Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment Vol. 3(10), pp. 337-343, 26 September, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/jene ISSN 2006- 9847 ©2011 Academic Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Exotic flora of the Banaras Hindu University Main Campus, India Arvind Singh Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India. E-mail:
[email protected]. Tel: +91 542 2316310. Fax: + 91 542 2367708. Accepted 11 April, 2011
The exotic flora of the main campus of Banaras Hindu University, India, spreading over 1,300 acres of land area, was analyzed. A total of 183 exotic plant species are reported from the university campus, represented by 149 genera and 58 families. The flora of American origin dominates the exotic floristic composition of the university. The Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae are the dominant families of the exotic flora of the Banaras Hindu University campus. Key words: Avenue plants, Banaras Hindu University, cultivated plants, exotic flora, ornamental plants, plant species.
INTRODUCTION The great temple of learning, Banaras Hindu University in India, was founded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya in 1916 as a National University during the freedom struggle, with donations from both the rich and poor. The foundation stone of this largest teaching and residential university of Asia was laid by Lord Hardinge on February 4, 1916, the then Viceroy and Governor General of British-ruled India. The Banaras Hindu University Act, 1916, along with its first statutes, came into force on April 1, 1916. This vast central university presently has 3 institutes, 14 faculties (Sundaram, 2006) and 124 departments. However, a new institute named Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD) is developing under the guidance of renowned Ecologist Prof. J. S. Singh. More than nine decades old, main university campus has a dense flora. Exotic flora are those which had their origin outside India and were introduced deliberately or accidentally. Non-native plant species have become component of the flora of most regions of the world within the last 500 years owing to species exchange between the continents and vegetation transformation by human beings. In India, Himalayan and Penninsular regions are poor in exotic flora whereas the Indo-gangetic plains and the Thar desert regions are rich in exotic flora. About 40% of the Indian flora is represented by exotics (Ahmad, 1999). The main objective of the present study was to explore
the exotic floristic composition of the main campus of Banaras Hindu University. MATERIAL AND METHODS Site description Banaras Hindu University main campus, spreads over 1,300 acres of land area is encompassed by a wall all around it. The campus is located about 5 km south of Varanasi City on the western bank of the holy river Ganga (25°18' N latitude and 83º 1' E longitude), on leveled topography at an elevation of 76 m (Singh et al., 1971). The Varanasi district belongs to Indo-Gangetic Plains physiographic division of India. The soil is of alluvial type formed by the deposition of sediments of river Ganga, which is fertile with sandy loam texture. The climate is tropical monsoon type with three distinct seasons; the cold (November to February), the hot (March to mid-June), and the rainy (mid-June to September), while October is regarded as transitional month. The diurnal range of temperature ranges on average between 13 and 14.5ºC in the cold and hot months. The highest monthly temperature is recorded in May, varying between 32 and 42ºC. The annual rainfall is around 100 cm of which about 90% occurs in the rainy season (Singh and Rana, 2006). Field survey An extensive field survey was conducted from July 2006 to June2008 to record and collect the various planted, cultivated and naturalized plant species growing in the main campus of Banaras
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Hindu University. During the survey, visits were made to every nook and corner of the vast university campus to search the plant species. The identity and origin of the plant species was established by the floristic keys of Hooker (1875-1897), Cooke (1901-1908), Duthie (1903-1922), Good (1947), Bailey (1968) and Raizada (1976). The APG III (2009) classification was followed for arranging the taxa to families.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The exotic floristic composition of Banaras Hindu University campus is summarized in Table 1. A total of 183 exotic plants species belonging to 58 families and 149 genera were observed. Of the total reported families, 46 were represented by dicotylednous families (representing 155 plant species) while only 12 were represented by monocotylednous families (representing 28 plant species). Furthermore, of the total reported plant species, 101 (55.2%) plant species were represented by herbs, 51 (27.9%) by trees, 29 (15.9%) by shrubs and only 2 (1.1%) were represented by the undershrubs. Thus the study reveals that more than half of the exotic flora of the university campus is represented by herbs. The study indicates that the Fabaceae with 27 plant species dominates the exotic floristic composition of Banaras Hindu University campus followed by Asteraceae (17 plant species) and Poaceae (11 plant species). The natural vascular floristic composition of the main campus of Banaras Hindu University is also dominated by Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae families (Singh, 2011). The study reveals that flora of American origin dominates the exotic floristic composition of Banaras Hindu University. Other studies also suggest the dominance of the flora of American origin in exotic floristic composition of India (Nagar et al., 2004; Tomar et al., 2008). Flora of African origins are next to dominates the exotic floristic composition of the campus. A good proportion of the flora of Banaras Hindu University is represented by those which had their origin in Mediterranean region of the world. A large number of the exotic flora of the university campus is represented by ornamental plants, which include Agave americana, Agave wightii, Allamanda cathartica, Agave neriifolia, Aloe vera, Althea rosea, Antirrhinum majus, Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus racemosus, Bauhinia purpurea, Borassus flabellifer, Bongainvillea buttiana, Bongainvillea glabra, Bongainvillea peruviana, Bongainvillea spectabilis, Calendula officinalis, Callistemon lanceolatus, Canna indica, Catharanthus roseus, Cerbera manghas, Chamaerops humilis, Chrysanthemum carinatum, Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Chrysanthemum marifolium, Coleus blumei, Delonix regia, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Gladiolus hybrid, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Jatropha gossypifolia, Jatropha panduraefolia, Jatropha podagrica, Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Lawsonia inermis, Livistona chinensis,
Millingtonia hortensis, Mirabilis jalapa, Mussaenda luteola, Opuntia elatior, Opuntia stricta, Paederia foetida, Polyanthes tuberosa, Plumeria rubra, Quisqualis indica, Ravenala madagascariensis, Rhoeo discolor, Samanea saman, Tagetes erecta, Tagetes patula, Tamarix aphylla, Tecoma stans and Thevetia peruviana. These plant species had been planted for the ornamentation of residential and departmental compounds of the university campus. Several of the exotics are edible fruit producing plants of the university campus. These are represented by Annona squamosa, Artocarpus communis, Carica papaya, Citrus recticulata, Ficus carica, Grewia subinaequalis, Litchi chinensis, Manilkara zapota, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Passiflora edulis, Psidium guajava, Punica granatum, Vitis vinifera and Ziziphus mauritiana. The Avena sativa, Cajanus cajan, Cicer arientinum, Hordeum vulgare, Lens esculenta, Pennisetum typhoides, Sorghum vulgare and Zea mays are the food grains producing exotic flora of the campus. Moreover, Arachis hypogaea, Brassica nigra and Helianthus annuus are the edible oil yielding exotics of the campus. These crops are generally cultivated in the Agricultural farm of the university campus and sometimes also in the campus residential compounds. A large number of exotics are represented by vegetable crops which are chiefly cultivated in kitchen gardens of residential compounds to meet the needs of fresh vegetables. These includes Abelmoschus esculentus, Allium cepa, Anethum graveolens, Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes, Capsicum annuum, Colocasia antiquorum, Coriandrum sativum, Daucus carota, Dolichos lablab, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Raphanus sativus, Solanum tuberosum, Spinacea oleracea, Trigonella foenumgraecum and Vigna sinensis. The exotics growing as avenue plants in the university campus are represented by Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, Cassia siamea, Grevillea pteridifolia, Grevillea robusta, Kigelia africana, Melia azedarach, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Swietenia mahagonii and Tamarindus indicus. Several of the exotics are represented by weeds of the campus flora. These include Ageratum conyzoides, Alternanthera sessilis, Amaranthus spinosus, Anagallis arvensis, Argemone mexicana, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Corchorus aestuans, Crotalaria medicaginea, Croton bonplandianum, Cynodan dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Eichhornia crassipes, Eclipta prostrata, Eragrostis tenella, Euphorbia hirta, Euphorbia thymifolia, Ipomoea fistulosa, Melilotus alba, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Oxalis corniculata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phalaris minor, Physalis minima, Portulaca oleracea, Sonchus oleraceus, Sphaeranthus indicus, Sporobolus diander, Taraxacum
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Table 1. Exotic flora of Banaras Hindu University Main Campus.
S/No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Scientific name(Family) Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench.(Malvaceae) Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Willd ex Delile(Fabaceae) Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.(Fabaceae) Acacia mangium Willd.(Fabaceae) Agave americana Linn.(Asparagaceae) Agave wightii Drumm. & Prain(Asparagaceae) Ageratum conyzoides Linn.(Asteraceae) Allamanda cathartica Linn.(Apocynaceae) Allamanda neriifolia Hook.(Apocynaceae) Allium cepa Linn.(Amaryllidaceae) Aloe vera (Linn.) Burm. f(Xanthorrhoeaceae) Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) DC.(Amaranthaceae) Althea rosea (Linn.) Cav.(Malvaceae) Amaranthus spinosus Linn.(Amaranthaceae) Anacardium occidentale Linn.(Anacardiaceae) Anagallis arvensis Linn. (Primulaceae) Anethum graveolens Linn.(Apiaceae) Annona squamosa Linn(Annonaceae) Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.(Polygonaceae) Antirrhinum majus Linn.(Scrophulariaceae) Arachis hypogaea Linn.(Fabaceae) Argemone mexicana Linn.(Papavaraceae) Artocarpus communis Forst.(Moraceae) Asparagus officinalis Linn.(Asparagaceae) Asparagus racemosus Willd.(Asparagaceae) Avena sativa Linn.(Poaceae) Bauhinia purpurea Linn.(Caesalpiniaceae) Borassus flabellifer Linn.(Arceaceae) Bougainvillea buttiana Holtlum & Standl.(Nyctaginaceae) Bougainvillea glabra Choisy(Nyctaginaceae) Bougainvillea peruviana Humb. & Bonpl.(Nyctaginaceae) Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.(Nyctaginaceae) Brassica rapa Linn.(Brassicaceae) Brassica nigra Koch(Brassicaceae) Brassica oleracea Linn. var. botrytis Linn.(Brassicaceae) Brassica oleracea Linn. var. capitata Linn.(Brassicaceae) Brassica oleracea Linn. var. gemmifera Zenk(Brassicaceae) Brassica oleracea Linn. var. gongylodes Linn.(Brassicaceae) Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Mill.(Fabaceae) Calendula officinalis Linn.(Asteraceae) Callistemon lanceolatus Sweet(Myrtaceae) Canna indica Linn.(Cannaceae) Capsicum annuum Linn.(Solanaceae) Carica papaya Linn.(Caricaceae) Carissa carandas Linn.(Apocynaceae) Cassia occidentalis Linn.(Fabaceae) Cassia siamea Lam.(Fabaceae) Cassia tora Linn.(Fabaceae) Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.(Casuarinaceae) Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Don (Apocynaceae) Cerbera manghas Linn.(Apocynaceae)
Habit Herb Tree Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Shrub Herb Undershrub Herb Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Shrub Herb Tree Tree Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Tree Shrub Shrub Tree Herb Tree Herb Shrub
Place of origin Ethiopia Africa Australia Australia Central America Mexico Central America Tropical America Tropical America China Mediterranean region Tropical America Greece America Tropical America Europe Eurasia Tropical America Mexico Mediterranean region South America Central America Malaysia Mediterranean region Sri Lanka Middle East West Indies China and South East Asia South America South America West Indies Brazil Mediterranean region Eurasia Mediterranean region Mediterranean region Mediterranean region Mediterranean region Africa South Europe Australia Africa South America Mexico South Africa South America Myanmar South America Australia Madagascar West Indies
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Table 1. Contd.
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Chamaerops humilis Linn.(Arecaceae) Chenopodium album (Linn.) G. Don(Amaranthaceae) Chloris barbata Sweet(Poaceae) Chloris incompleta Roth.(Poaceae) Chrysanthemum carinatum Linn.(Asteraceae) Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium Vis. (Asteraceae) Chrysanthemum coronarium Linn. (Asteraceae) Chrysanthemum marifolium Ramat (Asteraceae) Cicer arientinum Linn.(Fabaceae) Cichorium intybus Linn.(Asteraceae) Citrus limon (Linn.) Burm. f.(Rutaceae) Citrus reticulata Blanco.(Rutaceae) Clitoria ternatea Linn.(Fabaceae) Coleus blumei Benth.(Lamiaceae) Colocasia antiquorum Linn.(Araceae) Convolvulus arvensis Linn.(Convolvulaceae) Corchorus aestuans Linn.(Malvaceae) Coriandrum sativum Linn.(Apiaceae) Crotalaria medicaginea Linn.(Fabaceae) Croton bonplandianum Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. (Poaceae) Cyperus rotundus Linn.(Cyperaceae) Datura metel Linn.(Solanaceae) Daucus carota Linn.(Apiaceae) Delonix regia (Boj) Raf.(Fabaceae) Dolichos lablab Linn.(Fabaceae) Eclipta prostrata Linn.(Asteraceae) Eichhornia crassipes Solms.(Pontederiaceae) Eragrostis tenella (Linn.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.(Poaceae) Eucalptus rostrata Cad.(Myrtaceae) Eucalyptus globulus Labill(Myrtaceae) Eucalyptus hybrid (Myrtaceae) Euphorbia hirta Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch.(Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia thymifolia Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) Ficus carica Linn.(Moraceae) Gladiolus hybrid(Iridaceae) Gomphrena globosa Linn.(Amaranthaceae) Grevillea pteridifolia A. Cunn. ex. R.Br.(Proteaceae) Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex. R.Br.(Proteaceae) Grewia subinaequalis DC. (Malvaceae) Helianthus annuus Linn.(Asteraceae) Heliotropium indicum Linn.(Boraginaceae) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.(Malvaceae) Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.(Ulmaceae) Hordeum vulgare Linn.(Poaceae) Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. (Convolvulaceae) Ipomoea quamoclit Linn.(Convolvulaceae) Jatropha curcus Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha gossypifolia Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha panduraefolia Andr.(Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha podagrica Hook.(Euphorbiaceae)
Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Undershrub Herb Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree Herb Shrub Herb Tree Herb Herb Tree Tree Shrub Herb Herb Shrub Tree Herb Shrub Herb Tree Shrub Shrub Shrub
Europe Mexico Tropical America Tropical America Japan Japan Japan Japan South Europe Europe South eastern Asia China Tropical America Indonesia China Europe Tropical America Mediterranean region South East Europe South America Tropical America Eurasia Tropical America Mediterranean region Madagascar Ethiopia South America Brazil Africa Australia Australia Australia Tropical America Mexico Tropical America Middle East South Africa America Australia Australia Sri Lanka America South America China Pacific islands Ethiopia South America Tropical America Tropical America Brazil South America Tropical America
Singh
Table 1. Contd.
104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.(Acanthaceae) Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Merr.(Crassulaceae) Kigelia africana Linn.(Bignoniaceae) Lactuca sativa Linn.(Asteraceae) Lantana camara Linn.(Verbenaceae) Lawsonia inermis Linn.(Lythraceae) Lens esculenta Moench(Fabaceae) Leucaena latisiqua Linn.(Fabaceae) Leucaena leucocephala Willd.(Fabaceae) Linum usitatissimum Linn.(Linaceae) Litchi chinensis (Gaertn.) Sonn.(Sapindaceae) Livistona chinensis R. Br.(Arecaceae) Lycopersicon esculentum Linn.(Solanaceae) Manilkara zapota Roxb.(Sapotaceae) Medicago sativa Linn.(Fabaceae) Melia azedarach Linn.(Meliaceae) Melilotus alba Desr.(Fabaceae) Millingtonia hortensis Linn.(Bignoniaceae) Mimosa pudica Linn.(Fabaceae) Mirabilis jalapa Linn.(Nyctaginaceae) Morus alba Linn.(Moraceae) Morus nigra Linn.(Moraceae) Mussaenda luteola Delile(Rubiaceae) Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv.(Solanaceae) Opuntia elatior Mill.(Cactaceae) Opuntia stricta Haw.(Cactaceae) Oxalis corniculata Linn.(Oxalidaceae) Parthenium hysterophorus Linn.(Asteraceae) Passiflora edulis Sims.(Passifloraceae) Passiflora foetida Linn. (Passifloraceae) Peltophorum pterocarpum(Fabaceae) Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf & Hubbard(Poaceae) Phalaris minor Linn.(Poaceae) Phaseolus lunatus Linn. (Fabaceae) Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.(Fabaceae) Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.(Arecaceae) Physalis minima Linn.(Solanaceae) Pithecolobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.(Fabaceae) Plumeria rubra Linn(Apocynaceae) Polianthes tuberosa Linn.(Amaryllidaceae) Populus deltoides Linn.(Salicaceae) Portulaca oleracea Linn.(Portulacaceae) Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. (Fabaceae) Prunus amygdalus Batsch.(Rosaceae) Psidium guajava Linn.(Myrtaceae) Punica granatum Linn.(Lythraceae) Quisqualis indica Linn.(Combretaceae) Raphanus sativus Linn.(Brassicaceae) Ravenala madagascariensis Gmel. (Musaceae) Rhoeo discolor Hance(Commelinaceae) Ricinus communis Linn.(Euphorbiaceae) Ruellia tuberosa Linn.(Acanthaceae)
Herb Herb Tree Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Tree Tree Herb Tree Tree Herb Tree Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Herb Tree Tree Shrub Herb Shrub Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Herb Tree Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb
China Tropical Africa Tropical Africa Mediterranean region Tropical America Northern Africa Mediterranean region Tropical America Tropical America Central Asia China China South America South America Middle east Iran Eurasia Malaysia Brazil Tropical America China China West Indies Tropical America South America South America Southern Europe Tropical America Brazil South America Malaysia Africa America Tropical America America West Asia South America Central America South America Mexico America North Africa Central America Mediterranean region South America Iran Malaysia China Madagascar Central America Africa Tropical America
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Table 1. Contd.
156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183
Salvia plebeia R. Br.(Lamiaceae) Samanea saman Merr.(Fabaceae) Sesamum indicum Linn.(Passifloraceae) Sesbania sesban (Linn.) Merr.(Fabaceae) Solanum tuberosum Linn.(Solanaceae) Sonchus oleraceus Linn.(Asteraceae) Sorghum vulgare Pers.(Poaceae) Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.(Asteraceae) Spinacea oleracea Linn.(Amaranthaceae) Sporobolus diander (Retz.) P. Beauv(Poaceae) Swietenia mahagonii Jacq.(Meliaceae) Tagetes erecta Linn.(Asteraceae) Tagetes patula Linn.(Asteraceae) Tamarindus indicus Linn.(Fabaceae) Tamarix aphylla (Linn.) Karst(Tamaricaceae) Taraxacum officinale Webber ex. Wigg.(Asteraceae) Tecoma stans (Linn.) H.B.K. nov (Bignoniaceae) Terminalia catappa Linn.(Combretaceae) Thevetia peruviana Schum.(Apocynaceae) Tridax procumbens Linn.(Asteraceae) Trifolium alexandrium Linn.(Fabaceae) Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.(Fabaceae) Urena lobata Linn.(Malvaceae) Vigna sinensis (Linn.) Savi ex Hassk (Fabaceae) Vitis vinifera Linn.(Vitaceae) Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal(Solanaceae) Zea mays Linn.(Poaceae) Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.(Rhamnaceae)
officinale, Tridax procumbens and Urena lobata. These exotic flora are naturalized to Indian conditions and hence grow successfully without any human assistance. Of the total 183 exotic plant species reported from the campus of Banaras Hindu University, the Parthenium hysterophorus was observed to be harmful for native flora. This American flora has spread very fast in the last couple of decades in the campus, infesting all types of terrestrial habitats and posing a threat to the biodiversity of the campus. Exotics are referred to as "biological pollutants" due to their destructive effects on natural and man-managed ecosystems (Westbrooks, 1991). Serious ecological effects of the fast spreading introduced flora have been reported (Di Castri et al., 1990; D' Antonio and Vitousek, 1992; Hobbs and Huenneke, 1992; Punalekar et al., 2010) and non-indigenous plant species are considered as a major threat to biodiversity (Mooney, 1988; Lodge, 1993; Huston, 1994; McGeoch et al., 2006). Conclusions The study reveals that the Banaras Hindu Univeristy main
Herb Tree Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Tree Tree Herb Tree Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Tree
Australia Central America Tropical Africa Southern Africa Peru Europe Africa Africa South Western Asia Australia West Indies Mexico Mexico Tropical Africa North and East Africa Eurasia America Malaysia South America Mexico Italy East Africa Africa Central Africa Mediterranean region Mediterranean region America China
campus is rich in exotic flora, represented mostly by ornamental plants, edible fruit trees, food crops, vegetable crops, avenue plants and weed plants. The flora of American origin dominates the exotic floristic composition of Banaras Hindu University campus. Herbaceous exotics dominate over the woody exotics. The Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae are the dominant families of the exotic floristic composition of Banaras Hindu University campus.
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