts: 1/ORM. 2. frut n. [F] fruit, profit (Life). Texts: 1/HMAID. 4. furneise n. [F] oven, fires of hell (Work). Texts: 1/JULME. 1.

-Ggæten v. [N] watch over, guide. Texts: 1/ORM. 3. gate n. [N] way, manner (Ex.). Texts: 1/ORM. 2. gauren v. [N] look with wonder, gaze (Life). Texts: V&V only. gealde adj. [N] barren. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. geapen v. [N] open the mouth wide. Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. gein n. [N] advantage, benefit (Act.). Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. geinen v. [N] be profitable. Texts: 2/KATH. 2. genterise n. [F] nobility (Op.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. gentile adj. [F] noble, courteous. Texts: 2/HMAID. 2. gerlondesche n. [F] saint's aureole (Rel.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. gerner n. [F] storehouse for grain (Need). Texts: 1/LAMB. 2. gersume n. [N] treasure (Prop.). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 3. gest n. [N] guest (Social). Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. gestning n. [N] feast; hospitality (Need). Texts: 1/VICES1. 2. gifen v. [N] give. Texts: 1/ORM. 5. gin n. [F] instrument, device, ingenuity (Act.). Texts: 2/KATH. 2.

301

giw n. [F] Jew (Rel.). Texts: 3/KATH. 3. glad-chered adj. [F] having glad appearance. Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. gloire n. [F] glory (Op.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. godleic n. [N] goodness (Op.). Texts: 4/MARGME. 7. gra n. [N] evil spirit (Rel.). Texts: 2/MARGME. 3. grace n. [F] grace, favour (Em.). Texts: 7/HMAID. 28. grant n. [F] permission (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. greiðen v. [N] prepare, make (Act.). Texts: 4/HMAID. 7. greven v. [F] enrage, agitate, injure. Texts: 2/HMAID. 3. grið n. [N] peace (War). Texts: 5/ORM. 25. griðfulnesse n. [N] peacefulness (War). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1.

-Hhæþing n. [N] scorn, object of mockery (Op.). Texts: 1/O RM. 1. hærnes n. [N] brain (Life). Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. haher adj. [N] skilful. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. haht n. [N] danger, peril (Act.). Texts: 1/VICES1. 3. hail adj. [N] healthy. Texts: 1/LAYBR . 3. (As int. in V&V.) hailen v. [N] greet. Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. hansellen v. [N] betroth, hand over. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. hanten v. [F] engage in, practise. Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. hap n. [N] luck, happiness (Em.). Texts: 2/KATH. 2. hardi adj. [F] fearless in danger; foolhardy. Texts: 2/KATH. 2. heresie n. [F] heresy (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. heðensið n. [N] death (Life). Texts: 1/TRIN. 2. heþeli adv. [N] scornfully. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. herberger n. [F] hospitable person, host (Em.). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. hofles adj. [N] immoderate. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. hucche n. [F] money chest (Prop.). Texts: 1/VICES 1. 1. huler n. [F] fornicator, lecher (Social). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. hulien v. [N] cover, conceal. Texts: 1/ANCR. 5. hurt n. [F] injury (Life). Texts: 1/JULME. 1. hurten v. [F] hurt, strike, spoil (Life). Texts: 2/HMAID. 3. husbonde n. [N] master of house, husband (Social). Texts: 1/SWARD. 3. husting n. [N] assembly (Social). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 2.

-Iiginet adj. [F] devised. Texts: 1/KATH. 1. igriðien v. [N] grant peace, make peace. Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. ilatet adj. [N] having appearance. Texts: 2/JULME. 2. ill adj. [N] wicked, sinful. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. imembret adj. [F] ornamented with metal links. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1.

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inobedience n. [F] disobedience (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. intil prep. [N] into. Texts: 1/ORM. 21. iscandlet adj. [F] disturbed in mind. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. itaken v. [N] take hold of. Texts: 2/HMAID. 2. iugulere n. [F] wizard, entertainer (Leis.). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. iustice n. [F] justice, punishment, judge (Law). Texts: 1/PETERB. 2.

-Kkanunk n. [N] canon, type of clergyman (Rel.). Texts: 1/ORM. 1. kariteð n. [F] love (Em.). Texts: 3/LAMB. 9. karlfugel n. [N] male bird (Life). Texts: 1/VESPD. 1. karlman n. [N] man (Life). Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. keasten v. [N] cast, throw. Texts: 5/KATH. 8. kirke n. [N] church (Rel.). Texts: 1/ORM. 3.

-Llacen v. [F] fasten with laces. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. la e n. [N] law, justice, authority; faith, moral teaching (Law). Texts: 11/LAMB. 57. la efulnesse n. [N] honour (Op.). Texts: 1/VICES1. 1. la elic adj. [N] lawful (Law). Texts: V&V ONLY (AS ADJ.). la elice adv. [N] lawfully (Law). Texts: 2/HMAID. 2. la hen v. [N] lower, reduce (Ex.). Texts: 3/ORM. 5. lah adj. [N] low, also adv (Ex.). Texts: 8/HMAID. 19. lampe n. [F] lamp (Work). Texts: 2/MARGME. 2. lane n. [N] loan, gift (Prop.). Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. large adj. [F] generous. Texts: 2/ANCR. 6. largeliche adv. [F] generously. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. largesce n. [F] generosity (Poss.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. last n. [N] sin, fault (Rel.). Texts: 3/TRIN. 4. lasteles adj. [N] faultless. Texts: 1/KATH. 1. lasten v. [N] find fault with. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. late n. [N] behaviour, gesture, appearance (Act.). Texts: 3/ANCR. 4. lauen v. [N] authorise. Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. laz n. [F] braided cord (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. leattre n. [F] letter (of alphabet) (Lang.). Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. lecherie n. [F] lechery (Social). Texts: 2/HMAID. 10. lechur n. [F] fornicator (Social). Texts: 1/TRIN. 1. lei n. [F] religion, law (Rel.). Texts: 1/KATH. 3. leiten v. [N] seek. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. letuaire n. [F] medicine (Life). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1.

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licur n. [F] liquid (Matt.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. littnen v. [N] trust. Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. liðen v. [N] listen, hear. Texts: 1/JULME. 2. liun n. [F] lion (Life). Texts: 5/SWARD. 5. liveneð n. [N] provision of food (Need). Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. livreisun n. [F] deliverance (Rel.). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. louse adj. [N] free, loose. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. lousen v. [N] untie, free. Texts: 2/MARGME. 4.

-Mmachun n. [F] mason (Work). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 2. male n. [F] pouch, bag (Work). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. manere n. [F] kind (Matt.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. mate adj. [F] helpless, defeated. Texts: 1/KATH. 1. maumet n. [F] pagan idol (Rel.). Texts: 3/KATH. 10. mealle n. [F] hammer, maul (Work). Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. meallen v. [F] beat, crush. Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. mecen v. [N] be(come) humble. Texts: 1/TRIN. 1. meistren v. [F] overcome, rule. Texts: 2/KATH. 3. meistrie n. [F] dominance, superior force (Social). Texts: 3/KATH. 3. menden v. [F] remedy, repair. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. menestrau n. [F] actor, mime, servant (Leis.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. menniscleic n. [N] humanity (Life). Texts: 1/ORM. 1. menske n. [N] honour (Op.). Texts: 5/HMAID. 16. menskeliche adv. [N] honourably. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. mensken v. [N] do honour, love as wife. Texts: 2/JULME. 2. menstre n. [F] office, position (Social). Texts: 1/VICES1. 1. meok adj. [N] gentle, soft (Op.). Texts: 7/JULME. 13. meokleic n. [N] humility (Op.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 5. meoknesse n. [N] humility (Op.). Texts: 1/ORM. 2. meokshipe n. [N] humility (Op.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. meoseise n. [F] discomfort (Em.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. meoster n. [F] duty, occupation, skill (Act.). Texts: 2/ANCR. 6. merci n. [F] mercy, compassion (Em.). Texts: 5/MARGME. 9. merciable adj. [F] merciful. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. mesure n. [F] moderation, measure (Matt.). Texts: 2/SWARD. 3. minnen v. [N] remember, remind, exhort. Texts: 1/TRIN. 1. miracle n. [F] miracle (Rel.). Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. mix-maumet n. [F] filthy idol (Rel.). Texts: 2/KATH. 3. modigleic n. [N] pride (Op.). Texts: 1/ORM. 1. molde n. [F] form, character (Matt.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. munnen v. [N] remember, tell, meditate (Ment.). Texts: 4/MARGME. 6. mustreisun n. [F] display, show (Life). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1.

304

-Nnai int. [N] no. Texts: 6/MARGME. 10. neil-cnif n. [N] sharp knife, razor (Work). Texts: 1/JULME. 1. noble adj. [F] noble. Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. noblesce n. [F] nobility (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. noten v. [F] notice, denote. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. noucin n. [N] affliction (Em.). Texts: 3/SWARD. 8. nurrice n. [F] nurse (Life). Texts: 2/HMAID. 3.

-Oobedience n. [F] obedience (Social). Texts: 1/VICES1. 2. oc conj. [N] but, however. Texts: 1/PETERB. 9. occ conj. [N] also, and. Texts: 1/ORM. 2. ofrende n. [F] offering, sacrifice (Rel.). Texts: 1/VICES1. 3. ofserven v. [F] deserve. Texts: 3/ANCR. 4. okere n. [N] interest, lending (Prop.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. okeren v. [N] practise usurpy, lend. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. oli n. [F] oil (Need). Texts: 5/LAMB. 10. orcost n. [N] wealth (?) (Prop.). Texts: 1/KATH. 1. ordre n. [F] order (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. ordren v. [F] arrange. Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. orguil n. [F] pride (Op.). Texts: 1/TRIN. 1. overgart n. [F] arrogance (Op.). Texts: 1/MARGME. 2. overhardi adj. [F] too bold. Texts: 1/SWARD. 1. overtaken v. [N] overtake. Texts: 1/JULME. 1.

-Ppaien v. [F] please, pay. Texts: 2/HMAID. 2. palefrai n. [F] riding horse (Life). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. para(d)ise n. [F] paradise (Rel.). Texts: 6/VICES1. 9. parlur n. [F] chamber, window (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. passen v. [F] move, pass, surpass. Texts: 1/HMAID. 4. passiun n. [F] passion, suffering (Rel.). Texts: 1/JULME. 2. patriarch n. [F] patriarch (Rel.). Texts: 5/SWARD. 5. peis n. [F] peace (War). Texts: 5/PETERB. 9. penitence n. [F] repentance (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. peolkin v. [N] strike with bill, deprive goods. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. peril n. [F] peril (Act.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. persone n. [F] person (Life). Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. pilgrim n. [F] traveller, pilgrim (Rel.). Texts: V&V only. point n. [F] point, item, situation (Matt.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. poisun n. [F] poison (Need). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. postel n. [F] post (Need). Texts: 1/JULME. 1.

305

poure adj. [F] poor. Texts: 4/HMAID. 10. poverte n. [F] poverty (Prop.). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. preasse n. [F] crowd, company (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. preisen v. [F] praise. Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. preove n. [F] proof, evidence (Act.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. preoven v. [F] prove. Texts: 3/ANCR. 4. prince n. [F] prince (Social). Texts: 2/KATH. 2. prisun n. [F] prison (Law). Texts: 5/PETERB. 13. prive adj. [F] private, on familiar terms. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. privilege n. [F] privilege (Law). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. processiun n. [F] procession (Ex.). Texts: 2/PETERB. 2. prophete n. [F] prophet (Rel.). Texts: 8/VICES1. 36. prud adj. [F] proud (Op.). Texts: 4/LAMB. 7. prude n. [F] pride (Op.). Texts: 6/ANCR. 14. prudeliche adv. [F] proudly (Op.). Texts: 1/KATH. 1. pruden v. [F] be proud. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. purgatoire n. [F] purgatory (Rel.). Texts: 1/A NCR. 3.

-Rrecluse n. [F] recluse (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. rein n. [F] kidney (Life). Texts: 1/PERI. 1. reisen v. [N] raise, set up. Texts: 1/ORM. 2. reisun n. [F] reason, cause (Ment.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 11. relef n. [F] remains, legacy (Prop.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 4. religiun n. [F] religion, order, member of an order (Rel.). Texts: 2/VICES1. 5. religius adj. [F] religious, of an order (Rel.). Texts: 1/VICES1. 1. rente n. [F] income (Prop.). Texts: 4/PETERB. 4. reowðful adj. [N] dreadful, lamentable. Texts: 3/SWARD. 3. reowðfulliche adv. [N] dreadfully, lamentably. Texts: 1/KATH. 1. rewðe n. [N] pity, compassion (Em.). Texts: 6/VICES1. 18. richeise n. [F] wealth, treasures (Prop.). Texts: 4/VICES1. 5. rime n. [F] meter, rime (Lang.). Texts: 1/ORM. 2. riwle n. [F] rule (Law). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. ro n. [N] quiet, peace (Leis.). Texts: 2/MARGME. 2. robben v. [F] rob. Texts: 3/HMAID. 4. robbere n. [F] robber (Law). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. rote n. [N] root (Life). Texts: 3/KATH. 3.

-Ssacrement n. [F] sacrament (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. saht(n)en v. [N] reconcile (War). Texts: 2/LAMB. 3. sahte n. [N] reconciliation, agreement, peace (War). Texts: 3/LAYBR . 7.

306

sahtlen v. [N] reconcile (War). Texts: 3/PETERB. 6. sahtnesse n. [N] reconciliation, accord (War). Texts: 1/ORM. 3. sawen v. [F] save. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. savur n. [F] delight, pleasure (Em.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. savure adj. [F] pleasing, delicious. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. scale n. [N] drinking cup (Need). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. score n. [N] financial record (Lang.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. scremen v. [N] scream (Life). Texts: 2/BOD. 2. scurge n. [F] whip (Law). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. seil n. [F] seal, identifying mark (Social). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. seilen v. [F] seal, join together. Texts: 3/MARGME. 3. seint adj. [F] saint (Rel.). Texts: 8/ANCR. 69. semblant n. [F] appearance, face (Life). Texts: 4/HMAID. 5. semen v. [N] seem (Life). Texts: 2/MARGME. 4. semliche adj. [N] visually pleasing, beautiful. Texts: 2/MARGME. 2. senevei n. [F] mustard plant or seed (Life). Texts: V&V only. sepulcre n. [F] tomb (Life). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. sere n. [N] variety of things (Matt.). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. serlepes adv. [N] separately. Texts: 1/ORM. 4. sermonen v. [F] speak, preach. Texts: 1/LAMB. 2. sermun n. [F] sermon (Rel.). Texts: V&V only. serven v. [F] serve (Social). Texts: 7/ORM. 20. servise n. [F] service, attendance (Social). Texts: 4/HMAID. 5. sete n. [N] seat (Need). Texts: V&V only. simplete n. [F] modesty (Op.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. sire n. [F] lord (Social). Texts: 2/ANCR. 22. skelewisnes n. [N] reason, discernment (Ment.). Texts: V&V only. skenting n. [N] amusement (Leis.). Texts: 1/VICES1. 1. sker adj. [N] blameless, safe. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. skerren v. [N] scare. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. skil n. [N] reason, explanation; distinction (Ment.). Texts: 3/ORM. 3. skilleas adj. [N] without faculty of reason. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. skillen v. [N] distinguish, separate (Matt.). Texts: 2/VICES1. 3. slingen v. [N] strike down, hurl. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. sot adj. [F] foolish (Ment.). Texts: 2/VICES1. 3. sothad n. [F] foolishness (Ment.). Texts: 1/VICES1. 1. sotlice adv. [F] foolishly (Ment.). Texts: 2/PETERB. 2. sotschipe n. [F] foolishness (Ment.). Texts: 2/KATH. 3. sotte n. [F] fool (Ment.). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. sotword n. [F] foolish words (Ment.). Texts: V&V only. special adj. [F] extraordinary. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. spelen v. [F] signify. Texts: 1/ANCR. 5. spusbruch n. [F] adultery (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. spuse n. [F] spouse, marriage (Social). Texts: 4/HMAID. 17.

307

spusen v. [F] marry (Social). Texts: V&V only. spushad n. [F] marriage (Social). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. sputi adj. [F] eloquent, persuasive. Texts: 1/KATH. 1. stamin n. [F] cloth, shirt (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. stanroch n. [F] boulder (Need). Texts: V&V only. steorne n. [N] star (Phys.). Texts: 1/ORM. 4. steorneleom n. [N] ray of starlight (Phys.). Texts: 1/ORM. 1. store adj. [N] powerful. Texts: 1/LAYBR . 1. striven v. [F] quarrel, be in conflict with; try, strive for (Social). Texts: 2/ANCR. 2. sucurs n. [F] assistance (Act.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. suffren v. [F] suffer, permit. Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. sum conj. [N] as (conj.). Texts: 1/ORM. 23. surpliz n. [F] overgarment (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. surquide adj. [F] presumptuous, proud. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. swaðelbond n. [N] swaddling band (Need). Texts: V&V only. swein n. [N] attendant, young man (Social). Texts: 1/LAYBR. 16.

-Ttachen v. [F] attach, secure. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. taken v. [N] take (Poss.). Texts: 8/ORM. 39. tavele n. [F] narrow lace (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. temptatiun n. [F] testing (Ment.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 6. tempten v. [F] tempt. Texts: 1/ANCR. 11. tendre n. [F] solicitousness (Em.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. tiðende n. [N] news (Lang.). Texts: 3/LAYBR. 6. tiffunge n. [F] adornment (Op.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. til conj. [N] till. Texts: 2/ORM. 6. till prep. [N] to. Texts: 2/ORM. 51. to-hwiðerin v. [N] whirl around to break. Texts: 1/KATH. 2. treisun n. [F] treachery (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. treitre n. [F] traitor (Social). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. tresor n. [F] treasure (Prop.). Texts: 3/SWARD. 5. trig adj. [N] trustworthy. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. trone n. [F] throne (Social). Texts: 1/SWARD. 2. trubuil n. [F] distress, agitation (Em.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. trukien v. [F] carry on trade, exchange. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. trusse n. [F] bundle (Work). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. trussen v. [F] pack up. Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. trust n. [N] confidence (Ment.). Texts: 5/TRIN. 6. trusten v. [N] be confident. Texts: 3/JULME. 8. trusti adj. [N] confident, faithful. Texts: 2/JULME. 2. tur n. [F] tower (Need). Texts: 3/HMAID. 11. turn n. [F] trick, throw (Act.). Texts: 2/SWARD. 2.

308

-Þþe pron. [N] they. Texts: 3/ORM. 54. þe m pron. [N] them. Texts: 1/ORM. 3. þe re pron. [N] their. Texts: 1/ORM. 17. ðeðen adv. [N] from there, thenceforth. Texts: 1/TRIN. 1. þoh conj. [N] though. Texts: 2/ORM. 5. þohh adv. [N] nevertheless. Texts: 1/ORM. 8. þohwethere adv. [N] nonetheless. Texts: 2/PETERB. 6. þraldom n. [N] servitude, subservience (Social). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. þrall n. [N] slave, servant (Social). Texts: 5/HMAID. 14. þrel adj. [N] servile (Social). Texts: 2/LAMB. 2. þrengen v. [N] press. Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. þriftre n. [N] growth, physical development (Ex.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. þrinne num. [N] three. Texts: 1/ORM. 2. þwertover prep. [N] across. Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. þwert-over adj. [N] outright. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. þwert-ut adv. [N] throughout. Texts: 1/ORM. 6.

-Uum prep. [N] about (time). Texts: 1/PETERB. 1. ungeinliche adv. [N] threateningly (later: improperly). Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. unhagherli adv. [N] unskillfully. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. unhap n. [N] misfortune, mishap (Em.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. unhilen v. [N] uncover. Texts: 1/TRIN. 2. unlage n. [N] unlawfulness (Law). Texts: 1/JULME. 1. unlahelice adv. [N] wrongfully. Texts: 2/HMAID. 2. unofserved adj. [F] undeserved. Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. unroles adj. [N] unresting. Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. unsahte adj. [N] unreconciled. Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. unskil n. [N] wrongdoing (Social). Texts: 1/ORM. 1. untiffet adj. [F] unadorned. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. usel adj. [N] wretched. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. useldom n. [N] wretchedness (Op.). Texts: 1/ORM. 1. utbresten v. [N] break out. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. utlage n. [N] outlaw (Law). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. utlahe adj. [N] banished. Texts: 1/HMAID. 2.

309

-Vvampe n. [F] slipper, upper of shoe (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. vanite n. [F] worthless thing (Act.). Texts: 1/HMAID. 1. veil n. [F] veil (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 3. vein adj. [F] idle, futile. Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. vertu n. [F] moral virtue, morality, strength (Social). Texts: 1/HMAID. 3. vestement n. [F] vestment (Rel.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. vilainie n. [F] disgraceful conduct (Social). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. virgine n. [F] female virgin saint, maiden (Rel.). Texts: V&V only.

-Wwan n. [N] dwelling-place, room, dungeon (Need). Texts: 4/MARGME. 5. warant n. [F] safeguard (Act.). Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. wardein n. [F] guardian (Act.). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. waste n. [F] wilderness (Phys.). Texts: 1/LAMB. 1. wasten v. [F] use up, spend. Texts: 1/HMAID. 2. weiten v. [F] (lie in) wait, plot (Ment.). Texts: 1/A NCR. 3. wenge n. [N] wing (Life). Texts: 3/SWARD. 3. weorren v. [F] make war, harass (War). Texts: 5/HMAID. 15. weorrur n. [F] soldier (War). Texts: 1/ANCR. 1. werre n. [F] war (War). Texts: 4/HMAID. 7. wheþenward conj. [N] whence. Texts: 1/ORM. 1. wiht adj. [N] strong, courageous. Texts: 1/LAYBR. 1. windowe n. [N] window (Need). Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. witer adj. [N] knowing, wise. Texts: 1/LAYBR . 2. witeren v. [N] instruct. Texts: 1/JULME. 1. witerliche adv. [N] clearly, certainly. Texts: 7/HMAID. 14. witnen v. [N] declare, testify. Texts: 1/ANCR. 2. wonlese adj. [N] hopeless. Texts: 1/MARGME. 1. wonten v. [N] be lacking, in need. Texts: 3/HMAID. 4. wontreaðe n. [N] misery, affliction (Em.). Texts: 3/JULME. 5. worldprude n. [F] vanity, idle boasting (Op.). Texts: 1/BOD. 1.

310

APPENDIX 3

The ranking of HCM1 texts, by loanword scores

200 150 100 50

ANCR

HMAID

KATH

JULME

SWARD

LAMB

VICES1

MARGME

PETERB

TRIN

LAYBR

ORM

VESPD

BOD

PERI

HROOD

VESPD3

0

Figure 6a. HCM1 texts ranked by the number of Frenchderived lexemes (not normalised).

75

50

25

Figure 6b. HCM1 texts ranked by the number of Norsederived lexemes (not normalised).

ORM

HMAID

JULME

ANCR

MARGME

KATH

LAYBR

SWARD

LAMB

PETERB

VICES1

TRIN

BOD

VESPD

PERI

HROOD

VESPD3

0

311

APPENDIX 4

The distribution of items within groups of texts The table below contains those Norse- and French-derived words which are attested in more than one half of the texts within each HCM1 subset (i.e. at least six texts in subsets of ten texts, etc.). The items within each cell are presented in alphabetical order. The lengthiest lists of loanwords are under saints’ lives, which reflects the rare homogeneity of this subset: its three texts all come from the same area and share a similar textual history and topic. For the subsets containing many copies of OE material it was often impossible to find lexical items shared by more that 50 % of the text samples. Norse-derived words

French-derived words

bone keasten la e lah menske meok nai rewðe taken witerliche fra sahtlen taken –

beast c(u)rune grace liun merci oli prophete prude seint serven prophete

la e

prophete serven

Area West

East South Genre Homily

–

312

Religious treatise

Saint’s life

History Field Religious

Secular

Norse-derived words nai rewðe þrall

band bone bule crok derf drup godleic gra greiðen hap keasten la e lah lousen menske meok munnen nai noucin rewðe ro semliche taken trusten witerliche sahte taken la e lah meok witerliche –

French-derived words c(u)rune grace para(d)ise prophete prude richeise seint servise spuse beast cravant c(u)rune giw grace liun maumet merci mix-maumet ofserven oli para(d)ise seilen weorren were

castel c(u)rune grace prophete seint serven –

313

Origin OE copy EME original

Century 12th century 13th century

Norse-derived words

French-derived words

– la e lah meok taken witerliche

– c(u)rune grace prophete

– la e lah meok nai rewðe

– c(u)rune grace prophete prude seint

314

APPENDIX 5

The structure of Vices and Virtues Passage and part numbering are mine, while the passage titles and their translations are from Holthausen (1888). The number of types/tokens in each passage is given under ‘Norse’ and ‘French’.

Passage no. & title (translation) SCRIBE 1 1 – [beginning] 2 Of sorinesse (Of sorrow) 3 Of a-solknesse. Vnlust. (Of sloth, listlessness) 4 Of modinesse. pride. (Of pride) 5 Of vnbuhsumnesse (Of disobedience) 6 Of oðes sueriingge (Of swearing oaths) 7 Of lesinge (Of lying) 8 Of heuele baftespache (Of evil backbiting) 9 Of swicedome (Of deceit) 10 Of wer hinde (Of cursing) 11 Of vnðolemodnesse (Of impatience) 12 Of a en-wille (Of self-will) 13 Of hunrihtwisnesse (Of unrighteousness) 14 Of ða fif wittes (Of the five senses) 15 Hu andswereð Ratio and syeð to þare saule (How Reason answers and says to the soul) 16 Of rihte eleaue (Of right belief) 17 Of feste hope (Of firm hope)

Part I

I-II II

II-III

Norse

French

1/1 0 0

1/1 1/1 1/1

0 1/1

5/5 2/3

1/2

0

0 1/1

1/1 0

1/1 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

1/1 0

3/5

6/11

0

1/1

0 1/1

2/3 8/11

315

Passage no. & title (translation) 18 Of charite (Of charity) 19 Hu andswereð ðe saule and seið (How the Soul answers and says) 20 Hu andswereð Scadwisnesse and þus seið (How Reason answers and thus says) 21 Of edmodnesse (Of humility) 22 Of dradnesse (Of fear) 23 Of reuhðe (Of ruth (pity)) 24 Of witte (Of knowledge) 25 Of rade (Of counsel) 26 Of strengðe (Of strength) 27 Of and et (Of understanding) 28 Of wisdom (Of wisdom) 29 Nu andswereð þe saule (Now answers the soul) 30 Ratio (Reason) 31 [nv andswereð ðe lichame and seið] Now answers the body, and says 32 Ratio (Reason) 33 Of sibsumnesse (Of peace) 34 Of epnesse (Of prudence) 35 Of forsceawnesse (Of foresight) 36 Of rihtwisnesse (Of righteousness) 37 Of strengðe (Of strength) 38 [temperantia] Of moderation 39 Of hersumnesse (Of obedience) 40 Of milce (Of mercy)

Part III IV

IV-V V V-VI VI VII

VIIVIII VIII

Norse 5/5 0

French 7/18 1/1

0

0

6/8 1/1 1/5 1/1 2/4 1/1 2/2 1/1 0

5/11 3/3 1/1 5/7 7/10 4/5 4/5 0 1/1

0 0

2/2 1/1

0 1/2 2/2 0 3/4

3/5 3/5 2/2 1/1 3/4

0 1/1 2/2 3/6

2/3 2/3 2/2 5/8

1/1

2/2

0 2/2 0 0 0 1/1 0 0

1/1 0 2/4 3/4 1/1 1/1 0 2/2

CHANGE OF SCRIBES

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Of scrifte (Of penitence) SCRIBE 2 Of andetnesse (Of confession) Of clennesse (Of cleanness) Of lore (Of lore) Of þolemodnesse (Of patience) Of maiden-had (Of maidenhood) Of clannesse (Of chastity) [pvdicicia] Pudicitia Of wiðhealdnesse (Of continence)

IX

316

Passage no. & title (translation) 50 Of vneilindnesse (Of harmlessness) 51 [honestas] Honestas 52 Of wiðheldnesse (Of abstinence) 53 Of fasten (Of fasting) 54 Of e-meðe (Of sobriety) 55 Of in ehied (Of conscience) 56 Of biene (Of prayer) 57 Of teares (Of tears) 58 [hie is swiðe beheue mang alle ðe oðre mihtes] It is very useful among all the other virtues 59 [perseuerancia] Perseverantia 60 Ratio dicit anime (Ratio dicit animae) 61 Nunc autor loquitur finaliter (Nunc auctor loquitur finaliter)

Part

X

Norse 0

French 0

1/1 1/1 3/3 1/2 0 1/1 1/1 1/1

0 1/1 2/2 2/2 0 3/4 2/5 0

1/1 0

1/1 0

0

0