Exploiting Context-Awareness and Mobility in Opportunistic Networks

Exploiting Context-Awareness and Mobility in Opportunistic Networks

By Andrew Leeming - First year PhD [email protected]

Supervised By Nick Filer [email protected]

Andrew Leeming

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Introduction Growth of mobile phones

http://goo.gl/7UIIT

Infrastructure

http://goo.gl/72ZDP

When things go wrong Andrew Leeming

2011 http://goo.gl/WafQw

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Introduction Epidemic routing

Opportunistic networks (OppNets)

http://goo.gl/Rnz4W

http://goo.gl/OQnld

Adaptive protocols

http://goo.gl/FliiM Andrew Leeming

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OppNets Opportunistic Networks  Mobile  Intermittent connectivity  Dynamic routes  Store and forward 

http://goo.gl/Rnz4W Andrew Leeming

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Problems with Infrastructure Outages

Capacity

Problems

£££

Coverage

http://goo.gl/WafQw

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Problems with OppNets Neighbour Discovery

Delivery

http://goo.gl/g9WYH

Problems

Efficiency

Latency

http://goo.gl/8D3xR Andrew Leeming

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Opportunistic Routing 

Epidemic  Flooding



PRoPHET  Probabilistic paths



BUBBLE  Cluster / community



DEBT & DRAFT  Spatio-temporal clustering

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What else? Andrew Leeming

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What is a Context? 

“The set of attributes that describe the aspects of the system that can be used to optimise the process of message delivery” – Musolesi et al



Categories of contexts (Schilit et al, Chen et al)

Computing

Physical

User

Time

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What is Available? Gyroscope

Cell

Accelerometer

Physical

WiFi

Computing

Light Sensor

Battery Power

Bluetooth

Alarms

Time Day of Week

User Contact Details

Calendar

Andrew Leeming

Location

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Example 

Basic example but with labels + time



Both A and C are PhD students.



B is their supervisor



A has a supervisor meeting at 10am



A also knows C will have a meeting at 11.30am

A B

C

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Contextual Example 

Does this always make B the best relay?



What if it is Friday at 5pm?

A

 Is there an office by the building exit?



What if a PhD student regularly walks around the building to avoid work?

B C

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Current Work

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Mobility + Topology Mobility  Topology 

 Changes in the environment (over time)

 Can measure mobility of others



Adaptive scanning frequency  Triggered on change of mobility or topology

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Low/Static

Dynamic

Mobility + Topology Sat near a busy street

Driving your car

At home In the office

Travelling on the bus or train

Low/Static

Mobility Andrew Leeming

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Detecting Movement Accelerometer on Android phone  Use machine learning techniques to classify types of movement 

 Stationary

 Walking  Running  Moving Vehicle  etc http://goo.gl/iOc3v

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Activity Recognition 

Previous work in this area includes:  Bujari et al : Detects pedestrian crossing

points. Also introduces ‘Magnitude’ for sensor readings independent of orientation  Bedogni et al : Combines accelerometer and

gyroscope sensors to detect modes of transport

http://goo.gl/AMi36 Andrew Leeming

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Experiment

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Example Accelerometer Walking

Standing Still

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Example Accelerometer Walking

Standing Still

?

Opening door?

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Example Accelerometer (2)

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Topology Detection 

Using any, or all, wireless interfaces  Bluetooth  WiFi  GPRS/UMTS/LTE

Create a history of nearby nodes or base stations  Spatio-temporal clustering 

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Other Contextual Information  Contact

list on phone  Regular communications  Length of phone calls

 Calendar

appointments  Morning alarm clock http://goo.gl/S3AHy

http://goo.gl/yaj3Y Andrew Leeming

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Alternative Applications Context-Aware advertising  Emergency discovery  Medical activity loggers  Adaptive behaviour for applications 

 Put phone in silent mode if in a meeting  Motivating music for exercising  Reallocate system resources

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References  

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Mundur, P.; Seligman, M., "Delay tolerant network routing: Beyond epidemic routing," Wireless Pervasive Computing, 2008. ISWPC 2008. 7-9 May 2008 Spyropoulos, T; Psounis, K; Raghavendra, C . 2005. Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. In Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking (WDTN '05). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 252-259. Grasic, S., Davies, E., Lindgren, A., & Doria, A. (2011, September). The evolution of a DTN routing protocol-PRoPHETv2. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM workshop on Challenged networks (pp. 27-30). ACM. Hui, P., Crowcroft, J., & Yoneki, E. (2011). Bubble rap: Social-based forwarding in delay-tolerant networks. Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, 10(11), 1576-1589. Orlinski, M.; Filer, N., "Distributed expectation-based spatio-temporal cluster detection for pocket switched networks," Wireless Days (WD), 2012 IFIP , pp.1,6, 21-23 Nov. 2012 Musolesi, M.; Hailes, S.; Mascolo, C., "Adaptive routing for intermittently connected mobile ad hoc networks," World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 2005. WoWMoM 2005. 13-16 June 2005 Chen, Guanling, and David Kotz. “A survey of context-aware mobile computing research”. Vol. 1, no. 2.1. Technical Report TR2000-381, Dept. of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, 2000 Schilit, Bill, Norman Adams, and Roy Want. "Context-aware computing applications." In Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. WMCSA 1994. Bujari, A.; Licar, B.; Palazzi, Claudio E., "Movement pattern recognition through smartphone's accelerometer," Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), 2012 IEEE , pp.502,506, 14-17 Jan. 2012 Jennifer R. Kwapisz; Gary M. Weiss; Samuel A. Moore. 2011. Activity recognition using cell phone accelerometers. SIGKDD Explor. Newsl. 12, 2 (March 2011) Bedogni, L.; Di Felice, M.; Bononi, L., "By train or by car? Detecting the user's motion type through smartphone sensors data," Wireless Days (WD), 2012 IFIP , 21-23 Nov. 2012

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Questions? Go easy on me http://goo.gl/7xVDl

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