Exploring a meta Exploring a meta-theoretical ...

7 downloads 54 Views 5MB Size Report
Dynamic assessment, as manner of alternative process-based assessment, is currently at ..... 2.4.5.1First axis œ A Jungian typology . ...... Static measures can be utilized and extended dynamically (Lidz & Thomas, 1987) and ...... contextualised perhaps more so due to the nature of Soviet psychology's history (Sutton, 1988).
University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

!

"

"

#"

$

%

$&

' ( )*! +' ,*, $ * * +' -!( -!( +)+ !

,.

-

-

2334

.,-+ /

-,*! +'

*+ ,

+' --+ $010'0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

'

$" 0,

5

7

"

5 9

8 *

6 0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

Acknowledgements *

"

"

• • •

10

• •

* $

" $ 7

"

9 +

/

7 "

" 10

"

$

7

-

9

7

9

"

"

"

#"

,

" " :

9

;

7
?@?&

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

Summary $

9 9

9 7

7

"

9

"

9

"

0

"

7

9 "

7 "

"

"

A

"

" "

"

"

" 0, " "

" #"

9 B0F@> 2332& 7 0,

" 2

#"

" " 7 " 9 0-

7 "

"

C

0

"

0 *

7 9

" "

*

0 ,

"

- " 6

7

#"

7

7

7 "

"

9

"

7

"

#"

"

"

7

""

"

A

9 7

"

7

7

0 * "

"

7 0 ,

" "

9

7

" 7

7

" 0

7

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

B $

9 9

9

9

9

"

9 9

9

9

9 - 7 9 9 #"

9

9

"

9 .

9

9

9

"

9

9 9

0

Opsomming $

7 "

9 " 7

G

7

7 " 7

9

" 7 "

0$ 7

H

9

" 7 7

7 "

"

7 -

7

7

7

7 " 7

" 7

7

7

9

"

"

"

7 " " 7

7 7 0$

"

9

0 7 " "

G "

G

0 7

7 "

"

"

7

G

7 7 7

5 0G

G

9

E

7 7

" 7

7 9 7 0$

"L

9

0 5 G

0 *

"

7

7

%>F@> M 2332& 7 "

G

&7

-"

"

G 7

G 7

J 7 "

7

" 7

7

"

7 0+

7 7 "

7

" 7

" 7

" G

7 "I

9G

%

" 7 7 "

7 7

"

9

"

7 7

97

7

$

7 "

7 0$

" "

0 -

7 "

G

"

7

"

7

7 "

"

7

I 7

G

7 " 7 "

0$

7

7 0 * " 0 $

9

5

JA "

7 "

7 7

K

$ " 7

:

7 7 "

7

"

7 J 9 G

-

0 $ " 9 7 "

0 "

"

7

" G "

7

0$

"

"

"

"

7

7 7

"

G "

7

0$

7 " 7

7

7

7

.

" "

"

"

7 7

" 7 "

7

0 $

7

=

7

"

H

0*

7 "

"

"

" $

" G 7

" 7

"

H 7

7 "

"

= " "

9

"

9

7 9

) 7 . =

" 7 7 7 0* " " 0 7 " 9

H

7

7

7

7 " "

" "

" 7

0

=

7

7 9

9 "

7

G

7

7 " 9 7 " 9G $ 7

9 B0 ,

>0>
02

"

" "

7

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 > 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >

>0P

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2

>0Q $

"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2

>0R

"

>0@

"

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P

- "

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q

A

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 R

>04 $ >0? *

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 @

>0?0>

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 4

>0F

"

>0>3 (

"

(

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ?

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 F

2

20> ,

"

202 )

"

9 "

2020>

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >3 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >3

20202 E" 20P

00000 >3

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >3

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >3 "

20P0> *

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >> 7

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>

20Q )

/

" 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>

20Q0>

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>

20Q02 *

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>

20Q0P -

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >2

20Q0Q

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >2

20Q0R

M

20Q0R0>'

M

1"

20Q0R02 "

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >Q "

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >4

M

7 0

20Q0R0P0R 20Q0R0P0@

% 7 0

20Q0R0P04 20Q0R0P0? 20R -"

"

% ,& M

"

&7 0

"

0000000000000000 >?

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2P

7

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2@

7 0

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P2

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 PP 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 PQ

204 $ 2040>

"

" O " " 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P>

20@ $ / "

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 PQ

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q?

2040>0> - 7

.

A

"7

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 RR

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 43 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 42

20?0> $

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 4P

20?02

"

20?0P - " 20?0Q +

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >P

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >Q

20Q0R0P0P (

20? ,

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >2

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >P

20Q0R0P02 *

20402 ("

"

/

M

20Q0R0P0> ,

7

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >2

M

20Q0R0P *

20Q0R0P0Q

"

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 4? "

"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ?2 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ?Q

7

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

20?0Q0> ) 7

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 F3

20?0R !

M

20?0@ (

;0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 FR

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 F4

20?04

7

20F -"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >3@

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >3F

20>3 (

"

( P0> ,

7

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>>

P$ "

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>2 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>2

P02 -

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>2

P020>

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>R

P0202 -

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>4

P0P -

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>F

P0P0>

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >24

P0Q

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >2F

P0Q0>

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >P>

P0Q02

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >P@

P0Q020> (

9

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >P?

P0R *

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >Q2

P0@ *

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >R2

P04 -"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >R@

P0? B0R@

P0F

A

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >R?

P0F0>

A

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >RF

P0F02

A

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >RF

P0F0P

A 7

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@>

P0F0Q

A 7

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@>

P0>3

A

7

/-

7

000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@P

P0>30> *

" 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@R

P0>302 *

" 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >4>

P0>30P *

"

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >4@

P0>> (

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >44

P0>>0> *

#"

P0>2

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?>

P0>P (

"

(

Q*

Q0> ,

"

Q0>0> *

#"

% E& 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >4?

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?2

"

/

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?Q

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?Q

Q02

7

7 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?Q

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >FP

Q020> *

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >F@

Q0202 *

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 23P

Q020P -"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 23R

Q0P -

"

Q0P0> -

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 23@ "

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 234

Q0P0>0>

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 23F

Q0P0>02 *

"

Q0P02 -" Q0Q

"

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 224

Q0Q0>

"

Q0Q0>0>

7

Q0Q02 * Q0Q020>

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22F 7

Q0Q0>02 " Q0Q0>0P (

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2>@

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22@

"

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2P2

M :

"

7 "

" " 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2PP 7 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2PQ

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2Q3 "

/

- 7

A

"

"

00000000000000000000000000000 2Q2

7

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

Q0Q0202 (

M

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2QP

Q0Q02020>

" 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2Q?

Q0Q020202

6

Q0Q020P

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2QF 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2R3

Q0Q020P0>

M

Q0Q0P -" Q0R , Q0@ (

( R0> ,

A

" "

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2@4

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 243

R$ "

/

000000000000000 24P

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 24P

R0>0>

/

R02 $ R020> *

000000000000000000000000000 2RQ

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2@R

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 24Q

" )

6

%))*&

7

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 24R

"

% (,)&/

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 24@ R020>0> % & +

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 244

R020>02 % &

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 244

R020>0P 0Q 0R 0@ (% & R020>04 (% & (

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 24? 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2?3 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2?3 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2?3

R020>0? (% &

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2?3

R0202 R02020> % & +

"

7

%), &

"

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2?P

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2?R

R020202 % &

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2?@

R02020P % & +

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P>@ A )

7

%)

$&00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P>4

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P>?

R020?02 % &

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P>F

R020?0P

R020?0Q 02

"

20

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P@?

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P@F

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P43

20> *

"

2020 GA

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P43

* M

AA 7

2020>

,,,

$0 0 B

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4>

" " 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4>

20P

7

20P0>

R0P

0-

6

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4Q

" " 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4Q

20Q (

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4R

20R )

7 "

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4@

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4@

P0> (

"

"

P02 '

"

P020>

"

"

P0202

"

"

P0P P0P0>

000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P@4

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P@4

>0 ,

P0

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P@>

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P@>

"

" "

"

" "

*

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4@

%2R

B

6

"

" *

B

&000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4?

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4? %22

6 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?3 6

&000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?>

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

P0P02

"

Q0 $

"

"

-

6 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?P

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?@

Q0> B

A

Q02 -

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?@ 6 A

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?@

Q0P

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?4

Q0Q )

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P??

Q0R ,

- "

Q0@

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?F

R0 ( @0

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P??

"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?F

"

7

@0> '

=

-

< '"

>0 ,

"

=

"

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?F

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 PF2

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 PF2

2( >0 ,

M

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?F

"

"

#"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q>4

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q>4

>0> E"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q>4

>020


0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2R 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2R

20P0>0>( 20P0>02

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2R 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2R

20P0>0P (

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2@

P0

"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q24

Q0 $

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QPQ

Q0> = R0 (

" "

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QPR

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QP@

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QP4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

)

"

' "

> *

' "

2

' "

"

7

7 7

%

9 >F?Q9 02>4& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000 >4 % S

T

9 233R9 0>2Q&00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2R

' "

Q

' "

R*

' "

@$

7

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P3 ,E

,E " "

7

4, (

' "

?)

' "

F*

' "

>3

" ' "

9

" 9$ FF49 0P>Q& 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 R3

- 7

A %>F??9 0PR&

.

,E

"

"

%

9 >F??9 0QQQ& 000000000000000000000000000000000 @P

A 6

""

>> )

000000000000000000000000000 Q3

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q4

/

%

' "

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 F

"

P $

+6

' "

" 7

7

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 @@

"

%

"

9 233Q9

0>Q25 -

000000000000000000000000 4Q

9 233Q 9 233Q &0 (

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 4@ ' "

>2

$

A %>>F49 0>PP&

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 44 ' "

>P

' "

>Q ,

%) 9 >FF@&

' "

>R $

' "

>@

' "

>4 *

' "

>? 1

' "

>F

' "

23 '

7

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 4F

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ?3 " A 7

%>FFF9

" 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ?>

0R&

"

"

"66

,E

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ?P

"

A %>F?2 9 0243&

"

A

7

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ?4

9

A %>F?@&

0 ?F 9 ,E %

&

00000000000000000000000 F>

M

7

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 FQ ' "

2> )

' "

22 *

%-

' "

2P *

' "

2Q -

' "

2R

' "

2@

' "

24 % &

9 >F??9

7

%

0Q R&0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 F@

9 >F?P9 04@&/ "

=

7

A

%' 6 9 23329

A %>FFF

- "

" 0

9 2333&

000000000000000000000000000000000000 FF

7 & 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >3> #"

"

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >3P "

" "

"

9

%

"

%

"

>FF4

9 23329 0PQ4&0 00000000000000000 >3Q

9 233Q &00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >34 7

%

9

>F4P9 0>@&000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>Q ' "

24 % & *

%=

9 233P9 0>P>&000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >>R

' "

2?

' "

2F

9%

' "

P3 *

' "

P>

' "

P2 (

' "

PP (

' "

PQ

' "

PR *

' "

P@ (

' "

P4

(

""

' "

P4

(

""

' "

P? (

' "

PF $

"

' "

Q3

%
2>

/ " (

7 7

9$

%( *7

7 9$

T *7

%>F439 0P&

7

"

A %>F?? &

0000000000000000000 >PP "

7

%' "

" A %>F?? 9 0>4&

00000000000000000000000000000000000000 >2P

9 >F439 0P& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >P2

"

7

" 7

7

" %

00000000000 >PR

9 >FF29 02?&00000000000000000 >Q>

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >Q> 7

7

T$

%+

9 >F?@9 0@2& 00000000000000000000000000000 >QQ

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >QQ

9 >F4?9 02@2&0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >Q4 %

9 >F4?9 02@2& 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >Q?

""

%>F4?& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >Q? " TU

"

%

9 >F4?9 02@?&0000000000000000000000000000000000 >Q?

9 >FFP9 0>?&000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >RR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

Q> , "

' "

Q2 , "

' "

QP

" A

7

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@3

"

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@3

0'

%>F4>&9 045 %>F4P&9 0@F?5 %>F4@&9 0P3>5 %>F?Q&9 023>5 %>F?R&9 0P 5

%>F?4 &9 >@45 %>F?4 &9 2@?5 %>F??&9 02F5 %>FF2&9 R3Q0 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@Q ' "

QQ

A %>F??&

"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@@ ' "

QR % &

A %>F??&

"

% &+

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@F

' "

QR % &

A %>F??&

"

%4R

' "

Q?

A %>F??&

" 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >44

' "

QF $

' "

R3 '

' "

R>

' "

R2 *

' "

RP

' "

RQ *

' "

RR

"

' "

R@
& "

' "

R4 *

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >43

"

9

9 >F??00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >4Q

"

7 7

"

%

"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000 >44

9 >F@Q& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?>

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?@ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?4 "

7

"

7

9

"

" 7

=

"

" 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >?F 7

%

%

+

A %>FF4& "

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >F2

5

"

" 9 233R9 0PFQ& 00000 >F3

9 >F@Q9 0@3& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >F2 "

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >F4

' "

R? *

7

"

" ' "

RF *

' "

@3 *

%

"

,E

9 >FFQ9 0Q>Q&0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 23> " "

" ' "

"

-*

#" %

@> ,

"

)

7

" 0000000000000000000000000000 232

7

7

7

" 9 >FF@9 0>@R&00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22> 7

7

%

T

9 >FF49 024P&0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22Q ' "

@2

' "

@P *

"

' "

@Q

' "

@R (

' "

@@

' "

@4 *

' "

@? B

' "

@F

' "

43

' "

4> *

"

"

7

#"

7

" 000000000000 2P@

"" / 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2Q> "

/

7 (** %=

"

#"

"

#"

"

" 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2QR /

-

A %>F?P& 7 7

7

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2QP

9 23329 233P& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2QR

"

"

A

$ ', %=

7

#"

%

"

"

9 (**

"

>' "

>

2' "

>.

9 233P9 0F@& 00000000000000000000 2Q@

7

, *%
FF> 9 0>?F& 00 2RF

9 233R9 0>2F& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2@R

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2@F 6

"

"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?4 ""

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2?

7

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

) *

>

/

%
FFP9 0>4R&V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QQ *

2

*

P

*

Q

"

% 7 A

7

9 233> 0P3?5 *6"

9 233>9 04&00 QR

/

"

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q@ "

"

%-

9

>F4R& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 R4 *

R (

7

9 %

*

@*

*

4*

*

? (

*

F ) 7

*

>3 '

*

>2

"

"

2333&00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >23 %

W9 >F?F& 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >P?

%'

T$

9 >FF2&00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >PF

"

"

"

%

9 >F?4 9 >F??&00000000000000000000000000 >R?

%>F??& 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@> " '

A

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 >@P

7 "

A

% "

9

>FFP9 0P>?5 B

9 233Q& 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2>Q

*

>P

7

*

>Q

-* 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2>R "

>FFF5

7

6

"

%1

9

9 >FF@& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2>F

*

>R (

-*00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22P

*

>@ 1"

-*

>R 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22Q

*

>4 (

%+

9 >F?@& 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 22@

*

>? - " "

*

>F

*

23

" %

=

" >*

>-

>*

2

>*

P -"

>*

Q
*

R

>*

@

>*

4

>*

?$

>*

F

>*

>3

>*

>>

>*

>2 $

>*

>P

2*

>

& 2$

2*

P$

2*

Q*

2*

R*

2*

@$

2*

4*

2*

?*

7

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2R4

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 24@ 6

" "

-

%-

6 A

6 9 >F?F& 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4Q 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4R

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P44 7

*

" B

A

"

"

-

-

" 6

B

A

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4F 6 A

B

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?3

A

B

A

"

-

-

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4? 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P4?

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?>

"

" "

"

6 A "

* $

"

" "

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?2 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?P 6 A

6 A

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?Q 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?R

"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 P?? 7 7

%#" 2*

"

9 >FF49 >FFF& 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 2@Q

"

%#"

>9 29

"

7 0 " "

P& 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2P A

"

9

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2?

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Q2F " " A #"

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QP>

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QP2 ""

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QPP "

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QPQ 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 QPQ

7

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

Chapter 1 Introduction and background to the study 1.1 Brief overview of the study * "

"

"

9 "

7 7

" 7

7 " "

" "

0* 7

9>

7 7

7

"

"

"

0,

9

"

0 $

7 " "

"

" 9 "

" #"

" 0*

"

7 0 (

7

" "

9

#"

"

0

9

" " 7 "

0

" 7 "

7

7 " "

9 9

"

0 " "

"

"

"

"

9

"

0 "

7 9C

"

D

"

0* 9

"

0

" "

7

7 "

9

"

9

" "

" 9

"

; $

; "

" "

9 "66

0 =

; ,

9

"

"

#" "

"

0

"

9 7

"

" 0 ,

" 9 ""

" "

" 7

" "

""

7 9

"

" 9 9

0 7 "

7

"

" "

#"

0

1.2 Motivation and rationale ,

7 "

% 7

0

"

9

9

" 7

0 * "

"

=

" "

0+

"

9

7

9 7 "

0, "

7 9

"

"

"

9 :

0 * "

9

"

9

9 " "

"

"

"

" "

&9

"

" "

" "

" 7 "

" 0 *

>

C

D

C

D

"

"

"

" 9

"

:

*010

"

0

>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

= "

A

C

D%

=

9 >FF4&

"

"

"

0

+7

9

9 "

%

" 7 9 7

"

" " 7

9

"

7 "

& 0 '

9

"

92 "

9

"

9 7

7

GG

9

7 "

AA

9

"

" 77

0

"

:"

"

7 0,

7

7

:" 9

"

"

C 7

D

"

"

"

"

7

"

9 "

7

9 0

1.3 Research orientation " "

9 "

"

"

" "

0

9

"

0*

" 7 "

"

7 "

"

9

"

" "7

"

"

(

" 7

7 "

%
F4P5 >F?4&9 7

7 *

9

7

=

"

9 >FRF5

0

"

0

" %
F?4&0 , 9 "

D

%

"

"

C

7

"

" "

0*

0

0

1.4 Delineation and discussion of chapters to follow *

"

"

7 0 *

" 7

0 ,

"

" - 7

P

7

"

9

"

P

"

"

" "

% "

" " 9 >FF?5 "

9 9 >F?4&0 "

" % "

" 5

"

7 "

7

2

"

"

+

"" 7 " 0 ( "

"

) 7. 0 (

2

9

7 " "

7 7

"

7 7 0 ,

" &0

2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

#"

0

"

"

"

" "

9

9

9

0*

"

" "

"

"

0 (

9

Q

9

"

"

" 0(

"

R

7 7

" 7

"

0 ( "

0*

>
- " ""

"

"

"

0

1.5 An in-depth look at why such a study is necessitated " " C " D " " % " 7 9 >FF4& "

" "

"

" %

9 >F4F&0 * 0$

7

7 "

4

"

%

"

&

7 " " "

,

& C

-

%

9 233>&0 +

>F4P

< A 9 >F4@&0 ,

" D

C

X

"

"

0 "

4

%

" 9

9 2333&0

>FP@

9 >F??&0 * B Y - 7 0 Y, " "

M

& %.

"

"

"

"

>F 7

" "

"

9 0 0

9

"

9

% "

. 0$

"

X U 0 ' X9 X

X

$ 7 9 X "

" "

"

ZU $[& "

:" X

X0 ) B"

%>F@2&;

0* 7

"

9

"

" "

& 7 7

9

7

0

7 9 9

"

" "

9

%

X
F4P9

" "

7

7 9 "

7

"

X U $ X

X

=

" 7

" %233> &9 .

@

"

D

7

0= "

"

" ' "

" %-


F?4&0 , 7 - 7 " " 7 Y Y

-

"

9

"

7 9 >F4@&

"

7 "

0

7

A

"

"

"

< 9

0@ * "

" "

"

7

"

" "

0,

"

" 7

"

Q

. X

" "

"

" " D

R

7

"

* "

"

"

7

R

C

7 7 9

>FR3X 0

"

7

"

"

&

9

"

0, "

#" Q

>F23X %

"

7

0 9 "

9

9

9 0

%*"

"

9

9 "

9 97

9

9 9

9

9 >F?2&0

P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" " "

%' "

"

7 7

% "

9

" 9 >FF?&9 9 2333&

T$ 7 %.

"

7 9 >F4F&9 %'

T " O " " O

O

5

%-

T'

9

9 >F?@&

0

7 %2332&

9) "

YV

7

" 7 "

"

& % 02&0 * 0) " " Y % " &0 +

" Y

" 9

7 "

" %(

9 >FFR5

*

T *6"

"

"

" 0 0, "

0

"

9

9

9 >F?@5 "

:

9

" ":

T

7 " 9 2332&0

"

" 7

7 "

7 0,

9 >F43&0 ,

9 9

"

%< T -

7

7

7

" "

[

7 " 9 " "

"

:

"

'

" "

7 9

7

9 Z

7

" 9 2333 5 .

9 >FF25 ) 6 T

"

"

" " "

Z [Y %

" 9 " " "

"

"

" 7

7 7 %T 9 2332&9 " " 7 %. 9 >F4?&9 T 9 >FF45 9 >F?F&9 % 9 233Q 5 E" 6 T - : 9 >FF4 &9 O " "

TU

9 >FFP 5 $ 9

"

" T) 7

9( "

9 >F4Q5

0

1.6 Pertinence to the South African context - "

9

"

7

"

"

"

"

"

" 0*

7

"

7

0 "

"

#" % "

"

>FFQ9

- " 9 23325

"

" " T

7 9 233@& " "

7 7

9

" &%

*

9

7 9

9 23335

" "

"

9,

" "

"

0, 7

7

"

9

" 0
&0

9

"

"

9

"

#" " " " 0*

" 7 0

9

7 "

"

" "

" 0$

7 "0

7 9 #" 9

"

" "

" 7

%233>& " 9

"

"

9

"

7

0 "

"

"

"

"

9Y

"

% 0>?@&

?

,

" 0

"

"

" 7 9

7

7 7 9

#" "

" Y "

- " 7 #"

0

>FFQ9 #" "

#"

9

0

Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

0

%

9 233R &0 * 7 X " "

%233> &

" "

"

9 #"

"

0

%233>& 7 "

" 9 %233> & X

"

9 "

7

"

" %233> &

X

7 "

" 7 "

%233>&

X9

%233> &

9F

"

"

7

0 Y* "

9 % & Y % 0>>2&0 B 9 " 7 9 7 % 9 233>5 2332&

7

"

9

"

0 >FF?5 " 9

7

7 7

"

A

Y

9

"

>>

%B

:" 9

%233>&

"

"

7

-

%233> &9

7 0)

7 "

9 " 9 %

"

"

7

%

9

#" 7 0

9 0,

0 "

7 9

" 9 &

&

" 9

#"

9 B #" Y % 02>4&0

9

7

"

" "

9 233>&0 "

%233>&

;$ "

" 7 " 7

9 "

" "

"

"

7

"

7 9

-

Y "66 Y / % &

"

0>@2 >@P&0

0

"

9>3 "

Y

"

X

7 "

" Y%

7

" #"

"

7

"

% &

0 9

" " 0 7

B

"

9 " 7

0

"

"

0 7 0* A

"

9 7

"

7

"

0

1.7 Dynamic assessment’s entanglement *

" 0,

"

" " "

"

%1

7

9 >F?F5 )

' " ' < ' " X " >FF?

9 >F?3&5

X

"

7

7 "

7

" 7 '

>F4F " < X %>FF?&

0 ,

7 "

" "

%>FF@& " "

>>

>FF2

0 $" "

"

F >3

"

7

7 "

7

"

9 "

7 "

" 7 7 9

%233>&

%-

9= 7

9(

"

9'

7 9

T

0. " 9 >FFR&0

" 9 0, 7 7 9 7

< " "

0

R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

9

#"

0*

0 X

"

233> ,

*

"

"

: "

"

7 "

4

"

" " "

7 #"

" "

2

0

0 +

"

-

%233> &0 *

"

"

7 %-

7 " "

T

9 233> &0 $

0

"

"

"

9

" "

Y 0

Y #"

"

"

9 " #" 7 9

%>FF2& #"

7

7

" "

"

P

9

Q0

9

7

"

%'

"

6
FF39 0>?&0 ,

%

0, "

" "

7

" "

7 7

" 9 233> &0 " 9 "

>F3Q& %-

"

7

"

" 7

0 2

0* "


& " 9 Y= " " ;D % 92R4&0 " " " 0(0 " A :"

X

9-

%233> & "


FF2&

9

" 9 7 %233>&

" 0(

"

A %>FF@&

"

0

@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

0< 7

Y

9

" " 7

" 7

"

"

0*

" Y 0, "

7

"

0,

9 7

"

"

"

9

"

P0

1.8.1 A personal note on philosophical affiliations ,

" "

"

9

A

"

" " 9

9

9

" " =

" " 0P&0 *

/ " A

9C

"

9

"

7

0 9 >F43&; ) 7

"

C "

$ " %>FFF&9 " 7 " %

$

C

7

&

" 9' .

9

9 $

"

0>Q $ "

"

7 7

" "

91

&

7

9

(

"

"

"

"

"

9

" 9 9 >F?29 0>P?&0 * " " D %>F439 7 "

D %< "

%

"

"

"

%

D % 07&0 "

"

9 < 51 ( 5 1 7 " 7 7

" 7

" ) 9 $ 7 " -" 9 (

5

" " 9

(

9

" 9 "

7

A 9

"

9

"

7

9

7

" " 6

C 9 " >R

" "

" D % 0Q3&0

7 9

9 >F?F&0 * %>F?R&

7 "

" "

9

"

A

A

"

%B"

" 0*

"

7 9 >FF3 5 -

T

9 >FF4&0 "

A

9

"

7 "

" ;=

9

* "

"

7

C " 7 "

D %-

" D %1 #" 9 >FF?9 043&

7

" "

=" C

9 &

7 %-

"

" &0 *

7

&9 "

" 7

9

9 >FF4&0 ' 9

" 0* 7 " " " %

9

,

T=

" "

% " :

0 %

&0 *

7 0*

""

#" A

7

"

"

"

"

>R

" 7 " 9

" 0*

7

>Q

9 >F?4&0 ( 9

%

"

"

#"

"

7 =

9 %+" :"

"

7 7

5

"

" " 7 9 >FF2&5

" #"

#"

9 9 "

7

%

"

9 "

0 #"

%-

T=

9 >FF4&0

4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0 '" 7

"

"

"

7 7 "

0= ;

; = " C 5 ;*

7

@

7 9 "

C

D

7 9 D % 0@?&

#"

97 A

7 " 9 " 9 7 #"

" "

" C

"

9

9 "

" 7

7 "

" 7 7

#" %

" 7 9 "

"

" 7 7 7

9 0*

9 "

"

5 "

#" 0

0 ( " 9 D " " ' %>FF?& 7 7 7

0

0

"

7

9

C

7

"

8-

"

"

9

0-

7 9 7 " 7

0 '" "

/ " 9

" 9

9

" " "

9 :"

:"

"

"

7 0 +

"

7 *

" 9 "

"

"

D

9

" "

9 233R&0 ,

9

"

"

7

9

"

"

"

#" "

8)

"

#" 9

"

0>4 *

"

9

9

"

"

"

" :

0,

9 " "

"

9

7

""

0,

C

D

" " 9

7 " 0, 7

"

7

" "

" 2 M Q9

"

9

9

" "

" "

0*

"

"

"

"

"

" &0 *

"

"

"

"

0

1.9 A map to the study *

"

" 7

"

7

"

C

"

%

DM

"

7

>

"

9

" "

'

9 7 "

>4

" /

7 9

"

"

0

7

%

"

2&

" %

"

"

7 "

"

"

%

"

7

"

29 "

"

P

7 "

"

"

"

" 0(

>@

" "

7 " "

% "

0*

&

"

& " 9 233P&0

"

9

"

9

"" 9 " 9

9

0 ??4] &5 5 X "

' , = 1 "

9-

5 ,

5

E" =

,

" %

'&

9

"

9 -

( "

- "

% - (&

"

- FFR&0 , '+9

" 0

"

"

7

2

9 "

9

"

"

9 3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

"

"

0

7 9 "

"

7

7

9

"

0

2.3 Model utilised *

"

7 "

"

7 "9

"

9

7

"

B0F4R&

7

" 0Q

7

7 7

7

" " " "

9 " "

"

" 7 0 '

9

"

A

7

7 "

" 7 "

"

"

9 #" 0, ( 5

" 0

"

A "

" P

A 7

9

"

" 9

7

"

9 " A

"

0 *

C D "

9

"

" "

9

7

"

0*

" 7 7 0

9 "

7

"

"

" " 0 = 9

7

"

0

2.4 Laying personal cards on the table: a deck of truth ,

"

"

" "

"

"

" "

" "

A 0

2.4.1 Geographic and socio-political location *

"

7

9- "

0

0

"

"

7 " "

" 0*

0

9

" "

"

9

" "

=

#"

"

" 7

9

"

"

0

2.4.2 Time " #"

0*

"

"

0*

" "

0 R

' "

& %"

"

9 >F?@& " C

@

"

*

" W

& "

"

9

%

" 0

C"

9 " 223R D

"

9 233R0 =

% ,

@

"

0 -"

"

%

7

"

/ R

" &0 * D

A

Q

"

7 %

7 "

0*

"

"

0 9 ' " " -

" & %= A

"

"

9 >FF@&0 "

8 %(

T.

9 233R&0

>>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

0 7 " 7 #"

7 " " 04 *

"

9

7

9

7

9

"

7 "

"

#"

" "

9 #"

"

"

"

"

0

2.4.3 Schooling within psychology
?4F

9 0? *

"

:

"

" "

7 9 "

"

7

""

&

0*

-

7

"

"

"

"

A

"

- "

7

"

233R 7

&

,

"

%

0*

"" %

" 7

9 0* "

0 +" 0 4

C " M

7 0 " " 7

% 7 0 " O " " M

% ,& M &7 0

"

"

2.4.5.3.1 Introduction '

7

7

7

"

>?

7

%

"&

9

7

" "

"

"

7

7

"

A

0,

"" ; %1 9 2333&0 , T 9 23339 0>F3&0 , " ;& " 7 " % " " " 7 " 7 7 5' T " " 0, 9 " :" " "" 0 ( 7 " " " A 0+ " ;D %-

"

7 7

"

"

C

% 0 -" "

" 7

#"

7 "

" 7

9 >FF4& 9 " 7

7 " 7 0* 7 " D7

7

"

7

#" " =

" 0

" C %233P9 0F& "

/ 7

" "

"

"

9

9

9

6

" "

"

"

0

2.4.5.3.2 The mind-body problem *

"

"

"

"

0 ' %
F?>&

"

0

>F

"

7

5

7 %-

>@ >4

" 9 =

% 9 (

"

9

"

9 >FFR5

7

7

7 "

9

>F

T

0' 7

"

A

7 7 "

:"

"

7

0 "

0 7 "

"" %

" 7 "

%FRF&0

#"

%

>?

23

9 '

#" "

, 7

& 7

"

% 7 9 >F?R5

7 " "

7

*

>4PF9

"

$

"

"

"

A %$

" 77 "

A

7

7

%

9 233> &9 "

"

"

D22 % "

C " A

C A

D

9C D " 7 7 0 (" "

9 >F?>&9 #" %B" 9 233>&0

%"

7 "

&

"

"

" % =^ ""

9 23335 ) 7 % "

Q

" "

9 23335 %

-

A

" 7 9 23335 9 23335 + 9 233> 5 9 233>& " & " " 7

E" 7

9 >FFP5 *"

9 >F@4&0

&

9 >F?F&0 7 " % 9 "

9 233>&

9

"

< "

9

7

"

&0 * 9 233R5

%-

9

"

%B : 7 T

9 "

9

"

"

0

:"

"

22

$ ("

% "

"

"

2R

7 " 5 -6 _ "

(

7

" "

"

%>F?F&&0 ' 0-

9.

" 5(

" 9 %233>&5

"

< " "

* 0, %2332&

" " " %)

D2R

C

9 233>&0

$ 1

9

"

%233P& 9 C

7 7 " "9 >FF@ &

9 >FF4&

2P 2Q

" AA %

GA

" 7 >FFR5

" 7

%(

9

7 "

7

:"

7 "

"

0*

"

7

"

9 233R&0 7 O

)

2>

7 7 7 " #" 9 2333&0 * " " #" 7 % 9 233R&0 * 7 7 % 7 7 " 7

-

* "

" 9 C D % 0Q2&0

"

"

"

9(

" & 9 >F?F5

"

"

"

7 7 & #" A

%

A

9 >F?F5

#" 7 7 9

#"

#" 7

" 9 >F@4& %

9 >F?P5 *"

"

" 02Q

T

7

" %233R&

= "

" 9 "

"

9

"

%

9 2333&

%

" 7 " 9 2333&0

%

7 "

9 >F?P5 $ " 9 6 9 233Q5 = 9 2332&0

" % 9 >FF?5 ' 6 9 >FFP9 23325 2P %

%

5 ( "

"

7

7 9

" 5

& %( 9 >F?@5

7

7 0* 9 233@&0

" "

9 >F?@&0 *

"

D " 7 9

6 A * A C " %= 9 >F4P " "

,, D 9 >F4@&0

7 "

" %

A

"

9 2333&0

" 9 #"

0 " "

7 9 7

"

C

#"

7

0 D

0

>R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

GA

" 7

)

D

7 7

9

"

"

9 9 >F@4& % "

9 >F?@524 *" 7 9 7 " 7 " "

%( "

%>F?3&0

"

7

D% "

"

" P0@&0 C* " 7 9 ( " 9 >FF?9 0@>P&0 *

"

"

7

9

"

2F

&0 , '

" % "

( " "

" " "

"

7 "

#"

%

B

7

7

0$ "

9

7 "

A %2333& #"

7 %2333&

( " I7 "

2F ,

" 7

B"

0* * "

9

P3

+

%

9

" 7 "

" "

7

"

C

D

9 233>&

6

9 >FF?&0

" "

" 9

"

7 "

"

"

7 "

7 D % 0Q?F&0 7

"

9 "

"

0

T

7 9 " 9 >F4>&0 + " 7 5( 9 233@&0 ( 7 0+ " 9 >FF25 ) 9 >F??&

7 " "

7

%

9

" 7 %B

9 >F425 ' "

"

"

" 7 % %
FFR&0 #" " 7 :" 7 " 7

;* " & 0

%

%>FFF&

7 7

9 233P 5

7 7

7

9 C

"

0 * 5C :

%-

5 "

9

"

%233P&

9 >F?F&0 =

9

7

%>FF?&

% "

"

7

"

2?

7

#" "

"

D%

9=

7 ( "

"

0*

7

9 7 "

24

" 1

= C

>?F3

" 7 "

7

%
FFR & : " D"

D "

7

" "

0

T +

9 >FFR&0 * " " O 0* " "

7

(

" 9 233>&

7

"

2@

7 7

"

"

"

"

"

%$ 7 9 " 7 % 02>P&5 " " 0 , 9

9 233P&

"

0,

7

7 9

"

%>FF?& % 024?& "

% 7

%B

"

"

" "

D 5 0 0 9 >F?@&0 '

" %< "

"

9 >F?Q& %

"

" 7

%

B"

" " C 9 233>5 -

"

2?

7 " "

" P3

"

9

%" 9 233P& 9 >FF4&0

%' " 0

"

A " 7 " 9

7

"

7

"

"

"

9

""

P

"

7

"

"

0 * " 9

" +

"

" 9

>FF@&0 *

9 >FFR &02@

9 233P 5 B"

"

7 #"

%
F?Q& "

"

"

" 0

%)" C 7

7 7

9 233P5

"

9 >F?>&9

"

D

"

2

0

"

7

7 7

< ( $

$

) 7

9 >F?Q9 02>4&


FFF5 =

:"

"

G " U

9 >FFR5 "

5 9 233>&

%=

9

A
FF4&0 * 7 0 5

=

0 A %233R & "

" % 9 >FF4& 9 7 " 9

" " 9 "

a

"

&0

7 "

P>

"

" 7

"

D %=

= 7 7 D % 022>&9 " D % 02??&0 ( " 9 >FF@&0 * G " A " %$

9C C

"

"

%

7 7 5P>

"

" " " 0 *

9 >FFR&0

>4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%>FFQ&P2 % M 7

7 " "

"

0 +" C

"

"

7

"

"


FFF& 9 7

*

7 "

D%

:"

"

" " 9 " 7

"

"

7

"

9 >F??&9 " 7 "

" "

-#"

9 >FFQ&

7

9 C,

" D % 022?& %B

T

9 2333&0 7

"

" "

7

9 0(

PP

"

7 %

%

* %$ 69 >F?P&0 ,

T)

7

" "

" & 9 >FFR5 9 >F?F&

" " % 233P5 $

"

%

&9 "

7 "

9

7 " & "

0

7 %

=

P@

9

0

9 >FF4&9 9 >FFR&0 *

%

" & 7 " %1 9 % 9 2333&

7 " 7

"

9 % 1

9PQ

7 "

7

PR

9 233P&9 7 "

"

7 "

7 " 7 A7

9 233P&

7

" 9

%( 9

"

"

"

" "

"

9

0

2.4.5.3.4 G–dominated vs. multiple intelligence (MI) – dominated leanings towards the understanding of intelligence 7 9

" 9

" * : "

"

"

"

9 7

" " 7 &C

%< 9 233R9 0QF2&0 233R & %

PR

"

" "

9 7

0*

P4

9

7

T$ 7

9

T+

D

9 233R9 0QP>&0 ,

" 0

"

D 79

&

#"

"

5

C

7

7

#"

"

D %>FFQ9 0PP>&0 "

"

" " "

0

0 7 "

9C D

7 " 7

7

C

D

7 "

" 7 "

"

9

"

A

%

7 " 9 2333 &0

0 " " "

" A " " " % 0( 9 >FFR " &&0 " A " :

7 9

" %-

9 "

"

C

7

9 23339 0@Q&0 7 "

"

% &

0*

0, 7 "

"

"

C "

.

9 9 9 233P & 9 >F??& "

% "

5 " P@

" "

"

"

9

A

7

%-

" 7

"

0

"

" 7 "

C

"

7

9.

#"

D%

"

"

9

9 "

" PQ

7 7

"

= " ,

9

% D %+

PP

"

" 9 >F?>&0

" 9 >FF4 5P4 " " T 9 2332& 0 " 9 23 7 " "

>F3Q % 9

%
?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0 7 " " C -

"

7

7

7 %$ "

A %< Q0 " &

" C " D 9 >F?25 , 7 7 7

7 9 233R&5 7

Z

[

9 7 7

I7 P? 9 >F?45 -

7

" 9 >FF>& D%

9 >FF?9 0P&0 " " " 7 0 9 7 "

7 7

7 "

" "

7

7

"

"

-

7

!" 9 "

7 T

%( %-

"

%

0, 7 7

9 >F?@5 ' &7

A

9 >FF@5

9 ( %-

T U

" T*

9 >FF@5 B " #"

"

9 >FF@&0 , 7

7

9 >FF4 5 B 9 >FF45 " 9 " " " #" "9 233@5 B " TB " 9 233@5 . 0= "

$ " #"

"

#"

; '" PF

%( 9

9 9" "

7

"

" 9 >FF4&0 ,

$ D5 7

" 9 233@& "

%

" 9

#"

" "

7

5

%,

9 $

%

9 >FF45 1

Q>

'" %

E" %>?QF& 9 >F445 9 >FF35 Q2 ) A "

6 9 >FF>5 ) 6 % "

P?

=

7 -

" * A

Q3

7 8 " 9 233P&0

-

Q>

9 >FF@5 " " 9 >F??5 -

9 >FFF&

"

A

"

9 >F?>5 *

%>FFF&

"

9

" 9 >FF4&0

" :

9

" "

#" " %

" "

" 9

"

"

A

"

% "

7 9 >F4F&5

" B"

-

"
FF4 5 $" < >F34 %$" < 9 >F43&0 * & 7 7

"

7

A ) 9 233>&0 %< :

" 0)0 * 9 >FFP&0

7

7

0)

9

" 9 7

" "

%

"

9 >F43&0 *

%
FF>&0 Q2 (

7

$

% "

*

"

D

'

D

0

"

%>FF4&&0

9 >F4?&0 7 " 9 >F4R&0

5-

C "

V0

%2333&5 B 7 C

"

7

PF

"

7 "

7

Q3

9 >FF? 5 9 9 T " T 9 >F?@5 B 7 9 >FF45

>?RF5 (

%

D "

7

T= 7 5

"

C

A %>FF4&

7

% %


F?>&0 & %$

A

0'

9 9 >FF2&0 * %$

7 " 7

"

>F

9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

C

7 7

& %
FF49 >FFF5 7 #" 9 >FF4&0 +

%

:"

#" * 7

"

A

7 "

C 7

9 "

#"

7 "

C "

"

#"

"

" #"

"

9

"

" "

#"

7

9 >FF? &

233Q &0 (" " "

"

&

9

"

" " :

"

7

7 5 )

T . 7

" " %

& T1 9 233Q&0Q@ 9 233R& "

0 * 9)

( "

%>FF4&

"

9-

T

%B

QR

"

=

" "

Q@

"

"

7

9
FF4&0 * 9 %

" 5 C

D

T

9

#" 7

0* 0

%=

9 >FF4&0

7

"

5
F?R&0

9

9 >FF4&0 *

" 7

"

9 233R5
FF4& "

5

" "

9 < "

9

T 9 >FF?&0 *

" T
FF@& "

0*

" :"

7 "

9

" #" "

QQ

#" "

:"

7 "

QR

%

" 9 0 0

,E

"

7

,

% 9 2332 0QP *

QQ

% 9. 9 - "6 T = " 0 *

9

0

0

#" 7 "

7

7

0

7 "

7

"

" 7

7

"

%$

" "

"

#"

9 "

7 7

7

7

" 51

"

0 =

7 "

7

"

% :" 7 #"

9 "

0 7 "

7

0*

7

D 7

" " " "

"

"

7

" "

$

9

" #"

" 7

7 9

7 9

"

( "

" : A %233P& 7 "

"

9

0 ,

7

79 233R&0

7 "

5 7 "

D0 ;*

5

"

D

#"

" "

" 0 -"

7

9

%-

5C % 0?>&0 *

" : &0 *

D "

9

D0 *

*

0

9

9

"

" 7

7 "

C 7 7

" "

7

C "

Q&9

": ,E

9 233R

0 %

9 >F??& %

8&

23

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>FF@&0

7

7 "

" " %$"

" 9 >FFQ&0

T
FFQ&0 " 9 23335 =

%
FF45

T $ 0 -"

"

"

7 "

7

"

;+

5 "

%

:" "

" #" %(

"

" "

M

7

"

7 "

5 7 9 T =

0 9

9 >FF45 ,

9

" "

:"

"

9 >FF45 7 "

"

7

"

" 9 >FF>&0 *

" 0 *

0*

9

7

"

7 #" "

"

C 7 "

7

7

"

"

"

0

7 "

1

9 "

*

7

" "

"

"

" 1

"

" "

:

7

"

,

7

0 * "

0 ("

"

7

" 9 "

7

C

D 7

0 7

"

""

" 7 "

" "

"

" 7

&

7

0*

7 " M

(

"

7 7

#" 7

0 -

"

0* "

7 "

7 "

9

7

"

"

0

"

" 0,

"

=

"

7

" &0 1

#" D

" 9

7

" 7 C

7 % 7

"

M

0

"

" 0

"

%

"

"

.

0

7 " A %>FF? &

01 "

7

D "

"

"

"

-"

7

"

&

0*

"

9 "

"

#"

Q4

" "

9

"

"

"

"

T

7 9

"

T

>0

"

" "

"

" " "

7

7

" " ; 1" 9

9 >F?@&0

7

0 , 7

T

" 69

"

"

"

" 233Q 5 =

9 -

"

"

9 0Q4

D

% 0)*

" 0 >FF@&

C

9

"

C #" D " A %>F?3& C " $

% D 7 " 9

"

"

9 C

" "

"

" D %233Q9

0>>&0

2>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" *

"

"

"

" 7 0

>0

"

A C

" "

DM

"

" "

1 " M 7

7

0

"

A

"

"

"

*

"

*

"

9 7

"

0

A "

"

" A

0 *

*

A

5

M "

0 1 "

7

"

"

" 01 7

#"

0

%"

*

"

9 >FF? & "

M

"

7

A

% "

9

" "

A

"

A

C

% &

7

0 * "

7 "

A "

0* " "

7

"

7

"

0

" "

" "

7 7 "

"

7

A

C

"

"

DM

"

" #" "

"

"

0-

9

%

" 9 >FF4&9 A

T-

9 233Q5

9B

0

9

7 0 "

7

0

$

A %$

"

7

0*

" "

7 7

" "

7

" "

7

1

#"

"

" "

0

"

"

0

D

"

0

" 7 9

" 7

-

0! 9 C

"

" " " 9

"

@0

" " 0* % 9

7

"

" 0

"

" "

0)0 *

&

7 "

9

"

"

0*

"

7

"

"

" 0

=

A

"

" &

D

R0

A

"

"

"

" "

7

A 7 1

"

Q0

" 9 )

" "

%

9 A

0

A

A

" 9 " " & "

"

9

P&0

7

"

(

" " "

"

P0

7

"

7


F3Q " * 7

7

" "

0

"

" 7

7

A

" "

7

0

C 7

M* -

" "

"

" "

A

%*

A

"

"

9 20

-

" "

U

0

"

"

T

9 233R&0


F?R&0

7

"

"

" " " "

%1

" / "

"

T$

9 233Q5 C C

"

#" %

"

7 7

% " 9 >FFQ&0

" %$ 7

9

"

"

D "

"

9

"

C

" 9

0

"

7 9 9 >FFQ&0

66 9 >FF25 -

Y

#" 7 9 >F?@5 ) 9 >FP35Q? " D C 0, % " 9 2332& D 0* " " " " 9 9 >F?2& 7 " " "

"

" "

M "

"

7 %>F?R& 7 " " D "

( 7 " "

"

C

" "

M

7 "

:" 7

"

" 7

" "

T 1" 9 233R& 7 7

D % 022P&0

0

2.4.5.3.5 Emergence (irreducibility) vs. reductionism *

"

"

"

0 ( " 7 9QF

7 #"

"

"

%

" " 9 23335 U

0R3 •

"

" "



9 >F435 . "

7

" 9 233R &0 F?R&

"

7

7 "

*

9

"

9 >F43&0

" " 9 " 7

"

9 6 A T * 7 9 >FF?5 " 9 233P& "

7 0' 7 %) 6 TB 7 " 7 " %
&

9

"

9 >F435 . "


FF25 1 9 >FF4&0 $ 7 ;%>F?4& 0 7 " 5 7 RP " " 7 0* "

8+

7

" %

" 9 *6" "

* "

7 " "

#"

" A

"

9

"

"

"

"

C

"

%>FF@ & "

9 "

" : 7

"

< "

& 9 >F??& " "

0 * %

"

RP

"

"

& )

C

"

7

%-

7 9 >FF4&0 -" 7 0 '"

" "

7

"

7 7

A

"

7" D % 02F&

9 "

"

" *

7

9

:

7 " " C

" /C D % 02>4&0 5

" 7 " 0 * " " " %233Q& 7 " 0* 0 7 " 7 " 7 &0 - " %233Q& " G "A "

7

A

" %2333&

7 7

9

"

% " "

" "

" "

" %-

7 9 233>&

8( #"

%

" *"

0 FF4&0

" "

&0 !

" "

.

9 7 " 7 "

"

9 >FFP&0 ,

7 "

7

9 233R&0 -

%>F?4& " "

"

0 5

"

7

"

" "

7

5 ( >FQF9

0*

5 7 D % 0Q?3& %233>&

" #"

D % 02R3&0

"

"

"

:

"" 0 0

2Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%

9

&0 F?@5RQ

"

7

P " 7

%

9

7 #" 7

% S

0$ T+6

9 233R&0

% S

9 233R9 0>2Q&

T

( "

"

.

7 "

( "



7 /

/



bb

• • 7 "

/

• •

∗$

"

* "

bb " "

0 9 233R&; =

%)

9 7

C

"

D

; =

7

"

"

7

"

" "

"

7

7

" " 7

5

7 %

6T-

9 233R&0 *

#"

" %=

7 "

C* "

; "

9 0
FFF&0 9

9 233R5 = 7 " 7

7 "5

9 >F43&0 * 7 " " "

9

7 "

7 " %

" "

" 9 >FF@5 B

%
F?4 &0 *

"

"

7

7

RR

:"

0

97 "

"

" B

"

9

C

" 0=

9 A %>FFF&

#" 7 %>FFF9 022@&

=

7

7 " 9

" 9

"

A 7

"

7

7 "

7 =

7 "

9 ;

M

7 "

&

"

C

0(

7

"

7 5

5 D&

%

"

D%

"66 T=

" 9 >FF45 *" " 7 ;

" "

0, "

" 0 F?4 5 *"

0= %-

"

9

9

7 "

233P&0 *

" 7 9

7

"

;

7

9

7

7

"

" " %>FFP& 7 9 %C 7

A

9 0@&

D

9 7 0* " " M #" 0D

" " 9

7

7

R@

7 " 9

9 M "

" "

"

9 0 7 "

7

7 9

"

% " C 9 23329 0R3>&0 =

7 9 >F?4 &

%

"

" "

T

7 " 9 T - " 9 >FF@5

9 >FFR&0

*

" "

" " "

"

T

9 "

9

:"

0

2.4.5.3.6 Realist vs. relativist approaches towards research *

"

"

7

7

0

7 9

7

7 7

D % 0>4& 7

RR R@

1

= 9 23335 % %
F@?5 =

" " 7 D %- " 9 233Q9 0P2&0 , 7 D% W9 >F??9 7 0

"


?Q3 C* " 9 23335 = 9 >F??&0 = A " B 7 10-0 & T( 9 >F@?5 + 9 >F?@5 *" 9 >F@4&0 9 >F?>5
FFR&0 )

C "

7

% "7 "

$

C 7

" 7

7

" +

0 "

7 0>?&0

"

"

D% "

#" 7 "

9 2332&0 * B" A "

" "9

=

A A

A

" 9 233Q5 7 "

"

#"

" 7

7 " "

;

2@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

0 *

" "

"

0

7 9

" W %233>& " 9 " D % 0>33&0 ' % " < "
F?F& " D 7 9 7 9" 9 >FF3&0 *

: B BL

7

" "

#"

" 9 233R&

%
FF?& Q% %-

6 9- : " 7 "

%< 7

7 " 9 2333&0

T %>FF4&

7 "

" "

7

"

" A %>FF4 & % 0>2P&0 (

7 "

" 5

> %


FF45 < %B

9$

" " 7

7 9

" C

T

"

"

"

RF

9

9 233>&0 !

" "

" 9 "

" " 7 "

7 "

9

5

"

"

7

" 7

" A

7

7

" & " 7 O %( 9

" "

A

9 >FF@&0 *

7

" " 7 9 >FF4& C " 7

"

" 7 "

7

"

9 >FF49 0Q>R&0 7 " @3 " 9 %>FFR& 9 7 9 " " 7 9 " % W9 >F??&0 5 - 7 B %233P& "

" "

9 7

D %

9 233> &0 !

C 9 233P9 0>P&0 B " ' 9 7 " "

%

"

%

" 7

"

" 9 233P&0

"

C D " 9 >F@R5 " 9 >FFQ9 23325 " " 0 7

(

7

& %=

RF

C

"

%

7

7

7

7 7

9 >F?@&0 *

7 D0 A %< 9 >FF45 < " 9 233P9 023R& " % T + 7 9 2333& 9 C G 7 7 " 5( 9 >FFF5 " " 7

"

"

"

%$

7

"

" B" "

@3

%

7

#"

"

R?

9 7

"

(

&5 D %B " 9 >FF4&0 , 9 7 9 9 7

"

9

"

-

R4

%

" " 9
&0 9 233>5 6 9- : 9 7 9 233>5 9 233>5 = < " :

" 9$ 9< 9 2332&9

" TB"

9 >FF3&

7

9 233>&0

24

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

" "

%< "

C 0,

Q&0

" "

7

"

#"

9

"

< 7

"

"

9 7


FF?9 23339 233>9 23329 233P&5 < %233R& " " " "

7

"

"

%
9 233Q9 233R&

" 7 9

"

5

P C

7

%

" "

"

%

"

D

"

"

9 233R&0 * "

:"

"

7 "

&0 *

%>FF49 >FFF9

0 (

"

"

" 6

U 7

0

"

7

>FFR&0 , " " % % 9 233P5 " 233Q5 233R&0 * " 9 >F?3& " , * 9 " < 9 7

"

0 , " "

0@P $ 9 "

7 ;

"

" " 9 2333&0 , 9 >FF?& " " "

"

" "

" " = "

" " " " 9 >F@P& 7

" %(

"

"

" % "

T

9 9

9

#"

%

"

9

&0




%233>&5 %>FFP& " 7 " ( " "

B "

0 "

D

"

"

C 7

0*

%-

9 0

"

"

7 0 FFR&0 0

0 FF45 = 9 233P& D5 < 9 >FF?9 0@@& C

$

9

"

" "

" " %-

"

7 "

"

9 "

"

" 7

" 9 " D0

" 233>& 7 7

9 233>5 9 9 >FFP5

%

7"

0*

9

9

"

"

" "

%-

9

#"

7 0* %>F?@9 0P22&

%

"

"

"

@P

" & Q?3 "

"

0=

9

@>

%Q?3 6 7

0$ U

" 9

7

@2

" "

@2

7 7

"

7 9

0 FFF5 = 9 >FFF&9 7 " " " " 7 D %)

9 :" C D9 9

) 0* 7

"

%"

"

9 >F?4 &0 * %$ 7

9 >FRF9 0?4& " " #" " " C D 7 " 7 7 7

9 >FF4&0 C, 9

7

7 #" %$ ) " 9 >FFQ&0 =

7

" % " #" 7 C d 9 233>&0 * " 7 7 9 " " " %< 9 233> 9 233> 5 ( 9 >F?@5 ( >FF45 9 >F?4 5 - 7 9 2333& @R 9 % " T " " " 7" 7 " " 0" 7 9 " , 7 " @@ " #" 7 % Q&0 % & 7 " % " 9 >FFP & " 9 7 7 " 9 = " " " " " " " 9 7 " " 7

C D " 9 69 23325 9 23335 9 233R5 " 9 0@Q , 9 233Q5 1" 9 >F@35 9 >FF@5 9 " 9 233>5 ' 9 23335 9 2333&; * % 9 >FF?5 " 9 2333&9 " " : 9 %2333& 0 D5

" "

"" C 7 D " #" 7

" " 7

7

9

"

Q0 9 >F?P&0 *

%

7 "

" " 9 >FFF9 022P&0 * 7 D 7 7 Q0

D%= C

" % 0 ! 9 C

"

" 7 "

7

#" %

"

7

" "

"

"

" 9 23335

9 T " O " " "

" &

"

" *

7

"

"

7

7 7

"

;

7

9

9

C %>FFF&

" " %

" "

C"

"

'7

$ "

"

7 "

7

9

@4

9-

9 " 9

"

7 9

"

/

A

%>F?F&

7 7

0

@R

" % 0

& ;=

7 "

" "

" ;

7 "

5 %
&0 * 7 A %

9 9 233Q&9 9= 7 "

"

" 7

"

% " 7 9 >FFF5 - "

9 2333&0 + I7 "

7

9

: 7 9 233>&

%

9 233>&0

7

" "

"

9 "

"

C " D " "

7

&% ;D ,

"

"

7

7

5 "

%B"

7

7 "

: "

:

"

9 >FFQ&0 ,

*

" "

"

7 9 %1 T E" " %FFP&0 9 2333&0

"

" "

" " "

"

7 5

7

0

2F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0 ,

7 " "

7

"

"

0(

"

%=

9 233P&

A

7 6

" #" % " %-

&

"

9 >FFP&

"

7

"

0(

7

" %

"

T

9 >FF45

" "

0(

7 "

%

A %>FF4& " &

" "

' "

0

"

Q

9 >FF45

"

7

T ' "

9

9

"

A " 0

" 7

T '

" 9 >FF4&

A

" 7

"

C

D

C

0

D0

"

7 7

O

" "

Q

0

7 7

=+ )$ >

7

=+ )$ =+ )$ ,

=+ )$ 2 7

=+ )$ < =+ )$ ,,

=+ )$ P =+ )$ ( =+ )$ ,,,

=+ )$ Q =+ )$ $ =+ )$ ,.

=+ )$ 2 ,-

) *,. *+ =+ )$-
F?@5 T 9 >FF45 T 9 >FF4& " " % O 7 & " " " " 7 " " % " 9< T= 9 >FFQ5 = 9 >FFF&0 " " " " " " 5 " " " " 7 " " " " %) 9 >FFR&0 ! 7 " " % 7 7 " " " " 7 & 7 7 7 " " A 7 %( T '" 9 >FF>& 7 " ,E %) " 9 >FF>&0 ! 9 7 7 " 7 % " & % 7 & %1 9< 9 @F 9 B T " 9 >FF4&0 * " " A A " %-#" 9 >F?@5 . " 9 >F?4& " " 7 "5 " 0* " 7 7 7 7 9 7 % " 9 = T 9 233R&0 7 " " 7 " " " % T) 9 >FF45 . T -"6" 9 233>&0 * " 7 " 9 " #" " " " " %-"6" T . 9 >FF4&0 %2333& 7 9 C " G A D % 0>2P&043 * 7 " " 7 " %( 9 " 9 $ < " T ) 9 >FF4&04> * 7 " " 7 "" 0 * " 7 " 7 7 %< T' 9 >FF4&0 >F4> (0 0 = 9 " 7 7 7 " 7 7 " % 9 >FFQ&0 *

"

%

& %'

"

9 >F?35

"

0

" " D5 7&

A "

" " T
FFQ :"

#" /

42

7

C

"

9

"

"

A

"

"

7

7

TB

7 %

"

4>

" "

" C

( 233P&

M "

"

"

%>FF4 & "

7 %+

"

" 9

9 233R&0 , 7 " " %=

"

"

%< "

" "

7

&

9

"

7

42

"

7

7

"

A

"

7

" D % 0RP>&0 "

" 7 "

9 >FFQ&0 "

+ " 7 ) "9 + 9 9$ ' 9 T " 9 233R5 9 233R5 233Q&0 , " T 9 >FF4&0 7 " #" &

7 9

"

&

@F

9 233@9 "

9 >FF4&

9 233R&0 %

@?

9 >FF4&0 %

7 9 7 " 7

T 0 +

7

" 9

+ ( 43 +

7

7

" %

%

" 7 5 $

" 6

%-

" %C

"

"

"

"

7

7 9 +A 99- " T ) " 9 233R5 = 7 9 ( 7 9 7 %< T

7 " 69

99( 7 "

69 9 $X ,E % 9 >FF4&0

" T

% &0 " 9 >FF45 , " : "

$

5 >FF4&0 8

"

7 0 FF4&

D

"

99 9$

9 9 7 9 ) *" 79 -6 9 T % 7 9

P>

0 9 9 9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%(

9

" 7

,E T ) 9 >FF4&0 ,

" 9$ FFQ5 -

" 9 233R5

7

" 7

T

9 >FFQ5

%$

"

9.

9 FF4 &0

"

" 7 " ; " "

" " 0 *

%

"

C

D

" 7 0 " " 9

7 0

0

9 "

" 7 0

7

9 "

"

2.4.5.3.8 Static vs. dynamic assessment of intelligence and potential "

" " 0 *

7

" "

7

"

"

7

9 "

7

"

%

" 7

"

7

4R

"

0*

"

" 7

0
FF@& "

5-

9

0*

"

"

0! 9 "

" 7 0

:" #"

"

9 7 0,

"

;+

;

2.5 Summary *

7

"

& "

%=

9 233P&0

#" "

"

"

" "

"

% 7 "

7

"

7

0 *

" 0,

;* " 0' "

7

" "

"

" 9 7

"

A

7

7

7

"

9

9

" 9

9

% "

& "

:"

7 0

"

"

7 7

20Q

" 0 *

"

"

0

, "

7 9

"

0 *

"

:"

7 "

/

#" "

"

9

7 7

"

9

7

"

"

" 0 ,

"

7 7

7

" 7

&

7

% "

7

9 9

"

" 7

PP

9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

" " " 9

7 "

9

7

"

"

" A

"

"

7

7

A "

"

0* 9 " ;

04@

"

7

"

7

"

" " " " %

7 " 7

M

"

&0 ,

7

7

7 "

" "

7

"

9

7

"

" 044 ,

7 "

0

(

0 + 9 "

9 " "

7

7

"

7

"

04?

"

0 -

"

7

" " 5 ) 7 .

0* B

9

7 "

7

7 9"

0

- 7 -

"

0

2.6 Dynamic assessment within intelligence * 7

"

7

7

"

" 7

"

"

9

" 0

7 5

7 "

7

0 * 9

" 9

"

"

"

7

9

7

"

7

0)

"

9

"

" "

R0 '

0 * 9

"

"

"

" 0

2.7 Dynamic assessment: fundamentals $

7 " 9

#" >FF?5 B >FF45

9 9= 9< 9 >F?45

T %< : 9 >F?Q5
FF?5 B T 9 2332&0 , " %( 9 >FF>5 % & 9 >F?F5 = 9 233P&0

' " " 0 " M

7

9 7

0 + " 7

7 "

' 9" 9

&

" 9 &

7 9 >FFQ5 T9 T< 9 >F?F5 ) 69 >FF>9 ) 69 " " T ( 9 >F?? 5 9 >FFP5 "

7

%

CB

" D %>FF29 023>&

"

"

" 7 C

7 9

;! 9

D

7 "

"

7

#"

;

0

:" 7

,

A

0*

0 " 7 0+ " " 7 "0+ 9 7 9

7 9 0 7

0

PQ

7 "

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

.

7

&

"

% %'

9
FF4& " 7 A " % " T( 9 >F?? & 9 9 >F?@5 9 >F??5 9 >FF4& 7 %< T F4@5 " " 9 " 7 >FF4&0 *

"

"

7

%

"

7 9 >F?@&0 * 9 %) 69 >FF2 &0 ,

7 % 9 >FF@&0

7

%' "

"

"

9

7

(

9=

9

"

T

9 >FFP5 '

6< 7 " 9 >FF@&0 * % T( 9 2333&0 *

7 %( 7 " 7 4F % 7

69

9= 9-

T< "

" ,

7 5 $

9 C

7

D 7 9 " 9

9

T

"

7 7

T ) 9 2333& 7

"

9 " "

&9 %< 9 9 >FF2&0 ,

T$

" " "

7

" 9 %$

7 " "

" "

7

9 >FFP&0 %

"

""

5

"

"

7

"

" ' " " "

,

A

"

" 0 +

% F?Q&0 * 7 " T
FF2&0 ) " " A
FFR&

T(

7

% "

9 >FF2&0 ' " %' " " 7

9

A " 9 >FFQ& 7

"

" & %) 69 >FF2 5 %$ 9

. " 7

0* "

7

9 2333 &0

9

0$ " %(

"

"

• • • • •

* ( * "

7

7

"

$ 7

7

C

7

7 D

7 7

9 :"

9 "

%(

7 " %

T

"

T=

9 2333&0 *

"

9 2333&0 ' "

"

+

"

7 7

-

4F

0(

9 >FFQ&/

%-0 ' "

"

7

7

7

7

9

0

PR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

2333&5

7 0

"

5 " %*6" T B 9 >F?4&0 * " 9 " 9 23325 < 9 $ 9 . 9 FF4&0 * ;$ 7 & & %( #" • • • • • •

7

7

7

69 >F?4&0 "

"

. ""

%$

%

% 233>&0 )

7

A A U $

%" " T B"

9 &

9

" D

"

/

7 7 %

5 B 6"

"

9 233R&

: "

7

"

8 (

R

"

7

"

"

A "

7

"

0

$ " (

" "

7

""

5 0 0

7

7 "

" 9 2333&

T( 7 " " A

" %" 7 " 9 2333 9 2333 5 *6" %FF3&0 7 " % 7

T 7

7

7

%$ 7 :

& %< 7

!

" 5

7

%' 9 7 9 7 "

9 >FFP&0 "

O

"

0 9$

7 9 T< 7 " 9 >FF4&0?3 $

9 >FFP&0
F?45 *6" T' " 9 >FF25 - " % T

9 2333&0 *

"

" 7

#"

7 7 " 9" " " T + 6 9 >FF25 *6"

9 )

69 9 = " 9 >FFF&0 *


FF2&0 * %< 9(

&%

7

7 9 >FF2&0 * " % - "9- " 9U T' : 9 2332&9 7 A " " 2333 5 1 9 2333&0 ( " 7 7 " " 7 >FFR5 9 >FFR&0 * " 9 " 9 " " " *

"

% ' "

%

T-

" 9 23335 1

7

" 7

7 7

0*

7

0

9 (

T $"

" 7 % "

9 >FFQ5

T


"

7

"

"

& % " 9

"

" " " " 9 233>&0

%

9

" 7

" 9

%

7

A

7 "

7 7 "9

"

" "

"

"

233P &0 7 " 7 #" 7 7

" " T.

9 >FF25

7

"

#" 0 * 7 " " " & %' 9 2333&0 ,

9

"

& 7

9 2333&

9

%

7 "

" 7 " .

9 >FFP&0

7 "

T 9 >FFP&0 ( 5 0 0 %B 6" T 9 2332&?> " " 7

" T(

"

"

9=

7

B

" % "

7

T

& "

7 "

' " .

% 7

&

0 ' "

.

" "

% &

8&

7

" "

"

"

" %"

" 0,

" " %

>FFR&0 + , * 9

"

?2

"

.

7 "

9

9

#"

9 "

"

0( "

" 7

7 %

0

7

0 7 "

"

0*

0*

" " "

#" 7

"

7

" ?P

9

7 9

9

0

9B

7

" %=

"

" " T=

" " 0 9 >FF@&0

#"

77

T

9 >FF2&0 * "

7

P4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

?Q

0*

7 9

" " 7 " A

7

7

" 7

"

7

%B

"

7 C

7

7

&% " 7

7 "

7 " "

7

#" 9 233P&0 ( " 9 7 0

% "

"

#"

"

" "

" $

D 9 7 9 233P&0 (

9

. "

7

5

"

A

"

T T *6"

" 9

.

7 %

9 2332&0 $ 9 >FFR&0 ) " 7 7 " " 9 7 " % 9 >FF@&0

7 " 9 >FF4&0 ,

7 ?R

7

?Q

?R ?@

+

"

T

" 9 >F?4 5 $

9 >FF@5 .

9 $

9 .

9

" %(

T
F?45 ) 69 7

" 7 " "

7

7

" T(

9

T

" "

" #" 9 >FF25 ' "

9 9

91 " "

%< 9B

T *6" %) "

9 >F?4&0 9 >FF35

9 2332&0 * " %FF2& " " 7 %( 9 >F?F5 ( T $ 9 >FF2&0 , 9 : ,E ?4 7 " %< 9 ( 9 = T 9 >FFP&0 * 9 7 % " . 7 U $5 C 7 7 D5 ( 9 23339 04& " 7 7 %< T ' 9 >F4F5 $ 9 9 T < 5 9< T( 9 >F?@&0 < " 7 " 7 % 9 T 9 >FF@& " 0* " " 0* " 9 " " " " " " 0 9 A 0, " " % " R & " %B 7 T 9 233Q&0 " " " ,E " 0

"

" 7 "

":

"

" 7 7

7

% " 7 & 7 T. 9 >F??&0

%

"

=

M 9

"

A

9

"

%

" - " 0+

?4

%
FFP 5 9 *6" T . " 9 >FF25 T 9 >FFP5 1 9 >FF25 9= T . . :7 9 >FFP&0 + " 9 9 7 %B T 9 >FF@&9 " " % " 9 >FF@5 *6" 9 >FF@&0 , " 7 9 7 " % " &% = 9 >F?2& " 7 " " 7 " %F4>5 9 233>&0?F , " 7 " 7 " " " " " %. T -"6" 9 233>&0 %-

T

" 7

7 D 0F3 7

C 6 . 7 "

"

"

"

%
F?45 9 >FF@5

9 .

" " %7 " "

%

& 6

&

7

9 >FF@5 9 >FF25 - " T 9 >FF2& 7 % T 9 >FF@5 < : 9 >F?Q5 B T - " 9 >FF@5 U " T 6 9 2333& %C D 7 C D &0 , " " " " %. 9 >FF4 5 ' 9 >FF4& " " C D C D 0 7 " " " 0 7 9 7 " 7 7 7 7 6 7 " 7 " " C D% 9 >FF4&0 * " 7 %. 9 >FF4 &0 $" 7 " 9 " " 7 " 9 7 0 ' " A 7 " " 9 7 " 0, " 7 " - " 7 9 " " %- " 9 >FF@& 7 " 7 %- " T 9 >FF3&0 ' " " " " #" %< "7 9 >F425 + 9 >F42& " " " 7 %) 69 >FF2 &0 , 9 *6" %233>& - " %>FF2& A " - " " 0 $ A 9 " " - " " 9 9 9 7 " #" " 0 *

7

%FF4&0 ' " A ) " 9 9 " " 7 >FR3A % 0-0 ' " 9 2333&0 *

9

7

9 7

*

F>

" " "

"

7

"

"

" 9 %) 69 >FF4&0 * " " " 7 " " % 9 2333&0 $" " #" 7 9 7 7 7 "

9 " 0

7 9

"

7

"

7 7

" "

< "

%

9 >FF@&

"

%FF4&0 7 "

% ": "

9(

:

T

9 >FFP&0 , " 7 " T= 9 2332&0 *

7

"

" 7

%

A

" "

7 " 7 "

0* "

"

5

7

"

"

7 "

"

6

% " " %' " 9

" " 7 9 1

" & 9 B

#"

7

T

9 >F?4&0

"

7 "

"

#" ' "

7

"

7 1

" % " % 9 233P& 9 23335 ) 69 >FF4&0 , F?45 ' " 9' " 9' 9 2333 5 9 23335 = 9 23325 = " 7 9 >FF2& % " " " 7 7 %1 9 2333&0

% 9

23335 ) " >FFR&0 *

9 >F?4 5 ( 9 >F?45 "

7 5B 7 2333&9 "

%FF2& " %*6" " "" 9 23335 ) 69 2333 &0 $

T "

T

" "

"

" 9 "

F>

"

"

9 "

*6"

"9

7

"

"

"

%2333 & "

& 7

T 9

9 23325 1 9 T = 9 %= 9 2332& "

"

" 7 " 7

%1

"

- " 9 "

" " "

9

" #"

" #"

"

7 "

0 9

%

9 2333&0

"

"

" "

0

Q2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 9

7

"

7

9 >F?4

- "

" 6

"

' "

%- " 9 B $ %- " 9

A )

-

T1

0, " "

" 6 9 23329

% "

"

%) 6 T * 9 >F?4& 9 233@&0 * " % #" e 9 23325

T 7

7 >F?4&0 * 7 %) 69 >F?>&0 (" "

%1

T' "

9 >F?4&0 * " 5F2 " 7

" %) 69 >FF45 ) 0 %) 69 233>5 ( " " " "

7



T

- 7

T
&0 * 7

9 >FF4&

9"

" 7 " T7 "

#" = " 7

"9- " 9U

T'

:

9 2332&

9 >F42&0 *

7

"

7 " "

" "

7 7

"

9 "

"

" 7

:"

"

"

"

>FF3&0 *

>

" 0* "

"

%-

0 *

9

*

" "

:

- "

" 7 "

7 "

"

"

7 #"

% 7 5$
FF>& " 0

"

"

"

"

" 0,

" "

A "

" "

"

9

" 0' "

0 9

" .

"

9

7

%*6"

F2

" 9 >FF?5 ) 69 >FF45 " "

%$ B

- "

"

" "

7 %( /

7 "

9 >FF2&

9 >FF@&0

"

"

B 6 T' 9 >F?4&0 *

0

" " %

9 T

7 " 9

QP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

>

/

%
FFP9 0>4R&

" U (

7

7 (

< % , 7 7 -

&

"

.

% 7

M

7

% "

&

9

7 7 "

" "

" 7

" " 9

%

9

9

&

"

7 "

M *

7 M

6 M

&

&

7 7

M M

7 %
0P3?5 *6"

$

9 233>9 04&

-

• •

• •



7



" •

.



$

• •

7



"

7 M





7

$



(

9 "

9 9

7

9

'

• •

+ 7 " ,

7 7



+



=



"

&

(



$

- " "



'

• 9



=

"



9



• •

#"

7

M

-" :

7 M



7

7 %

"

:"

&



,

%

7



7



"

" + :



• •

"



9"



"

""

7



+

7 " (

7 7

"



+ :



7

7 %

&



"

"



M

7 " •

"

(





" "

"

• •

' "

A

7 •


FF@5 9 >F??&9 7 9 " " % T -: 9 >FFP5 % " 9 >F?2&0 " 7 % 9 >FFR&0 $ 7 " 7 " 7 " %-" 66 9 2333& " C D " " - 7 " " % 9 2333&0 + 7 < " " " 7 0< 5 7 " " % 9 >FF?5 ( T 9 23335 ) 6 T * 9 >F?45 T( 9 2333& " %( " " " %
FF4 5 9 >FFF5 9 2332&0FQ 9( 9= T

69

9=

9 >FFP&0

V 9

0 *

"

%>F?@&

" "

" "


F?F&

7 " .

' " "

"

"

"

" :

' "

"

0

9

"

"

0*

7

" "

7

" ,

7 "

"

" 7

"

0.

"

" "

FQ

"

, 7

"

" " 9 >FFP5 -

T -

%) 69 >FF2 &0 ,

" 7

0

+

"

" " 7

"

9 >FFP&

A

"

" "

"

9 %' "

T' "

9 233>5 -

" 7 "

" 0*

%

7 9 >FFF&0

" 9 >FF2&0 "

Q?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" " "

%
FFP&0

9 >FF45 ) " 4 #"

"

7

" 9 233R5 0 -

(

A

"

>F23A "

"

: 7

"

0$ =

%>F24&

9

C

7

7 9 >FF4&0 *

D%

& % 0RQ4&0 "

7 "

7

"

" C " D%

"

"

" 7

V & % 0RQ4&0 *

7

7 7

0

QF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

4, %

(

/

9

" 9$ FF49 0P>Q&

M +" &

A

7

7 , * 7

) ) ,

)

7

( ) 7

' "

%

7

&

' "

-+

7

$ !

, (

' "

7

-

*

' "

-(

%

" "

7

& 0*

"

A - " "

"

7

" A

%
FF@&0

R3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%

" " T . 7

% C

%F??& % " 8&0 , 7 " " 7 7 %- " 9 2332&0 < 7 " " " % & 7 " %( T < " 9 >FFQ5 ( 9 233R5 T ) 9 >FF4&0 , 7 & " 5 " " 7 7 " T B 9 233R9 0RP& 7 " 9 7 " " 7 " 9 2333&0

*

" " 7 9

" " "

"

%

%B 6"

9 2332 &0 .

" " "

9 " " " " %B 6"

" " %

" "

" "

9 >F?4&0

"

"

D %' "

" 9 >FFP5 ) "

T *6"

9 >FFR&0 = "

T *6"

%

A 7

9 2332&0 7

7 0+

7

9 0*

7

D

7

"

;*

C

D5

"

9

B

*

" " 7

"

9

7 9


FPR& % B " 9 2332&5 0 + %>FRF&9 0 " %>FR?& %) 6 T 9 2333 &9 0 - " %>F@3& % ) 69 >FF>9 233>& - " >F@> %) T 9 >F@>&0 " =" 9 %>FP3& $ = %>F24& % " 9 >FF25 " 9< T$ 9 >FF4&0 " 9 9 E" %>?PR& < % 7 &

" 0* % "

" 9 233>5

T

#" " 0=

" /

" " 7 0( T 9 23329 04P&9 0 (" " 9 " " 0* " #" 9 >FFP& " " "

" 7

C

7 9 '

9 ' "

7 7 9 >FF35 ) 69 >F?>9 233P5 " " 7 7 7 9 &0 * 7 %' " 7 "

9 2332&0 * 7

" "

"

7

%T*

"

" "

T

7

9FR

"

9 >FFP 5

" 0 .

"

7 9

7 :

9" #" 7

W

7 " "

9 233>&

"

"

"

A

7

"

%

7

"

9 233>&0 (" " %>FF4& 9

% " 7

' " %

T
FF4&

9

"

7 (

" %* 9 2332 & "

"

7 "

9 233Q &0 & %9 0 ' " A

D%

"

" 7 A

7

"

7 "

FR

"

"

9 %) 69 >FF2 & " "

%>F22&9 "

7 "

" 9 2332&0

7

7

"

0

R>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

#" %>?P?&9 7 " " ) 7 "

'

9

%"

"

" 7 "

7 U $5 " 9 %' "

7 5

F@

" "

&0
F3?&9 %>F2?&9 " 5. % " 9 >FF@&9 B %>FP3&9 " 5 - 6 %>FPR&9 5. %>FR4&9 7 " " 9 7 " 0 < 7 " 7

T A

&9

" " >F@Q&9

"

"

" 0

"

%>F@2&9

" "

"

"

-

9 %>F@F9 >F4>&

7 =

" < % =

7

9

"

9

"

-

B

0

" 0*

"

" 9

"7 7

%B 6"

" 7 #" 9 23325

" T

0

"

" "

"

%) 69 >F?4 &0 , " " ' " 9 " 7 9 $ T - 7 9 2333&0 * " " >F23A "

" "

)

9 1

9 < 7

%) 69 >F?4 &0

>FR3A 0 + 9 "

"

7 7

"

"

" %) 69 >F?4 &

>F@3A "

0 01

9 " " T B 9 >F?4&0 ) %FFQ&0 *

5 9 7

" D %

7

9

"

TB "

"

7 9 >FFQ&0 $" C

7

9 23325

7

%$

"

&0 , " & F?4 &0 * " T 9 233@&0 , 9 "

7 "

"

233@9 9 " " 9

9 "

" " %< 9

" %E"

%

9

7

" "

" "

7

%

" 9 >FF4 &0

9-

T =^ M

" >F43A

9

>FF3A

"

9

&9 0,

6

9

"

9

" 9 >FFP5 $ " 9 6T-

%

9
F43A %(

F4

%) 69 >F?4 &0 7 " " %
FFR&0 "

7

>?33A "

9 "

R2

9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" "

"

&9

"

9

9

9

7 " 9 9 9 9 9 &% 9 23325 < T $ 9 >FFP5 ( 9 B 9 23335 T 9 233R5 " 9 >FF25 B T *6" 9 >FF25 B 9 >F?45 B 9 * " T B 9 >FF25 B 9 T 9 233>5 B " 9 >FF?5 B 6" 9 23335 B 6" T 9 23325 ) 69 233Q5 ) 6 T 9 2333 5 - " 9 23335 - " 9 - " 9 U T ' : 9 23325 - 7 T = 9 >FF25 99 ( T 9 >FFR5 T 9 23335 *6" 9 2333 9 233>5 69 9= T( 9 23335 = 9 23325 = 9 " T= 9 >FFR5 = T- f 9 >FFR&0 * " 7 " 7 7 " " " #" 0$ 7 " 7 " " % T 9 233P&0 * " 7 9 9 " " :" " " 7 :" % T 9 233P&0 7 " 8 "

, "

%

"

9 0

7 9

:

"

" "

7

>FF3A

7

0 %

Q

, * "

9 " 9
&0

" "

" 9 (

9
FFP5

9 >FFP5 -

%(

9 >FFP5 T

T= 9 2333& % 7 9 23325 T " 7 9 233>&0 *

" C" 9 2332&0 . % "

" 9 %

%

& %* "

7 9 >FFP5 - :

'

""

7 9 >FFP 9

"

"

"

" Q&0

" .

=

7

9

9 2332&0 ,

"

" 9

" 0

" " D 9 >FFP 5

7 F?

7

" " " 9 5 0 0 "

7 " "

9
FFR 5 - 7

9 2333&0 * " " >FP3A

"

9< "

* A T 1

a

"

" %'

T.

9 2332&0 * 7 "

7

7

7

7 " >FFP &

!

9

" 0$

. :7

- "

0$

" 7

%FFP&0

"

%*

"

" #" ' "

7

7 " " " " #"

7

7

"

"

,

%

"

"

9 233>5 T

9 >FF>5 9 233Q&0 = "

#" *6" 9 233>&0 ) 7 7 " " " 7 7

" W

6( " " " "

T

9 233>5 B 6" " "

" " T "

9 2333&0 B 6"

7 9 *" 9 >FFP& 7

9 2332&0 % T "

7

" " #"

"

"

"

%

7

7

"

7

0* " -

0 *

0,

" "

" 9 >F?@5

" 7 "

7

"

T 9

-"

%>FFR&

A

>FFP& "

9 233P5 ' " 9 >FF25 U " %

7 %

%$ " T

9 2332 5 *6"

" " %B 69 B 6

7

%) 69 233>&0

&

" ' "

9

"

" "

A

T)

"

9 "

% ":

9(

:

T

9

"

T 9 2332&0 * " " 7 " 7 % " 9 >FFP 5 ) 69 >F?>&9 7 " " " 7 7 " " 0, " " " % 7 " " " 7 & " " " 7 % 7 7 & %1 9 ' " 9 9 B T *6" 9 >F??5 9 233Q5 *6" 9 2333 &0 (" " 7 " " " " " 7 7 " 7 " " A 7 7 " % 9 >FF4&0FF (" " 7 7 % U "T 6 9 2333& " " 9 0 " " 7 7 %' " 9 9 T 9 >F?3&0 * 7 7 " 9 " #" " %B 9 2333&0 * " " " 7 " %9 2333& 7 0 (" " " " " 5 9 7 " " #" " " " :" 0* " " C " " D " " " 7 0 (" " " " " " " " " % 9 >FF2&0 * " " " " 7 0 9 " 7 " 7 " 0 -" " 7

7

"

" 7 7

0*

"

"

"

"

9 >FFP&0 * 9

"

" " 0*

"

" "

"

#"

" "

7

%

T

" 9

9*

"

""

9

9

7 0 % 9 7 " " "

$ 7

FF

" "

"

#"

" "

" =

%-

%2333&

7

0$ 7

, " " "

T FFF5 " 7

2@0> 0R2> "

" W 6( = "

$0 0' "

9 10)0

T

9 233>5

C

" 9 2333&0 D

C

D

T

= T 0)0

%>FF4&0 , "

0

RQ

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%-

T

" " " "

9 23325 " % %( 9 >FF@ &0 * " " 7

7

T :

9 233> &0 )

" &

%*6"

"

" "

" A

9 2332&

"

7

' " %B 6" T

" ,

9

A

0 7 -

%

.

A 9 >FFR&0

"

9 2332 9 2332 &0 %(

(

9 >FFR&0 (

" " %

T 7 "

"

7

"

"

&0

2.7.1.1 Soviet ideology and Vygotsky’s manoeuvrability within the system " 7 .

7 9

7

"

7 >33



C " 0*

%>?F@ >FPQ&

.

) 7-

A

7



" 6

.

"

"

- 7

- 7

C

D

"

%

- 7

7

%

>3>

: "

"

% "

,

A

9. 7

#" P

P

7

A

" 7

% " " A

"

7

5( T7 9 >FF4&

B , #"

& "

C

- "

>3>

"

%B 6"

" " "

"

,

9

9 >FF3& % 5 6

9 "

" *

7

9

"

0*

A

"

"

"

7

"

-

7

" " ""

9

"

"

9 >3P

7 "

"

;, 7

7

"

0'

- 7

" 0 -

9

"

0

"

"

T

"

. 0

"

" >3P

P&0 " 5

.

" 7

&

"

"

9 >32

%

0

0 FF4 7 7

9 >F4?5 B

"

" 9 >FF4&0 * "

"

5

" •

%

Q

A - 7 7

. =

=

"

"



" &0

"

>32

"

*

9 >FF4&

"

"



&

" 7



" 9 >F??&

7 " "



" %-"

A

. .

"

7

A

"



7

/

7



D

"

- 7

"

A

0 "

9

"

=

%>F?>&

= "

7

"

9- 7

"

0 "

%

9 233>&0

RR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

0* 7 "

"

. "

A

9 7 " 9 "

7 " #" %2333&



"

" "

" A7 •

* "

"

7

%

"

7

"

- 7

9

" "

>3Q

-

0*

C " D 9 " "

"

0* U $ " "

Q

" C- 7 D0 A %>F4R& 0

" "

0*

9 9 " 7

" "

&

" .

" "

"

"

" "

"

A

"

"

"

0>3Q

- 7

-

9 "

:

"

%>F4R& " 7

" .

7 " #" - "

9 .

0,

.

0

" - 7


4RR

7 •

0.0 ) "

" "

M 0

) "

7

7 %>4>> >4@R&

9 %

7

)

2332&0 < 9 " " * 7 "



"

"

1 "

' " %) "

T$ 9

M "

"

"

9 233Q& "

7

5

>?@3A

A #" M " 0*



9

9 " " 0 0)

%>?R? >F2>&

" 9

7 •

*

7

• •

( * M %>?F@ >F@R& +

• •

M ,0 0 -

7 %>?2F >F3R&5 M ,0 0

"

"

"

7 7 %>?F3 >FP@&

7 "

M 0 0M .0 0
?4F >FR4& M


??Q >FQ2&

M

0 0< 7

$

%>??Q >FQ>&

%>FP3 >FR3&

"

" " 7 0*



7

"

"

C

" " " ' "

"

" "

7 " M -0)0 "

7

5 7 "



7 0

7

D

"

% ' "



7

0 7 "

7

"

"

9 "

"

, 7 " "

M )0-0 . & %>??F >F@3& "

9 0 0 )"

7

7 "

0)

"

7

7

"

M 0 07 7 " %0 0

0,0 U

"

& •

)

7

%C 9 >F?2& "

D& "

"

7

- 7 0"

"

%< " 9 >FRF5 ( >?3@ " %

9 >F?25 79

R4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>FF?&0
3R " 7 " %B 6" 9 >F?@& " " >F23A " " 7 " % 9 >FF?&0 * 7 " " 9 " " $ " 7 . % 5. . T. 9 >FF>& " " 7 7 % 79 >FF?& " %9 >FFP5 = 6 9 >FF@&9 " 7 " %) 9 >FF25 . 9 >F?> &0 " " 9 . 9 " 9 7 %= 9 >FF?&9 7 " C D " %< T' 9 >F4F5 9 >F?F&0 5 B" & % B" & ) 79 >F?>&0 . %>F4?& % 5 9 233>&9 : " . " " %B 6" 9 >F?@5 " "9 >FFP& " 6 7 %*6" 9 2333 &0 * " " 7 " 7 " " 7 " " 0* " 9 " " " " % T 9 >FF4&0 * " " " % " "9 >FFP&0 . A 7 D 7 %. 9 >F4?&0 7 0 * 7 " " 7 % 9 >FF?&0 " 9 >FF?&/ "

"

" "

" 7

" "

7 0* >F2F0 *

,

" . " " 5 " %)

% 0

9 >FF25 0

" " "

"

" " 7

"" C

#"

9

" " % •

-

C

D "

7 " •

*

"

"

0

7 9

7 "

7

7 • • • *

*

"

#"

7 "

" 9

U $

>F23A "

7

C

7

C" 7 7 "

>3R

"" %B " 9 >F42&0 ( " . A C " D %9 >FF? & 7 %< 9 2333&0 * %B 7T 9 >FF?&0 * " 7

" " D 7

7 D>3@

C 7

. 9

" %

"

9 9B

79

" D D %< " 9 >FRF9 0QP&0 * D %) 69 >FF>&

C A

/

7

9

7 "

7

' "

$ 7

7 A

7 7

7 .

" C

7

>3@

7

7

- 7

B

#" "

9 " %-" %2333& 0*

9 9 233R&0 " "

%2333& % 9 >FFR 9 0FF&0

: .

9

"

7

0* 7

7 " "

.

C " C

D

U $

"

7 " 9

0+ "

"

D

R?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>34

" - 7 %B

7T T.

.

&0 *

. 9 2333&0 . 9>FF>&

" "

"

7

%

0 "

P&0 -

9

0

7

#"

"

7

7 " " 7 " 9 233P &0

%



>F>4 >FP@/



>FP@ >FR3/

"

9 233>&0 "

>FR3A " 7

%233P& #"

"

"

7

"

"

7 "

9

7 7A %

>FR3 >F?3A /



%

9

>FP@ -

" •

' " "

7

%233Q & "

%.

7 "

"

>3?

"

"

"

0,

"

=

&

7

7

"

=

/



"

"

"

"

=

+

7

"

"

= 7

7

"

- 7

"

" "

9 233P&0

7

"

9 *6"

0 $ T. "

" % 7

& %34

,

' " . 9 >FF>9 0P4& . A " % 9 >F?@&0 >FR3A 9 & %= 7 " >F@3A " "

A 7 "

% >F43A ' " A %' 9 2333&0 >3?

" " 9 2333 &9>3F

"

#" 7 9 . T *" 7

" A 9 >FF2&0

>F43A .

" C %U $&0 * 7

7

"

" 7 7 . 9, 7

7

"

' " 0,

"

" "

9

" -

% "

7

7

9 >FF2&0

0 .

A 7

>3F

9 #" " 7 9 " "

" "

"

7

0

"

" 7

7 "

"

"

7 7

"

"

9 "

"

"

7

"

"

% " 9 >FF4&0 ' "

" 0 0*

"

. 7

5

A

0

#" 9 233P &

%

' " "

%-

7

7 D% ' "

%

0 "

" "

9 233> &

9 >FF2&0 * 7 9 : 9 2333&0 ' " A

/ "

%) 6 T

%

%

9

"

7

"

%

"

" ""

7 7

" : " : 7

7

" "

%

7

&

"

7

0 "

7 9

)

-

%) 69 2333 &0

RF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

7

7

"

"

9 7 7 T.

' "

0 7 C

7 7 " 7T
F23 >FQ3A " " " 7 " %

9

" % 9 233P5 9 >FF@&0 -"

9

D :"

. 2333&0 *

" 9 233P5 .

7

&

A

&

"

"7

0

"

"

#"

7 7

&9 - 7

#"

"

" W 9 >F??5 . "

D %

" 9 >FF@&0 * %.

" .

9

2R " 7 #" 9 >FF2&0 ( - 7 " " " " :" #" - 7 0 " 7 D % 0PQ@&0 7

9 7 "

=

"

"

79 >FF?&0 9 >FF?& " %*6" T

9 "

: 0

"

C

7 " 0

" 7 T

#" "

7

% % - 7

0 %B

"

7

7

Q3

9 2333& "

" 7

"

7

& 9

: C- 7

"

"

" C

>FP@ " #" >FP@9 1 " C "

7

%>F?F& 7

" D

7 " 9

- 7

/ •

7 7 7 " 7 >FF4&0 * = < 79 9 " " " 9 " & 9 >FF@5 " " " "

%

-

7 " >F3P

& M

, "

7 7A

" 9*

9

7 9!

" %B 6" 9 >F?@&0 7 " C : 7 %< " 9 >FRF&

7 7 7A

7 " -

"

%U

=

9

7

>FR3A 7 7

7 7A " 9 >F4R5 .

7

% 9 >F?>&0 , "

T " 9

%

)

7

" & "

% " "

" >>3

"

7

"

"

"

A " 9 >FFQ &0>>3 < A

7

0+

7

" " " #"

"

" " - 7 " " " " < 7 7

>FP3 7 0.

%.

9 >FFQ & "

" 7 "

"

9

0 F?2& " "

%
F42 5 - 7

(

7 0

@3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

%.

9 >FFQ &0 *

7

9

0 % "

7 7A

7 9 :" "

9

7 "

7

& •

" &

"

" 7

%

T = " " " " 0 *

" 9

9 >FF25 ) 69 >FF>&0 , 7 7

" "

: "

" A

"

"

"

7 7

"

" #"

" "

7

7

" 9 23335 B

7 7T
F?>&0 . " % "

7

>>>

" " A

9 >FF?& "

0' " "

&

7

9 "

%. %.



%


F?> &0 C( 7 9 >F?> 9 0>R>& 77 " " %. 9 >F?> & " " >>> %. 9 >FFQ &0 " 7 " " 7 7 " 7 7 9 " C D %. 9 >F4?9 >FFQ &0 * " " " . 7 7 " &0 , . A o " - 7 9 . A " 7 " o . 9 " 7 " 7

"

7 6T(

7 " %>F4?&

7

7 7

&0 )

" .

" 0 ,

. T 9 >FF4&

9 >FFQ &0 ,

"

7

"

7

"

"

"

9

"

"

"

.

W 9 >F??&0

7 "

7

=

A #"

U $ 9 >FF>&

%

9 7

0 " " "

" "

"

: & % " >FQ3A * " "

%

.

7 "

"

A

D

7

7 0 7

" >>2

$ 7 "

A

% 5

" "

" 7 " "

%

9 " 9

T)

% .

.

.

9 >F@@&0

5 "

7

7 ' " 9 >F?Q& ' " A %>FFQ&

"

7 "

5 9

" %

" "

9 >FF?5 .

"

" 9 >F4?&

9

* 7

>>2

5

"

" 7

7

%) .

"

"

"

9 233R5 9 "

6T7

9 233R&0 %"

"

&0

@>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

.

o

A 7 "

7 " " 0 D(" " 9

F@@& 9 >F?F&0>>P >FP@ >FR3 %A "

"

" #"

%(

7 " %

>>P

7

7 " 9 %1 7 9 >F?F&0 ! " " . A T ) 9 >FFR5 T 5 " " 7 " "

7

) "

" 9

;

7

%>FFR&

9 >F?25 .

9 >F??&0 -"

7 - 7 7 "9 " - 7 9 >F4R&0 + 7 % 7 7 9 >FFR&0 ' " - 7 0

"9 .

" 7

7

7

"

" ? "

O- 7

"

0

@2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

?)

"

* =


F??9 0QQQ&

7 "

7

' "

.

/

"

/

) 7 7

/

)

-" =

"

/

7 7/

=

7

7

"

0 ' "

9 9

9

9 < "

" "

D5

%< "

7

A

7

#"

5 "

"

"

"

*

"

" >F>4 * 7 "

%

=

"

"

"

%(

9 >FF@&0>>Q , 7 % ) 9 >F4R& "

>>Q

* *

7 " " " 9 TB 7 9 >FF45 * >F>4 7 " - 7

"

7 9

0- 7 9

9 0,

" 9

7

"

9

9 >F4F&0 1 7 CZ [ " 7

9 " A %>F?F&

" - 7 7

" D % 0 &0 $"

" "

" "

9 >F?Q& "

9 7

"

"

/ C* *

7 " - 7

-0

" #"

7

7

G " "

7 A

(

(

0

" * "

0

9

"

%>F?Q9 0RQQ& 7

" "

T (

" "

" - 7

9 233Q 5

"

7

7

7

%

7 "

"

" 7

" *

: "

" " 7 "

%.

"

7 "

7

7

=

" 7 9 "

9 >F@@&0

)

C 9 >F4F&0 - 7 " " #"

9

" 9

"

A0 ! 7

7

9

D0

@P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9 >FF@&0>>R *

%+ "

C 9 79 >FF?& %B 6" 9 >F?4&0

%

+

"

#" 7

D

0,

" 9 >F4F&

7 "

D %$ 7 - 7

- 7

=

-

% " 9 >FFQ&0

*

" 7

7

" "

" . %233P&9 .

- 7 " 5

% )

" -

• •

-" $

7

7 "

" "

5 )" 7 9 >FF@&0 C*

9

9 >F4?5 B 6"

A "

7 " "

% -

" "

= 7

"

7

"

" .

7 - 7 %( 9 9 >FFR5 ! 7 . A B < " ) 79 >FFP B 9 >FF49 0Q&0 * " 7 " " " 7 0>>@ $" >FP3A )" . A 7 9 " " 7 %1 7 9 >F?F&0 )" - 7 ( " " ) %>F4R& " " " #" % " " 7 5 -" 9 >F??& 7 " " % 9 >F??&9 " #" % " h : 9 >F?4&0 * 7 % W 9 >F??& %* 9 >FF@&0 7 %233P& . : 7 " " " = . 0 = " 0= - 7 ;, 9 " " " 8 " - 7 7 " " 7 " 9 " 9 " " 7 " " 0 * 7 " " 9 " " 9 >F4R& 7 " 0 %>F?2& " 7 0< g %>F42& . " 9 9 " " " " " / T

%

9 "

%

7

"

T

A

0

7

&

7

>F23 >FP3A

- 7

& • • • •

>>R

% *

% *

+

= >>@

" " 7

"

.

" 0F&0 * #" &

& 7

" 9

% "

" "

7 "

%

" " 5*

" 7 " 9 >FF@&0 + " X 7 V 0Z

" " 9

9Y

"

"

6

"

9

"

[ Y

"

" Z

-

" " -

"

"

%

T

7

Y%

" X

9 233Q &0 '"

" "

%B 6" 9 >FF3& . %

9 B 6"

9 "

" "

"

9. 7

0 -"

" "

9

"

[

" " "

" 7

%

"

& Z

X 7

0

" 7

7

7 Y % 02Q3&0 = " " "

9 >FF@9

"

>F23X 9

Y " " " "

T

"

" "

%

>F2?

09

79 >FF49 0444&0 . 7 "" 0 9

>F>4

%

"

9 " "

"

7

[ Y %B

"

-

"

: 9V

"

>FPQ

" "

"

9

8 7

Y "

#"

7 "

"

7

.

"

79 >F@>&

=

>F2? Y

"

&

&

0 >F23

#"

&0

@Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

+

. % 7

A

" "

"

0 *

9

" 0,

&

7 9

7 "

"

%
F?2&0

7A "

A

"

" /

A

#" "

"

.

" 7

"

7 %-

U $

0 . >F@Q %$

T(

9 >FF2& )" A

>4

" 7

A U $ 7

#"

A

A

U .

9

"

" 0 *

7 "

" 7

7 "

"

0 * " - 7

7 : 7 9 >FF@&0 +

9 "

"

"

. A " "

U $ 9 2332&0 C D " A U $ % 9 >F3Q 7 7 "

9 >F?2&

0

;

@R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

F*

A %>F??9 0PR&

.

A 6

7

"

(

7

7

(

U

7

7

7 % 7 &

,

6 6

"

$

"

6

"

* (

-

,

-

,,

-

,,,

-

,.

* 9

9

7

7 7

%)

"

" & %-

" " .

79 >F@>&0 )

9 9 >F?F&0 * " % 7

7

= "

"

9 >FF?&0 " " % ) 7A

%

7 "

.

)"

9)

7

" 9 >FF@& 7 A % W 9 >F??&

5W 9 >F??5 )

9 233P&0

" .

%=

9 >F?>&0

.

7 %

9 233>&0 .

9

"

7

#"

"

7

7 "

0 - 7 D% "

"

7

0*

"

"

9 >FF25 B

" 7 #"

"

7 9 >F425 - 7 7 "

" "

7 9 >FF@&0 , %$

7 " T (

% =

7 0 . 7 " "

"

* "

C 7

" " ;= 9 =

7 D

A "

7

7

" ' "

"

%-

)

9 >F4R&0

" 9 2333&0>>? 9 233>9 233P&0 + " "

9 >FFP& 0 , 7 " 0 0

"

7 "

" 7

% T * 9>F?@5 7 "

A "

"

>>?

C " "

&%

=

" "

7 9 >FF2&0

" %B 6"

7

"

"

#"

" "

9" W 9 >F??&0

7

" .

%

7 T=

7 "

7

"

7 9

"

%

"

A 9

)

"

=

A

"

7 "

9

9

0

@@

0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' %( T 9 >F4?5 B 6" T *" 7 9 >FF2&0 1 A %B 6" 9 >F?@& " . " %( T9 >F4?&0 * .

=

"

1 9 >FF35 C

" " "9 >FFP5 . 7 "

D

" .

7 %.

.

.

9 >FF@&9 7 "

0

9 9 >FFR&0 #"

% " 23335 .

7

7 "

9 >F?2& " . T.

D

7 7 "

>FR@

.

7 0)

7

" 9 %

"

"

& 7

5

9 >FF@&0 , "

A " 9 "

9

" 7

0

"

" >FP@

"

0>23 *

"
FRF&/

T< "

0>2>

"

:

• • • • •

" %B 6" 9>F?@5 *

-

"

*



A

9 >FFQ&0 "

%

7

. "

"

#"


F?@&0

*

"

7

9 >FF2&0

7

"

7

- 7

=

%(

9 >F?2&0

"

7

"

9.

7

9

0

C

" 7

D

7 #" %) 6 T

"

"

7

9 9 >F?25 -

%
FFQ &0

9 "

%

"

&0 ,

" •

9 9 >FFQ&0 * T )" 9 >FFQ&0 " "

"

" " A

: %)" %.

"

"

"

"

7

A &/

7

0 -" 9 >FFR&0 * " 7 " "

" G

>2@

9 >FF2&0 ,

233@>2@

"

9

" "

.

"

"

"

7 9

7

0 -"

5 0 0

"

"

" " %(

9 9

9

9 233Q &0 9

0 -


F4?5 B 6" 9 >FF3& 7

. " " %$ . 9 23335 $"7 9 23335 ' T ' 9 >FF45 ) 9 >FFR5 " 7T 9 23335 9 >F?F5 69 233>5 $ T$ 9 23325 9$ T* 9 23335 * T. e 9 >FF@&0 , " " " " . " 7 %( 9 >FFP5 9 >F?F&0 A . A " 7 " 7 %9 >FF@&0 * :" 7 A 7 " 7 " 7 7 % & U $ %. & %. 9 2333&0 . %$ T$ 9 2332& A %* T . e 9 >FF@ &0 ' 9 " A . A % 9 233P& 7 " 7 " " 7 7 5 " " 7 #" " 7 %( T 9 >FFP&0 i %>FF@& C 7 " 9 " 9 9" 7 " 7 9 " " : 9 9 " 9 9 " 7 . " : D % 0R4&0 * 7 7 %= 6 9 >FF@& 7 " 9 " % A " 7 " . " " 5= 9 >FF@&0 * 7 " " 7 %< 9 >F??5 9 >FF@&0 " 7 . 9 " 7 % " T= 9 >FF2&0 " " - 7 C " D 7 C D A 7 - 7 " " %* T. e 9 >FF@ &0 7 " " 7 5 7 " " 7 " 0 9 9 7 " " 7 " 7 " %F@3A >F43A ) 6 %>FF2 & 7 " A " " ) 6A %>FF2 & " 7 #" 5 7 " 5

>23

"

" 0$ #"

0, 5

9

"

5

43

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

"

"

:

0

"

57 :

0+ >FF2

C

"

0 >2? *

D

C#"

0 "

0>24 = 9 RRj "

"

7

"7 D

2Qj "

0

7 9 P2j

"

"

"

"

"

>Pj "

"

9

0

" A

7

7

" 0 * 0 * #"

" "

A "

"

" "

"

7 "

"

0*

7

%

& %)

T

7

- 7

9 233>5

A %>FFF& " 7

" 9

" #" %>FF2 & " 7

7

22?

"

0*

#" 0>2F *

&9 7

"7

>3

Q2j

) 6

?

0' 7 7

"

" :

0*

"

"

0 "

0-

"

7 " 0$ " ) 6A %>FF2 & " < ,. 7 %>FFF& " 7 0* " B

" 0 , =,-( ,,, ) 6 %>FF2 & "

" 0*

) 6 %>FF2 & %Q@j FPj

0+ "

9 >F?4&0

$ "

%2333&

"

"

" 7

A

" "

7

0, 7

"

"

0

"7 "

7 0*

B

7 "7 >FFQ "

#" >FFF0 *

7

"

5 7

" "7 7 0,

0*

#"

7 "

"

0

4Qj "

"

#" % " 7

"

0 >>F #" 7 @

9

&0 %

&0 "

"7

" 7 2

9 "

"

R2j

7

"

" "

0+ "

0* " "

"

"

: 0'

"

"

9 7 7

"

0

*

>24

,

9 A

C

"

233>

" D

"

C

D C

- " >2?

" * 7 "

7

" D%

C

D " 9 ) 6A %>FF2& 9 23325 " T

% " " "7 233@ 23340 " 7 " 233P0 - " 7 "

9 >FF@5 0 " #" " 9 233@& "

7

7 " "

2 233R0 $" "7 9 "

"

7

7

"

" " 7

7

"

7

0

" 0*

"

#" - "

"

"

"

9

9

"

#" #" #"

"

0 9

8 *

"

"

% "

>2F

"

7 69 233>&

&0 "

" 9

7 9 #"

>33 "

9

"

0 O

"

0 "

7

" "

0

4>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

0 *

"

#" #"

" "

7

9

7 0*

7 7

7

9

7

0$ " ' "

B "

" B

,

0,

0 $

9

" 9

7

" 9 "

" " 9

%2333& 9

9

"

"

"

0 %2333&

" 7

A

7

9

/ • • •

. * $



*

"

" 7

7

" 7 " "

7

"

"

" "

"

*

B

%2333&

/ • • •

$ = *

• •

$"

"

"

"

"

7

9

7 7

"

"

7

"

"

9 "

,

9

"

"

#"

" "

"

"

% 7

7 " &

7

9

" #" " 7

" "

0 "

7 0

2.8 Intelligence * 7

" 7

7 "

"

" 5

0,

"

"

"

" " 7 &

9 9 :"

9

" 0 $

" "

%

0-

#"

"

9

"

"

"

0*

"

/

7

A

" 0=

0* "

9

" 7 7

7 " "

#"

"

7

" 0*

"

" "

9 " : 0>P3 =

"

"

9

"

0

>P3

C

7 D

9 " 7

" #"

9

"

7

0

42

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

2.8.1 Desperately seeking a definition>P> * -

7

%

9 >FF4 5 "

9 >F?4&0 7 % " % 9 T " "9 " 7 D " A >?RR 7 " A 7 " " " " " " " " 7 "

" *

C " " :

& 9 233R&0 ,

T < %1 %'"

"

9 >FF25 9 >FF35 9 >F?2 & 9 233R& 7 " C T 9 233R9 04&0

D %= 7 " %1

9 >FF? &0 * " " 7 #" 7

A

" 0* :"

7

/ FF@& %>FF@ & ""

"

"

" 77

A

"

0>PP *

" 7 7

" >P2

9

" " - *A 5 "

7

"

C 7 "

"

"

:"

7

7

7 " " "

"

>P>

% 7

""

"

>P2

7 "

D

"

7 7 7

0,

< A 9 C Z [ >FF? 9 0>>>&0 9 " , 1 A %>F?2 & " ; >PP * " : 9 " 9 5 " " 7 7 %9 233> 9 233Q&0 * 7 % 6 T< 9 >F?4& " %>F?29 0>?P& 7 " 5C D% &0 , " 1 " 0- " 7 7 " 0* 7 " 5 " " " 5 :" 0, 9 7 " " 9 0 C D " 9 9 % % 7 " C D A " 7 0 " 9 7 " " 7 % T$ " 7 0* CV 7 7 D% T ) 69 233>& 7 % " ) T1 9 233R&0 < 5 9 9 9 233R&0 * " " 7 " "0

7

"

A

D% 0

0 FF?& 7 ;+

"

7 9 7 " 0 " 9

" 7 "

7

" "

"

" " A

7

"

" = "

7 7

" 9

,

"

>P4

" " "

"

+

"

,EA 7 9 2332&0 * " - " 7 7 7 " 7 " " 7 9 233Q&0 * 7 7 " 0 B 6 A %233Q& 7 " " 7 7 >P@ " " %< T$ 9 233@&0 7 7 " %9 ' 9 ( T 9 >FF@& " A " " 7 " " " " 0>P4 A %233R& 7 " : " 0 * " " " " 0 7 9 7 " 0, 7

,E

>PR

7

0

>3

'

9 >FF4 &

7

T .

0 D C

5

9

C 7

7 5-

#"

7

C 7 " "

>PR

"

7 "

9 "

" 9

>3 0 7

%>FF4&

%

7 " "

$

9

7

"

,E

,E0 , 7

"

"

7

" 9 233R&

"

>>

"

>P@

9.

9 >FFP&>PQ A %>FF4 & 7 T$ 9

"

7

"

>PQ

T

%+

"

"

"

' "

9( 0

"

"

%-

"

"

0 , " 0+ * "

"

"

%= "

; "

"

" D

"

" 7

%* 5

"

9 >FFQ&0 ;*

0 #" "

7 A

0 D % 0?>&9 "

7

0,

" 7 C"

"

" "

7

9

" 7

7

7 "

9

[

"

"

P "

" " 7 9 233R&0 * C

"

9 CZ "

%>FF4& 7 " 7 0 7

"

0( ;

9 "

" "

7 "

7 7

0

4Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" 7

" " #"

" " 0< " " " C A 7 "

" " " 7 >FF?9 0?>&0 , 2332& "

9 ' "

7 " " "

"

7

%(

7 >FFR&0

A %>FF?&

7 " 77 0 $ " " " " D% "9- " 9U T' : " 9 >FF?5 9 >FF?& "

7 7 "

%-

" %
FF?&0 .

9 7

7 "

"

"

7

%' "

"

0 * C

D %-

" " $ 9 233Q9 "9 233Q& %= 9 >F?F&0

" "

" " " " :

0, " ;( 7

7

. " 7 9

%>F2>&

7

"

7 "

7 "

7

" 7 "

9 >FF?&0

"

" 7

D 9 %>F?F&

-

"

9

#" " 7

7 7

" "

9 9

7

" 0 7 "

" >2

" A C 7

""

"

0 +7 "

0*

"

"

( "

" ;

7 "

D

7 %>F?F& 9 " %*" " 9 >F4F&0 ' " 7 $ A %>FF4& 0 0 " A "

0 $ " 7

7 7

>P?

9 233R&0 , % 9 >FF?& 7 " %B T

%>F4F&

0' " "

>P?

7

" " 7 7

"

7 7

"

"

7

0 9

%(

7 " " C 9 >F?R&0 ! 9 $

7 "

7 "

7 " %U

A

9 9

" 0*

" 7

T 7

%>FF?&

#"

7

%
F?3&0 *

"

9 9

>>

5 0

7 ;

" #"

"

0

4R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

>> )

"

%

9 233Q9 0>Q25 -

) )

bb

7 " %

&

" &

. • • • •

, B

$

7

$ ,

.

bb

"

%

7 • • • •

9 233Q 9 233Q &0 (

" "

bb

"

"

"

7 • • • •

, 7 ( 7 ,

" "

; "

"

• • • •

$ ,

• • • •

$

• • • •

-6 $ $ $

bb "

" 7

; 7 " "

"

"

" "

" "

0 * "

7

bb

" "

0

7 "

)

"

7

"

7 "

0 7

"

7 7

" " 0 *

7 "

5 " "

9 7 7 7 9

7 "

"

" 0

9

7

%7

7

&

7

9 %

7

"

7

&0 7

* %

" " & " *

7

""

0 9 " "

7

7

0$ 0 .

9 7

7 "

7

M "

C

D

7 9 "

0 +" "

7 7 "

0

4@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

>2

$

A %>>F49 0>PP&

7

+

7

*

(

-

(

-

,

7

"

"

)

"

"

C-"

"

D

"

< $ 7

"

" +

.

.

,

"

(

>>

>2 7 "

* " >0 20

%

,

%

,

%

7

& 7 " &

"/ " 77

&0 , 9U

" 9 233R&0 B

T /

7 "

6

%

7

0 " 7 7 7

%233Q&

7

%

&

7 "

"

9

7 7 "

7 Z

9

7

C 7

%

7 "

[

7 9 0,

"

&

7 "

9

7 "

D

" 0

A "

' "

7 9 "

"

7

"

" 7

7 "

"9

0

44

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

2.8.2 Approaches towards the study of intelligence %

P&

7

7

7 9

9

7

"

9 "

"

" 7

"

"

" %7

%) 9 >FF@&0>PF , " " 9 %( 9 >FFQ&0>Q3 ,

9'

T '" 9

9 233R&0 7 0 , "

"

233Q &

"

7 7 7 9

9

" " 7

C

D%

9

"

9

7

" ;*

% " "

"

7 %=

9 >FF? &0 &

" C

&

"

"

% D

9

7

9 7 "

"

=

0- 7

7 9

0

" .

A

"

"

7

7

"

7

7

7

%

9

233Q &0 ' 7

"

" "

7 0
&0 *

%' "

7 7


FF29 7

T' " " 7 9 233R5 ) T B" 6

T( " 02>R&0 7 %

"

9 233Q&0 C,

" %

9 >FFQ&0 "

7

&9 7 "

7

0' "

7 0 *

" "

"

7

"

7 7

>P " 7

0 "

;(

0' "

" 0 %>FFQ & " :"

"

>Q

"

9

7

" #"

"

0

>PF >Q3

*

" #"

*

9 "

"

"

7 "

" "

" 0

" 7

= 0

7 " %( " 9 " %>F?F&

T

" 9 >FFQ&0

66 7

8 C" "

D

C

D 7

4?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' " -

>P

%) 9 >FF@&

"

7

%

"

,

% -

"

7 9

"

&

A

M " 0'

9

9


FF?&0 * "

%

A 7 A

9

"

"

"

7 0 *

0

" Q&

-

A

0*

"

"

0

" " ,E

>3 F $ ? 4 "

@ R

, F

Q

7

? 4

P

@ "

2

Q $

>

R $ 7

P 2

$

> F

?

4

@

R

Q

P

2

>

3

" "

"


FFF &

"

"

0

7 9

7

" "

"

0$ %>FFF &0

C

D

" "

9 7

" 7

0' " "

7 " "

%

7 "" 9 >FF? &

% #" 0*

"

" 9 23325

7 " T (e

7

9 2332&0 $

"

""

A

" 9

#"

?P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0,

"

" P?3

P?3

%

"

"

"

7

&8 +

9

"

"

#"

" 9 >FF? &0>QP #" " 7 " 0 * 7 7 "

%"

" " 7

#"

"

C 7

D

7 %-

" 9 C

7 0 $" 6 "

" "

D

0 7 9

0 $ 7 "

7 "

7

0

" "66

0*

A

"

"

9

" 9 >FF@&0

T=

" 7 9 7

" 9>QQ

B

7

9

" "

7 9 >FF? &0 0

7

0*

"

9

"

7

7 %

"

9

2.8.4 Omnipresent issues within approaches towards intelligence research .

"

" A

7 0, "

"

%& $ 7

"

" % ;&0 *

" "

7

"

7

" "

"

"

"

"

%

#"

"

P&0 * & %-

7

7

7

" 0

%

"

&

"

" 7

7

0,

7

7

"

"

#" "

" "

7

% &
FF3&0 "

"

" 7 7 C

;

7

" 7

T7

9

" "

9 >FFF&0 ,

9 >FF3&0 QQ >QR

"

% " 9 >FFQ&0 7 T 9 >FF4&0

7 TQP

%( %=

7 "

>F43A

" "

"

7

7 "

7 >FFQ&0
FFF&0 *

" 9 >FFF&

7 " % " 9 >FFR&0 E"

"

%-

" "

% 7

"

"

7 " C

" 7

"

" "

Q&

7

0

#"

" %

7 "

" " />QR

7

&0 ,

" 7

P

" " " M Q0 ,

"

7 "

0

?Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0*

"

" "

#"

O

" 0-

"

"

"

"

"

"

" &

"

" "

7

"

"

"

" " " ; "

; "

5

9 " "

"

7

6

" "

0(

7

"

"

&0

7 0,

7

"

" " "

"

#" 9 A

9

" "

" "

"

"

#"

"

7 "

0= ;*

T= " " 233@& " " "

7

>Q@

*

" 9 A

"

7

7 " " 0$

" 0

5

"

"

#"

7 7 9 >FF25 (

" " 5 " 7 ;* 9 >FFF& " " " " %< 9 >F4P5 9 >FF45 6 T( 9 >FFF5 T 9 >F?45 79 233Q5& " 9 >FF? 9 ) " 9 >FF35 ) 9 T= 9 >FF45 9 >FF? 5 . 9 T 9 9 >F?P&0 ! " 7 >Q@ 7 " " " %( " 9 7 T 9 >FF35 ( 9( T '" 9 >FF25 1 9 >FF45 ) 9 9 >FF45 9 233R5 9$ ' 9 ( T " 9 233>&0 * " " " " 9 9 " " 7 " 7 %) 7 T) 9 233R&0 * 7 7 " " 7 0 * 7 7 % " 9= T 9 233R& % " 7 5 9 " 7 %= 9= 9 )" 9 T 9 233R&0 + " %' 9 >FF>&0 7 9 " 9 9 7 " %9 >FF49 >FF? &0 ! ' " " " 7 ,E ,E % ,E 51 9 >FF? & %< 9 9* T< 9 233R5 ' 9 >FF?&0 ,

7

"

0* "

"

"

/ A %>FFQ& " " 7 7 " 7 % 9 >FF? 5 6 % 9 >F?P5 1 >F?R5 = T

7

; " ;

7

"

" " #" 7 7

0 $

7 "

"

" 9

"

9 0

" "

"

"

7 9

9

;

7 %

9

7 0 =

" "

0(

"

"

-

7

; , "

"

"

7

"

"

:"

0* "

7

9

0*

% M

" 7

" 0,

"

0"

/

7

9

"

"

#"

"

"

7

7

C 7

7 #"

%

9

R3j D " "

9 R3j " &0

"

" " 7

7 0,

7

?R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" "

,E " 0' "

" >4 "66 " 7

7

"

,E

8+

" "

0

?@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

>4 *

"66

,E

"

" 7

*

!

.

>F3@

2

(

2

bb

"

"

30Q3

30?3 7

,E *

" "

7 C

,

,E

+ $!* +

7

2

,( '' (* *,

C

D D0

D ,E C

"

2

"

0* :"

7 % 7 2

(

233@

"

30Q3

30?3 7

,E

7

&0 *

:"

" " ,E

bb

2

"

#"

7

7 " "

" "

"

" "

5

2

"

7

0+

C

"

"

"

7

D

"

7 7 0* %1

"

7

" 9 >FF? &9

7

" ,E ,E

7 77 &0

,E

7 " 9

,E

0%

" "

"

" ,E

7

"

0*

" ,E ,E

"

"

0*

/

2

>0 20 P0

,E ;

Q0 R0 @0 40

7

"

%

9 ,E "

" ,E

7 9

9 "

7 "

7

&

"

"

"

"

"

7

" 0 0

" "

,E

"

7 ?0

" 0

7

"

7 c ,E

" "

%

"

"

&

0

,E

"

"7

7

7 0

" &

"

" "

"

"

7

%7

" 7

"7 0

"

"

"7

%

& 0 0

7 " "

7 "

,E

; $" " " " 5 ,E " 7

7 70 70

" A

7

7

7 " "

" "

" #"

5

"

% >F3@ 7 0

7

7

"

7

"

0

"

2

233@

& " 7

%

,E

& 7

" "

" F0

,EA

7

"

"

,E

9 ,E

;

" 7

5 "

%,E& 2

"7 % &

M " 7 % &0 ,

7

"

?4

5

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

% &

" " " "

"

7

7

7

2

" 0 * 5

" %

7

T=

9 >FF?&

P0 * 7

0

"

T ) 7 9 >FF>& 7

"

% "

7 %

"

7

"

7 %-

7 9 >FF?&0 0+ " 5 9 >FF? &0 ) "

#"

% 7

" "

" :"

"

9>Q4 *

" 9 "

%

" 7

"

7

7 "

" "

&0

9

"

7

"

0 A 7 " 9

9 M

7

P&0 -

%>FF? &

7 " 7 9 >FFF&0 + 8 0*

7

"

" "

$

" #" 7

7

" #"

"

"

"

"

A

" • •

* *

#" #"

*

0

"

P

#"

Q0

7 7

"

9 233R& "

"

" %

7

%

"

7

& %
FF? &

M " 5=

#" "

T

/

" •

9 >FFF5 *

"

"

" #"

%-

7

*

9

T

9 2332&/

M 9 233R 5 9 >FF?&5 T $ 9 233@&0 9 233@5 9 >FF@& 9 C 9 >F??9 02F3&0 = & M

" 7

7

7 " " %

" 7

#"

69

9

T

"

" %'

T

9 >FF?&0

9 233R&0 5

" "

#" 7

7

" " "

"

7

" •

A

" 5 " %

• *

7 " " >> 7 " T ,

7

% 7 &0

"

9 >FFF&

7 " 7

>Q4 >Q?

*

" " 1

"

1

9

7

& "

7

" 7 " 7

>Q?

7

#" 7

"

" %

0 "

9 "

"

"

7 7 "

"

"

A

0

" 7 0

" "

7 9

7 "

"

0 0

1

9

7

"

"

" 1

0

??

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 :"

A "

" 7 "

" 7

" " 5 & %< 9 %>FF?5 < 9 T$ 9 >FFQ5 $ " %< 9 >F?R& " %$" 9 233R&0 7 9 1 >QF

;D %< "

9

< & Q 9 23325 $ 9 233Q5 $ "T 7

T T-

" 9 >F?R9 022>&0 1

T

" " " 0 " " 7 0

% 9

%

7 9 >FFQ 5 " 9 >FF?&0 1 " 9 233Q5 ) 9 >FF@& 7 " 9 " A " %>F@F&0 * " 9 >FF@& C

" %) A %>F?2 & "

9 "

" % *& 7 " 01

>?

0 ""

" *

%>F?2 &

"

*

,E "

>F@3 >F43G 9 >F4>&0
FFR& " 7 %B 7 9 >F?@&0 7 9 " 9 " 0 , " %* 9 >FFQ& " " 7 7 " " 7 9 " #" " 7 0 " 9 %>FF4& C " " D % 02R?&0 A %>F?@& " " " 7 "

" 9 >FFQ5 (

"

T B "

5

9 >F?45 9

&

7

7

#"

7 "

7 " 7 " 7 " "

" #"

"

" 9

"

>F

0

F3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

>F

A %>F?@&

9 ,E %

&

-

" 7 "

(" "


FFQ5 "

" 9 >FFQ5 7

"

9 >FFQ5 +

9 >FFQ&0 7 9

9 0

" " %( T < " 9 >FFQ5 1 9 >FF4&0 < " GA AA GA 7 " :" "

T " &0 * A %>FF2& 7

7

"

"

9B

" 7

7

"

" " "

"

"

:"

1

"

#"

" "

""

9 >FF4&

7

7

" % "

>R3

7 "

AA

" :

7

%

7 0

&

%

"

9 "

7

9 "

7

"

"

0 7 / • • • •

* * * 7 , " / 7 "

7 7 "

"

"

' "

"

* " 7 , " / "

&

9 >FF29 02&

7

*

7 %

%

9

>R3

"

7

$

• • •

" 7

/

7

7

7

7 7

"

%

" "

7

9 >FF29 02& "

7

"

"

""

7

0

F>

" ; "

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

$

"

7

7

7 "

" "

7

" "

7 "

7 " 0 * " 9 >FFQ&0 =

7 %$

7

9 "

9 7

"

7 "

7 0*

7

9

" 7 ;,

" #"

7 0'

"

" 7 9

7 9 "

"

#"

"

7 " 0*

7

"

" 7 "

"

7

"

"

7 0 7

9 % & 9 >FFQ &0 " 9 7 & 7 " %( " 9< T= 9 >FFQ&

7 7 "

" O %

%1

.

A

" "

% 7 "

0 + 7

0$ T-

%

,E

E" %( "

"

"

" 9 >FFQ&0 *

"

>R>

"

0

" % 9 >FF@& "" "

7

"

5

7

%

9 >F?F&0 "

7

7

7

"

" " "

GA " " 7 0


FFF&9

7 0

7 9

9 >F?@&9 " 7

7

" " "

"

"

9

0

7

"

#"

7

"

"

"

"

"

7 " 9 % "

"

"

#" #"

7 "

7

"

9>R2 , 9 >FF@& 7

% "

8,

7

"

"

7 0 , 9 " " " " A 07 " " 9 " " " " ; = " ; =

"

"

&0

" "

7 "

"

>RP

#"

"

7

" " " >R2 *

AA 7 7

#"

"

"

9

" " 0* #"

"

"

"

"

7

9

"

0
R>

" % "

"

"

"

% 7

7

"

"

"

"

9 "

" T$

7

"

9>RP

" %B

" ,E ,E; 9 >FF4&

"

O "

"

0

,E

9

0(

"

&

"

"

#"

9 " " "

"

A

7

7

" %

.

" 7

"

" 9

" T- :

"

7 9 >F?@&

7

" 7 " 9

9 >F?F&0

"

" 7

" 7 "

" 7 " >FFQ5 7 0

O

0 +" #" 7 "

7

"

" "

"

0= "

0 7

"

GA "

7

7

"

0 AA % 0R>4& "

" 0

F2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

;* " *

7

7 " "

" 7

O

9 0+ "

-

9 >FFQ&0 * O &

7 %

7 %B

%

-

7

7 " 7 9 >FFQ&0

7

& " "

% %

9 >FF?5 -

" T

9 "

GA

" 7 " 0 "

7

" 0' "

"

AA 7 0* "

"

QR %

7 "

7

7

"

7

7

O

"

9

7

P&

"

%

A %>F??& &

( "

- :

7

%>FF@&

" "

" %>FF?& " " " " %$ 9 >FF? 5 7 " 7 "

7 "

"

%$ 7

"

T

9

9 >FFF&0 , " 0 ,

" 7

7

"

" 9 >FF?&0 -" 7

"

A 0

7 "

0 ,

"

" 0* "

9

"

"

7

7

"

7

7

" ,

" "

0

" "

7

" 7 A

9

"" 0 * " " " "
FF?& " 7

"

% 7& *

" :

7 :

"

; %B 7

7 " :

0 7

"

9 >FF4&0

* 7 9

0 0

"

9 "

"

9'

7 " "

%

"

%

"

"

9

9 >FFQ5 " 7 &9

7 0

"

9

A

" 23 7 ;

7

9 0 * 7

%"

0

#" #"

0*

"

#"

7

7

" 7

*

"

"

"

>RQ

&

7

" 7

"

;= "

% %

" ; " "

" "

:"

"

"

&0

"

"

"

5 %-

7

"

"

9 >FF? &0 (

5 7

-

"

7

7 " " 9

9

9

9

$

69 >FFF& " 9

0 , "

(

" 0,

9

9 >F?R&0 ,

"

%(

9
RQ

" 7

'

"

"

"

7

9

"

"

0

"

"

0

FP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

"

" 7

" 7 9 >FF? &0 * " " 9

>FFF 5

' "

0

7 9 "

#" "

"

0(

%

23 '

7

M

-

$

" "

0

7

"

7

" #"

9 "

7

9

-

"

%>FF?& :"

"

" #"

"

7 7 " 0*

-

" "

(

-

" #"

7

$7

"

" "

$7

" "

$

7

A "

*

"

"

" "

7

9 "

9 " " 9

"

9

" 0* 7

"

&

"

7 7

" %

" "

" "

"

7 0, " #"

" 0 $

"

"

0 *

7

" 7 "

"

7 7

0

"

"

" "

7

. =

" "

7 "

"

0

7 " =

FQ

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" "

7

7

6

"

7 " %

" 9 >FFF&0

"

"

7

%

7

9 >FF? &0 * 5 " 7 "

5 "

5 "

7

5

#"

5

7 "

" 9

%

" " " ; '" 9

T

9 >FFF&0 = " 7

%

7

&

7

6

7 %) T B" 6

"

%

7 "

9 233Q&0

&

"

9

7

" %$

7

6

9

9 >FF? &

9

A

%) 9 >FF@&0

"

9 " " 0>RR * A " " 7

" '

%

7 "

" 0 *

" 7

"

"

" "

" 0,

"

"

7

"

7

" " 9 >FFF& " 7 0

% "

0 A %>FFF&

"

"

" " 7

"

"

&

6 "

"

7

"

"

7

"

7

" 7

"

%

9

>FF4&0

2.8.5 Yesteryear and today – how far have we come? *

: "

" " "

7

>F2>

""

"

7 " 5

"

"

"

7 7

0

A %233Q& "

#"

7

C* 7 " 0>2R&0 7 "

?R " ""

" 9 :

""

"

"

" 0

7 "

" 9

*

9

A

D %* "

9 >F2>9

7 "

"

"

%< >F2>

7

0*

9 >FF?&0 1" % " 9 >F2>&0 *

"

% 5 0 -"

7

"

"

%

0, "

%>F2>&

" "

" "

"

" "

" "

" 9

A

"

A %>FF2& '

0 -

%

&

%>F2>&

0* " 0(

A %>F2>& " "

0 -

"9 " 7

"

" 7

7 "

"

/ 6

"

"

0'

>RR

"

0 8 * "

" *

& 9

0

7 "

"

9 >F2>&0 * 6 5

" " 6 "

7 7

" "

*

" D0 +

"

7 7

7

C

9

7 0, 9

9

;

FR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 "

"

0$

9

"

9

7

0 '"

" 7

7 "

"

7

>F2>

( 7

%>F2>&

7 "

A

7

7

9 7

" "

CV 7 7 " "

" %

" 7 9 >F2>&

(

%>FF?& " 0 = "

;*

" " 0

" 7 "

%>F2>& D % 0>PF&0 ,

"

% 7

6 9 233R&0

#" 0!

" %>F2>&

7 C

7 " "

7

7

"

D

" "

7 "

"

" 0

"

7 7 "

"

&

?R

7 " %=

0 *

; "

" ;
FF? &0 *

%-

D

"

0 +7 >F2> " "

9 "

7 9 >F??&0 " / 7 " 9 7 7 " 7 0* 7 " 7 " " 7 9 >F??&0 ' " 2> " 0

%9

" " O 7 "

' "

"

%-

2> )

%-

9 >F??9

7 "

7

7

0 *

"

0

7

" " O

"

"

5

7 " 7

"

" "

"

0Q R&

, •

"

T $

7 "

< / /

=

% 7 " &9 9 " "

" " 9

%

&

• (

7 / 7

7 % 9

9 9

9

&9

9

7

%

"

5

&9 7 •


F2>0

" "

7

"

"

9

"

" " "

"

%

>F2> " 7

" 7 "

" &

9

>F2> %A

9

" "

F@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

%-

T
FF?&0

"

"

"

" %=

"

T

"

7 7

9 233R&0 9 >FF? &

%$

" "

"

"

"

"

"

>F2> " "

7

0

2.8.6 Cognition ,

" " " 9 5 ) 69 >FF2 &9 7 %' 6 9 23325 9 23325 1 9 >FFP5 7 % " 9 >FF?& " " " " 7 0$ "

7

9

" "

>FFF&0

"

"

7 9

7 "

9 7

7

7

" 9

7

" 9

9

9 2333&0 , "

"

" 7

"

"

0

7

"

:"

" 9

7 "

0 *

9 O

" " "

7

"

7

0 7

"" 9 >FF4&0

7

7 7 7

"

"

D % 0P3F& "

7 "

/

%>FF? &

" C

7

" 0>R4 =

"

7

9

" "

"

7

" 9

%

9 (

9 2333&0 *

"

9

"

9

"

" "

" "

7

%

&

"

7

" % 0*

9 "

7 " " 5 "

7 " %B

0 *

0

T

7 7

7

7

"

9 >F?R&0

: "

" #" "

7

* "

%

>F?@5 =

T 7

7 "

T(

9 >FF45
F?@&0

7

>R@ >R4

T(

"

" 0 9 2333&

T$

0*

>FFR5 '

9 7

7 "

"

" %$

"

"

%- "

7

" 0 1 " 5 "

7 "

%+ T B " 9 2333&0 7 "

"

"" "

9 233R&

7

"

" 9 "

" " "

"

" 7

7

"

A

" 7 " "

" %( "

7 " %>FF4&9

"

9

%

9

9

7 "

"

#" 9 >F??&0

%


"

A

" "

9

" " 0* 9 " " " "

0 ,E

7 "

7

"

0

9

" "

" "

0

F4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0*

" 0 *

"

"

O

"

0 .

7 "

"

"

" " >FFR5

7 9 >FF?&

( "

"

9 "

"

% $ &

% >F?3A % " %

"

9 233>&0 * " 9 2332&0 * 7 " "

7 "

%1

7

"

" " "

7

9

9 233>&0 "

"

" >R?

7 0

9 0

" =

%>FF4 & %>FF?& "

7

7 "

" "

"

7

0+

7

9

7

"

0

*

7 %

9

7

7 "

C

D%

7

& 9 7 W9 >FF4&0

& 7

7

% O

"

' "

P&9

A

"

"

7

%

" 6

7 0*

7 7 9 >F?F&

7

7

%-

7

7 " 9 2332&0

7 7

7

&

7

7

"

"

"

0*

" "

9 7 7

7

" N 9 >F?45 $ )

T( 7

" 9 23335 $

"

"

,

0' "

22 "

>F33 7 "

" "

9 "

7 U $A T 7 "

9 >FF@5 7

"

"

#"

"

9

7

$ "

0 %>FF4&

7

7 9

7

9

0

7 9

9

"

"

9

" 9 >FF@&0 ) " "

' "

9 "

"

%>?R? >FQ4& 0 E" "

"

9 "

"

"

9 "

%$ 7

" " 9 >FF@5 B

7 9 "

"

T

" "9 >FF@ &

T .

"9 >FF@ & 7 & 9 >FF@&0 .

&%

0

7

#"

%.

%

%

7 " 7

9

"

0 "

" %$ ( 9 >FF@5 $ %>FF4& " " " 0* 9

233>&0 $ (

0* %

"

"

" 7

7

%
R?

" 9 '

% 7

7

"

7

7

"

-

9

" "

7 " 7

>FF?5

7

7 9 " % 7 "

7

& " "

"

7

% "

& Y

Y0

F?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

22 *

7

%

9 >F?P9 04@&/

4

7

A

? )

@ >3

-"

"

>0 20 P0 Q0 R0 @0 40 ?0 F0 >30 >>0

R

Q

(

"

F

" P

2

>

>>

7

" " "

" 7 "

" " " "

7 7 "

"



*



*

"

"

. "

"

" •

*



*

"

" "

"

" "

7

"

7 9 0+

:

% % "

9- 7

9

"

6T1 "

" " " " ;>RF D % 0P2Q&0 ( " "

" A 9 >FF4&0 , 9 >FF3&

" ) 9 >F445 (

"

%>FR?

%
FF4& " 9 >F??&

" " "

"

9

9

C

9 " "

"

"

7

" • •

( )

"

"

"

>RF

"

)

" " %=

7

"

5 0 0

"

9 " 0)

"

7 "

"

"

9 >FF?&

FF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 9

"

" "

"

0 * #"

%

9 >FFF&0 ! " 7 " 0 -" " "

" " 7


FF@&9

"

T$

9 2333&8

" " 9 " "

" "

9 %

"

" "

" 0 ) 9

' "

2P "

>@3

B

-

7

" " "

"

( "

7

6 ( " % "

9 >F?45 *"

9 2332&0 B %

" 9 %' 6 9 2332& 9 >FFF5 9 >FF?&0

T

A 9 >FF4&0 7

9 >F@4&0 +

" 7

*" "

" "

A

" 0

"

, %

%

"

)

9 >FF4&0

7

5

)

&

7

" " : 7

:

7

G

7

% "

),U

%

"

)

7

7 CV

A

" 9

" 5 7

a a

7

7

" :

7 9 " " D %>FF49 04F&0 #" " "

9

7 9 >FF4& " >F@3A &

7 "

"

9 "

9 9

"

7 "

D %$

9 233Q9

9 >F?4&0

>@Q

0P@& 7

"

7 "

5 Q

"

G %

%
F@4& " 7 "

9 2333&5 "

"

0

7

>@2

"

"

7

"

" "

"

>@>

"

0

9 >FP@9

%F?4&0 *

7

>@R

" &

"

% %

" "

%

:" 7

%

"

%

A "

>@2

7

9 "

9>@>

7

" 7

% .

"

" "

9

9

"

"

>@R

" "

"

7 7 "

"

"

>@P

"

"

" "

"

7 "

" " " 9 >FFQ&0>@3 '

T

7

"

"

%
F@3A 0 %>F??& "

0 >FQ30

>33

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

2P *

"

%' 6 9 23329

-

"

0

7 &

$

>/

(

"

"

"

2/ ( 9 "

9

-

"

7

" 7

"

P/ $ "

"

7 >

(

>

" "

(

9

>

"

" (

7 "

"

7 9 " 9 "

2

*

9 6

2

9

2

7 " "

" 9 "

7 "

"

*

7 7

" "

"

P

P

"

"

" "

P

"

,

9

" 9

"

"

9 "

%

C

D&

"

" "

7

"

"

(

"

>

( %

" "

(

"

>

"

(

"

"

"

& 7 " "

(

"

2

(

"

(

"

7 "9

2 "

>3>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

"

&

"

"

% GA " 7 9 >F?3&5

%>FF4&

9

"

7

% "

9

"

0

"

;

7 %=

7

"

"

"

" 7 7 "

" " 7

7 "

G " %

"

"

9 7

0 ,

" " 0,

7 "9

9

#" 7

" 7 9 >F42& " &0 +" &0

) >@@

" 7 %

7

&

7

7

"

%

" 7

7

9

"

9 97 " A >F@4 7

" 9 2332&0 ) 9 09 233Q&0 * " 7 7 7 " #"

" "

"

0* % 9

7 0

9 2332&9

7

"

"

"

% 7 "

P0Q020>

7

"

7

"

PQ&0 * "

"

0 * 7

7

"

0,

"

0

"

"

P

"

7 "

" 2

" "

7

9

" " 0 ' " 2R "

%

" "

"

" 0

09 233Q5 %$ 7 " 9 >F?4&0

#"

7

" 20Q0R0P020 " " #" " 7 "

"

7

9

7

7 7 " 7

>FR3A %$ 7

7

" 9

7

"

"

"

7 "

7

" "

9 233>&

9 7 9 >F?4&0 $ 9

(

A

9 9 >F?45>@4 B

%
FFF5 0

"

"

"

; "

" "

" " 0=

7

" 9 0+

"

"

" ;

:" AA % 0?2&9

9 2332&0 $ " " " 7 " % 7 "

7

"

2

"

"

" "

9

"

2Q

" -

>@@ >@4


FR?

0

>32

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

=

' "

A %>FFF "

2Q -

- "

9 2333& "

=

(

A %>FFF

#" 7 "

- "

7

0

9 2333&

#"

7

"

7 " M

"

+7

(

"

*

( ( ,

( )

.

" 7 "7

7

9

"

7

"

M

(

"

7

7

,

(

7

-

"

"

$

(

(

"

7

0

7 7

0-

9 "

7

7 7 "07

>3P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

2R

"

" "

9

9

" "

%

"

>FF4

9 23329 0PQ4&0

" " 9

9

"

" "

" 9 9 " 9

9

9

9 9

9

9

9

"

-"

7

"

7

"

7

"

"

2

2Q0

>3Q

7 "

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

(

"

7

"

"

; * %1 "

"

" " 7 " " " 9 233>&0 * " " % 9 >F?4& " 7 " % 9 >FF49 233>9 23329 233P5 T 9 >FF25 9$ T 9 233P5 9' 9 ' T( 9 233Q5 9 T) 9 233>5 T 9 >FF?9 2332 9 2332 9 233P5 T9 >FFQ5 9T " 9 233P5 9( " 9 T) " 9 >FF?&0 , 7 7 " 9 " 7 " % " T 9 233>5 T 9 >FFF9 23339 2332&0 $ 7 " " " % & " " 7 " " 7 % T9 >FFF&0 , " #" 7 " " " ; * 7 " " 9 9 " 9 " " 9 " " " " 7 0 7 " 7 " 9 7 9 7 " " 0 *

" #" 7

"

" "

% 7

9 >F?4&

7 7 " "

"

"

% "

&0

" +

"

"

"

"

"

0+ "

" 7 "

"

%

"

7

" 9 >F?P "

T < "

7 "

"

7 9 >F?4&0 7 "

0

"

"

"

* 7

7

9 >F?4&0 ( 7 9

7

" " :

0 %

" 7

7

7

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

7

A

" "

"

7

9

7

" "

"

"

0 *

7 9

C

"

"

(

7

7 "

0 "

9

7 0

,

(

7 9 "

7 "

7

9

9

"

"

"

"

7 9

"

#" D " D

7

0 C

%

#"

"

7

9 >F?49 0>F&0 = #" 9 "

"

9

9 "

%

0 *

" 9 >F?4&0

>3R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

2.8.7 Non-intellective factors 7 9 >F?45

"

7 >F?4 5 9T= " " 9 7 " 0, ,E 9 7

9>@?

" 9 >F?45 =

T "

T -:
FFR5 9 >F?F5

9 F?4 9 9 >F?45

" %F@P5

"

9= 9 ": #" %) " 9 >F425 -

"

%(

" 9 >FFQ&9

9 >FF@&0 +

7

" 7

"

7

" 7

"

"

"

5

% 7 " 9 233@5 < 9 >FF25 ( " % & ,E " "

9 "

" "

"

" 7

"

"

0

"

0

>3@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

2@

9

"

%

9 233Q &

* •

"

*

% &9 c

o

]

7 9 o

7

"

Z "

[D %. 7

7 %$&

% &

"

7 • •

*

7

7

.

7

%.&

7 "

"

7

0*

5 . ` "

7 . O. 9 "

"
F??9 0Q?3& 9

T '" 9

7

" 9



% &

9

" 7 •

% & "

%C 7

"

. O.

V

7

9 "

7

9

7 #"

"

O ,

7 ≠

"


FF@5 9 >F?45 9 233P5 9 *6" T . " 9 >FF25 B 6" 9 >FFF5 : T " 9 233>5 " T( 9 23325 9 >FF45 - " 9 23335 - " 9 23325 U 9 T 9 233Q& " 9 5 9 233P& " 7 " " %$" * 9 >FF35 " T = 9 >FF?5 ) 69 >F?4 5 + 9 >FF25 9 >FF2&9 9 " 7 " 0, 7 7 " " " #" " " " " 7 " 9 9 9 " " %< : 9 >FFP5 < 9 >F?R5 < T B 9 >F?>5 $ 9 T B 9 >FFQ5 ' " 9 >F425 ' 9 >F?@5 T 9 >FF?5 T . "7 9 >FFR5 . 9 >FFR&0 " 7 A 9 7 7 7 %9 >FF4 & " 0 " " " 7 %< 9( T= 9 >F?25 ( : 9. = 7 T - 7 9 23325 ) 9 >FF>5 9 . 9 ! 9 ' T . 9 >FF?5 T ) 9 23335 79 233Q5 !" 9 >F?R&0 ' " A 7 " 7 " 7 " %< " T $ " 9 >FF@&0 , 9< 9 $ %>FFQ& " " 7 " 7 9 " " 0>43 7 7 " 9 " %< 9 >F??5 ( 7 T ) 9 >FF@5 *6" 9 - " T' " 9 >F??&0 & %


FF?& A 7

T < 7 " )" %>FFQ&

T

7 7 7

9

"

9 >FF25 6 T 7

9 "

9 9 >FF?&0 *

T -

%( 7 %

7

"

"

"

7 %

- 7 6

"

7

" %$ 7

" 9 233>& 9 233R&0 *

7

7

9 >F?F&5

A "

7 "

"

"9

"

0 " %0 0

" 9

" &0 *

9 %-

"

T @F

>F43A 5 ( " " 9 7

9 >FFP5 7 7 " 9%

C >43

%< C

9 >FF?&

D

9=

5 - " %( 9 >FF3&0 +

%(

T
FFR&0

" " 7

9 >FF?&0 * " "

" @R&

D

A

* " "

% T

"

" 7 " 7

7

9(

9

>F43A % 7 " 7 %!" 9 >F?R&0 , 0 9 >F?R& 9 >FFP&0

9 >F??& " #"

"

7

" "

7 A

" 9 >FF@&9

"

0*

7 % "

"

0

"

7

7 9

" &

" "

7

" #"

"

0

>3?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" "

"

%

=

" & 7 " " " T 6 9 >FF?5 - " 9 ) T+ 6 9 >FF2&0 0 " 7 9 7 " 9 7 " %F?4 &0 %' 9 233>& " 9 " 9 5 " %-"6" 9 T 9 233>&0

" "

%$" "

A 7

7

7 " 7 7 "

" ,

:"

" 7 "

"

9

9

7 " "

7

7

#"

" " 7 9

"

7

7

"

" 7

9 " "

"

" & %) 69 233>5 -"6" 9

7

9 #"

7 " "

=

"

>4>

%

7

""

%$ 9(

9 23325 " :

T

9 233>&0 " "

0>42 )

7 " 9 4>

"

"

" 7 "

" "

" ;

7

;*

>3F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" " 7

"

7

0 +

7

7

0

(

#" ) 7.

.

A

0* 0,

" 0

9

"

"

"

7

0

"

"

"

.

A

0,

"

"

" "

"

0"

"

9

0

"

0*

"

" 7

0,

7

9

7

7

"

7 0

7

6 =

"

9 7

" "

* 7 7

9

"

" "

7

"

7

7

"

"

0* 7 7 " 9 7

9

" 7

7

0)

"

7 9 "

0

9

A

7

"

"

7 9 "

"

9

"

7 #"

7

7 #"

"

0*

"

"

:"

7

0 $

A

"

7

7 "

9 7

' "

7

7

"

7 .

0 *

:

"

"

"

"

7

"

7

0 (" 7 7 7

7

0. 7

"

7

"

7

A

" "

"

7

7

"

0

A

"

"

"

"

"

"

:"

7

7

" 9 "

7

0

" 7

"

"

7

C " 0

D

" 7

"

" "

7

A 6

"

7

0 *

"

"

0 $

"

7

"

"

"

9 "

9

"

"

"" 7 7 9

"

0

7

" "

*

" 7

" #" "

0*

7 " 7 " "

"

"

9 " 7

"

0

"

9

9

"

7

7

" "

"

" " 7 " " " % &0 -

#" 7

% "

"

"

0* " " #"

0+

7

7 " 7

"

7

"

"

7

&

0, "

"

9 "

"

9 "

" "

5

" 0*

"

" 7

"

7

>>3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0 +

9

" 0*

"

"

9

"

5 "

" -"

0

"

7 "

" 0*

0*

7

"

" "

""

"

0* ""

7

" 7 "

D

7 7

6

" "

7

0 (

7

7 "

0 $

9 #"

"

7

"

5 " 7 0 *

9 7

9 "

" %

7

"

" "

7

"

C

" "

9 7

"

9

&

"

7

0-

7 "

7 "

"

"

7

% &0 *

"

" 7

0 -" 9 C 7 "

" D

"

9

"

7

9

9

0$

A

"

7

" "

"

7

"

"

0)

9

"

9 "

0
>>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

Chapter 3 Delineation of the meta-theoretical framework 3.1 Introduction *

" 7

9 7

0

7 9

9 "

"

"

" 7

" 7

0*

"

9

9

7 >

"

"

"

"

"

0*

9

7

"

"

C

D

"

9 " " 0,

0*

"

"

9 9

"

0

0 + 7

"

"

" : 0

=

"

"

7

9

" " " % "

" "

" " 9 "

"

#"

" %'

9 >F?@& " 9

9

"

"

"

7

9

7

"

" 0

"

9 >F?3&0 9 92 " 9" " 7 " 7 " %" 9 2333& 7

"

"

"

9 7 "

" #"

"

"

" "

"

7 9

#" 0* 9 "

7

" 9

7 9 "

"

"

"

0

3.2 Science *

" %

#" W9 >F??5 " T " %< 23335 - " 9 233Q&0 "

D %=

% 9 >F??&0 * 9 >FFR5 $ " 9

& "

6

9-

" 9 >F439 02>&0
F?>5

"

9

" 9 %$

9 &%

% " 09 2333&

"

9 >F?>5 ' "

T

9 >FF25 - "

9 9

7

+

#"

9 >F?>5 .

7 9 >FRR5 $ " 9 " #" " "

k

#" 7 "

7

9 >F?>&0

9

D

%>FF29 0QFR&/ C "

%233P&

9 >FPF5

"

"

" =

9 23335 7

9 >F?4&0P "

%* " " % "

T *"

"

"

2

" "

9 >F?R&0

*

>

& 9 23335 ' 6 9 23325

"

9 '

% T =^

9

9

0

"

" 9 "

" : 7

C

:

" D % 02& 9 " "

=

5C %233P&

9

"

% 0>P2&0

P

"

7

"

" : 0 ,

9

"

" 7

"

%

7 "

9 7 7

&0

>>2

D

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)


F?3& 7 " D % 0P4 P?&0

9 233Q&

"

9 9 7

9 9

7

"

7

" "

"

" C "

" "

7

"

" " "

"

" " " %: " 0 233@0 * 7 0 = :

9

"" "

Q

7 A

"

#" :"

"

#" %

9 >F4F&

D %< 5

9 >FF4&0 *

" "

5" &

"

"

C @

%B

9 >F?R5 -

D 9 >FF? & :"

"

7

" " 7

#"

5

#"

" 7

9

"

" #" "

"

" %' 6 9 2332&0 $ " "

"

"" 9 "

"

0

"

7 #" 9

5

.

"

7

7

7 0 FF49 0>>?&0 ,

" 7

"

7 7

T=

7

"

"

" D %-

" 0,

"

"

" "

" 7 0

"

#"

7

7

;

@

" "

9

" " "

0 ,

" "

"

7

"

"

9 >F4Q9 0P@2&0

0

"

R

"

"

"

" 9 " 9

" 0 %$

9 7

7

7

7 #"

Q&0

"

C

*

9 >F?3& % " 9 " 0*

0,

"

"

A

"

"

"

%

7

9 " 0*

7

"

"

%

9

" "

" "" 0R * " 5

"

"

" 7

"

0 1"

5

"

" " 0

" 7

-

7 "

"

"

+

29 7

7 0

T

7

" "

" "

6

00

7

"

0 $

7

%

"

9 "

" 7

" " 7 " 9 >F@R5

"

&

" #"

9

7

7 7

" 0Q

7

0 "

9

7 7 7

" "

:

>>P

D

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0' "

0, 24 "

9 :"

"

""

7

"

"" 0

' " 24 % & >F4P9 0>@&

7

%

9

7

"

-

, 7 7

)

M "

(

" 7

-

-

-

-

7

>>Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' " %=

24 % & * 9 233P9 0>P>&

(

$

;;

,

"

7

"

(

-

7

"

<
FP3A 9 233R&0 9 233P5 -

?

T *" 7 9 2333& %=

T

"

4

9 $

"

&

" 9

7 9 >F@45

"

0

'

79 >F?45 " %( 9 %

7

#"

" 7 "

%

&

%

7 "

"

"

7 7 " 9 >FRF &0 )

;;

" 9 >FF?9 233P5 " " " 9 233P&0 * :

"

9 6 T < 7

"

" >FQ3A

A

3.2.1 Explanatory mechanisms in science " %) 4 ?

%233P&9 +

" "

"

7

9

9 2333&0

"

7

9

"

" #"

7

9

"

%233Q&

7 " 7

9

%$

>RQP

&9

"

0 "

"

0

>>R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%< (

%>FQ?&

9

" 9 233>5 9 >F?R& 7 " " + 0 , " 9 >F??5 $A 9 >F?@5 " 9 >FFP 5 9 >F4F5& " %7 " " & " 0>3 " " " %" 9 2333& " 7 >> " 7 " " " 7 " " 97 %= 9 2332&0>2 %>F4F& " " " " " :" " " $ 9 C D>P 7 7 " " " "0 " % 9 >F4>& 7 0 " " % Q& %$ 9 T B 9 >FFQ5 9 >FFQ&0 7 9 " 7 " A 7A " " 9 233P5 69 233R& % #" 7 7 5 Q&0>Q

%< 7

" "

"

" "

0 9 >F?R&0 ,

% *

5 * " " 7 %

T

F

&%

*

"

" "

"

7 " 7 "

9 >F?@&0 +

:

7

" "

7 -

0

7

7 "

(

"

7

"

" A "

"

"

7

& "

" 7 0* "

"7

:

$ "66 " 7 9

" "

" 7 9 " 7

" 7

%$ "

:"

" "

" 7

5

"

7 " 7

0 7 C

7

7 D

%

" 7 T %-

Q& % A 7

7

"

" " 9 233>5 T 09 >F?R& "

"

%
F??&0 7

233@ "

0>3

*

" 9 "

A

"

" T *7 9

9

U

9

& " %
F?R&0 6 %233R&

D "

7 M

7

D "

7

7

7

"

" #"

7

Q0 %' " 9

5

9 233Q9 0>RP&0 7 A

I7

7 C "

9

" % " :"

5

"

-

A %
F4P&0

7 "

9 >F??&0 "

M 7 "0

" 7 7

" "

" >R

"

9

"

" 7

>Q

P

"

9 >FFP&0 "

:" 7

:

" 0

"

" 7 "

9

"

%

7 " "

#" " % 7

" " 7

A

>P

"

%B

( ,

0, "

7

9

0,

"

7 9 #"

7 -

>> >2

Q

Q0 %>F@4&9

*"

0*

" "

"

0, "

T

" "

"

"

"

"

"

9 >F@4&0 *

=

" 0>R " 7

"

% 9 >F?R5 *"

0*

9 7

"

" " %>F?@& " 9< 7 0' 9 5 9 7 " " 9 0 ( "

7 9

F

"66 5

"

T

9 >FF2&0 ,

9 QA

" "

;* 7

0

>>@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%>FF3& C

7

9

" A "

" 0, "

"

; >FP3 >FR3A 6 9 >FF>5

% "

7

7 T " %) %

9 >FF45 -

" #"

7

"

7 " 9 " 7 9 " 9 >F?4 & "

" 7 >4

%

& 0*

"

" "

"

%

6

9 >FFR&0 -" 7 "

7

"

% "

% " &

0

"

"

9

9 2333&0 ,

9

" "

%=

9 2332&0 ( %

7 &0 ,

" "

"

%) " 7

7

;-

"

"

" "

#"

"

"

7

7

7

7

7 7

" "

7 9 >FF4&0 9 >FF>& 9 >F4F&0 *

#"

"

"

D

9

( "

"

7 >@

"

7 " "

C

9 "

:

"

D

7 7

5

#"

7

2

7 "

7

9 "

"

7

"

0 "

" " "

0,

7

" 9

" 7

"

7

" " "9 9 2333&0

" %)

"

"

3.2.2 Scientific theories *

"

" %
F@?& " %< " "

%>?P? >F>@&9 % " %>?23 >?42&

9 233R&0

7

"

"

9 & %(

"

% 9 >F?@&0 = % " & 9 " 7 % 9 >FF?5 9 233>5 = 9 >F?@& 7 %$" W9 233>5 9 23335 E" 9 23335 9 >F43& 9 >F?@5 9 >F?45 9 233>&0 * " " 7 " 7 5 9 >FF>>F&0 " 7 " " " %= 6 9 2332&9 " " " " %B 9 233Q& " " " 7 923 " " 7 " " " 7 " 7 " " 7 7 " % " " " $ %9 >FFR&0

9

"

9 >F?F5

"

>@

, " ) 02@&0 Q& >? * #" >4

>F 23

-

C "

9 C

9

D%

66

"

7 T'

1

7 7 7

"

"

"

"

%

7 "

7 " "

"

"

0*

#" 7 #" "

" 9 7 "0 *

"

"

" "

9 >FFR9 0>@R&; ,

&

A

;- " ; D %9 >F?49 -0-0 - 7 %

7

9 >FF?&0

" 7 : "

= 7 7 9

7

7 % 7

>?

" 9 2333&

0,

%( 7

"

" " %B "9 233@&; * #" % 9 233Q5 B "9 >FFF&5 A 9 "

A " %< 7 0-

1

" "

D% W

9= 9 >FFP&0 ;=

C#" " 9 233R9 0Q??&0

7

"

>??2 " % " 9 233@&0 7 9

>>4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 7

7 "

7

% "

9 >FFF&

"

"

"

0 *

" "

% "

"

%

9

& 7 " %* 7 " 7 $ 1 "

" ;,

7 " 9 >FF@&0 * O

"

%-

9 23325 *

"

" 7 "

%

"

%

2&9

7 9

"

%>?RF >FPP&

% 9 233>& % & %' 6 9 >FFP& 9 233>5 * " 9 233> &0 " #" % 9 233> 5 9 233>&0 * %) 9 233>& " 7 % "



% "

"

"

" %

%.

' "

"

5

7

"

&9 9 2333&0 * 7

"

7 "

"

9 T ( 7 9 2333&0 ,

7 " "

"

" "

2>

"

"

" +

22

;& %

"

9

7 "

(

%< "

"

" " 1

7 "

9 >FFP5 0* 7 %

9

" 6-

9

9 233R&0

%>Q4P >RQP&9 , 9 7

9

9

T .

"

%*

9 233Q5

9 233>&0 * 7 " "

" %)

9 %

"

" "

7 " 9 2333&0 *

" 9 23335

% 9 23325

"

" "

"

"

9 >FFP&0 , 9 23325

9 -

" "

9 233> &

%

" &9

"

" 9 " %
??> >FQQ&9 = " 7 7 " &

0

"

&

7 " " 233> &0

7

%) "

"

"

9

9 "

" -0

7

" "

" 7

"

9

%

" 9

0 *

>F4@& >F?R&0 ,

9 >FF@&0

9

" :"

" 9 233P&0 , 0

&

7 "

97 7

" "

0 "

7

"

9

"

%

"

9 2333&0

>>?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

02P -" 7 " "

7 7

9 7

7

" 7 9

9

" %
F435 -"

" 9 >F?R5

7 7

% 7 &

>FP> %

/OO 0

T 0

O

O
F@R& l

%" &0 -

9 2333&0 -" "" " " D 7

9 233> &0 -"

""
F?@& 0

" A

7 9 >FF25

A

"
>F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

"

0
F?4&

! " #"

9

(

5

" "

= " >FFF

9


& 5C 7 9 0+ 9C D 7 " C D D % &

% 0QF@&0

>23

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

2?

9%

9 2333&

7

,

" "

" " 79 233R & C " :

%" 0*

"

9 D

"

D 7 9 " / 0$

7

" 2?0

"

"

" 7

7 "

"

0*

"

"

Q?3 " ;' #"

" 7

9

"

D% "

2 "

"

" 0 =

"

9

"

"

" :

"

7

" :

D % 023>&0

"

"

" 7 "

"

" 7

%2333 &

:"

C

" " D % 024?&0

9

7 9

" : 9 233>&

"

" 7

"

7 "

"

"

7 %B

#"

" :

9C

7

#" 7 "

" 9

" "

9 >FF39 0>P& " 0 ,

A

A %>FFF&

7

" "

"

%>FF3& 5C

:"

7

9

C "

#"

0

"

"

%< "

0,

)

" : 9)

9

T

" %233@9 02& A

"

7 % 9 >FF3& " 9 2332&8 * 7 A "

7 "

7

>2>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

, :

" "66 0 0- 9

" 9 9 7

"

7

"

7 "

%

"

A 9

"

9

" ;* "

9

7

" T "

%

7 7

" "

"

"" " "

0

" "

0 5 * 9 >F?>&0 7 9 7 % & 0 7 9 >F4F5 . 6 : 9 233P& 7 " " %) 9 233Q&0 $ " 0 "

;9

" "

5 "

7

7

7 9 0* "

"

" -

9

% *( & %

"

"

"

"

7 " D9

C"

A +

9

" *

9

" 7

"

" -

"

" "

7

7

"

0

"

9

9

"

0* "

7 9 2333&0

%B

7

7

" 7 " #"

"

" 7 7

0*

7 #"

7 7

;* %B

7

%$

9 2333&0

"

"

" "

" "

7

" "

"

7 " 9

7

9 2333&0

" "

"

"

0*

#"

7 9 9

" "

9

5

"

0 %233>&

#"

" "

0 0

7

7

" 7 7

"

7

9

" %C

7

D5 = "

"

9 " "

0*

7 9

"

"

" 7

0*

"

"

" 7

"

" "

0 "

"

" 7

"

"

9 "

"

9 >FFF9 0232& :"

,

"

"

"

"

" :

"

"

"

0 70

"

/

" 0

"

0,

" 7 7 " "

" 7

7

7

" " "

; ' "

" " 7 " 7

7 7 0$

:" 7 0

" 0 " " "

" "

"

; " "7 0' "

7 " 2F " "

"

>22

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

2F

/

7

7

>

,

-

-

"

2

; =

C

D ;

,

P $

$

"

"

7

" "

24

%2333&

"

"

"

7

0*

"

"

/ • • • • • • • • •

24

*

7 :

7 7

7 " " "" 7

7 #"

2?

"

7 7

2?

7

"

0* :" "

C

"

" "

D5

" "

7 " /

"

"

7

" 0 FP>9 0PQ? " %233P&9 6

%>F43&

" :

5

"

9 :

7

:

D

" :

7

" " " " : 7 0,

;

D % 0

:

7

0 7

" :

7

0

:

"

"

#"

0

. 7

" "

7

" 7

" 7

"

0 * "

"

"

"

7 " 7

" 7

7

9 "

" : "

" 0 ,

"

"

#"

"

7

9 "

0P3 *

"

7

"

9

"

0

5

"

9

, " 7

" :"

7

9

"

9

"

+ " " "

" 7

" 7

9 7 "

7

"

" 7 7

%

" 9 2333&0 5

0 $

2F P3

"

"

0 97

" "

"

" "

0

>2Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

" 7

:

" 0+

" " :

0 , 7

9

7 "

7

#" 9

"

7

"

7 0 -

"

9 " 7 9

:

9

7 "

"

0,

"

0

;

" "

#" C

"

" "

5 7 7

" " %2333& "

0

"

"

9

D "

%

& "

#"

" " " 0

9

0P>

"

7 "

0 7

"

P2 " &0 * 9 233R&0

(

7

"

7 7

9

9

"

"

" "

7

"

7

&

"

"

"

#"

"

Q0

" "

7 9 7

"

" : "

" A

"

" 9

" 9 >FF?& 7 9 "

%( 0

""

7 7

9

"

"

" "

" " "

"

"

0*

9

7

%(

97

T'

0* "

"

9

7

"

"

9 9 9 >FF@ 5 >FF@ & "

%

Q&0

"

7

7

" 0

#" " "

7

0 "

9

" " 9 " 9 >FF?& C " 9 23339 024>&0

%! " D%

#"

"

"

"

"

$

7 0

7

" %2333& 0* " "

" 0

"

A

9

7

" " ""

9

"

7 " "

"

*

+ T=

7 "

9 "

" "

" %2333& 0* 7

:

" "

P2

"

%7 "

"

P>

7 9 2333&0 &5 " 7 #" "

5 " " " %

%
FF29 0PQ3&0 1" "" " " " " 7 "

D% "

0

7

"

9 "

"

" 5

"

7

D0 -

0 0

" 9

"

*

0

"

%>FF2&

"

7

"

7

9 " "

" "

7

0 (

" 7

7

9

#"

PP

7

7

0+

,

" 7

"

" 9 "

9

7 " 7 ,E 7 " " 5C " D% " 9 23339 0242&0 * " "

7 "

,E "

" 7 " 7

0

>2@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

0 ,

7

" "

9

"

" 9

"

" "

0 #" %* "

>2@

"

"

"

0=

" 7

7 " T)

7 9 >F?R&9

" 5 "

"

"

>443 0

"

"

"

3.3.1 Explanatory mechanisms in social science ,

"

"

" "

0

%233>&

"

7

" " 0 0 0 70 70 70 7 0

"

0* ( " " + *

"

0

9 7 0 " " 7

' $

"

*

9

7 "

" "

%

" 7 %$ T " % 9 23335

"

" 9 >F?@5 9 233P& " 9 >F?R&0 , 0 = "

7

9 233>&0

"

"

C"

D

" "

"

"

0 " "

" "

"

7

" 9 233>&0 "

% 7 "

"

%

"

"

7 "

" "

7 "

"

"

0 $"

9 " "

" 7

6

"

7 &5

%

"

%

"

9

"

"

% 7 "

&

&5 & "

" "

"

"

%233>& " "

7 " % % " &0 -

7

" "

7 "

7

A %2333& "

"

"

0

9 " " 7

" "

7 "

"

*

M

"

"

7 7

" " " "

0

" 7

0 -"

"

0

9 >FFR5

"

"

"

"

7

7 " "

7 9

7

%

7

"

" 7 " " "

"

0

" "

"

"

"

7

"

"

&0 , 0 *

"

"

9 7 "

A7

"

"

7 -

" 7 "

9 >F4F9 "

" &

7 0

' "

9

"

"

"

"

&

" "

"

7

" "

5

"

0 -"

D

9 233>&

7 "

9 %'

%233>& 7 " 7

A "

9 0 0C "

0 %

" 7 "

7 "

" "

C %'

D 9 >FF4&0

>24

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

PQ

"

* "

"

"

9

9 7 7 " %. " %>F4F& 6 7 "

" PR

" "

"

" " " 7 "

"

7 " 9 233@&0

9

"

" "

0, 9 233>&0 ) 9 " % " 9 >FF?&0 7 9 7 " " " " #" 9 C"" 7 9 " " %233>&

%' 7 " 7

9

" 0P@ ( "

7 7 D % 02R&0

7 5

C 7

D 0-

" "

" 7

"

"

%

& "

"

"

0

* "

7

7

7

"

' 9 " : 7

" 0 "

9 " %233>& "

0 9 "

7 "

7 7

0 -"

" "

7

" M

"

"

9

"

7

7

7 7

"

"

"

7

0

9

"

5

"

"

"

"

"

PR

*

9 "

"

"

" 0+

" 7

7

"

7 9

"

" "

9 "

7 "

" "

7

"

>@3

" "

" " 9

"

"

D %=

7

"

9 233>9 0QFP&0 9

7 7 0 0*

7 7 9

7

" 7

C 7

:

"

7 "

+

9

9

D

7 &

9

,E9 " 0$ "

C

9 >F?R&0

" "

%233>& " "

"

9"

T

; ;, 0 $

7

P@

7 "

9

9

#" "

PQ

7 " " : 0=

9 "

7

" %-

0(

"

9

7 7

7 7

" 0

"

"

"

"

"

0,

"

9

"

" #" "

"

0

"

#" "

" "

" 7

" 0

"

9

7 7

""

"

"

)

9

"

"

"

"

" :

9

0

9 "

"

7

"

"

7

" 0*

"

" "

7

7

"

5

"

-

A

0 *

"

7 ;, " 7

" "

7 "

" 0 (

"

"

"

0 5 "

" " / :"

%

7

7 "

0* " 7 "

7

" 7

7 & D%

C "

9 "

"

%

9 2332&0

>2?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9 7 8

"

7 " "

5 "

0

3.4 Psychology 9

"

7 "9

7

7

7

%

7

9 2333&0 *

" "

7

7

"

0

"

7 9

"

"

9 233P&0 +

" "

"

&0 ="

" "

"

" "

5"

"

9

0* %< D

7 "

C

A

" 9 .

9

%

" 9 >F?R5 *

9 >F?R5 9 #"

"

T %

" #"

>F?F&0 *

7

9

"

" 9 7

" :

9

9

"

"

% C " : D&0 =" % 9 >F?R&0

"

>?F@

$

>>3

" 7

" " >F?F&0 "

Q33 %2333& P4 " " C

7

"

"

7 " 0! "

9 %' " T 9 >FF25 D 7 " " " " " " % " 9 2333& " "

C 7

" D

0

7

0

7 "

"

"

" "

;,9 9 2333&9 ;*

%( "

#" 7

"

=

"

"

"

7 9 >F?R5

9 >FF45 "

"

A

9 A

0*

0= 9

#"

" ;=

7 7

"

"

#"

/

;=

"

"

;

7 ;=

;, %( B"

" 9 >F?R5 -

9 >F?@5

%233>& 7 7 "

"

% 0*

"

9 >F?@&0 &

%

#"

7

C >F?39 0?F&0 * " 0*

7

7

"

C

D0 *

7

P4

7 9 >FF4&0

%$A

9 >FR25 $A :" / "

"

9 >FFP5

9$

9

$ "

"

7

T, "

" W9 23325

9 7

7 9 >FF45

9

" 9 233P5 -

9 >FFF 5 7 "

9 >FFF5

%2332&

9 >F?R9 >F?45 ' " "

9 >FF45 "

9 233> " 7

0

9 >F@F5

5

%(

"

"

7 9 >F@>5

9 233Q

" 7

" 0 * 9 23335 7 "

"

% "

9

9

6 9 >F43&0 ,

" "

9

7 "

A

.

9

7

" 7

T= "

T-

" " 9

9

" " )

D%

#"

9

-

"

" "

7

&

" "

" 7 &0 * " 0 " A %>FF4 & C " D

0

>2F

T

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

"

" *

"

"

"

7

"

"

P?

""

7 0 *

"

" :

= " 7 " D%

C

"

" 7 7 %

7 "

9 >FFF&0

7 "

0

;$ %2333& "

"

7

"

%)

$

7 " " 7 " 0Q3

"

"

7 " 7 7 "

A C

%>F??&

7 7 >F@3A

D

" >F43A % % " 9

" "

9

" 0

"

"

" 9 233>5

9 2332&0 9

9

" 0 $

"

7 C

D #"

9 0 0

" D #" 0
F??&0

%7

7 "

9

9 9 >FF4 & % A " 7

7 9 7 "

7

Q&0 O

0 $ "

"

7

0

"

7

"

" "

7

7

0

PF

, 233P&

" " %'"

7 "

9 >F@4& "

7 7

7 D%

" :" < 6

7

C

9 >FF45 " "

7

"

#" G #"

=

%

B

9 233P&0

"

7

9

,

7

7

" 9 >FF@9 022>&

9

"

9 2333&0 7 "

7 A C " 0 E"

9

A 7

C

D% ' "

%

0

7 "

9 " #" 0

7

%) 7 9

7

" 7 "D "

Q>

A =" A T + 9 233Q5 " 9 "

"

"

"

"

Q3

7 '

" 7

"

& 9-

7

"

%

9 7 "

&

9 2333& 7

C

"

" "

7 "

9 9 0 0

7

" =

7

7

"

" "

9

9 2333&0PF 9 233P& %$ 7 9

%$A 5 "

7

" 0Q> * %

" 7

"

9$

*

7

7

#"

" 7

" "

" 7

0,

;

P?

" :

5

9 >F?F9 233>&0 * " 9 " " " % " " 7 9 >F?>&0 * " " 9 " " " 9 " 7 " % 9 >FF4&0 ( " " " 7 7 & %*" 9 233>&0 * 1 9 < T " 9 233Q& %$ 9 >FFR&0

%

9 >FF?&0 *

"

" 7

" %B"

7

%=

" 0

A

" & %$A "

" 6

>?@2 "

" A 9 9 23339 0 &9 %B" 9 >FFR &0 0 "

6A $

"

0

>P3

9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.4.1 Explanatory mechanisms in psychology *

7 7

" "

"

&Q2

% " "

"

" #"

"

"

"

"

"

%)

" "

7 "

%=

"

9 >FFQ&

" "

7 " A

7 0

>FQ3

7

%

9 >FFQ&0 *

9

7 0

"

"

"

"

"

#"

" #"

" 0'

7

"

"

" 9

#" "

"

0*

9

7 7 "

" "

"

0 *

#"

0

"

9 2333&0 , " 0' "

"

9 " "

0'

9

A

9 >FFF&0QP ,

P3

R20 ' " "

0,

' ' %

" "

7

0,

9

9" "

%-

a

" #"

#"

" %$ ) "

9 >FFQ&0 *

" 9 >FFQ& "

"9 7

"

"

9

9 "

" 7

,

A 9 $ 7 9 7

G

C

9 7

9

7

"

"

%) 9

9 7

+

%233Q&

9=

9

;) 9

9

0 * 9 >F?P&0 * 7 "

T=

D " " 0- 7 0*

:"

" 9 >F??&0

" T 7 "9 " 9 2333&0

7 " 9

A

%

%

9 9

9

#"

"

" 7

7

"

%( 7 9 2332&0 = 7

7 "

9

" 7

9 0

" 9 "

"

A

"

0

7

0*"

7

7 7 9

"

" "

0* "7

"

%

" 7

9 2333&0

0

"

"

"

9 "

%

"

9 2333&0 ,

I7

7 " 0

7

;+ 7 7 7 0 * " 7

9

"

Q2

;+ 7 9

7

"

9

7 7 "

7

" " 9

"

"

9

" 7

0 +

"

7

* #"

" 0 *

"

7

" :

7

" "

*

" " QP

"

0 F?4&0

9 >F439 0P&

*

*

$

7

$ ,

QQ

, %( " "

" 5

9 233R5

T

9 % 6 9 233R&0

7 9 B"

" '

' A

& "

A 7

>P2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

P>

(

9$

(

*7

%>F439 0P&

2

(

7

" Q

(

*

P

*

$

(

Q

( (

7

P

Q

R

$ ,

7

7

.

7 C

-

" C

D

)

" D

"

5 "

(

5

7 0

"

7 D

C "

7

"

7 0

" O

" O " "

5

7

" " *

" " / "

"

9

*

,

"

7

" "

" " " " *

" "

"

7 0

>PP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9

0 '

%>F@?&

" 9

%>F@?& >FR@&

(

)

7 7

%>F42&

0 "

9

T )

9 >F429

"

0@4@&0 +

C 0*

C

D 9 0 0

" "

-

G

"

7 A

"

%>F@?&

7

%( "

"

T )

9 >F42&0 0,

" 7

9

" "

" "

"

"

" "

9

9

0 *

"

0QR = 9

" 9

"

7 "

0,

"

9

"

"

" 9

7 " 7 " A

"

0

" "

"

7 "

" %>F@?&

-

"

0 $ 0+

" 7

" *

" #"

" 0 +

5

7

"

7

"

"

7

"

7

9

7

9

7

7

9

9 >F?45

"

"

"

T-

" %
F4@9 0PP&0 X* "

Y5 (

&9 X 0 * "

X

X

" "

9 >F??&0 7 % 9 >F43& " 0* " " % " 9( A %>F?? & 8&0 " P2 0 * " 0* " " D9 C

C "

"

0

>F?@&

A

Y

"

" "

"

" %=

"

'

T-

9

X " "

" " 7 7 C "

:" " "

D

"

5

0 *

C D0 %>F43& #"

9

9

O

"

0

QR

+

" "

C " 9

D% "

"

& 0*

"

"

9

" "

9 9

:

0

>PQ

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

P2 (

A %>F?? &

"

UAA ,

,

,

UA +

>

+

0(

" "

>PR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.4.2 Psychological theories " "

0* " " " 0= 7 "

" = "

"

"

C 0*

"

"

>3>/

7 7

(

%>F?? &

7

0*

"

7

7 D " 7 97 0

7

" 7

7

"

"

7

%(

" &0

7 7 7

9 >F?? &0 ,

7

-

"

%(

*

" "

0*

"

"

" 7 "

7

%

97

&

"

"

7 "

"

"

7 "

0 , " %>FFP&

( 7

"

9

" 7

7 " " 0 *

7 "

"

"

"

" 0' "

" 9 >F?>5 < 9= >F?@5 *" 9 >FFP5 = " 7

7 " "

9 23335 . 7 "

" Q& %

Q@

* 7 Q4 * Q? QF

" " 7

,

" " 9 >F?F5 1 9 >F?39 " 9 >F?>5 9 >FF25 U 9 >FF>&0 * 7 " " 7 " 0 7 #" #" 7 0 " 7 7 "9 >FF@ &0 " %233R& " D " 7 7 " " #" " 9 >F??9 6 9 >F43&0 1 %>F?3& 7 9 TU T=

7 " 9

B 9 >FFR5 2 , " "

7 7

9 2332&0 * 0+ " "

0

#" %

9 "

"

"

%= 7

"

7 "

7 "

" 7

C

"

7

9 "

"

"

" 0

"

"

"

A

"

7

"

9 >F?? &0

7 7

%

0Q? 9 233>&0

7

% ="

"

" Q4

7 #"

" 7

-

"

7 "

7

9

7 0-

" 0Q@ *

7

% 9 >F4F5

9

T *" 9 23335 9 >F435 9

6 9 >FF25 7

" "

#"

7 #" 7

#" 7 QF

"

7

%-

9 >F??5 " 0 *

%

" "

7 0

7

9 >FF4&0 7 " 7

" "

7 0*

7 "

0 9

"

;

>P@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)



%

7

< 9

DR3

7 "

7 7 9 >FF25 -

%< " "

"

&9 %

9 >F435

"

9 2333&0 * %$

7

"

7 "

%
FF4& "

0*

"

7 " " C 7 D C D7 9 23335 +" 9 >F?45 >FP3A >F@3A 9 " >FR3A %+" 9 >F?4&0

7

7 23335 ( 7 9 23325 ) 9 23335 ) 9 >FF4 5 9 >F?F&0 * 7 " 7 C 7 D " % " 7 5 9 233>& " 9 " 9 % 9 2332&0 $ %>FFF& 9 " 7 9C 9 " " " 7 9 " " %9 >FFP& %9 >F?4 &0 " %>F4?& " A " " C D % 0222&0 9 7 " 9 7 C " 7 0) " Q0 )

7 "

" "

%

"

7

-

&9

" &9 0

7

9

7 "

9

7 "

" 9 "

7 "

D

9 7

"

" D%

"

"

" W9 >F??&

"

" "

7

9 "

"

" 5 " 0 7

"

7

" 9

#" 9 2333&0 ,

"

"

%E"

9

2&

7

9 >FF?&0 "

"

%-

"

5 7 " 7 "

9 >F?4 &0 7

" 7 9

"

%>F?F& #"

0

A

#"

7 7 "

#"

9

"

7

9

"

" "

"

9

=

*

Q "

"

9

7 7

" C

"

9 " 7

0 * % ""

%)

"

7

7 =

"

" 7

9 T

" 9

D % 02@@&0 )

"

7 "

%

9

9 9

"

7



7 T

%(

" "

:

" 0

"

"



C "

9 >FF3&

"

* "

" "

0

0

""

9 >F4>&0 *

9

#"

9

9 " "

7 A

0! 7

9

0

W

0, ;

R3

*

<
P4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.4.2.1 Concepts, definitions and propositions ,

9 "

7 7

9

" " "

" "

9 "

9

"

0 D "

"

7 9

" ,

0

9

7 "

7

0

"

W %>F?F& 0 , 0 W %>F?F&

"

7

7 "

"

@*

%

(

9

0,

9

"

*

7 9

9

" W9 >F?F9 0@3?&0 *

D% "

7

"

%

*

@

9

0

W9 >F?F&

&

"

*

$ =

" "

" "

$

"

7 7 "

%>F4F&

" "

0$

"

7

7

"

9

C

"

9

7 "

9 0+

"

D

: 9

"

0 * " 9 %>F4F&9 7

9

7

7

9 7 "

0%

2&

"

7 9 >FF3&0 * 7 #" 0 !

%$ C

D

C

D

7 "

7 " "

7 #"

"

" 9 "

"

0

,

" "

9

" "

;. 9 >FF3&

%$

""

" 7 " 7

" 7

9

" "

W %>F??&

7 "

"

9

9 >F439 0FQ&0 ' 7 &9 & "

"

$

%>FF2& 7 "

%" 7

"

"

9 9

7 "

% %

"

7 9

7 9

9

&0

9 >F4>& "

&0 =

"

"

C 7

7

" D%

"

%

D 9C

;' "

"

" %

9 9

9 9

6

% 9

" " 0*

& 7

>P?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9

9 %

9 >F4>&0 (

;,

"

R>

" 0! 9

C

W %>F??&

0"

" "

" 7

"

"

" %233> & "

9 %'

T$

#"

"

9

" 0 4*

%>FF2&

" 97

9

>9 "

*

7 " $

0R2 '

"

" 0

"

9

"

7

D

7 "

"

7

" #"

4 "

0

9 >FF2&

* $ $

-

(

-

"

#"

$

"

"

-" *

"

'

$

%>FF2& 0-

"

0

0

7

" "

0 7 "

/

" 9 "

"

0

7

5

7 7

0( "

7

0,

"

7

7 9 " 9 0 0

&

%

7 7

+

7

&0

"

"

0 (

"

"

" "

"

" "

7 T ) " 9 >FF4&0 C D" "

% 9

"

PP0 * A

" "

%'"

0 " 9 >FF25 B

T$

"

#"

"

"

"

"

"

0

" 7 % 7 7 7

7

9 0 0

%'

7 "

"

7 " 9 233R&0 ,

"

" 29

"

"

7 9

"

"

"

9 >F?>&0 "

7

"

0 %7

R> R2

* +

C

"

< 9 0=

9

Q0Q0>0P

"

"

"

"

7

"

0 "

;$ 7

" "

:

A "

PQ

7

7

"

" ;

" 0

>PF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

D %(

9$

T *7

0*

9 >F439 02F&0 /

"

7

"

0

7

" " 0 '

9

7

"

"

9

"

%

&

0

" "

0'

9

"

0

" '

9

"

5 7

" "

9

7

9 #"

%

"

"

0

&9

"

70

7 0 > 7

6 6

"

"

"

"

"

5

"

" " 70

% 7

&

0* 9

0'

" " 5 0 0

%

"

"

" 7

"

"

9

9

7

&0 "

5 0 0

"

7

"

"

9

" 70

" " #"

#"

7

"

0,

"

0,

7 9

"

7

"

7 0

9 " "5 " 9 0 0

"

"5 %( 7

7

0 '

9 7

9 >F?? & " 7 O " " "

" "

7 " "

"

" "

7

"

7

%

0

%>F?3&

&0

0 , 9 0 -" 7 "

%>F?3&

9

%

9

"

7 "

7 7

7

9 " 7 0

%

Q&0 9 >F?3&0

%= 9

" "

7 9( " 5 0 0

" " %

"

" 7

9

" 7

&0 -"

" "

7 "

7

0'

" "

9 " " "

"

7

" " " %>F?? &

9 0 0

" 9 "

7

"

" 7

&0

"

"

0 * 7

0

9

7

9

" 9

5 0 0 0

" "

7

>Q3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

PP (

7

(>

(

(2

%'

T$

(P

)

9 >FF29 02?&

$

)

+

,>

' "

PQ

,P

O

"

,

(

,2

"

,

M

*

(

"

M C #"

D

"

>M

*

2M

"

"

7

C D -

"

"




University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 7 7 >F@3

'

• •

"

T$

9 >FF2&0

"

"

"

" 7

( 7

7

9

7

, 7

"

%

/

"

"

" 7



7 7

7

"

"

% "

" 7

&

3.5 Theory appraisal #"

" C

" 7

D

; C

D; % C

" 0, %

7

&% 0*

7 0 -"

A" "

"

7

%

7

7 0 7

I7 7

" 0. #" % >FF4&0 ,


F?4&0 D7 "

8 %T) 9 >FF3&0 * 7 9 >F?4 &0 -" 7 " 9 " " 0 * " " 9 7 " 7 " &0 %>F?4&9 7 " 7 % " " 9 7 9 7

" % 9

9 >F4>&0 7 " & "

% 7 9 9

" " )

7

: "

"

&

0 7

%>F43&

"

7

7

" 7 " :

" &

7

0

7

:

"

"

" "

"

#"

"

Q&0RP *

%

0-

% " "

9

"

"

9 "

0
FFR& C< " B0

" 7 9 >F4?5 " "

R020>> 9 "

5 $ " 9

9

"

6

9 "

9 "

7

"

D 9

T " 7

"

"

"

0

< 9 E"

%>F4>9 >F?F9 >FFR& " "

7

9 >F?4

)

"

" 9 >F??&0
F43&0 * % 9 2332&0

" 7

"

7

" C

7

#" " 0 2Q "

7

>Q2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>@23 "

RR

"

7 "

" 7 % 9 >F?4 &0 < A %< 9 >FRF& 0 *

%-

"

"

" 7 7

" %
5 -

5

%( :

"

9

7 "

9 9 >FF3&0 * " 9 >FFF&0 * "

"

C " D 7 %>F?4& 0* &0

7

0 ) "

"

"

%(

"

" " 7

0 " 0

" 7

"

"

7 "

7 %

W9 >F??&0

6

'

%>F43& " 0 ' "

7

"

9 >FFF&

7 9

7

"

7 9

"

"

9

0"

9 PR

9

"

" 7 " 7 " 7

"

" " P@

RR

< %+ *

7 " " "

: :

7 :

I7 7

"

R@

"

" #"

7

"

%)

9

"

"

9

9 "

0

0

7

7

"

*

7

M

0,

9 >F4?&0 * " %

%

" "

"

"

" ; -"

"

"

7

9 233>& " 7

9 233>&0 * 9 >F43&0 ,

"

%( " " %

"

7

%

" "

9

" 7

%< % 6 7 %

9

%>F43& D % 0F>&R@ 7 M "

"

70

7 " 9 2333&0 "

6

0

0

7

" "

" %)

" 7

9 233>5

I7

" "

"

"

5) 0

C

7

" "

9 >F4>& "

"

" &0 * 7

+

"

W9 >F??5

7 " 7 7 0 * 0

C

7 %B

%'

T$

9 >FF?& "

D

"

9 >F?@9 0RF& 7

" "

"

9 >FF2&0 * " 7 "

"

7

" 7

0=

7 " ;" 5

0

>QP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

PR *

" 7

" 7

7

%+

9 >F?@9 0@2&

*(

7

V 00

)

V 00

7

V 00

$

%+

7

7

V 00

V 00

)

V 00

$

&

c$ c,

' "

P@ (

A %>F?? 9 0>4&

" 7 $

V 00

7

V 00

" "

7 7

" 7 "

,

"

7

$

"

#" 7

,

"

7

C

"

D

>QQ 7

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

* 7

" " "

0 , "

7

"

"

"

9

%(

9 >FFF&0 , " "

%

"

7 7 C

7 9 2333&0 " "

"

=

"

"

%

9 " 5 _: C 7

7 7 " 9

7 " "

7

7 "

"

7

7

0)

" 9

9

" 7 0 *

T D

9 2332& " 9 "

"

7

"

"

%

"

9 23335 -

7 9

0 ; 7

" 9

"

& %(

D T

7

7 0 *

7 "

"

7

"

"

A 7

7

9 233>&0 *

"

7

"

9 "

"

0

7

#"

0 9

9 0,

9 " 9 >F??&0 *

9 " 0-

%=

C

" "

7

%

7

7

" 7

%(

9 >FFF5 " "

9 233>5 #" 7

"

" "

:

"

"

"

9

:

"

7

"

&9 "

;RF

"

OE"

" 7 "9

9

7 0= "

&

O7

7 7

7 %B" 9 >FF3 & %>FF2& 7 7 " " D %

7 "

7

7 "

9

: 7 "9

"

$"

0

" 7

"

:

B *

" "

7

" 9 >FF3&0 * "0 (

0

7

7

"

"

RF

:"

7

7 0 !

#"

"

7 0!

"

R?

" 7 9

7

R4

" ;R? "

9

"

"

A B"

%

" "

5 9

"

"

%

9

A

7

"

5

"

0, 9 233P&0 ) " " " 0

T

9 "

0 ,

C %*"

_:

" 7

9 233>&9R4

"

7

D

9 >FFF5

" ;-

9 >FFF5

9 C

7

9 7

7

#"

7

9 >F?4 &0 " 7

9 "

" "

"

"

% "

7

" " "

7

7 " %(

"

7

"

" " 7 " 7 9 23325 * " 9 233> &0 ! " 9 " " " % 9 233>&0

" "

"

" 7 7 A ; ( "

7

"

7 "

9

; $

7 "

"

D

7 7 " "

" 7

"

7 0

9 233>&0 0

" "

0-

%

" 9

& "

" 0

>QR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

B

%>F4>& / • • • • • •

"

9

7

7

9

" " " 7

7

5

"

#"

#" "

>FFP &0 ,

#" 7

9

7

0+ 7

%' "

#"

T

&0

7 9 %>FF2&

9 2332&0 " 9

7 7

"

"

% "

"

" 7

#" "

%>F4?& 7

" " C "

D % 0PQ@&0 ( " "

0*

" "

"

0

) "

" "

0 #"

"

" %B

9( 7 7 %

"

7 "

0, "

"

"

7 7 "

7 9 >FFP&

5

A ""

9 >FFP& " 9 " 7

%

7

0* 7

%-"

"

" 7

9 >F??&0 (

"

7

9 >FFP &0 * %. 9 >F?@&0 * " 7

9 T

D "

"

" -

"

C

" "

"

" 9 >F?@5 7

"

7

%

9 7 %

9

9 >F4>& 0 *

" 9 " 9

%>F?R&

"

0

7 "

"

%

" 7 %>F4?&

" " #" 7

;) " " A " 9 >FF@&0

7

" "

9

7

*

"

9

7 0 )

7

"

0,

"

7

0-

9

#"

"

7

9

" "

7

7 " "

"

0,

7

7 "

"

"

0

"

9

"

" 7

% " %

" " & 7

"

" 5 " 9 >FFF&0 7

%= 7

7

T

9 >F??&0 * 7

7 "

0$

;+

7

;,

;* 0

-

7

"

%>F?>& 7

7 "

" 9 ""

%>FF2&

A C

"

7 9 >F??&0 " " D % 02@2& A

"

%>F?4& "

" %" 7

P4

9 >F?4 & " "" 9 0

"" 0

" 7 " 7 7 %>F?>& A %>F4?&

7

7

"

" %)

7

"

9 >F??&0 , "

7

A " "

"

" "

9 7

7 0

%>F4?5

"

>Q@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

P4

(

""

%

9 >F4?9 02@2&

*

=

7

-

$

)

9

%>F4?&

7

""

%C %>F@>&@3

7 9

"

C

0, 9 >F4P9 0>Q&0 $ 7

D5 "

" [

Z "

"" 9 7 "

"

7

-"

" T1

D "

%

" "66 "

"

"

A >F4F

%

&7

"

" 7

%

" T'

9 233R&0 %B

"

9

"

7

7

7 ""

"

"

7 9

7 "

"

7 7 %>F4P5 >F4?&

0

0 *

"

"

"

9

"

P4

5 " "

9 233R&0 , 7

7

0'

9

9 >FF2& % " " &

0)

0,

02@R&0 )

"

" "

T

"

7

97

"

233R5 =

7 0 * "

7

7 %

9 >F4?9 9 C

9

@>

" "

C

"" "

%>F4?& 0+ 9

9

9 D %

7

7

D 02@Q& 5 " %

"

PF0 *

7 "

"

"7

" "

"

9

P? "

7

"

0

@3

* >F4F ,

@>

"

"

>F@> 2 "

7

"

&M

7 7

"

@/ * 0

"

#" "

0 "

"

" 7

"

0(

9

0

>Q4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

P4

(

""

%

9 >F4?9 02@2&

)

7

$

' "

P? (

7

O

""

%>F4?&

)

7

C

D%

&

C

D% $

$

"

&

C

D%

7

O

7

,

$

"

$

PF $

"

"

$

"

%

$

"

7

"

7

"

9 >F4?9 02@?&

7

+ *

"

7

,

' "

"

"

7

) )

7 (

"

"

>Q?

&

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

(

"

P?

"

"

PF9 "

%

7

" : "

7

"

" 0,

"

7

7 "

7 7

"

" 7

7

0* A C

"

" "7 7

"

7

7

" " 9 %>F4?&0

"

7 % 02@F& % 7

D

" "

7

0 + "

9

"

" 7

9 >F?4&0

9 "

7 "

5

"

%>F4?& "

"

&0

; ( -

9 7 " 9 23339 233@5 ' T$ 9 >FF25 9 >F?35 9 >F4?5 = 9 >FFF&0 , %( T 9 >FQF&0 =

" 9 >F4?5 B"

% 9 >F445

9 23325

"

@2

%)

9 >FF4 &; -" 7 %>FF2& " A 6

"

7

"

0

%
F?Q&0

'

%233>& 9 9

M *

6

7 "

7 "

5C

0

+

"

7 9

"

"

" "

" 77

%

" 7

" 7

7

"

"

%(

T. _

7

9 233P&0 ,

"

"

7

C

D0 . 9

" D % 0RF&0 + A 9 >FF4&0

0

"

9 " 7 7

"

9

9

"

9

9

"

0* -

%

9

" % 7 7 9 >F?R&0 ( : :" " %2332& "

9 2332&; % "

"

9

% 7 Q0 *

9

"

"

9 >FFR5 T

"

0$ "

" >F4?&0 ,

"

" #"

"

:" " "

"

" "

)

9

7 ;

9 >FF@5 < 9 >F?>5 "

-

9 >F?>5

"

)

T -

9 >F?3&0 * "

"

7 " %

C "

7

"

" %23339 0>323& 9 " " "

9 >FF@&

D0

7

9 %2332&

9

9 •

>/

"7

%

7

7

"7 % • • •

2/ P/ Q/ +

,

9(

" A

%2333&

6

%

-

A

@P

( " #" 7

:

7 7 0 *

"7 &0 = &

7

9 233>& "

7

"

& &@P

7

#"

" %>FF23 "

"

7

" #"

%>F?>& D % 02P3&0 ' A

% W9 >F??5 -

%

" " "

"

@2

7

"

0C

" 9 2333&0 (

%(

%2333&

6

7 %

9 >FF2& "

" 9 "

0

>QF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

#" 7 0=

9

9

"

6 @Q

0 * T

( 7

9 >FFR&0

7

%

%(

9 233@5 " 7

& "

8, 7

7 "

" 5

"

;

+

#" 7

"

(

5 7

9

"

5 ;*

;

"

0 0=

"

7

"

5

" 0 ,

0@R 9

"

"

" " 0 , "

7 "

"

%

0

9

9 7

7 7 "

9 >F4?&0 ,

"

%>F4?& 9 " 0 *

" 9

"

7

7

9 0

;

"

"

"

" %2333& 9

%>F4?& "

#" 9 " "

" 7

9 •

7 9

9 9

9

9

9

7

7

" •

" "



A "

B

M 7 " 7 "

"

%>F4>&

M 5'

" % 9 23325 = 6

9 2332 5

A

" "

"

"

" "

" :

"

,

9 >F??&0 * " %=

" " 7

E"

"

" " %>F?>&9

"

" 0*

"

7

7 9

9 B9 "

( " 7 @R +

7 "

"

" 7

9

" 7 "

"

@Q

9 >FFF&0 * 0* 7 9

A

:"

"

0

"

" 7 %

"

&

7

"

" 0(

0 ) 0(

" ;*

0 7

T "

"

-

" 9

"

A 0,

7 " "

%

9 %>F?>& "" " % 0*

9

7 0,

"

7 -

#"

9 2332&

"

" 7

" "

:

&5

"

0 "

7 "

9

7 " 7 "

%

7 "

9

#" " "

: %(

% " 0

7 9

7

" A %>FF2& " A

T . _ 9 233P&0 a A " 9

9 & %( 7

" T

"

7 9

*" A 9 >FFR5 9

T

"

( 9 >FFP&0 R3

A

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

&5

"

" 9

@@

" 9

%

A 9 >F4?

&0 *

"

7

7

0 * "

#" 5 9 >FFR 9 >FFR 5 - " " % &9 7 & "

%B" "

#" 9 23335 -

9 >F??&0 *

"

" D %B" 9 >FFR 9 023>&

C " "

"

7

%

9

%

"

(

%>F42&

"

7 " 7 "

0*

"

"

0

%

& "

0, 0

7 " "

9

" 7

9 0*

"

"

7

)

9 %>F??&9 5

9

B"

7 "

)

T-

9 9

" "


FFF&

"

0 "

7 " 0, :

%C"

0+

"

7

%>FFF& 0=

9

7 9 "

"

" 9

" "

0

" %>F?4&9 =

"

9 >F??&;

A %>F?4& 9

7

*

%)

7

9

"

0*

" " 7

7

"

"

"

"

;

7

7 7

0

7 7 "

"

"

7 " "

7

9

"

%

"

7

" " 5

"

"

" 0*

#"

" 9

9 " :

"

0

"

"

0 0= 9 7 : 7

" "

7 A

9 >F?3&

7 +

"

"

%>F44&

"

7 9

" 7

@4

/

7

7

@@

&

0

:" • • • •

7

"

"

9

0@4

"

#"

7 "

0

0

>R>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.6 Towards a meta-theory .

"

"

7

7

7 07 %' " T 9 23325 = T= 7 7 " 7 7 % T 9 233Q5 F?4&0 * 7 %T = 9 >FF4&0 + " @F " % 9 >F??&0 6 %>FF@& 5 7 " " 7 0* " 9 ; %>FF2& " " %2332& A % &9 C " D % 0PQR&0 ( ;* " #" 7 " 7 " 7 " $ " " " C " " 7 D% "

)

'

"

%>FFP&

"

9 C D % 0>4Q&0 + "

9 " "

" "

%)

T'

9 >FF2&0 + " "

7 C

9 >FFP& 7 "

9@?

" 0< %)

0 7

7

" 7

7

%
FF>& "

" " " %

"

7

0 " 9 7 " " 0)

9

@?

T "

D % 0>QQ&9 %233P& %

C "

7

&

7

" " 7

7 U

7 "

"

" 7

"

7 "

7

9 7

A

0

7

" " %2332&0 *

' "

" "

"

7 7

" 7

"

"

" 0,

% "

"

" &9 9 >FF>&0 * 7 #"

%U

" "

9

" "

7

"

" "

"

" " "

"

;=

7

"

&0

A %>FF>& 9

@F 43

" *"

"

9

"

"

"

7 " 5

%

U

O %= 0 33&0

7 9 5

&

9 >F43&0

7 7

9

9

6

9

9 >F?3& " D % 0R&0 $ 7 " %233Q& C

"

9 >FFP&;

"

" 7

9

0$ TU

O 7 7

"

U %>FFP& 9 >FFP&0 "

T'

% & "

9 >FFP&0

7

9

"

7 7 %>FF4&9

% "

"

"

0

0 " "

G

A

"

" 9

0U

%>FF>&

"

9

"

0

>R2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

"

"

0

7 ,0

"

"

7 A

7 E

#" "

"

"

"

0*

7 "

7

%

"

,,,0

"

%>FFR&

&

,,0 9

6

/

7

"

#"

7

#"

" "

"

%

7

& 9 B"

- 7 %>FF29 0@?P& C 7 "

7 "

"

D

7 " %

"

"

" 2&0 +

"

"

"

" " C 7 09 >FF29 0@P?&0 *

" % " "

9

9=

; "

"

"

" "

" 5

91

" 0 ,

;

"

7

D

4>

#"

"

" *

"

5

5 9

"

91

0

9

"

9 "

0

9

8=

"

7

7

"

9

"

7

9

"

"

9 7

%

09 >FF2&0 =

;

"

"

" 7

% "

0=

"

&

"

"

"

0

A 7 9

"

"

7

0=

9

" "

7

; "

" "

" 9

42

7

; 9

"

7

"

9$

*

7 " 9 )"

9.

7

"

"

5

"

9

"

5

9-

A

#"

"

84P "

"

%>F??& 7

0 " %

"

9 23335 U "

>FFP &04Q $ 0 7

9

9 >FF>&0 , "

7

%>F??&9 7 %
F?F& 7

7 9

" 9 "

"

"

"

:

7

"

C "

%< 0 9 "

7 "

7 "

"

" =

54R

"

9

0= /

7

4> 42

9

"

"

" 7

T U 9 >F??&

T

7

"



4R

%< "

"

4P * 4Q -

9 9

7

" %>FF2&

7

7 9

TU

9 >FFP 5 *"

9 >FFP&0 0

D

#"

"

7

0

"

5 "

#"

% E&

"

7 "

0

>RP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

• • •

7 7

"

" 7

7 "

7 0 * "

T= ,

" 7

"


F?F?5 *"

#" =

9 >F?@

9 >FF2&

" A 29 7 &9 = = " 7 D % 0>Q>&0 * " & " " 9 " 9 0* 9 " : 7

%

%-

9 =

U

" 7 %>FF2& " "

"

C "

" "

9

"

9

" "

0=

" 7

"

7 "

" "

C

0*

D

"

9

"

:

7

04@

7 7

"

"

9

7

9

7

7 44

% •

%

" " "

%>F?F& " 0 ,

7

"

"

M

9

&

7

0 '7 " /

" 9

#"

0

7 " >FFP&0

"

%
FFP&0 * " 7 " "

#"

" " 0

"

C %

"

7 9

7

"

7 "

0 +

0* "

7

7

" 7

M A

%1

7 %
FFP& 0, 0* "

9 >FFP&

M

" 0 (

7

#"

"

" '

9

7

"

%
FFP&0
FFR&

5

5

4@

7

: "

7

7

7

% A B"

A

"

9

9

0 7

7

" "

*

5

7

" 44

:

5

9
FFP& " " Q3 7

:

9

"

%

&

04?

7

7

TU

9 >FFP9 0>?&

B


R@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9 0*

4F

$

%

9 >F4>5 " 7

A "

%

7 9

9 >F4R&0 *

"

I7 7

7

" &0 ,

" " : -

" 7

" 7

0?3 ,

"

9 :"

% 9 233Q&0 )

9 .

" 7 "

%-

T 1 7 9 233P& 7 " "

"

9 A
F@?5 >F4P&0?2

D C*

7 7

7 %

A

" " " " " "

9 "

7

" "

C

%) T

"

0?> (

" 9 "

" "

"

7

0 ( "

7

"

&0 " 9

B" 6

"

" 7

" >F@3A

" 7

9 >F??&0

" >F?3A 0

"

A

9 0

"

7 9

"

"

9 " 0* "

< *

"

" 9

7

"

%

0?P * " %>F?R9 >F?4 9 >FF2&

"

" "

=

"

"

7

7 9

6

%-

9 $

9 2

"

"

*m "

& %(

"

%

9 >F4>5

"

"

"

9 " " " "

-

%

T

"

-

n 9 233Q&0 $ 9 7 "

9 >F?>&0

"7

7

"

" " 0 "

2

#"

7

0 ' " ,

0* 7

>FRF % "

"

9 >F4>&0 99

" "

" %>F?F& 7

7 *

0*

"

7

7 " 7 B"

A

7 "

"

" ?Q

0

7

0 #" "

#" ?P

9 ' 7

9

" ?2

A "

- " %>F@2&?Q

" B 9 >F?4 5 >F?4 &0 B A

,

?>

0

"

7

9-

" 0

"

-

"

'

M B"

" 7

" 9

"

, ,

"

" "

%

?3

" "

" & 7

%< 9 >F?Q& ) 9 >F4@5 >F?Q 5 >F?R5 >F?4 5 >F?4 5 >F??&0

4F

" "

7 9

7 0 A

"

0

7 "

9

"

" 0

" C " D

7

7

" "

7 "

B"

%- "

9 233Q&0

" 7

"

0 "

9+

" 0

% "

" " "

A

9 ' 9

B" 9 7 "0 7

7 9 7

A

0+

"

"

" "

7

" " "

"

"

&0

>R4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 " C %>F?R5 >FF3&0

/

"

D %>FRF&

" 7 7 D0

A

:

7 " >F@29 " >F4P

7 >4?2 7

7

"

"

>F2F A

=

%>F?4 &0 C

?R

" 9 "

9 0 *

%

7 "

""

"66 "

7

7 "

0

A

"

7 " 0' "

"

"

" "

" "

7

"

"

A

&

" " 9

$ "

:

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

" %

" "

"

"

"

9 7

"

"

0 0 *

" 0

"

"

"

&

7

9

"

"

0

3.9 Madsen’s meta-science and meta-theory *

" 7 9

" 7

" 7

7

"

"

9

"

7 0*

" 7 0< "

?@

7 " "

9 7

"

7 "

7

"

% 9'

7

7

9 >FFR&0 *

*

7

"

""

"

"

0*

"

"

?4

" 0* ?

"

A

"

-

7

"

7 "

? (

7

7"

7 "

#"

A

0 -

" " 7 " " "

" 9 0

" 97

7

0 "

"

7 7 "

" "

"

%

9 >F?4 9 >F??&

(

,

7 >

(" "

-

(" "

2

"

" P

*


c-

2c-

?R

"

?@ ?4

Pc

0 7

0* =

C "

A

"

D

"

0

7

" "

7 7

"

C 0 "

20 ,

D

7 "

"

0

>R?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.9.1 Madsen’s definition of science < >F?4 5 >F??5 >FF35 >FF2& • • •

9

"

" 9

%>F?R5 5

*

7 %7

T B 69 >FF@&0 "

" 9 F?R5 >F?4 & & 0 , " 9 9

0 %

"

7 "

9 C D %>F?R9 0Q&0

" "

7 "

"

" "

9 " 7

" "

3.9.2 Madsen’s definition of meta-science?? 9 7

" 5

9 7 &

%

7 0* %>F?R5 >F?4 &0 *

7 "

7

"

0 A >FRF

7 7

7 "

0* "

"

7

" "

9

7 0*

7

*

7

"

" C

"

7

" "

%

"

%>F43&

7

"

7

%>FR4& %>F?R&9

9 0 *

7

"

0

"

7

7

"

"

"

0'

D

0 &0 *

7 9

" C

7

,

" 7

%>F?4 &0 =

:

0 *

7

7

"

%>F?R& 0
F@2&9 )

"

"

% B"

7 0?F , 7

"

D0

7 7 9

/

0

"

-" 7

?F

7

"

0,

"

??

0 * 7

"

"

7

9

" "

"

0,

"

7 7

7 7

A "

7

"

- " %

" &

% "

"

A

0

>RF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

7 #"

" "

"

7 7

% " "

' "

" "

Q> , "

0F3 *

" 7

0* 0

7 7

7 5

#" 9 >F?F&0 ' " ' " Q2

" 9 >F?F5 "

Q>

" "

"

" 7

%

-

7

*

7

%

"

7 "

/

&

7

&

7 &

"

%

"

" :

7

"

' "

Q2 , "

"

*

7 %

7 &0 *

" "

"

*

7

B" A 7

%

7 7

7 "

7

" 7

"

%

5

-

"

% 9

&0 *

:"

" &0 *

"

9

,

%

&

"

F3

"

7

7

7

7

"

"

#" A

"

9

&

" "

0

#"

0

>@3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.9.3 Madsen’s view on theory =

"

7 9

>0 20

" 0 0 0

"

" " 7

7

*

" 9

*

"

%

"

F ) 7

"

%

"

"

&9

&

"

(

%>F??& 7

"

F0

%>F??&

) 7

$ "

*

"

"

-

7 " )

7

9

7 "

"

" 9 7

0( "

0,

7

"

7

" 9

"

" *

"

%"

&

*

7

* 7 "

" "

* % &

9

"

O

" %

7

&

bb

% &

bb

%>F??& "

9

"

7

9"

"

9 %

:"

"

" 7

:" "

A

7

& %)

" 7

"

7 9 >F?3&0 * 7 " 0 B"

" " "

#"

0

3.9.4 Madsen’s view on modelsF> " " " 23325 < 23325 =

F>

" " 7 " % 9 >F??&0 * 7 " " A 9 23335 ( 9 >F?R5 $ 9 233>5 $

#"

"

*

9 233P5 ( 7 >FPP&0 *

" 9

"

"

" 9 >F?F5 $

9 23335 1

%< 9 >F?F5

1

9 9

"

"

" "

A

7

0

"

"

P0R02

0

>@>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

"

%$ "

9 233>&0
R3

"

5

" 7A %>?QR >F>@&9 "



#" "

7

0

9

%2333&/F2

%>?P4 >?F?&9 "

"

9 $



7

7

%

" 7

"

"

&

0* "

7

7

7

"

" 7

A %>?4F >FRR&9 7



"

%

"

-

9

&

9

"

"

"

A

"

7 •

=

7

%>R4? >@P4&9

9

"

"

7

" =

"



.

"

%) "

7 7

" "" 9 >FF3&5 = 1 % 9 >F??&0 *

A

7

0

D %$

9 2333&0 #"

"

T B

%$

9 23329 233P5 " 7

9 233R&0 *

7 5

7 "

"

9 233>&

0 %

7

7

9 233>&

9 >F?R&

%

9 >FFR&0

9

7

%233P&

9

%>F??&

"

0 "

$

D

7 "

" 9 >FFP5 9 9

"

F2

"

7 7

9 >FFR& "

9 9

9

9

%

%(

C "

#"

>FF2

" 9 >FF3 5 "

" " 7 " " %' 9 >FFR5 B" C

9 233Q& %

&9 9 >FFF5 ) "

" "

9 2332& %>F?3&

"

9

#"

" %>F?F&

"

9 233>5

9 "

1 6 0 " 9 >F?45 B

5

9 >F??5 $ " ' " A

"

"

"

% 7

%
F?4&

"

>3

0

%>FF@&0

>@2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

>3 '

"

$

"

%"

$

&

7 M

7

M

7 • • •

-

"

%

"

(

"

&

%

/

7

%

&

& %>F??& " 0

7

9

C 7

&9

7 7

7 %

9

"

"

"

&

%>F??&9

" Q2

7 9

D

C

" "

D

% 7

0* 0*

7

0 7 % " " "

"

" &0

7

' "

" 0 *

#"

"

0

3.10 Madsen’s overarching framework: Systematology - a comparative meta-theoretical taxonomy *

"

A 9

" 0 ' "

QP

7

7

9

" 9 A

0, " 0

"

7

0 7

" "

9 9

"

9 7 7 " %>F?4 9 >F??& 7 0* 7

"

0 0

>@P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' " QP A 7 0' %>F4>&9 045 %>F4P&9 0@F?5 %>F4@&9 0P3>5 %>F?Q&9 023>5 %>F?R&9 0P 5 %>F?4 &9 >@45 %>F?4 &9 2@?5 %>F??&9 02F5 %>FF2&9 R3Q0

*

A

" " * ,)+-+

7

!

>

Q

* *

7

+ !

Q

>

*

2

R

P

2 *

, ,( )

,

-

P

'"

7

7

$

7


F??9 0P3&0 * "

D % &

7

0

7

%

"

%

&0

+ *

"

7 " %

7

&

"

(

"

2

"

"

"

" 0*

"

9

"

"

9

%>F??& 7

" "

" :

"

9

9

"

/

FR

*

"

7

"

9

"

9 "

7

#" " #"

%>F??&

" #"

"

20 *

9

7 "

"

0 * "

" " "

"

"

7 "



" 0

;

7 #" " #"

"

0, " "

0

• %>F??& 0 +

"

7

% #"

%

" " % " "

& &0 < 7

" 7 &

FP

FR

=

F4

% &0
F??&

"

% &+

"

+

(

"


@F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

QR % &

A %>F??&

"

%43

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.10.2 The hypothetical-stratum *

7 7 0 *

7

" "

7

" 9 >FF2&0 *

%

7 7

7 7

9

"

7

0 %>F?R5 " " A " 0 , 0* 7

7

>F?4 5 >F?4 5 >FF2&0

" 0 * 7

9

" "

7

"

7 /

• • •

-

0

7

7

7

"

7 7

7

0 '

7

%

9 " "

7 #"

" "

0,

7

9 7

&9

"

D 7

9 "

7

"

" " •

7 "

0< 7

7

7

"

%

"

0 ,

A

"

"

"

&

"

% %

+ (

"

"

D9 C

7

D

% " D "

C

9

& 5 %

7 "

"

"

"

7 &0 + " "

C

D "

%

" "

7 &0 (

"

"



*

D

7 "

A 0

7 7

& &

"

9 7

7 "

"

"

"

/

- " " 7 "

"

"

& &

" " C

7

/ & & &

" "

7 /

"

7

*

B

C

"

7 5

C "

0

9

" "

" 9 " "

0* "

0

>4>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

- " " 9 •

*

"

$ "

$

$

"

"

"

%

$

" C

D9 C

7

&7 C

D

7 7

9

D0

7 7 7

" &

.

"

"

7 7 " "

"

7

7 " &

" "

7

7 7 &

7 0

#"

.

"

C

0(

"

9 D9 C

D

" D0

C

"

7

7

7 7

"

C

D

7 7 "

"

" "

7 7

7

0

"

" 7 0*

" 0 7 9

0

7

7 "

"

" 0*

"

A

9

9 • +

"

7

& " "

" " " &

"

0) 0

"

"

"

'"

"

"

0 '" 7

"

"

"

" 0 & 7

"

7

7

"

"

7

7

0

• 9

%

&

"

/

&

>42

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

" 0 *

"

7 "

-"

" %

"

" &

7 " A

%

0 E

&0 & 7 0 -"

7 -

A

""

E

7

%

&0

* *

" "

7 9

9

* " "

"

"

7 "

0

9

0

/ 7

" 7

"

" 7 "

"

"

" " 7

" "

0

A

"

7

" 0

"

" "

"

" •

7 "

A

7

"

"

7

"

%

%B" 9 233>&0

9 '

&

• 7 "

" 0 ' " Q@ "

7

"

0

>4P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

Q@ -

"

9

9 >F??

"

"

-

-


4Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

Q4

A %>F??&

"

"

-

*

+ +

$

9 7

"

9

9 "

9

"

7

9

" " *

9

'" $ " $

9

7

7 9

7

$

"

$

-

7

"

>4R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.10.3 The data stratum *

"

" "

9

*

9

7

0*

"

7

/

"

*

" 7 9 " 0

7 7 7 0* " "

$

"

"

7 "0 * "

"

"

&

" 7

" " 9

"

7 7

7

9 " 7

7

9

7

"

0* 9

%

7

"

"

" " 7

"

"

D "

" "

0*

A

C

7

"

"

&

0 '" " %

" / 7

" %

7

&

&0 ,

/

"

*

7

9

/

*

"

"

,

7

/

7

& ( "

7 "

"

0*

"

"

*

/

"

-

7

" 0

"

7 "

A

" :"

9

/ " " 0,

" "

"

" "

7

9

7 *

7 M

7 %>F??9 0RF&0

"

7

"

"

"

"

Q?

0

>4@

9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

Q?

A %>F??&

"

*

"

( "

"

'"


F?4 &9 0>435 %>F?4 &9 02@P5 %>F??&9 0>20

0'

3.11 Considering the whole text 9

9 0,

"

7 0 7

" "

9 9 "

0. 7

7

"

#" "

" % E&

#" #" #"

%

& 7

0

>44

0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

"

7

7

% :

"

9

"

7

&0 *

7

"

7

9 "

0*

"

#"

"

9

"

"

0 "

"

" 0 *

:

7

"

9

7 7

7 7 "

"

" 0

"

7

"

9

0

3.11.1 The testability of theories - hypothesis quotient (HQ) " 9 #"

"

"

>32

" A

"

#"

7 " 7

#"

"

A

" C#"

7

9=

"

7 7

0 9

"

%

9 2332&0 *

7

7

D %>F?Q 9

"

0>?R&

0

"

"

0

%>F?Q & 7 B" %

% "

0 B"

7

9 F?Q &

0* :"

E %>F?Q & 7

"

" %

0* "

" D %

7

7

7 9 >F??9

7 0@>&9

"

" 0*

7

0 0*

%

"

7

9

& 0,

-

%

7

9

0* 7

E

A

"

"

" 0 * "

"

-

>3R

%

"

&

7

"

7

"7

0* %>F?Q &9

A

"

0 E

"

"

7

"

/

-

" 7

"

9

9

7

#" "

7

"

"

0*

7 0 " A

7

7

"

7 ,

7

"

7

"

"

7

0

" " ""

0 0*

0*

0* "

-

2

0

7

7 " 0 * "

7 " >3R

7

0

E

9

>3Q

9

"

$"

>3P

&0>3Q

7

"

"

9

9

C

" 9

,

&

/

"

>32

" 6 9 *a B" A

9

&0

& >3P

$

9 4?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

o%

Ec

o%

&

-& ]o %

*

&

#"

7 A

>3@

' " A

0'

"

%>F?Q & "

"

' " A

4

"

C,

o%

Ec * -

"

' " A " E #" ""

7 "

E A 9

o%

9

0

>0 20 P0 Q0 R0 @0 40 ?0 F0 >30 >>0 *

%

7 & -% " & -% &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M %

3

"

" 7 D >F2@&

0*

7

/

& & & & & & & &M

%

&

"

& & -& c 25 o %

& c P5 o %

& c @0 *

&

-& ]o %

c @OR c >02

& 7

#"

' " A

7

E

9

" "

" " 7 "

"

E

"

&

o%

"

%

' " A C

E"

, 0* "

7 &

7 ' " A

9 o %

o%

2 " 5

7

""

Ec

%>F?Q 5 >F?4& 7 7 " 7

0*

% % % % % % % 7 % " % % %

E

7 " 0 E

E

"

9 "

"

A 7

0*

7 " %

9 >F?Q &0 , 0 * #"

" " 7

7 7

0

,

0*

"

" "

"

" 7

#"

0!

"

" 9

"

>3@

' " A 0' 9 "

"

@O%2]>& c 2

EA

%>F?Q & 7 % " " & #" 0

&

"

c

&

7 ' " A ' " A E >029 "

"

E -O

&

-& ]o %

9

D %>F33O>FRP& & % " 9 #" " "

%

"

0* E

"

0

" ' " A "

#" A

"

0


F?Q&5 7

E9 "

%>F?Q& " 5 "

-

%>F?Q&5

"

7

7 #"

"

0

%>F?Q & 0

>4F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

A

E

"

" 0 B

%

7

&

9

7

7

" #"

0

"

O " 0*

>34

7

M "

"

"

"

#"

0 9 "

"

"

7 ""

7

7

% "

9 0

"" " " "

>34

" O

O 7 9 7 >F@Q>3?&0 * * 7 "

"

"

R3

7 " 0

6

%>F43&

" 0 *

/

*

"" 0* 7 7 9 7 " /( %>FFF&5 W %>F??&5 %>F43&5 + %2333&5 %233> &5 " %2332&5 %>FF25 2332&5 %>F4F&5 + %>F?@&5 %>F@Q&5 -" %233> 5 233> 5 233> &5 * " %233> &5 *" %>F4P& = %>F?R&0 ' 7 " %7 & 7 7 " %>F4?& 7 7 7 0 >3? , 9( ( 9 9 " " " 7 "" % " 9 23335 6 9 >F43&0 " 9 7 " " C 7 D :" " "" 0= " " 2 "" 9 7 " 9 " " 9C 7 " 7 " 7 " D %$ 1 9 < T - " 9 233Q9 02?3&0 , 7 " M " " %1 9 >F?F&0 , " " 9 " " ; C< " " O 7 D %1 9 >F?F9 0RQ&0 ( Q " 0

>?3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

R3 '

7

"

%

9 >F@Q& *

-

(

"

$

(

7

"

-

-

"

"

-

7

" 9

"

7

,

" " 7 "

"

"

"

7

"

"

#"

9

"

9

9

"

"

9

9

9

#"

7

9

7 "

0 *

:

7

5 "

7 "

-

"

:

""

9

7

"

"

9

"

0

3.12 An amalgamated Madsenian framework * $ 7 "

9 B0FFF9 233P &0 ' " 0

7

7

7 "

7 C

" "

%

" 7

"

9

"

7

" "

5

"

7

" A D

7

&9

"

" 7 9

7

9 0 *

7

0 * "

A

0

" "

"

9

7

"

"

" 7 A

7

"

" "

"

9P

"

"

" "

"

#"

"

* "

9

" "

9 233P& 7

9

0 +

"

"

% A

9 >FF@&0 ( 9 7 " " "

" "

9 7 " 7

"

*

P

A

A

7 9

%

" "

5

D5

#"

%0*

>

9

9

" "

7

7

" :"

#" 7

7

" I7

" 9 7 "

"

C "

" "

#" "

" "

9

"

"

%
FFF& "

C "

"

"

#"

D % 0>3Q&0 , A 0* "

A

7

#"

"

"

7 5 = #" 9

• • • •

#"

%

" "

"

9

"

A 9 >FFR&0 , 7

T =

"

" "

5 "

" "

" "

*

" 7

7

" #"

"

0

"

"

C "

"

"

D

9

"

7 "

9

0*

7 >FF?&0 , " ' " R> 7 0*

" 9
FF?&

" 7 " &9 7

"

" 0*

" " 7

"

" D %

"

9

" 7 7

" D %=

"

9 >F?R&0 -

9 >FF4 9 0PP&0 *

:

9C 7 "

"

"

C

"

#"

A :

0*

" "

"

9%

7

& "

"

"

0*

"

" "

7 C

"

D

7 0

7

%>F@R&

#"

9

"

7 " 0 "

#"

%

9 >F?3 " /

7 0 0 0 70

7 "


F@P& " " "

9

7

" 9

7

" 0*

7

0

"

7 9

" T $

9

" 7 "

"

7

9 >F?> 9

"

"

7 9

9

"

"

"

7 0

7

"

" 7

9

7 " "

0 - 7

"

"

" "

" %< 7 " " " " 7 " " 7

7 "

7

% "

"

9 7

9

"

"

9

"

7 " "

6

M

"

"

" 9

"

>4R39

%

C7

" "

" 7 "

" ;&0

"

D "

"9

>?R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0Q *

" %-

a

#"

7

9 >FFQ&/

• • • • •

#"

7

" "

"

' "

#"

7

"

9

R>

("

-

* '+

-* *,-*,( ) '+

*

"

7

*,( ) '+

$ *,+

$ *,+

$ *,+

7 7

5

7

"

"

9

7

0

"

7

0 (" 7

"

"

9

0* #"

7

7

" 7 7 "

#" 0

C

D

C

7

D0 * "

" "

9

" #"

7

"

Q

"

0$ " "

"

0,

" "

7

0' "

R2

0

"

9

"

9

"

"

" 0

>?@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

R2 *

$ c #"

,E

$

,E

"

• •

" " E"

• • •

7

"

"

9 " 7 9 0 A %233>& 7 C 9 9 " 7 " 5

"

"

#" 7

0+

%

" 9 >FF?5 - 7

#" %< " 9 >FF?5

%

C*

9 23329 233P5 < 9 233R&0 * -

=

D

" 7 "

7 9Z [0 *

[

Z " 7

"

" ['

" " " f0

"

" 0' " " " 9 "

9 "

"" "

"

" 9 7 "0 "

7

" " " Df " #" "

"

C

#"

" %

" " #"

"

9

9 " #" "

%
FF4&9

" " A

" " 7 " 9

f

" %
&0 " C " 9 >FF?&

7

#" 9 233R5

%
@&0

D%

#"

f

" "

7 " f

" 9

A "

7 "

"


&0 "

"

"

*

0 %

"

"

" "

"

= 9 " 9Z

9

"

C

"

"

" D % 02>>&0 * 7

#" 7 9 "

9 >FQ@&0 9 " 9 >FF4&

7 0, 7 7

"

7 "

7

" "

7

% 9 >FF4&0 ! " D % 0PRF&0 * " "

C

" "

E" C D "

"

"

" "

7

"

0

"

5

#"

"

$

7

$ 7

• • •

" "

"

c #" 7 "

0 ,E

,E 9

"

,E

>?4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

C

"

D

" "

0*

#" %233>&9 " 7 &0 " " 9 =

9 %

"

9 "

7

7

"

"

9

%
FF?5 B

9 >FF?&0

• • • •

"

%

" " "

9

"

"

6 "



"

(

"

"

9

"

" %"

"

%< "

9 233>&0 , %

"

7

" 7

&

#"

" 0(

7

9 233R5 "

"

"

%>FF?&

"

7

9

"

"

"

"

%

" "

&

" "

"

(

"

" "

:"

7

%B

9 >FF?&

"

%

"

%

" "

&0 ) &

%

7

" 7

A

" "

" %

= "

A %>FRR&

7

&

:

"

" 9 233>&0

"

0* 7 "

5 -

7 " " 9 >FF4&0 ,

"

" " %>FF?&9 " 7 "

9

&

"

7

" "

%>FRR&0

6

0* 9 >FF?5 < " A

7 " "

"

%>FF4&

&

6 M

"

"

"

"

%

" "

" 9

"

"

/

7

"

0

7

"

0' 0*

"

"

&0 7 %>FF?&9


F@4& 0 7 " " C 0 ' " RQ9

7

%

%

0

&

9 #"

"

" %B

7 9

9 "

7 "

"

"

" 7 0' "

0 "

RP "

" "

D +

" 0

%233R&

" "

"

" 7

"

7

7 7

0

>??

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

RP

" 7

"

( 7

( 7

( 7

"

" " ( 7

"

"

( 7

"

,

( 7

"

( 7

( 7

(

"

"

7

" ( 7

"

( 7

"

"

7

"

7

>?F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

RQ *

7

9

"

" 7

%

+

" 9 233R9 0PFQ&

(

(

"

(

7

> *

$

"

"

"

"

"

"

2 +

"

/

,

" 7

P (

$

( 7

/

/

"

7 ,

>

7 "

"

6

*

2

" "

( 7

P

*

" "

7 "

"

7

5

"

"

" #" 0

• • • •

@

"

-

"

"

"

C

D

7

"

"

0* "

"

C

D"

7 9

"

7

" 5

9

"

7

7

% " 7 %=

"

9 "

" "

"

"

% p

9 U"

9

" #"

5

"

p0@ 9 233P&

9 9U

"

T

"

9 p #"

T

7 7

"

7 7 " 7

7

" %

7 "

" %
FF2&0 * " p0

"

" "

"

"

• •

0*

" 0*

" 9 "

7 "

" #"

9

7

" "

7 "

"

"

" "

233>&0 FF4&0

>F3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)



p

"

"

0

"

#"

7

7

7 " bb

p

"

"

0*

"

"

%
FF4&

"

"

"

;

"

" " 9 >FF?&0 *

%

" #"

" "

"

" "

" " 7 9

" "

0

"

"

"

0 "

" " "

%

0$

& %< #"

%
F@Q9 0@3&

, (

""

" (

"

(

-

"

-

"

"

-

R@
& "

=

A %>FF4& "

=

?

" "

8

7 "

"

7 "

:

' "

"

"0*

0=

0

>F2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

4.2 Mathematical foundation " "

" 0F ,

"

"

"

" 9

9 %(

>FFF5 9 >FF?5 " 9 >F?P& "

T C

#"

Q

7 9 233P&0 *

%

0

7 "

%

D

"

7 "

%= 7 T *7 #" 9 >FFQ&0

" 9 $ & "

%=

9 >FF4&0 " " 9 >F43&0

"

"

9

C "

(**

7

"

9>3 .

"

>>

A "

9 "

7

0 "

"

7

"

%
FF>& "

7

/OO

0

0

O

" 7&0 , 9 >FF>5

OB

A

%< 7

" "

7

"

5

"

7 " 9 >F?P &0 *

" 9

< "

%
FFR&0 ) "

T

9

< >F?4&0 *

C

"

"

"

%$

" 9 "

9 "

9 9

7 a "

0

"

9

" 7

0 "

>3

" " "

"

"

%

9 9 >FFQ&

9

"

7

"

9

0*

9 " %

" /OO

0

% 0

O

T l

O
&0 = &0 %-

A

7

"

9

7

&0 A

0

% 9

" " :
FF4&9

"

" "

,

"

9 >FFF9 02&0

"

" F

M 7 9

" "

"

0

7

"

7

7 D 7

" 0*

"
FF?&

0 *

* "

7 9 %, *

" :

"

"

%

"

"

"

9 >F4R5 )" 9 >FF49 %< " 9 >F?P 5 9 >FF?9 0F&0 " 9 7

"

" "

9

9 >FF45

7 9

>FR3A %(

* %$ "

9 >F435 $

" 9

"

"

9$

9

9 233>&0 ,

P 0

9 T *7

T

9 233>&0

0

>FP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0 *

"

7

9

" 9 9

" D % 0>R>&0 9 7

7

-

"

a

9

%>FFQ&9

a "

%>FFQ& % 7

C &

0

0,

"

7 •

" " 0 ,

• • •

+ -



,



-

"

"

"

" 7

7

"

7 7

7

#" 7

" "

"

"

7

"

7

" C " D "

"

#" 7 #"

"

9 "

7 "

7

" 9 " " 9 >F?P&0 = 9

"

"

" & 7

7

0 7 " 0

"

0>P *

"

9 %)

9

A 7 9 >F4F&

" 7

"

7

7

" "

7 " 9 >FF4& "

%$

0* " :

"

9 7 #" D %
F4F&0

" " 9 " " 9 >F@R5 , 9 233>5 ) 7 9 233P5 9 7 6T. ) 9 23335 #" % " " " " C 7 % & "

"

"

>Q

7 %
FF@5 9 23325 9 >FFR9 >FF?5 = 9 9 >FFF& "

8

" " "

0! "

0

9 "

7 9 " >Q " 9 >F4Q5 ( 9 >FF@5 7 T 9 >FF25 9 >FF45 9 >FFR5 #" " 9 >FFF&0 A " 7 "

%>FFQ&

"

"

9

- a *

"

"

0

"

"

6 >FF>5 < + e 9 233R5 >FF4&0 ( " " %= 9

" " 7

7

9 >F?P &

*

0

7 " " "

9 >F?P 9 02F>&0 < "

9

9

7

C

7 "

% "

"

:

7

" " 9 >FR?&0 *

"

"

" 7 " 0*

" %'

7

9

7 7

9 " : "" 0+

" %

#"

0

9

"

"

"

" "

7 9 >F?P&0

% "

%

"

"

7

0

" "

#" "

"

>P

"

0 ) 9

"

>2

"

7 "

,

"

"

+

" A %>FFQ&

- a />2

"

9 "

%U 7

"

9 233R&; + #"

" %$

9 233R&0

;

>FQ

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

"

"

7 7

7 7 "

9 9 ,

"

"

%
@

#" " 9

7

:

"

" 7 7

0 7 9 >F?3&0 ' " 7

%

" " 9

>4

&

)

9 #"

7 >?FF %( 9 233@5 ( 7 T " 9 >FFP&0 C " D % "

>F?45 -

A

#" %) 7

9 >FF45

T

9 >FFR5 $ 7 9 >F?P5

"

" %$ 9 >FF4&0 W %>?RQ >F>2& 9 " 9 ) %>?@2 >FQP& 9 W9 =

" " " % 9 233Q&0 $ 7

"

7

,

"

"

" "

>FP> 9
FF45

" B"

9 233Q& a %

& %B

=

9 >F?35 "

7 9 >F?P&9

"

"

"

7 " : 9 >F?P&0 (

%("

%

#" 9 >F@@5 = "

"

A

"

7

7 9 #"

= " "

9 9 7

%

9 >F?35 B

"

9 >F?P&0 *

,

" A ;*

" >@ >4

%) 6 *

9

"

" % 7

A "

% 7

7

7

" 7 7

"

5 9 >F@R5

T

& U

" 7 9 >F@@&0

" &0 =

A

#"

"

9 >FF4&0

"

"

%

9

A %$

5 7

% 9 >F?P&0

" " "

" 7

" #"

5 %< 9

"

7 9

9 233P&

A

"

"

7

9 %

U

7

0*

7 >F@@&0 =

"

%233@& 9

D 7

9

" 0>? *

C

"

9 >FF?&0

: "

9 >FF?5

A

9 "

"

9 >FFQ& " "

" " " " D %>F?P9 044&0 , " " ;,

;* 7

9 >F?P &0>R ( " 9 >FFQ5

%

" " " 0 *

" 7

< "

>?

" #"

"

%) 7 9 233P&9

+" "

>R

9 "

0* "

"

"

04P&0 7

"

0!

0*

B 7

9 "

#" A ;,

9

0 "

#" "

7

7

" ; "

"

9 >F44&0 "

"

"

0

>FR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

9

" " % 7

7 #" " "

9

" 9 >F@R&0 =

T

0

7

" "

9 7

" "0 * "

:

C

9 D

&

%

/

7

" 7 % "

7

" "

" 7

"

"

9 >F?P &0

4.2.1 The philosophical implications of mathematics>F ,

" "

9

9

"

" C

0* D

"

0

"

7

0 *

7

%$ 9 233P&9 "

"

%

9 233P&

< 7 7

9 C 9 233P&0 *

7

" " 7

D 9

9

"

"

"

9 >F4Q&023 "

%< "

"

"

9

"

" 7 %

" " "

9 " 9

7

7 9

" 0 9

" " 7 7 "0

"

" "

"

;=

*

"

9

7 " C " D

" O " " 9

:

"

"

9

7 9 >FFF&0 =

%

9

"

;

" #"

"

"

" 7

;* " 0 9

9 " " 02> ' "

5

;=

" 7

"

7

;=

; 7

O

5

"

7

"

9 R4

:

"

" " 9

"

0 0 ,

"

" 9

"

7 0

>F

:" 7

"

"

9

0-

"

"

7 "

9 7

23

7

"

" "

"

7 7

"

9

"

" A "

"

"

" %>FF?& 7 " 7 "

0 &

9

" " 0*

7

9

D0 *

% C " D " 0

9 >FFQ&0 "

C 7

2>

%

A

9 "

#" 7

0

>F@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' " "

R4 *

5

"

,

P "

9

2 " 9

9

" 9 0

" 7

"

"

9 #" 0 )

"

7

7 " *

0 ("

0 "

" 7

% &

"

0

"

*

9

"

7

> '+

'+

'+

> c (

" Pc

" "

$ *,+ -

$ *,+ -

$ *,+ -

2 c " 7

" "

0

>F4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

, " B A >F?P5 ) 7 9 233P& " 7 " 7

A % % A

;& 9 >FFQ9 233R5 - "

%

" 9 233Q&0

5

"

0 :

&5

233>5 - " 9 233Q&022 " , 9 233>9 0PRR&0 * 0* 7 " 7 "

7

C

"

"

"

" & %,

A

#"

" %) 7 9 233P5 - " " "

D %( "

0

7 9 233Q&0 $ 7

7

" 9

" %- "

" 9 233Q&0 *

" %) 7 9 233P5 - " "

7 "

9 233Q&0 *

"

"

"

"

0*

"

"

"

*

"

"


F?P 5 ( 9 >FF@5 (" 9 >F?P5 $" 9 >F?P5 >F@45 ) 9 >F4F5 9 >FFF5 = 9 >F4Q&0 * " " " " % 9 >FF?& " " 9 7 " " 0 " 9 %< " 9 >F?P 9 >F?P &0

"

7

" " 7 A %>?Q? >F2R& 7 " " ) 6 A % 9 >FF?5 a 9 >F?P 5 9 23325 = 9 233P&02Q * A " 7 " ' " 7 " A %( 9 >F?P 5 ' 9 >F?P9 9 >F@@5 - " 9 233Q&0 " 9' 92R " " 7 " = A 2@ 9 >FF>&9 7 ' A " 7 " %' 9 >F?P&0 ) 6 " " $ ' 0 9 >F@R&0 " = A " ( A %>?QR >F>?& 24 #" " %( 7 & %< T 6 9 >FF>5 a 9 >F?P 5 - " 9 233Q5 9 >FF35 = 9 >F?P&9 " 0 * 9 ( 9 W 9 >FFF& 0 "

" =

6

"

%

22

"

" %>??Q9 >?FP9 >F3P&

B

'

A

7

7

" 2P 2Q

"

7 7

*

"

$ 0 -

9 :

"

"

B

7 0+

% 9 "

:" 9 >FF?&0 = 9 " "

C

2R 2@ 24

, C* "

"

#" "

A

"

9

"

T

% 7

T

/ 9 >F?P &0

T

%>F?P&

9 >F@R&0 "

"

' 7

7

" 0

7 '

"

" "

#" A

9 >F@@5 7 "

" 0) 0 *

"

7 =

T

" 0

%< D "

"

" 0, ' % "

A %< "

%
?4> >FRP " " " 7 " %- " 9 233Q&0 " " 9 " : 7 " % 9 >F??&0 * C " D9 " % 9 >F?P5 = 9 >F?P&0 * 6 " % 9 >FFF&0 * " " % " 6 ( " A "" " 7 " " 5 9 C : 7 : D % 9 >FF?&9 " %>F?P&0 7 7 " 9 " " " " " " " 0, A 7 "

5 >?F> >F@R&0 *

" CQD

:"

0 -" "

%>??Q& U

7

A

A %(

A '

7

"

&

'




7

a

% "

&

"

P2

7

"

0 * 7

9 %

9 >FFF& % :" "

7 9 C"

"

D "

"

"

7 "

T

" " " "

"

" %
FFQ&9

9

" 9 >F?P&0 *

"

&0

% a " 9 " " " "

9

A %


R020F&0 *

" 7 "

7

"

" 7

9

"

"

"

7 "

"

0

" "

"

>F?P &0 * "

"

0 ,

"

7

"

:"

& 7

0, 7 "

"

%
F?P5

" "

" 7

"

%>F?P & 7 0' "

RF "

"

"

" "

*

% '

0 *

"

9

"

P>

0+

9 >F?P &0 & "

7 "

9

"

" C

"

7

7 7

9

" " 9 >F?P&0PQ ( " : 7 ; , " 7 % 7 0

T "

" 7

7 %

7

" 0

" "

5

"

" #"

%

" " 9 "

" % 0 R? "

& 9

" 7

C,ED0

P&

"

A

"

0

P2

* " PP * PQ * "

" "

" 8

9

9

%>FFQ&

:"

6

"0* "

"

"

0*

7

"

"

" 0+

7

"

"

0*

" " 0 *

#"

0

"

""

0

9

" "

" 7 0

0- 9 "

9 9

C "

D 9

233

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

R? *

7

"

"

"

%

9 >FFQ9 0Q>Q& *

/

"

* *

/

/

"

"

" "

%

"

7

&

*

" 9 7

"

%

&

" "

0 , "

7

" C

"

"

7

D %$"

9

" " #"

P0 9 233P5 " 7

% 0

7 9 >F?P&0 * 7 7

% "

" " " 7

7

0*

"

%,

" & "

" 9 233>&0 *

" "

: 7 "

7

7

C@D

C2 C 0PR - "

C? C "

9 2

"

9 " "

" " "

9

%

9 >F?P&0 "

"

&

"

" " 0

7 %

C

%

&

"

0 * "

9

0= D #"

"

" "

"

" 7

7 7 %'"

PR

9 233>&5

"

7

" "

"0 * "

0,

#"

@]2c?

" "

7

7 "

"

" %,

9

" 9 " "

7 %

7 " 7

@

9

*

9

9 >F?P &0 @]2c? 00* " " " "

"

C " D

0

" "

"

7 :"

" 7 9

9 >F?P9

"

0*

" "

"

"

" 0* : "

9

C]D0 = 7

" 7

7

0>3R&0 !

7

" "

*

9 9 >F@4&0 *

"

1

" "

C "

B 7

"

"

" "

"

M 7

A %>FFR& 0 F?P9 02F>& " / #" "

; :"

" :"

0

"

:

"

"

" 7 "

"

" " ; -"

"

0 "

#"

" " "

5 5

"

7

" A

*

"

0 , 7

7

" "

"

7

"

0

/C D0 +

0

' "

RF *

"

,E

"

"

,E9

9 0

*

"

,E/

?R

>P3 C " "

D 0 " " "

9 7

"

7

7

"

0

"

" 5

"

" " -

7

"

RF

"

R?0

"

%>FFQ&

9 0 *

"

"

"

% "

7 &0 '

"

"

>F2Q& "

7 7 "

"

%

"

"

"

% "

5

9 >FFF& 0 7

7 7

7

"

" %
F@@5 9

" 7 +

W9 >F?P&0 "

"

"

0 "

:

"

P@

#" 7

P@

7

%( 7

T

>>3 7

9 >FFR&0

232

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

" "

%
FFR&0 * 9" 9 " 9 >FFF&0 +

%

'

"

"

"

"

" 5 "

0P?

9 7 " $ 9 >F@@&0

%

A "

" " 5 " 7 7 "

5P4 "

"

0 *

"

"

B

4.2.2 The link made manifest PF

D%7

"

9

"

9

&

"

" AA % 0

9

9 A $

9 $

9 " 9 >F??&0 -" " 7

0 #"

"

"

,E9

%

"

"

"

:

" " "

"

9 7

&

"

7

7

"

0

" 2 %

9

233> &0 7 " 5

9

9

O 9

*

"

"

"

:

%

&

"

%

"

&

& %
&0
F?3& " %

#" " "

9

" "

"

9

% 0 * %' "

"

% " 7 % " 9 233R&0

( : 97 ?0 * #" "

" "

" 7 0 &

" 7 " " 0* " 7 " " 7

"

0

"

Q2

#" 7

"

7 "

Q>

"

" &

"

9

"

7 "

#" "

: 9

"

E"

Q3

%* " 9 233> &0 * 7

0

GA

QP

7 "

7

9

7

/* :

AA

7

7

(

:

5 OOOOO

" " 0

#"

A GA

9

7 "

" "

" 20

; "

#"



Q>

9 "



9

7

:

: "

7

9 233P&

"

7

"

7

" "

9 "

" 7 9 233Q 9 0RQ&0 *

& %

9( ,E

" 7 A

,E ,E

"

D "

D %

7

9 ,E 7 "

9 233> &9 ,E

" 9 " DC

C C %

0 ,

7

& "

" "

7

"

0'

"

9

0 9 "

"

"

7 7

7

5

0 0

2 "

0 *

7

&

0* "

"

C

7

7

D % 0PRF&0

23Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 " 7 *

0QR *

"

7

#"

"

"

"

#" % "

"

%

A

"

"

#"

0* "

0*

" "

"

0*

GA

#"

& "

&

"

#"

7

" "

#"

"

7 7 " 7 $ 7

7 9 >FF?5 7 "

,

"

"

"

"

7

0*

"

"

9 >F?>&0Q@

Q4

O

"

"

9

7 97

#" 7

"

7

" "

"

"

9 >FFF&0

7

" "

"

7

"

9 >F?3&0

9 >F?3&0 ) 6 %233P& 7 @ P :

"

9 7 "

" "

%= A

9 7 " &%

%

>?0

7

T 7 " "

%

" #"

: D

"

"

&0QF #" 7

%

7

" " 9 >FF> 5 "

" #" 7

"

%(

0

,

" 7 "

9

%>F?3& "

"

%

0 =

7

9

,

7

"

" " ; %- 7 T 9 >FF2&0 * " % " 9 >FF4 5 ) 9 23335 " 9 >F4?5 " " "" 7 " %- 9 >FF@& 7 " 7 9 7 7 " 9 >FF?&0 %>F?3& " 0Q? 9 " 7 C %= 9 >FF4 9 0>>Q&0 :

"

5

AA "

7

7

9 >FFP &0

R3

" "

"

0 *

0 "

%B 0

9 >F?>&9

4.2.3 Summary *

"

"

"

"

"

" 9

7

"

"

"

"

QR Q@

+ GA " * "

Q4 Q? QF

"

0

"66

#" A AA0 "

"

9 #"

7

"

"

" "

0 7 " 7 5 " "

#" #"

" " 7 %

& "

#" " 7 O C

7

7 "

" & D5

D "

:

9

"

" 0*

9

"

9

7 0* "

AA

"

" 7

"

7 9 0* "

*

R3

" 7

#" " : 9

7 9 0

" 0,

7 "

0

"

D0 %- 7

" T

" " "

" %233Q& " " %( 9 >FF> &0 7 " %( 9 >FF?&0 " % 79 >FFP&0 " " 7 " % 7 " " " 7 " " 9 >FF2&0

GA " 0

"

23R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

"

"

0*

7

0

" "

A

"

7

9

" 0*

&

"

"

"

"

"

"

%

I7

7

"

#"

7

0*

"

0 "

" 7 "

"

"

9

0

"

7

0

"

"

0

" "

0(

7

7 7

0

"

7 7

*

" 7

"

0* & 7

%

" *

7

"

C " D

0 #" 0 ,

"

"

0

7

7

"

"

#"

0, :

9

7

0,

"

7 9

0

7

7 9

"

9

"

7

"

"

7 "

9

0

" " 0*

7 "

"

" "

7

"

A

"

" "

"

B

0 *

"

" 9

7

0

0, " 7

7

9

9

" "

0*

7

7 "

" : 0,

"

"

7

"

7

9

"

0

*

9

#"

"

"

"

" 0 * " ;(

"

"

0

:

"

"

; *

" ""

" "

9

"

"

7

0< 7

9

"

0

4.3 Statistical foundation " *

"

" 0-

7 " " %

7

67 " A

"

#"

" "

7

" "

"

7 7 7

#"

" 9

" 7 %%

0

7 " 7

9 >FFP&0
FFF&

" P&0

#"

#" %
FF45 %

" " " "

"

" 9 >FF@&0 *

%

" 9 >F?4&0 , 9 >FF4&0 *

7 "

9

" "

7

" 0 *

#"

"

#" C

"

0

:

" "

%>FF@&

"

"

"

D % 0Q3?&0 "

29 " "

" " 0

" "

"

"

#" P

0(

"

: "

" 9 "

'

A

#" "

#"

0

7

"

7 9 & 9

" %-

T "

% "

7

9 >FF4&0 *

%

"

&

" =

"

" " 9 >FF4 9 >FF4 5 ( 9 233R&0 =

% % "

:" 9 >FF? 5

9 9 >FF45

0

#"

"

9 2333& ;*

" 0 .

"

"

#"

#"

9

0 C, -* Z " " " :

%>FF4&0 * " " -* >FF49 0PP@&0 = 0

% :"

"

"

Z [ "

7 [ 9 23339 02Q@&9

" D % "

"

:"

"

7

#"

C

" D

"

"

& " "

0* %

7 ;*

6 "

9

4.3.1 Statistical issues *

"

"

>F@2& %>?FR >F?3& % " < " < " < " A >4>P

7

9 >FFP&0

"

"

9

7 "

>F@P % "

7

"

7 7 "

#"

"

7 7 9 >FF4 &0 -

%=

< 3%

" " &

'

"

"
s

"

9

/OO

0

" A
?F3

%>?FQ >F?>&

#" " 7

* 7 "

"

"

%= 9 >FF4 &0 %< 9 >FF>&0 , 7 " 0 " 7 :" "

9$

9 >FFF&0

234

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>

" %< 9 >FF>&0 A " 9 >FF4 9 0PQ& " " " " " 0 * " 7 7 " %= 9 >FF4 &0 " 9' >F23 7 7 7 " " %" , * & %= 9 >FF4 &0 , 7 7 " 7 " " 0 7 9 " " 7 " R2 " * ' " %*'-,& " < 0 * 7 " % & 7 " " " 7 " " " %B 69 >FFF5 = T *'-,9 >FFF&0 " 9 " 7 #" " " " 0$ 9 7 " " 0 + #" 7 " " #" 7 < " " 7 " " 0 C

35 " : A "

7

"

"

"

"

" 7

0 *

7 7

"

,

0 "

7

"

"

7

7 "

7

""

7 "

7

"

0*

9

"

"

0 E"

" "

7 0,

" 7

9 7

"

7

7

" "

5

"

" "

"

7

"

"

"

"

7 " 7

"

D %=

"

0 -"

2 Q0

"

"

7

"

7

9 " "

9

7 "

7 7 0* " 9

" P0 $ 7 0 ,

"

0, " 7 0

0$

"

"

" %

&

" 0 * 7 " "

0 *

9

M " 0-

"

*

7 7 "

"

"

7 "0(

"

"

"

" "

0 * #"

" #"

"

2Q

" 7

"

#"

0

*'-,

" 9

T *'-,9 >FFF&0 * •

"

" "

"

"

7 7

"

>FFF "

"

%=

/

C

D

"

"

M

"

; •

" 7 9

R2

*

" >F>3 % "

" 7

7

"

"

"

0

"

9

"

% 9 >FFP& " %>FF@& >4>P %= 9 >FF4 &0

A

& " "

>?Q3

0

9

"

0

23?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)



"

6

7 "



7

*

6

9

"

"

"

"

9

"

"

"

" "

"

RP

6

"

"

" " C T *'-,9 >FFF9 0@3P&0 *

D %=

"

" "

" 7

0

4.3.1.1 Historical contingency $

9

" :"

>FF@&

7

9

9 0* " 9 >FF4&0 *

%-

" -*

%

7

0* C

9

7

" : "

RP

#" 9 >FPP&0 , 0' A A

9 "

7 9 % 7 9)

" ) 6

" "

7 0 1"

D %>FR?9 0>Q3&5 C

(

'

#" '

"

9

>@@3

" "

" 0 5

"

9

A

"

7 "

7 7

9

0 %9B A

0

9 >FFF&0 '

7

7 " 7 "

7 0 "

#"

A

7 0

"

#" "

"

0*

$

B0

'

0( 8 #" " #" 0 ' " 6

0 %

5 9

5

7

7

7 " "

"

7

" :

5 5

"

" :

"

7 "

"

"

;* 9

7

9

9RR %

%>F44& "

"

9

0*

TBL

5

0 "

9< 7

< "

RQ

%>FF2& 9

"

0

A

09 >FF3&

9

9

A 09 7 " #" "

9$ < 9"

6 9 >FF4&0

"

6

7

% %

T =0-0 $"

9

&0 * "

9 >FF@5 '

7

7

#"

9 )

"

7 9 >FR?5 6 9- : " " %< 9 >FF>&0 * 9 >FR?& " "

7

>" '

" 7 " A " %'

%' "

2

7

0

"

9)

7

RR

"


FF35 " 9 :" T " ) " %E" 9 7 7 #"

% "

7 7 D

" 2&0 = " ;+

"

"

#" P&

"

7

9

"

" "

'

A

" C D%>FR?9 0>P@&

7 9 7 % %>FR@9 >FR?&

R&0

9 >FF4&0 7

"

C

" " #"

D%>FR?9 0FQ&0

23F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9

" 0

"

"

0" 9 7 " ' %

:"

%>FFF& "

"

>F>39

'

9

7

7 0 7

7 "

%'

5 + & D%

" 0R@ * 9 >F?@&

*

7 " "

5 7

7

7

7

P 0

9 9 9 7 " % >FQ3 >FR3A 5 " 6

7 7 " C

"

9 "

#" %B

" "

9

" >FRR %-

(

" T

"

#" 7

9 7

7

7 %+ %233>&

0 0* " 9

#"

9

" D9 7

0*

7

" "

9 233Q&0 *

7 C 9 >FF4& "

" .

9 >FFF& "

9 233P&0 " %

9

9 7

"

"

7

9 >F?@&0 C

9

'

"

"

#"

A

D % 02>Q&0 7

2

"

0

*

#" "

7 " "

"

6 9 >FF>9 02RR5 #"

9 " "

9

0 "

#" 7 " >FF4&0 >FQ3A 7 - 7 " %- 7 9 >FQ@9 >FR> &0 - 7 7 9 ( % 7 9 " 7 % 9 >FF4&0 , " :

"

9 7 7

#"

7 7

0

9 " 9

>4>3

9 #"

" 09 >FF3&0 * 7

" " 9

"

6

" " 1

%>FFP&

7

" #" 0R4

A

" 7 9

"


F@3A #" %+ 9 >F?@&

7 >FR3A

" #"

0

7 %

#"

7 9

" 9 2332&0 -

"

7

"

"

%

$

9

9 7 9

9 >FFF&0

"

9

" "

0-

"

"

7

7

0

R@

7

% "

9 )

" %B

"

" & 7

9

%$ 9 >F4?&0 ,

9 233Q&9 7 0 "

" +

9

" "

9

0 C-

7

D 0-

5

" "

>RP2 "

" " "

" "

7

7

" 0 D

0

7 9

7 "

"

& #" 0 *

" "

"

0 "

#"

0 "

7 %

"

" " 0 " "

" 0C "

" " 7

6 " 9

" "

" " * " :

" " 9

" R4

"

0

7

0

2>3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

'

7 0


F?@&0 * 9 >FF4& & %B

9 >FF25

%B

#"

@2

>0 * " " %233P9 023F& @P #"

%B

9 >FFQ&0 $"

7 " #"

7 7 "

" " C 7

"

< 0 ,

< "

" 0

7

9 233Q&0

9 "

7 9 7 %

:"

#"

"

" TU ; %

9 233Q5 = " " : 7

" #"

9

7

"

, 9

" 9

7 % " 9 $ T U" " 7 " 7 " " " >>0

"

5

"

7 " 9

" 7 %>F?@& : 7

0+

7

7


FFP&0 "

"

0

RF

* %B 9 233Q&0 @3 < @> . % 9 >F??5 " C : 7 D ;< 7

'

"

0* #"

7

7

T$ 7

9 >FF?5

T

9 233>5 " T 8

" "

" " 9 0 0 6

"

7 "

0)

@2

( 7 >FFR&0 +

"

% "

% " "

"

09 233Q&0 " " 7

9 7 "

"

7 "

)

9 9 >FFQ&0

7

7

7 7 " 8 7 9 7

$

%233@9 0>3@& 7

09 233Q&0 * 3

7

" >0

7 9 "

" :

"

7

" 7 V 7

0 F@P&0 #" 5

09 233Q&0 C< #"

9 V0

T- 7

" 9 >FF@&0 *

6

" "

9)

A " "

" "

% :" 9 >FF25 -

"

"

%.

"

" "

"

"

@P

09 >FF3&0 * 9 >FF2&0 ,

%$" %" "

"

"

6 %)

9 233P&

"

R?

% 7

"

D0

7


FF45

"

7

7 9 .

"

"

"

" 0

7 9
FF45

" :

" "

"
>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

>> $

#"

" :

7

%

T

9 >FF4&

$ ' #"

O (



-" :

7

O, 7


FF35 :"

9 233>&

"

"

%" "

&

&

%

"

% "6

&9 9 >FF4&0
FF25

9

7

%
F??&0 P 9 )

"

" T- 7

>F@P&0

@Q @R

" :

7


F?@&0 , " 7

0

2>2

9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

B %

t

9 233Q/

% u &@@

&c % & % u &c % &

%&

7

"

% u &c % & % u & #"

O

% &@4

A

/

% &

% &/ %

t

&

:"

"

% & % u & #"

@?

%

&

% &/ % u & % &

7 % &

%"

&

%

%

"

&

& % u &

' >FF25 B " " "

7

#"

%

7 "

" 9 233>5

"

9

9

:" T

9 >FF45 + : D %'

"

9 >F?@& 9 >FR?9 0F&0 "

" "


FF2&0 , 7 " #"

+

' '

" 7 /OO

7
F?@&0 * " 7 9 0 0 " " #" "

7

%+

'

% u &9

@4

9 >F?45

A "

9

#" 0 A

" 6 9 - :

% 9 >FFP5 B

>FP4

9 >F?@&0@F

%+ 9

"

" j 2F&0 ,

l j 2?

7 "

9

7

% 7 " v %

%

C

" "

-*&

9 233Q& "

9

9

"

09

7 :

%

9 >FF@&0 + '

9 " 7 7

"

"
F?@&0

/ D

7

"

7

FF4&0 (

:"

7 #"

7

7

"

%

9 >F?4&

C " "

'

5

"

7

:

%

>2& /

*

>2

'

>FFP9 0P>?5 B

A

9 233@&0 ( '

"

" 7 " " A

" %

"

7

7

" 7

0 9

9 >FFP&0 ' %>FR?& " D % 0>2R&0 *

"

"

9 >FFQ5 9 >FF45 : " 9

" % "

7

A

-* " 3& %( % "

" " "

7

9 >F4?&0

% u " 7 :"

" 0' 9 " 7 9 D %( 9 >FFQ5 " " -*

" 3

"

7 >FF35

0 9 0 0

7 9 >F?4& " % 9 >FF4&0 -" " 0*

%

"

" 9 2333& 7 #" "

#"

7 7

% (" 233R5

"

"

%(

%>FFP9 0P>?&

7 "

9 7 "

"

A

% "

9

9 233Q&

'

7 "

>0

-

20

-

%*&

P0

(

"

Q0

$

+

" 7 "

*

7 "

R0

:

7 "

+

"

5

:"

+%

5

"

>0

-

20

-

P0

-

Q0

(

R0

+

%*&

"

w7 "

: "

:

+

9 >F?4&

9 >F?4&

7 " * 7 "

7 "

% & *

%

5 5

:

+

* 233R&0 "

6 A &

C A " :

D "

* 43

>P

*

+

"

" "

%B -*; *

9

%

: 7 0* 3 9 >FFQ5 9 >FF4& C " D %B 9 233Q5 9 2333&0 , % 9 >F@4& ( %>FF? & 7 7 " " 0* 7 7 %B 9 233Q&0 , 9 7 9 C D C : " D % " 9 233R5 9 >FF45 T' " 9 >FF4&43 3 A 7 " %B 9 233Q&0 * O " " % 9 >FF4&0 * * %233P& " 7 " : " 7 " % " " " 9 C + " 5 " 9 >FF40 2 20Q0R0P0@ 7 &0 %>F?F& " C 7 D % 0P@& C " " D% &% 9 >FF?9 0R9 >FF3&0 -*0 D

%>F??& C

"

7 7

3

%( -*

%2333& D

#"

7

0

2>Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

>P

7

-* -*

%

"

"

= :

"

" :

+

&

+

A

A w

" +0 * "

: *

"

*

,, +0

,

w

"

0 -*0 ,

+7

6

" 6

"

0

7

6

"

" $

* 7 -

6 "

7 :

"

"

7 7

5 " "0 * "

: :

"

"

A " "

" *

:

5 "

"

0

"

O

"

" -*

-

7

-* :

"

"

7

0 " "

C

D

-

"

" , " 7 -

9

9 7 " %

"

" "

7 7

7 &%

"

0

"

9 >F@4&0

"

"

% 7 7 P "

" " 7

& " %>FF4& M

" "

5 -* % 9 " -*

233>&0 ,

0, "

7

" "

7

7 "

"

"

7

' % " 7 " 9 233Q5 +

" 9 >FF@5 " 9 #" #" " >FF39 0>3@9 >FF>&0 #"

7 "

+&5

#" 9 >FF4&0 * 7 7 " " 7 7 ; $

"

9 >FFP& 6

% "

C

09 >FF35

"

D "

C

D 7

7 #"

%( "

7

9

w

z

, "

5 :" T

" *

9 >F?@&0 *

% )

0, 8

"

" %B

< "

7 "

"

,,

7 #"

"

%233R&

7 9 "

*

" " >F@4 % 9 >FF?&0 ) 7 %B " " % - " & % 9 >FF4&9 " " >F@3A %B 9 233Q&0 * " "

>F@49 +&

#"

*

9

' 9 233R5 B 9 233Q5 " " %( 9 >FFQ&0 9 >FF? 5 6 09

" "

2>R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

;,

7

$

" " "

#"

" "

7

0 *

7

"

"

7 0 7

"

" 7

"

*

A "

0

"

0+ A

7

E C 7 D

" 7 "

%

9

R " 9

-* "

R&0

"

"

"

• •

4>

9 < T "

%

#"

9 >FF4&9

"

A ,

" 9

" "

' " "

" >A " " -* 0

6 0 -*

" "

%233R& "

"

7 6

7

"

6 "

"

7

"

#" D

"

0, " 9

0

" M

: "

9

%>F4?& " 0,

D 7

"

0

" " 0,

2

P9

#" #"

9 "

" "

"

7

" 5

-* 7

0 ;

C

7

"

7

7 "

7

9

C

"

"

" 9 #"

" " 7 " 0

"

7

" 0C 7

:

7

9

D #" 7

7

" "

7 " 7

"

"

" "9

"

=

7

"

7 " ,,

*

"

"

7 "

*

7

7

9

" • • •

7

/

• #" 5" "

; -*

"

"

"

"

"

0 *

" "

"

7

0

4.3.1.2 The hegemony of null-hypothesis significance testing " " - "

"

: " " 5 "

/ "

0*

" 7 %
FFF&

"

" 7

4>

" %

"

#" #"

Q

0 *

7

0

#"

7

%+

9 >F?@5

" I7

-* "

9 >FF4&0

2>@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 "9

" 7

:

7

7

" D %< 0

" 7 233R&042

%) 7

9

9

T=

7 "

9 233P9 04?&

-* 7 "

7 "

>FF>5

$

D%

9 >FF4&9 " %B 9 233Q&0 = " 7 % "

" -*A 7 7

9) "

"

9 233R&0

9 -

9 C 9 >F@P5 B " " "

T- 7

-*

"

"

-* %

9 >FF@5

:" " 7

" #"

7

"

7

7

5

"

7 7

& 7 7

"

A

:

"

7 7

7

" 9 7

3&

:

%

5

0, 7

% & " "

7 G

" %w&0 , :

30

,

"

#" "

70

0* " %>FF@&

)

w9

*

,

,

"

0 *

-*

9 )

-* " %( 9 >FFQ5 9 >F4?9 >F?F9 >FF35 9 >FF45 C " D% 9 >FF@&5 C D% 9 >FF3& : 9 >FF4&0 , 7

"

" 9 "

0

7 9 " " " "

7

" %>FF@& " " 9 >FF45 T " "

"

0

3

9 "

( -* 9

30

:

3

z ,,

9 :

30

3

" > z0 * %( 9 >FF>9 2332&9 " " 9

7

3

: #"

" "

5

w

7 " 9

:

A

&0 7 "

w

7 "

" 7

70

+

9

7

0

%

"

9 >FF4&8 0 ) " %>FF@& 7 " /

#"

%

%

3

" "

"

7

"

9

9 " 9 T

" &0 *

9

&

" 7

0

"

9 233Q5 ) " 9 >FF@9 0>@>5 ) 7 " ;+ " " %B " 9 233>&

7 9 2333&0 , %-

"

9

0

%
FF45 B 9 233R5 B " 9 >FF4&0 , " " C " " D% " T

9 233>5

$ 9 >FF45 D %B 9 233Q&5 9 >FF2& C " "

" 7

A "

0

2>4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%
F@P& 9 7 " : " 0 * " 7 #" 7 " 7 " 7 " 0 3 " " " 7 " C D% 6 9- : 9 9$ 9< T B L 9 >FF39 0FP&0 %>FF@& 7 6 87 " 7 % " 9 >FF4&0 ) 9 " 6 " #" 3 " :" %B " 9 233>&0 , 3 3 " * , 3j Rj " * ,, %( 9 >FFQ&0 * " A 9 " 0 C : " : 0 * " G 9 9 " ;AD %) " 9 >FF@9 0>@P&0 " :" % 6 9 >FF3&0 " " : " 7 7 %( 9 >FFQ5 9 2333&5 0 0 y 7 " > y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







4P

' " * %B 9 233Q5 " " " $ 7

4Q

A +0

:

" :

-* 9 >FF35 +

/OO

7 "

%

"

"

"

" 7

O % "

:

" 7

7 9

7 A

7

9

0 7 "

7

303R; =

" " " 7 0 "O"

" " "

0 "

&

9

"

;

" 7 " ; =

" "

0 0"

0 FF@&0
F?4&0 ( " 7 % O " 5 9 >FF35 9 2333 5 $ 6 9 >FF3& % 7 " 7 5 + 9 >F?@ " 5$ 6 9 >FF35 9 >FF3& " : : " 7 %< 9 T= 9 233P5 B 9 233Q5 9 >F@45 9 23335 = 9 233Q&5 0 0 : " 7 %B " 9 233>&0 %>FF39 >FF?& 7 " ' + ' " -*0 9 : 5 7 7 #" " 0+ ' 5 0+ 7 " 7 #" #" " 7 #" 0 * 9 9 " " 7 % & * >Q " / 7

*

D %B

>Q

"

>FFF5

7

6

"

-

"

6

9

"

-

7

6

"

O

,

.

bb 7 *

A %

$

%>FF39 >FF4&4R C " 9 >FF45 0 " 5 >F4?9 9 " "

O O

D %

&

7

7 -*0

9 233Q& "

"

A #" 7


F23A %$

6

"

9 >FF3&0 * "

"

%>FF?&

"

C "

< 0+ "

D

)

&0

-*

"

7

"

7

7

" 0

bb

O

"

%B

4R

%1

9 >FF@&

"

-*A " A 09 %233P&

7

9

0

0

2>F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

(

2

"

9

9

" "

%
F@4&

9 233>&0 ,

7

"

#" "

" #"

/

"

o o o

7

"

" 6

5

"

"

D% 7

"

"

" 7 9 >F@49 0>>>&

&% 7

"

"

7

-* C 7

7

:

0 *

9

"

9

7

" •

,

"

"

7

" "

7

"

0*

"

7

"

"

"

6 7 "

:" 6

&0 *

%

2 0 303> w

303R

9 233Q& "

9 233>&0 7 " A 303@

: >A "

' "

D

"

0* % "

7 "

0 ,

7

" "

9 233R&0 -" "

-*

" "

C

D P5

5 CV 9

A9 "

" 7 #"

" D%

G 0,

& % 0>>Q&0 *

"

" " 7 7

"

6

"

" "

7

%>F@4&

9" 9

6

9

G

B"

" ; * 303R 7

0

0"

"

" "

"

" #" " "

"

9

9 "

"

"

9

"

9 >FF? &

7

7

09 9

9 233R&0 ,

"

w 7

0 * 0*

"

9 >FF? 5 " 7 7

; (

7 D

C

6 % "

:" %( 9

" "

%

"

" %(

" "

" 9

%B "

-*

7 0*

: 9 233R5 B " " 0*

9

6 :"

7

(

9 0,

"

:

7

"

7 0,

;

" 7

"

P " 7 >FF35 " >FFP&0

"

"

%233R&

"

C

7

P 7

0

"

4@

: "

0"

2 " "

"

"

"

0

"

A "

"

%233P&

%233>&0

223

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)



(

"

7 #"

" 0*

" )

" %>FF@& o 7

-*0 7

7 "

"

5

" "

"

"

0 "

"

"

"

9 "

"

7

"

7

"

" 7

o

-*

"

"

/

0*

7

"

7

#" 9 "

"

9

"

"

7

"

7 "0

"

" "

o

"

"

7

"

"

' " "

@3 *

-*

#" %

"

" " 9 >FF@9 0>@R&

)

7

7

7

Score

Long-term effects of mediation 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Day Test score experimental group Test score control group "

o "

"

#"

7 0 * 0 *

7

#" "

7 "

" " 0* 7

"



"

" 7 "

%&

" "

7 9 7

"

7 " 0

-*

" 3

"

:

%

7 9

% &

9

" "

" #" o

0* " 0* 9 9

% " ED c CE

u "

:

& { 303R

3

u D9

7

& 7 "

5 %

"

C

9 2333&

22>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

% &

y % 3 u &44 9 >FF45 ( 7 %>F4?& -" 0 7 9 7 % u

"

% u

T

3&

-* 9 >F?@5 *

9 23335 + %>FF3& C

%( 9 233P&0

9 >FFQ5 B

9 233R5 7

9 :" #" 9

7 9

&y

"

%

#"

u

& % 02>&0
FFQ9 0FFF&0 #" "

"

3

7

"

M "

:"

%"

9

%

8-

T

9 233>&0 , 20Q0R0P0@

2

" 9

"

3

:

-*

6 % u 3& 9 233Q&0 * "

-* %B

• • •

, $ *

3

u &9

%

u &9

%

u &

" 9(

9

3



%$%>FFQ& "

&

%

3

P "

u

: 7

3&

"

"

30

,

7 3

" /

" %

,' *

9 2333&

"

&

" 3

7 9

-* % " -* %B "

"

• • •

%

, $ *

& 9 233>5

9

3

$

"

7

%

"

&

"

7 "

" "

"

/

"

" 7

3

"

"

"

7

0,

"

"

"

0'

/

< • • •

,

*

" "

" 5 "

( • •

44

% 6 7 % * ,,, 9 " 9 >FF45 B 9 233R5 " /

&

7

7 T *


F?@&0 %+ 9 >F?@&0

"

3

"

7

222

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

4?

• * '

(9

$ • • •

, * *

" 9 "

9

3

6

9 -*

" "

-*0 /

" %

"

&

"

"

" "

3

7

%>FF>&

"

9

" 0* #"

%

% Q&

D

" " " 9 >FF49 0>32&0 " 7 ; "

%

+ "

%>F?@&9 #" 7 &0

Q&9

9 #"

;*

"

"

6 A %>FF>&

#"

C

" " #" 9

9

"

"

" "

7

0 % "

-* >R (

9 0 * " A 2049 >? c 303>0 * " #" 7 G A8

"

&

" %23

-*

0

*

0

*

0

*

70

*

70

*

"

%>FFQ& 9

7 "

30FF *

7

"

"

7 (

0=

" "

0

5

" "

7

"

"

A

-*

"

70

(

D

7

"

7 0

( "

"

2 Q

"

4?

5

P&

9 7

#" " %>FF>& 7 #"

6

"

"

>R *

9 :"

"

0, C

" %

(

7 7

7

3

7

" 0

"

"

C,

9

D0 "

22P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

>@ 1"

-*

0

#" 7 0*

8* 0

9

" "

" " "

"

7

7

7 0*

A 0 "

"

9

9

" 0 =

0 0-

" "

0

"

0*

"

9

0*

"

6

7 7

0

70 * "

0 * "

" 7

"

70

"

3

0

FFj

"

0 FF45

7 9 >FFQ5 " 9 >FF@5

" 9 0 "

3

7 "

7 C



"

: :

3

6


FF4& 7 7 5 % T 9 >FF45 9 >FF4&0 6 0( 7 9 7 9 0 ' " @> " 0 " 7

%

7 9 >FF45

"

9 7

" " "

D0

)



-* 9 >FF45

7 #" 7 A "

:

3

7 "

$

0

0) 6

6 7

A )


, 9 >FF49 024P&

"

7

:

0*

30 "

7 9 " "

7

7

%

T

3


FF4&9

" " "

9

#" "

w

FFj 0 * 7 "

A 7 " 9 >FF?&0

% 7 " " " " " -* "

' "

& "

9

0

"

7 #"

%233R& "

" 7

7 A " 7

"

" 9

7 " % 7

0

7 %

9

" "

T= " 9

FRj

-*

&

9 233P&0 (

" 7

"

0

7

7 %233Q&9 ) #" " "

%>FF4&9 B

"

+

%>F?@&

"

7

-*

" " " D %)

7 7 " 9 >FF@9 0>@?&

#" " %>FF@&9

%>FF4&

"

-* 7

" %B

"

%>FF4&9

"

%233R&9

%2333& 7

9 "

7

5 0 0 "

-*0 * 9 >FF4&

5 "

"

%

-*

0

9 "

9

"

]

%>FF4&

"

0,


FQ3 >FR3A 0 $"

9
F42&0 (

%

9( 7 7 "

" "

9U

9 >F?>&0 ,

9

" %
F43&

#" "

" "

7

2A

"

"

" " "

7 9 233P&0 *

R020>30 %>FRR&

7 9< "

"

" 0*

" " 9 0 "

0 * T *7

9$

9

%) 69 2333 & A " 0,

" "

#"

5 T "

7 "

" 7 %< 7

"

9 233P5 -" 0"

9 >FF3&0 97

"

,E0

9 9

" ,E

7 9

" "

7 "

" "

" 9 >F43& "

"

" 7

" 0 $

#"

0*

" 0* #"

7

" "

"

"

Q

7

7 "

%


Q0>0>

7

"

7

7 % RQ "

& "

"

7

0 -

9 - 7 "

7 "

%
FQ3A " 5 "

9 >FF2&0

7

"

7

"

C

"

"

7 " "

0 "

9 0$

"

"

>FP3A M >F@3A D

7

5 7

9 9

7

7

9

7 5

" %B

9 >FF?5

$

"

a

" "

9 >FFQ&

" " 7 ;= "

0 "

"

"

%+

9 >FF?&0 F43& "

#"

" " %>F?3& 9

" #" 0

9 "

"

7 #" "

" "

" #"

9 "

% 0 0 #"

9 "

" " "

" "

7

9 7 0+

"

9 >FFP & "

"

0(

" 9$

"

9 0

" "

/

* o

*

#" = " 7 = =

o

*

" "

;,

"

"

C D "

"

"

"

; "

"

"

;

" 7

"

"

7

" " 0 ,

7

#"

" " " "

"

7 " "

7

"

9$

"

"

wc { 9 "

"

T *7 /

9 >F439 0>>&0

r c {PP

%

&0

0* 7

7

" 9 233>&0

%

"

7 "

7

"

%$

"

-

"

"

"

0, "

7

"

7 9 0 7

9 0-

"

0

" "

0 FF@&

7 *

"

7

" 7 9 >FF?5 9 >FF2& " " " 7 7 " 97 "

" 9

0 7 "

#"

"

" '

7

"

0*

?@ %

" "

9 "" :"

9 * 0*

9

"

"

" 9 7

#"

%>FF@& C " D0 * " " " " 0 ) A 9

7 "

" 7

)

* D

" " D?Q

" 7 #"

%233>& C

" "

"

" %>FF>&

"

7 " 9 >FF?&0 #"

%B 7 "

7 7

" 0

;

2P2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>FF2&0 $ 7 %- a

7

7

7

"

" 9 9 >FFQ&0

7

)

"

:

7

"

"

" "

" " %

" %FF25 - 7 T 9 >FF2&0 * " 7 " " " " " " 7 " % & %( 9 >FF2&0 + ' A %>?@3& " 9 0 >?@25 " A %>??R& A 7 " 5 6A %>??4& " " a A %>F3>& #" ( A %>F23& " 7 " 5< A >FP> " - 7 A %>FQ@& " >F@3A 7 " " 0' )" *" %>F@Q& %< 9 >F@>5 9 >F@@5 B 69 >F@Q5 )" T *" 9 >F@Q5 9 233R5 9 >FFF5 T )" 9 >F?@&0 * A " " )" 9 B 69 -" *7 %>F4>9 >FF3& " " A 7 %< 6 9 >FF25 ( 9 >FF25 B " 9 >FF25 - 7 T 9 >FF25 - a 9 >FFQ&0 "

*

%>FF@& " 5 #" #" & #" " " * " "

#" 7 9 >FF25 B " - 7

A

% "

"

"

"

"

" "

7

" "

7

R>

0

" 7

P " 0(

?R

5 " "

5 " " 0 -" " " "

7

"

%

7 "

" "

9

" % C " "

"

D %-

a

5

" " "

"

& "

% " " 9 2333&0

"

"

%< 0

"

#"

7 7

" "

7 "

"

7 " "

9 >FFQ&0 ( " 0< "

"

% " #" 9 >FFF&0 * " : "

9 233>&

I7 0 *

"

" &9 " :

7 "

: 7 "

9

0

4.4.1.2 Rules of concatenation – the necessary additive structure "

"

"

" "

" " A #"

7

#" " %+

" " "

"

a

#" 7

7 #" #" 7 7

a " :

%

" " 9

%>FFF&

" 9 9 0 E" " " 9 "

0, #" 9

" %>FFF& 9 7

&0 * %>F3>&

9

?R

* "

"

*

A

A %>FF@&

C

D0 *

"

9" "

"

7 "

"

7

" "

9 >FFQ&0 *

#" #"

%

"

0$ 0* 9 >FFF&0 * 9 0* 7

#"

#" " " #" 7 " " " #" %>FFF& %( 9$ T *7 9 >F43&0 %>FFF& #" 7 " " 9 9 0* 5 : " 0* #" : " 0 " 9 #" a A " 0 a A 7 "

C

D "

0

2PP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

#"

-"

%>FR>& "

%>FP>& % " E &0 "

" 7

"

7

7

>0

9 0 0 0

*

9 >FFF&0 - 7 A " % " % 9 >F@Q " #" 7 /

9

9

7 9 2332&0

7 %>FFF9 2332& " " " 0 * :

7

" 5

c

6 " 6 "

20 P0 Q0

6 6

R0 @0 40

9

]6 ]6

c c

96] x6 96] c ]6 69 ] % ] 6& c % ] & ] 6

9 9

9 " 9

{

69 "

9

7

7

6c ]

"

"

9

"

"

7 "

9

*

#" "

9

"

" 0 *

" > M Q9

" " 7 0 7

0 "

7

"

7 "

"

7

9

"

7

0*

7

7 0>>@&0

"

=

0 ) " " ;, ;,

9 9 R M4

7 0 -"

" 7

"

5 " < 9 " ,

0 *

7 "

7

"

" "

0( :

9

9

" Q0Q020P

"

0 ) "

" " 9 " 7

" "

"

0

6

0

"

D%

0*

" "

/ C

"

7 0 ,

" "

0*

" " " 0?@*

%233R& "

7 9

7

" 9

7

:

"

7

7

"

"

"

" 9 "

x

9

9 "

" " 0,

#" "

"

%

"

"

&

:

0* "

x

Ax A

" 0*

0, % A

A&

"

0*

" " #"

" 0 7 &0 :

" 7 0' A

#"

' )"

A %>F?@&

"

0

" 7 "

:

0=

" " " "

"

7

" "

" "

%

" "

"

"

" "

7 9

"

7 0>4F >?3&0

7

% 7

' Q020> 9

4.4.1.3 Conjoint measurement as fundamental extensive " " =

?@

9 T=

*

7

" "

% 0 (

9 >F23&

7

9 >F4F&

"

4

7 "

%

T )"

%>FFF9 0R>&0 0R2 @2

: " % 9 >F?@&0 ,

%>F@Q9

T )"

9 >F?@5

9

2& 7

0

2PQ

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" #"

"

7

"

7 0+

"

0

7

9* "

7

9 :

"

%

" D

#" " "

9 233P &

" 7

" " " 0 '

7

" 9 233P&0 *

%

7 9 "

" 7 " 9 233P &/

?0 F0 >30

7 ,''

" " #" 7 " 9 233P & " %1

9

#" 7 "

%>F?3& 7

9 9 ,''

7 ,''

9 9

}

} 9 } 9

9 7

9

} } 9 }

" "

"

7 "

" "

"

#" ;

7

#"

"

#"

"

>F3Q9 "

A

9 #" " "

c

0

" 7 9 233R&0 * 9 %= 9 >FF4 &0 ' " @2

7 %

} "

> R0 7

7

#" 7

0?4 " ) 7 A %>FP4& " " 7 % = 9 >FF4 &0

"

"

0 &%

"

?4

" 7

#"

%

" "

0*

"

7

:"

" 7 :" #"

A C

7

7

? >3 " %

] c " "

7 9 #"

&

9 7

7

0

7

8=

2PR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

@2

"

+

>

" R9

"

>c

92c

" 7

7

9Pc

#"

" 9Qc

9,

7

Rc7

"

"

9

`

/



,

7 -




2

P

Q

R

1 6 A

>

2

P

Q

R

A

*

=



( *

"

" "

==' "

"

" V

9 >FF4 9 0PQ

" #" *

9 "

-"

,

0 +" "

+

A

>

7 " A C 9 >FF4 &0 +

%=

" D "

"

/ " "

#" 9 >F3Q

0 FF4 9 0PQ

=

0 A

/ %(

7

9

>FF> & • •

" 1 6

0*

A "



" 0



"

" " "

C >

/

7

"

" A

"

" 7

7

8& "

"

"

"

0

9 "

"

*

" 7 "

" #"

"

7 7

0,

" 9 #"

9

9 "

" "

*

" " /

%

"

"

7

#" 7

" " :

"

& "

" 0=

#" 7 "

% "

7

VV

A %233P& / • *



;*

"

M

• •

D

"

2

"



"

"

"

" 7

"

,

7 7

/

" 7

;"

%

&

7 :"

"

2P@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)



"

" 5



T=

9 >FF4&

"

" 7

%>?@Q >F3F

" "

• "

9 % ≥>

9

& " %

7

7

7 9

"

5

9

" "

"

&

7 "

9 • •

* $"

7 " G A

:" " 7

#" 7 • • •

"

7

#" #"

C#"

"

9

D

"

9 233P9 02Q&

" #"

" " "

" 9 " "

" " 7

9

"

0

7

:

"

" 9 2332&0 "

" & %
FRF& % - a 9 >FFQ& : : " %- a 9 >FFQ&0 * 2332& 7 " #" : "

" C

"

"

*

%

"

7 7

7 "

"

#"

"

%

%

% &

9

#"

C *

9 "

5 9

"

" 7

*7 % "

"

%>F43& 9 >F??&

%

7 " & • •

: 7

"

7 "

"

" %

O

7 o

*

7

0*

7 7

#"

& 7

7

7

" 7 " 7 " 0 -"

7 9

"

" 7

2P4

0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

??

> >3 $ "

7

Q0Q0>02

%B 9 >FF?&9 Q0Q0>0P

% &/

(

$ " |% & ]

% &0

#" "

7

%
FFF& " < , * 7 " 0* " 7 " 0 " " " 7 9 " 7 "

" "

9 >FFQ5 9 < 0?F *

& "

7 9 } 9 233R&/

2

" T

" , *

%1

: " " 9 233P&0

>

9 >F445 9T=

P&

7 % 7 %

2

*

2&

%
&

0

P

" " %< = 9 >FFF5 =

o

P % P9 % P9 % P9

>&

P

P

o

2& P&

} " % >9

2 % 29 % 29 % 29

>&

%233R&0

7 7

P@ " 7

" 0

"

< "

" 7 7

"

0(

"

0

2P?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9 " 5

7

" "

9

"

" :

9 :9

A

/

θ ] β:

% :& c %

o

θ ] β:

>]

5 β:

:&

" ,

o

7 7

>

7

/

%

:&

%

θ ] β:

c

:&

"

o o

θ

:

30R

0

*

:

• • •

" 9 % :& 7 5 0 0 % :& ≥ % &9 % & ≥ % &9 % :& ≥ % &

• •

% %

&≥

:&

%

≥ :&

%

"

&

" %

• • • * 7 >F@Q&05 0 0

"

7A

" " 7 9 •

"

B

"

7A

7

"

%

"

, θ 2 ] β > ≥ θ> ] β 2 θP ] β 2 ≥ θ2 ] β P θ2 ] β > ] θ P ] β 2 ≥ θ> ] β 2 ] θ 2 ] β P θP ] β > ≥ θ> ] β P " " 7 " "

B

& " &

"

"

#" 9 233R&0 *

" " %
FF?& "

9

9

" " "

" :

, ! B "

A

" "

" #"

0 0*

9 " 0,

"

"

" "

"

"

#"

, *9 " " 0

7

7 "

" 7

"

%

"

8

2PF

0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

4.4.2 Test theory
FF4& " " " 9 9

*

"

"

" 7 "

A " "

9

#" D % 0>4@&0

" < "

$

"

"

0

0

" C

7 #"

" %2332& "

"

7 %>FFF& 7

"

"

7

"

"

7

"

9
FF4&

" "

"

0 F@?&0

9 >FF4&0 0* 7

"

7

9

&0 "

%

" "

"

M

"

" "

9

P

7 " :"

"

0

7

0

" 0+

#"

9

"

7 0

" 7 "

0

7 "

7 "

A

"

7

7

"

"

9 >FFF&0 $ & #"

" *

"

0 ,

"

$

0

"

7 "0( "

7

"

"

9 >FFQ&0 7 "

"

>F23A %

7 " % " ' " 9

%

7

"

"

" 7

A

*

"

"

" *

P&0 $ " "

9

"

#" "

7 " 7

"

0 $ "

7 7

7

% "

"

0

0

$

0 , " " 0,

"

9

"

7

7

7

"

7

"

7 ;, "

"

"

0*

" 0 ' " 7 "

9 "

" "

"

" "

"

7

"

" " "

" "

@P

#" 9

"

0* 7 "

7

"

7

"

0 0 ,

9 7

/

" "

7

" "

" " 7 0 ("

0$

"

#" 0=

0* " 0 ("

7

" " 7

" 7 "

"

7 7

"

"

" 7

0

2Q3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

9

A

"

"

"

5

" 7

7 "

0*

"

%-

0 7

" % " " " 0 $" "

7

' "

"

7 A

% 0 5
FFF& 7 9 " A 9 2333& %B 9 >FF?&0

" " 0

" 7

"

7 "

0*

"

6

, *

9 #"

" 9

&

" "

7 " "

"

"

9

9

" %233@&0 *

(**

, *

"

0

@P *

"" /

*

, $

'" "

"

,

$

C

F>

0=

" 7

D

"

9

"

0

2Q>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

4.4.2.1 Representational measurement: the legacy of Stevens’ arbitrary powerful scales of measurement "

5 " 9

7 " " 7

9 >FF?&0F2
FQ@& " "

" " 0' "

7 %>FR?& /

-"

U

%>F@P& %

7

χ c { `9 ≥ ->V V V V V 0- x

o

9 " 0 +

7 - 7

7 " 0< " " "

" "

"

T )"

9 >F?@&0

"

≥ ->V V V V V 0-

7

" " 0 *

7

`0 •

" " "

"

7

5

9 " "

" &0

9

"

" 7 %>F?@&

9 )"

%

A " " " "

"

7

7

0*

7 "

#" •

"

" "

ℜc{

o

9≥

>V

7

x0

VVVV0

"

2

" " 0 7



)

9

χ

7

ℜ0 -

" "

7

" 5

- 7

>FQ@9 - 7

7

"

0*

" 7 " A #" 7 7 %>F3P&9 1 %>FP@& T )" 9 >F?@&5 1 A % 9 2332&0

( "

9
FF49 0* " " 0 7 - 7 A 7 " " A

7

T=

%- 7 9 >FFQ&0 * 7 "

7 7 %

"

"

"

- 7 7

9 6 T

-

7

" "

7 % 9 )

"

"

"

" 9 2332&0

%


F@@5

7

"

7

F2

%

"

"

7

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

-

>FQ3 '

A 0*

"

%

- 7 #"

0 0(

"

"

A

" 7 "

"

A

"

"

5

"

" '

"

"

" %B " 9 >FF25 9 >F@Q& " " " 2332& :" -" 9 233>&0 - 7 " #" 0- 7 A >FFF5 9 >F@Q& " "

"

%>FQ@&

9 7 "

"

7

"

" " =

9

"

9

" 7 9 >FQ@&

" A 7 "

"

" " 9 233P9 0>3&0

9

2Q2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%
FFF9 2333&0 ' " #"

"

7

@Q

" "

9

#"

0 " "

9

7 9

"

0 *

"

" "

" 0

%>F@Q9

" 7 0* " "

"

" "

" %

@Q

/

"

"

' "

0F@ F4&

"

"

9

"

&0

"

/

7

#"

"

" 7

#" + :

9 9 "

" 9

9

7 %,''&

9 "

"

9 96

0 * "

A9 A9 6A

" " "

0 0

:

9

"

9

9

"

"

"

"

" " 9 "

:

"

0

"

9

C

D0 -

"

8

9 " "

4.4.2.2 Classical test theory – a goal for inferenceFP * %-

7 9 >FFF& "

"

7

"

"

7 7

"

7

0* "

7 7

FP

" Z

[ 7

/

" 0* "

9 D %>FFF9 >FF&0

#"

7

" 7 %

G " A

C

"

" G

A O

7

2QP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

5 (

9 >FFF9 0>F3&0 * /`% 7 &c*% " &] % & %< 9 >F?@5 $ 9 >FFF5 9 >>F4 9 >FFF5 B 9 233R5 " 9 >FFF5 >FFQ5 " 9 >FF25 " 9 >FF>5 - 9 >FF@5 -" 9 >FF3&0 * % G " A " 5 $" < 9 >F43& " 7 >F3Q " %( T 9 >F?@5 $" < 9 >F435 " $ 7 9 >FF?&0FQ C$ " Z " 7 0 [9 " 9 7 7 D %9 >FFF9 0>FF&0 ( %(**& " 9 " 9 " 7 " %-" 9 >FF3&0 ( (** " % 9 >FFQ& " 7 " " " " 0 $" 7 9 " " " 7 " %= 9 2332&0 * " 9 < %233R&9 " 5 9 " 0 , (** 6 " " % " >FFF&0 * " " " " " " 9 B %>F?>& " " 0* (** % $ 9 >FFF& %(**A 5 ( >FF?&0 * 7 " " " " %(**A " 5 B 9 >FF?5 ( 9 >FF?&9 %B 9 >FF?5 9 >F?3&0 * 7 " #" 7 :" (**0 7

9 >F?@& %-

#" 9 233Q5 ( T

"

9

7

" 7

97

9

7 9 >F?P5

&% $

7 (

% 9 >FF?&0 *

"

9 >F?R&0 (** 9 >FFF&0 " 6 9 (** , *

"

" , *

(** "

7

A

" %-" 9 >FF3&0

97

*

" " 0

( -

"

7

"

0

"

-0 9 >F?>&

'

" =

%23329 233P&

" "

(** %< " &

%

T 0 (** " %

0 9 2332&0 * " &0 ' " @@ "

"

" 7

" 0 *

7 9

" 0+ 0, (**

= %

(**

0

0(

9 7

FQ

"

"

"

#" "

7 (**

"

(** " 7 " 0 (** "

"

, * 9

"

7

"

7

"

5

T T

9

"

@R

9

"

9

" 7 "

"

5

" 7 " " "

""

" A

7 #"

9

%

" (**

7

"

%

7

7 0

"

"

(** 7

7 , * " (**9

7

" "

7

T

0 (**

" 9

"

T 9

A

" " "

%7

7

"

"

"

" #"

"

&

7 7

" 9 "

' "

9 >FFF&5

%

" %-

9 >FFF&0

2QQ

5

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

@R (

>0 20 P0 Q0

(** %=

`c*] ` c *- ] *7 ] ` c *- ] ] ` c *- ] *. ]

9 23329 233P&

(** ]

"

-!-*

`/ */ " 7 " / / 7/ 7 / /

' "

0*

0 = "

%233P&

"

7

5 C

"

7 7

"

" " "

9

#"

"

D A9 G

7

7

7 G

"

0*

7 CA6 7

A9 G G

@@

A9 G A9 G AD % 0FR&0

9

7 7

7

A9 A

"

7

"

*c "

*

" "

-!-*

(c

"

*

"

%

7

"

"

&

" " * " " "

7

0

,

,

( "

"

(**

, *

O %

7

5

"

9 >F?2&

O

9

"

"

9 "

" "

" " " "

7 9

0*

" 7

9 (** 0 = %233P&

(**5 7 (** % % $ ',& " "

9

"

, *&0

" "

@40 *

"

A $ "

"

Q0Q02020> "

(**0

2QR

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

@4 *

/ "

A

$ ', %=

]] ]]

49? 5] P

> >

R

P

]]

4

R

F

4

]

9 233P9 0F@&

]]

5]

>2

F

]]

>P

>2

]

]]

>P9>Q

]

5]

>R

>P

>F923 >?

>R

>F

>?

]

2>

>F

]

5]

2>

]

]

]

]]

5]

%49 ?&

2

Q

2

@

Q

?

@

(

7

%>P9 >Q& >3

?

>>

>3

>Q

>>

>@

>Q

,

%>F9 23& >4

>@

(

7

>4

23

22

23

,,

22

(

7

]

* , "

*

$ ',

"

"

(**

"

"

" 9

A 7 "

"

97

" 0( " "

7 " "

0* 9

7 97

7 , *

"

"

:

"

7

0 * "

%= MC

#" "

" D %=

9 233P&0

7 9

9 " 9 0F@&0 7

7

, * 7

7

0

V

2Q@

,,,

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

(

"

7 "

V

*

0' 7 , E> E4

#" 7

E25 7 E4

E? &5

E2 EP E?

, E2 7

EQ5 7

"

E@ "

EP

E4

E?5

5

EP

E@&

0 9

* ,

7 " E>Q

7 EP5 , EP 7 E@ %

7 7

5 E2 E@ %ER E>P

7

9

%E&/

" EQ

EP

7 "

E@ E4

ER

"

"

5 ER9

7 9

7

"

E@

"

, *

"

* "

"

#" T=

"

9 >FF@9 0>PQ&0

" " 7

C,

9 " 77 % 5C 7 " %

7 D%

"

" "

7

"

*

"

7

7

"

5 " ,

9 " " 9 >FF49 0?3&0 #" 9 9 " &9

)

" 77

" 9 D% 7

" 9B " "

9

"

" G

"

9

"

#" 1 9

A ;,

A #"

;,

" 9

0 , "

#"

"

"

7 9

7

9

#" " 0 (**

#" "

0 , 7

" ""

7

7

9

"

"

7 0 C(**

0 -"

7

7

0 "

9

"

"

7 " A

" 6 D 9

) 7 "

G

7 0,

"

"

" 7 " 9 9

" & %>F?R9 0Q?4&0 * " 5 9 0

"

#"

7 "

"

7 " 0 C,

7 D %=

9 >FFF9 0>2@&0 *

"

"

7

#"

0 " "

(** " 7

%>FF4& , *A

%
FR3A >F23A 0 " %, 7 T$ 9 >FF>5 1 9 >FF2& " 0$ A 7 " %- : 9 >FFP &0 9 7 9C " D %) 9 >FF4 & " 7 " 9 " 7 " " % 9 >F?4& 0* " % 9 2333&/

%1

*

" "

5

" 7

C"

"
F@29 04& " " D 7 0 (**A >F@29 , * 9 >FF4 & " " " 0< %>F@4& " (** 9 " , * 7 7 C 7 " D %< 0,

*

" 7 9 >F?>&9

""

7 9 2333 &0 *

< %

"

7 %

"

"

0

"

A

%

0

9 233P&

"

7 >FFF&0 $ " %*6"

" 7 9

7

,E " 8 " " T %1 9 >FF2&0 7

% 9 >FFR5 -

09 >FF@&0

T

%7 >FF29 2333&0 *

"

7

"

-:

"

7

"

#" " 7 " "

" "

A "

7

8 >FR2 >F@3

"

" " %< 9 >F@4&0 $ 7

9 9 >F@45 %>FFF& 7 "

9 >FF> 9 2333&9 "

" 0

-

"

7 "

#" 7 " :

5

"

7 C

7

D0 , % :" " "

, "

0 * " D

C 7 0
F@4 " "

7

0$

% " : 7

7

7 7

#" "

"

9 >F43&0 )

%>F@4&

"

7

#"

T '"

"

#" 9 2333& " "

%(

&;

7 0

7

9

%>FFF9 "

9

" %

9 >F?4&

2Q?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" %>FQ@&0 ,

- 7 0)

9

7 7

7 " " 9

"

"

" "7

"

T

(**

" %

9 >FF4 &0 (** " 9 >F?4& "

2332

"

" T '"

%( 9 >FFR&0 + "

%"

"

7 "

, *

9 233@& " , *7 7

" "

7 (**

9 >F435

- " , *% "

9 9 23325

C $ < %2333& " 0* 0 ) 6 %2332&

7

D "

" "

0 C,

"

"

9 " D % 0>2P&0

" 7 9

9 7 9 ) 6 %233P&

"

5

9

0 (

"

>FP3A

"

%=

9

"

7 " 9 >FFR&0

9=

"

7

"

#"

9

= %>FR4

9 >FFR&0 (

T '"

" ( 9 >F43&0 "

"

9

'"

9

"

%>F43&

%=

9

" T $"
FFQ&0

4.4.2.2.2 Generalizability theory "

7

"

" T$ 7 7

"

9 >FF?5 -" 7 " " "

(**A 7 " " ( 9 9 9 >FF3&0 * "

"

"

"

9 :

" 7 "

%>F42& %

"

%

(** %( "

7

% "

%(

T

9 >F?@&0 , 9 >FFF& "

(** % "

%

T$ 6 0

6

"

" %

7 7 "

9 >FF4&

:" 7

" "

"

&0 , 7 %)" 6 T ) 9 >FFF&0 " 7

"

6

" 9 (**

0 >F4?&0

6 9 >FF?&

"

" "

9 >FF35 " T $ 6 9 >FF4&0 ( 7

7 7 "

6 9 >FFF5 "

" A

$ 9 >FFF5 " " " 9 >FFF& 9 " 6

9 >FF?& 6 %)" 6 T )

9 9 >FF?5

"

7 "

"

0 "

"

% "

9

" %-" " "

7

T

9 >F?@5

" "

: " % " >FF?&0 =

% " " " 9 >FF45 B 7

T$ 6


FFF&0 " 9 " % (** " "

6 9 &

0. "

9 >FF?&0

7 (**

7 7

%

& 7 #"

7 (**

7

9

T$ 7 "

9

"

"

5 " "

"

7 7

9 >F?>&0 + " 9 " 7 " :

" A

6 T $ 7

" "

"

#"

" "

6 %(

9 >FF3&0 *

"

% " 6 (**0 ,

"

2QF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9

6 0
FFF&

%

7 0 "

"

T

"

7 "

6

"

= "

7

7 "

7 " , *9

"

%

"

"

"

:"

0 "

7 " #" "

9 "

#"

&

"

6

" 6

7

6

" %>FFF& "

"

0

, * " "

, *

0

9 T

6

"

%>FFR& 7 , * "

9 >FF25 B " % " " 0 *

7

7 6

9 >FF3&0 * % " T

" %>FFF&

"

" % "

, *

7 " 7

$

0 "

:" 7 #"

0

=

7

" "

"

&

"

"

"

7

6 9 >FFF&

" 0 '

7 9 >FFF&0

$ 9 "

7

7

9" 9 >FF?5 " "

7 7

" % 9 >F?@5 $ " 9 >FF25 -" " " 7 (** 0 .

T

" " "

$

5 (

T $ 7 7 "

7 7 9 9 >FF?&0 * " 7

233Q&0 $ 7 " #" 7

"

9

9

6 7

7 0,

7

0

"

, *

9

0

4.4.2.3 Modern test theory *

9

2333&0 * % 7 233Q&0 , %< %

"

7

" "

" 7 " 7

7

" 9

T . 9 >FF>&0

T

7

9 233P&

" >F43A

0,

7

#"

" "

7

, *

"

0FR*

"

(** %
F?3&0

%= 7

" "

5 7 "

7

%>F?P&

9

A

"

-

, %>F?P& >FQR 9 >FQR

* "

"

7

7

A >F3Q T 9 " 9 "

9 233R5

>F23A "

"

9 " B

(** %
FF4&0

2R3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

:"

7

7 9 9 >FF@&0

%

7

7 "

9, * " 7 %

9

7

"

"

7

7

D %(

7 " " %< " "

7 7

*

7 "

"

C %

"" 9 >FF4&0 , 9 7 %( 9 >F@4&0 ' " 7 " 7 7 09 233P5 9 >FF?&0 * 7 " 7 " " 7 ;
FF25 ' _ 6< 9 23335 1 9 23335 " = 9 233Q&9 " " % 69 T 9 >FF@&0 " 9 < " %>FRR&0 * " 7

θ

" Σ %" :  θ,&

"

" 7 9 23335

" "

9< "

" " 9 233R&0 9 %>FFR& " " "

7 % ,E " T9 >FFR5 9 " % " 9 >F?25 B 9 >FF?5 7 " " " " 7 " 9

0* " 7

&0 (

" 7

7

&

"

7

7 9 >FFR5

T* " T. %

9 >FFP5 " T

9 "

7 (

7 0

9

" "

" :5

"

$0
&0 $ 9 %233P& % " 7 7 " " 7 0 "

0* :

7

#"

"

"

7

"

"

" 9.

& %< 7

#"

"

9 233Q&; * 9

" 7

"

6

" " % "

T ;
FF3&

0* ;(

"

0


FF4& 7 "

" "

"

"

"

9 " , *

"

"

"

"

" " 7 " C

"

%

#" D

"

" 0 7

9 >FFF&0

2R2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

0 * 7 "

0 * 7 " A * " M

" 0 7 7

#" "

7 " A " " 0 , #" #" 7

7 " A

&

" " "

7 9

&9

" "

"

"

"

"

%0 9

"

0>2@&0 " " " , *

7

&

%0 9 "

"

#" " %>F4>& %

9 %

" 0, 7 %

%

&"

#" " " 0C C "

"

0 %

"

"

9

9 D&

A 7 D%

9 233Q9 "

" 0

"

7

9 7 "

"

" 6

9

0*

7

9 "

"

9 233Q&

7

, *%

"

&

(** %

"

9 "

&

9 >FF4 &/

0

+

"

(** " >M " 2M " P M #" " QM " RM , * " >

0 0 0 0 0 " 0

0

0

"

2M

0 0

" "

PM QM

" 7 "

"

" 9

" " "

"

9

" "

7

" , *

7

"

9

O

"

" 0,

#"

" " 0 *

#"

" 0

"

RM :"

7

7

% #"

"

( "

"

;, 0 * "

" " "

7 "

%

7

#"

"

7 "

&

"

"

#"

" %233Q&0

7

"

"

7

"

"

#"

%233P9 233Q&

7 %
FFQ&0 , " ; )" 9

" 7 9 0

0 #"

7

"

" 9

"

"

0

9 #" 7

"

" 0

7 "

#"

7

" #"

" 0,

" 0 -"

#"

"

#"

$

"

"

0=

"

"

7

7

"

"

0,

7

" "

0 #"

"

9 A #"

9

" "

"

" "

9 9

7

:

&

" 9 233Q5 (

T 9 " ;* " " " " D% 9 233Q9 0>2Q&0 , " " T < 9 >FFR5 9 >F?P&9 " " " 0= 9 233R& 9 ;, " 7

#"

7 9 >FF2&0 *

"

"

7 "

;C "

" " 9

"

7 "

% 9 %

"

7 ;= "

0

2RP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

"

7

#"

7 7

" "

" " "

"

0 0 0

= = =

" 0 +"

< #"

#" 9 233R&/

%
FF>&

%.

"

" %233P9 233Q& " ; %< T M " " 29 P Q

0

"

%

% &

9

"

#" "

%
33

7

"

(

"

"

+.

,

7

7 "

("

'

)

-

• •

-



+.





" %)

9 >F4Q&



E" %( -

T

( " >F4P9 >F?2& )

#" %

%B "

T )

T
F4>&

9 >F@P& ("

'

• •

+ #" % 0F@@&

( *

%*"



9 >F@P&



" 9 >F?2& #" 9 >F?2& #"

>F4@5 B $ >F445 B

• ,



7 "

• •

( >F42& C* " D '"

#"

%+A(

"

9 >F@P5 %B

"

T

9

%B

9 >F?2&

9 %)

9 >FR?& " %( 9 >F42&

%=

T

bb) bb

bb

T • • • •

%' ) ' ) >F?3& (

9 >F4Q5

T-

9 >F4?& ))

"

%'

T

9 >F4F5 '

9

9 >F?2& %) 6

9 >F@@5

"

%

9 >F4?&

-

• • • • • • •

>33

(

"

*

" "

% m "

T

9 >F?2& %= ( >F@R5 " , 7 ( ,

9 >F4?&

%$ 9 >F44& " %B " 9 >F?2& % 9 >F?>& %6 9 >F4F& %' " 9 >F4F&

T

0

2RR

9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)



A

"

% "

"

7

)(]&

Q0Q02029 >F?3A "

#" T

)(

% "

9 233Q5 = 9 >F?F& " %< 9 >F@29 >F@45 9 >FF25 7 9 23335 ) 69 >FF>&0 , 7 " #" " 7 ( . %233R& " " " 0* 0 7 7 % 7 9 9 T U 9 233R& 7 7 " %$ 9 T= 9 >FFR5 % " & " 7 7 " %= 9 >F?F& 7 " 7 %B " 9 233Q&0 ( , * " " " " %B 9 >FF?&9 " A " % )(& % T ( " " %-)* & % 9 >FF4 9 2333&0 * 7 , * " " %B 9 >FF4& %- " 6 9 233R& " 7 " % " 9 >F??&0 ( 9 A" " " " % " 9 >F4?& A " 7 #" 7 0

*

"

*

7 )(A9 >FF> 9 >FF> & " "

% &

9 >F?25

(

23335

" " " " %'

7

9

T " " 5

9 >FFQ9 >FF4 & %, 9 >FF>&0

9 233Q& 0 * 7

"

%

7

9 >FF?&0 $" >3>

7 7

7 " 9

% T * 6 9 >FFQ&0 7 9 9 >FFP & 7 7 " 7 9 233R&0 , " " " % 9 >F?4&0 $ 7 9 " " %( T 9 >F?@&0 , 9 " 0 θ9 C " θ 7 θ

%< 9

9 2333&0 * 7

%- : %

9 >FF> &0 ,

7 %

7 7

9 0.

" 9 7 7 D %>F?39 044&0 &

"

" A

0

7

"

"

9

D

7

"

'

"

>3>

9

*

%

' #"

7

0

" D%

%>FF49 0>F3&

9 >FF4 9 022R&0 &0 7

"

% "

"

9

7

7 " 9 " 9 " 0 $

" " #"

7

"

7

" 0, 7

"

C

#" " 7

7 "

7 9 #"

"

7 7

"

"

7 7

2&0

7 %>FF4&>32 "

" 7

>32

" "

:" , *

5

0 *

"

6 A C

#"

7

" 9

0* "

"

" 0

7

"

7

0$ "

C D % 0>?F&0

7 "

% " 9 "

" %

&0

2R@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" "

)( "

'

" :

)

9

A

7 "

%>F?R&

A %>F42& 7 "

"

" " "

)(5 &0 * 9 >FF@&0 0

7 "

7 " %

9 >FF> &0 , 7

#"

9 2333&

%)) 7 " %

&9

A 9 >FF> &0

" >3P

=

7

%

" "

%7

=

7

"

9 7 9 7

7

" "

))

#" "

7

%

0 *

=

)( 9 "

7

" "

7

7

7 7

0*

Λ

" "

"

/ *

>? - " "

"

, " "

7 9 >F@45 B

%( 7

:"

7 θP

θP

"

7 /

"

#"

%

" "

*

>]

3

λ% &

%



λ% &

>0 *

T=

"

" 7 & %-

/

%( " 9

%2332& " " "

"

=

" "

'

"

D % 9 " 7

9

T. 9 >FFP&0 , 9 >FFR&0 * #"

)(

"

"

#"

#" 7 9 >FF>9 0QFF&0 0$

"

=

"

"

7 "

9 %θ&

0+

" 0 C*

9

"

0,

" "

"

9 9 >FF4&0 * T '" 9 >F435 % T -: ; 7 9

#"

"

"

"

"

" "

9

" 9

9"

9 >FF4&0 % "

,

"

7 0*

"

"

'

" )(

&

>?0 $

"

>3P

"

9 233Q&

5β 5 λ% C

" " " Λ

"

"

(

θ: M β &

>3R

9=

T

θ: M β &

" %

5 θ2 " #" & " "

A %>FF>9 >FF29 23335

9 23339 0R>P& 7 " % 9 >F?49 >FFR&9 % 9 >FFR&0 +

5

9

7 7 7

7 5 θ:29 V 9 θ:

D%

"

9

" 0 θ>

9 2333&0 *

7

>3R

>?

&c

&

>3Q

>3Q

θP 3 3 >

A θ>

" "



θ:>

9 9 >F?>&0 $"

θ2

"

0 *

%` % &: c >θ:9 β ,9 λ %

θ2 3 > >

0*

θ> θ2

7

θ> > > >

+ > 2 P

Λ

"

"

" %β&

" "

"

" 7

0 "

"

0 ;

2R4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

7

#" 0 7 A %>FF> 9 >FF29 >FFR9 2333&

A %>FF2& " /

"

7

0

• " 0.

"

" 7 7

• 7

9

" " 0

"

7

" >3@

7 "

" 7 7

" "0 ,

9

7

0, "

(**

"

7

7

#" Q0Q0>02

"

9

7

" 7

9

"

0,

7

7



" #"

7 %

#"

" & " 9

, *

7

7

0,

" -

9 >F4F&0 * 7



" >FFP5 -

7 "

"0 9< "

a

• %=

9 T

%=

7

"

"

" T=

9 =

"

%B " 9

9 >FFP& " 7 9 >FF4&

T

, * 0 $" )( 7

"

A

"

" •

7

A

7

" "

7 •

"

! % $



7

-*& "

9C

"

7

" 0 )

D "

9

" / • • • • •

"

"

"

" 7 7 7

"

9

0,

A %>FFR&

)(] 7

0, 7

7

)( " " %

9

"

7

" " " " 9 >FFR&0 0$ 7 9

"

"


FF@&0 *

0' "

&

0

"

" #" 7 9 >FF> &0 ( %>FF> &

/: " 9

"

7

"


3@

"

" #" "

@F

Q0P0>02

"

" (** 9 23339 0R>?& 0 , 9 , * " "

*

%

%-" 9 >FF3&0 + " 0 "

" "

"

"

"

%-"

% %

" " 7

"

"
F?@&0

2R?

9 &9

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

7 "

7 " % 7 " "

" 7

9

"

&

"

7

/

7

#"

7

7

0*

"

"

7 "

0,

#" ;*

(

"

A %>FF>& "

7

0

' "

@F

7

#"

%

9 >FF> 9 0>?F&

ξ : c θ: ,

>

7

,

>

7

> V V 00V 0 ,

*

1

- "

,

"

$
V V 00V 0 ,

9

1

7 9"

, *

A " 7

,

7

7 7 "

> V V 00V 0 ,

"

1

7

"

0 $ < A %2333& " " 0 $ < A %2333& " " " %233R& 9 "" T+ FF? % 9 233R&0 ( 7 7 7 7 9 "" " % 9 233R&0 * :"

%$

P

7

%( *& ( * 7

, * 7 "

9 7 " 0 "

9

"" 7 " C

/ 7 7

"

7

9 " "

"

" " 7

+

" 7

"

7

7

7 "

7 #" 7 " "

" "

7

7 "

" 9 233R&

" 0*

" 7

7 Q

9"

0 7 7

9 5=

7 7

7

9 *

%

" 7 0 *

7 "

% "

P 7

"

/

" 7

2RF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" " 7

&0

%233R& "

(

7

0*

"


F?F& &

7

7

C D 9 233Q&0 7 " 7 7 9 " " = %>F?F& " 7 " " %= T$ 9 >FF4&0 * 7 7 " 7 7 " " 7 " " 7 7 >3? % &9 " %< 9 >FFP5 ' T' 9 >FF45 ' T 9 >FF?5 9 23335 T= 9 >F?35 1 T 9 >FF@5 T - " 69 >FF45 ( " 9 >FF45 T : 9 23335 T 9 >FFR5 - " 6 9 233R5 9 23335 -" 66 9 23335 . T 9 >FF2&0 7 #" A " >3F % 9 9 ' = 9 ) 9 " T = 9 >FF@5 " "9 >FFP&0 * 7 #" %( 9 2332&0 7 " 7 " " 9 " % 7 & " %T 9 2332&0 , 7 " 7 " 7 " " " 0 = " " " ;* " 7 7 9 " " " 0 ";* #" " 0* " 5 0 ' " " 0 * " - " " 0* " ' 9 F?F& - " " A % * @F 7 & 7 % T ( 9 233Q&0

" 0*

"

%

"

"/

"

>3F

7 " 7

0 7

"

"

" %( -

7 %$ W9 >FF>&0 * 3?

)

%

>34

7

-

8

:"

0 9 23335 B" 9 >FFQ& "

" "

9 23335 " " 7 7 "

(

9 2333&0

" " 7

A %

7 "

7 " 7

7

5

7

:" " 7 9 >FF25 < T : " " 7 6

" 7 9 >FFQ&0

7 7

7 0

7

7 ;

7

2@3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

$"

"

9 =

%>F?F& "

A

"

" 7 0,

" "

%

"

"

0=

"

A

&-

%>F?F&

"

"

"

7

7

7

5

9

"

"

"

7

7

"

7

9

"

0= "

"

A %>F?F& %θ

O

7

"

"

0

7

" "

-

9 7

"

7 7

β:&

A

"

" >>3

"

7

0

"

θ

0= 7

"

"

7 A %>F?F& 8

, * 9

#" " 9

9

/

β: ] Σ φ τ 9

c >9V 9 9 : c >9 V 9)0 c

φ



:

"

7

"

"

9

9 φ c %φ >9V 9 φ & "

c 9

" 0*

"

0

" 3

0$

%:&

%&c

/

:

ψ %σ :&

" :

φ c>

"

"

% :θ 9 β :9 τ 9 φ & c Zψ %σ :&[

: Z>

ψ %σ :&[ >

τ

&

:

%σ :&

ψ %σ :& c

%σ :&

>]

%θ ] β: ] Σ φ c

%θ ] β: ] Σ φ

>]

τ

" 9

&

"

9

"

c%

" < %:&

7 &=

0 7

: Z>

ψ %σ :&[

>

"

+ "

" " " " A >F@3

7 "

7 % ( ) &

"

%

9= %>FF@& % "

"

7

9

T=

9 >FF4&0 * 09 >FF4&0 *

)(

" " "

" "

" " "

" 9

7

A =

"

%

" "

:

, *

*

7

&/

"

>>3

/%

7

"

0 +

"

9 &

"

"

% θ 9 β9 τ9 φ,& c Π: Zψ %σ :&[



%>F?F&

>9V

%= 9

7 , *& %

" " 9 233Q&0

A

)(A

%

9

% T = 0 , "

( ) &9 9 >FFR&

&

2@>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" 7 T=

"

"

9 >FF4&0 1

0,

" %= 7 "

T= 7

9 >FFR&0 , " " %=

=

"

%

" 9 >FFR&0 7 09 >FF4

T=

9=

"

" #"

" 9

" "

( )

5 0 0 ( )

%>FF4&0 *

9 >FFR& "

9 #"

=

T=

6

" 9 0-

"

%= 9

7 7 3

" #"

>

7

7

0*

9

/

% : θ ] ′: ξ&

%`: c >5 9 9 ξ θ& c

9 9 % c39>9 V 9 :&0 `: `: >

:

Σ

% : θ ] ′: ξ&

7

7

7 "

7 7

′0 ξ

/

θ& c Ψ %θ9ξ&

%` c

30 `′

9

c>

:]>

7

7 7

Z ′ % θ ] ξ&[

:

0 * % c >9 V 9

" c >9 V 9

:

0*

0 * "

7 9

=

:

>

Σ

Ψ %θ9ξ& c

3

Z6′ % θ ] ξ&[

θ

0

( ) 9

θ29 V θ$& %=

( )

" T=

" 0*

7

′0 ,

>

7

"

0

"

9 $9

"

7 9 9 :

0

0*

9 *

( ) ( ) /

"

θ

c %θ>9

7

$ `> " 9

9

"

0 7

:

>>

9 233R& ( ) " % c>9 V 9 $&

9

>

5 "

6∈Ω

*

&

%=

T=

9 >FFR&0 *

%

( ) &9

% : θ ] ′: ξ&

%`: c >5 9 9 ξ θ& c

:

Σ

% : θ ] ′: ξ&

*

c>

( ) "

7

"

7

0

9

9

ƒ% 5 ξ θ& c Ψ %θ9ξ&

Z ′ %

7

θ

Σ

%θ>

7 0$c>] %θ> ]ξ> & ] ]θ2 ]ξ> ] ξ2 & ] %θ> ]θ2 ]θP ] ξ> ] ξ2 ]

> Z6′ %>>

= = - - ) ,` $ " % "

%233R& " <
FFR&0 * " " "

9

"

7

" "

"

" " 7

7

7

9

"

"

%$
FFR& 7

$
FF4& &0 ,

(

$W

"

*

"

7

7

7

"

5 "

" 9 "

$+-9 "

9

" >FF49

7

=

9 " "

0 * 0

7

" =

A %>FFF&

C

D

2@P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>F0 *
44Q %

Q02&

9 >?P4 %

Q0P0>&

9 >?@3 %

Q0Q0>0>&

69 >??4 %

Q0Q0>0>&

9 >F23 %

Q0Q0>0>&

( :

%

7

" #"

"

%

Q02& Q0P0>0>&

&

7 "

(

%

&

#"

" " 9 430

9 >FF49 >FFF&

&

cx

/ "

7 "

- "

%

0,

"

D % 0>2>&0 *

>F

A "

" #"

"

)" O *" Q0Q0>0>&

" 5 0 0

9 >F@Q %

9 >FR? % Q0Q0>0P %>F?3& " &

&

& "

'

7

* " Q0Q0>0P

"

:

"

%

"

"

$7 "

9 >F23 %

"

%

"

9 >F2@ % 20?02& 9 >FQQ %

) 7 9 >FP4 %

Q0P& 2040>0>05 Q0Q02& Q0Q0>0P&

" &

7 "& 9

7

B
FR3 %

Q02&

9 >FF2

2@Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

43

"

"

9 (**

9 233R9 0>2F&

c{ 9≥x +c{ ` 9≥x

'" " (

β:

%

&

" "

/ ≥

"

"

" "

:

θ

"

"

" "

`:

:

,

'"

, *%
FF39 0QF&

/ " " "

"

,

7 "

7 "

:

9 9

/ 7

" "

"

"

" 9

7

"

7 "

9

, *

7

7

" "

"

0 '"

"

4.4.3 Summary C*

" DM

"

"

"

"

0 * " 7

0

" " 9"

" 7 "

9 9 7

7

:

"

" " " #"

#" 9 "

"

"

9 7 " 7

"

"

"

9

0 " "

0 *

" "

"

"

0,

9

#" " 9"

" "

" 9

"

#"

"

" " #"

" 7 ;* 0 "

#" "

9

9 7

0$

9

#"

"

" 7 "

0 "

" 7

"

"

" 0

"

"

7

0* 7

7

0*

"

2@R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 " "

0-

A

"

7

" "

"

" 0

" *

"

"

" • • •

" "

0

9

, * ,

" "

" "

$

7



"

"

" "



7 M

5 "

7



7

*

"

"

• •

"

"

"

"

7

7

"

"

"



"

7 "

9

"

"

"

"

" #" "



"

"

"

"

0*

"

"

"

"

" 7

0 -"

" "

"

" "

9

0 -"

"

7 " "

" 0- 7 >FQ3A

7

"

"

7 #"

9

"

7

"

"

7

"

9

"

:

" 0'

9 0

7 7

" "

"

: " "

"

7 #"

" 7 "0 < "

" 0 * "

7 7 " "

0

"

7

0 * 9

"

9

0

0

7

#"

"

9

7

"

"

0*

7

"

9

" 7 " "

"

"

"

" "

7

"

"

"

9

A P0

#" 7 0

"

"

"

" "

7 "

"

"

"

"

0,

"

- 7 " "

7

7 9



7 #"

"

" "

7 7

"

"

7 9 0 * " 9 " 7 "

9

" " 0* #"

" 7

"

M "

#"

" 0

2@@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9 " " " "

" "

7

7

:"

0 ,

" 7

" 7

0 (

"

:

"

9

7 (

" "

"

&9 ,

9$

"

0

"

"

7

-

" " " 0

"

"


>P (

"

"

#" A

#"

9

6 "

7

"

>FQ3 >F43A

"

#" "

9

" "

"

7

"

7 7

9

" ;* "

" -

" " "

7

"

" &0 *

7

" O

"

0

0*

7

7

:"

U

#" % 0= "

"

"

" "
>2 "

"

:

" 0*

0

7

#" 9

7 9

4.5 Integrating Madsen - attenuating the framework ,

"

A #" "

#" "

A

:" #"

" >F?Q& " #" >>2

*

"

"

9

5

""

"

"

" " " 0

" *

"

" 0

"

"

#" 0* "

" 7 "

"

7

"

#"

"

"

"

"

"

" A

7

7

8 0

7 R

"

9 "

"

>>Q

" "

"

" "

7 9 >F?Q&0 = 0, % 9

" A

5

"

7 9 >F?Q5 -

9 >F?Q5

"

>>P

>>Q

%
Q

" " 9

9

0

"

9

A

9

9

"

"

5

0* 7

"

7

"

"

7

0

9

"

"

"

"

%

7 &9

9 " &9

"

%

"

&

%

7

A

"

"

7

&

A

"

% 7

" "

"

0 5

/ 7

"

"

9

" "

9 0. "

0

#"

" "

" 7

O 7

7

" "

"

" "

"

9 4> 9 O

"

9

A 7

" "

C % &D "

A "

7 9 0* " 9

#" 7 9

"

9

0 :" 9

"

9

"

7 " "

&0 *

"

0 "

7 " % E& 7 " * " " 0* + 7

" 0*

7 "

:

9 0 -"

% 0*

" 0

9

" " 7

/

0

"

0

7 7

7 " "

7

7 7 0* " "

" "

9 "

"

" " 7

7

0 * 9

0= 7

"

9

0

C

"

"

A 7

7 A

"

" A A 20 (

" 7

" "

"

7 "

"

P

9 &

"

"

0 (

" , *

P0 *

7

"

, *

"

9

"

:

"

7 #" #" " "

9

" "

9

#"

9 "

7

"

"

7 0,

"

7

9

"

"

9

#"

9

9

"

9 0, " 0 )"

7

:

"

" " "

" 7

"

7

9

0*" 0 (" "

7

7 " " 9 #" " 0 -"

9

" 9 "

"

"

0 "

#"

#"

0 " "

"

7

7

7 9

:

"

"

7 9

"

"

9 9 "

: 7

0

: "

9 7

0

" "

"

"

0,

"

7 "

7

"

7

7

:

" 7

"

0 + :

7

"

9

"

5 " "

9

D 0

0

"9

7

:

7 "

9

9

-

" 7

"

"

" 7 7

" 7

" #" 7


* "

7

"

"

"

.

0 7

. "

0* 7

"

" "

7 A

9 - 7 9

9

"

.

7

A " "

7

/

9 "

0*

"

0 7

A 7 9

0 "

0-

0

7

"

7

7 7 7 0

7 "

"

#"

7

"

7

0

5.1.1 Exploring the framework for dynamic assessment and intelligence: the eight considerations *

7 0

7

A "

"

"

"

>MQ0 *

9

" 5 "

%

9

"

9 " 0$

&

" &0 *

"

"

9 9

7

" "

O

0+

7

9

"

"

"

7

" 9

"

% "

0

,

"

9

/

"

O

,

O

9

"

9

"

"

9

7

/

" *

>

,

O

O

"

7 7 7

7 70 , "" 9

"

"

7 "

7

. "

0

24Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

5.2 Dynamic assessment and learning potential models conceptualised within the framework .

"

7 "

" "

9

A

9

" 0*

"

9

"

7 0(

"

0,

7

" O

O

"

/ >0

*

"

O " "

"

O

"

" "

"

"

"

""

0 (

7

7 "

"7 "

"

"

"

" "

"

"

" "

" " " 0*

% 9

"

* " 9

"

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

"

"

"

9

A

E

7

"

"

&0 *

" "

7

"

0 7

" R020> * ) % (,)&/ R0202 R020P $ R020Q %>F4?9 >FF29 2333& R020R $ 7 B 7 R020@ * R0204 R020? ' " %2332& R020F * %2333& R020>3 R020>> R020>2 * 1 R020>P *

"

"

7

" *

9

9

"

23

" 0

"

0 ,

" "

" 7 " 7 "

"

9

A

7 9

7 0

"

7 " 0

9

"

0 + "

5 0 0

0* 7 "

9

" 20

7 #"

0

/ 6

0

%))*& "

7 %2333 &

< "

"

7

%), & %$

"

"

%2333& &

%2333&

/ =

(

=

A

7

%2332& 7

%2333& %) 7

%- ( *&

A )

& 7

/ 7

" %

" % ('-& )*& -

/ " %2333& 7

%)

%( &

24R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

23

"

-

-

-

R020>

-

R0202

"

,

"

"

"

"

"

C "66 D "

-

R020?

-

R020F

' " " "

7

"

"

"

0 ( " 0 * 7

"

7

" "

" -

R020P

-"

-

R020>3

("

"" "

" " -

R020Q

$

0 7 #"

5

-

R020>>

G

A

( "

-

R020R

$

"

7

R020>2

(

"

"

7 0

0*

"

"

" 0 ,

" "

-

R020@

7 0

-

R020>P

" "

" 0

" "

" "

" " "

-

R0204

*

7 "

"7

5.2.1 The Leipzig learning test (LLT) and the adaptive computer assisted intelligence learning test battery (ACIL): diagnostic programmes "

< "

A %2333 & )

6

%))*& 7 "

7 "

7

"

"

0 $ "

7 "

*

" "

0

" 0* "

"

A 7

7 "

7

" 0 7 "

7 "

" 7 "

"

#"

" "

"

7

#"

0 * 7 7

-

7 7

7 " 7

7 " #"

"

#"

"

"

7 0*

#"

7 #"

9

& 9

))* .

7 0 E" "

7

" 7 "

))* = 7

7 "

" "

"

"

" "

9

0

"

" =

0

7

7 "

7 " 7 " 9 7

7

#" "

7

%7

"

0

" =

7

,E 0 )"

9

" " "

"

9

"

24@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

"

0*

"

" 0,

"

• •

"

.

#"



#" #" o o * "


5

&M %

& c F5

%

% " % " % &

%

& & #"

&

& c>

E

(,) c >O%>]F& c 30>

(,) 7

"

))*

"

(,)0

5.2.1.5 B(iii) Hypothesis system " 7 7 " " 7

" "

7

7

" 0 *

"

7 9

7

7

9

))* "

" 7 %

R020>0Q&

&0 *

"

0(

7 7 7

%

))*

&

7

6

7 " 0*

" "

7 "

" 0 @4 %

Q&0 *

"

"

5 " $ ', "

7

" (,)

A

7

#"

9

" "

7

"

"

" "

0* "

"

0

5.2.1.6 C(i) Abstract data 9

P9 7

0 , 7 7

0 '" "

"

"

: "

" 7 0*

(,)

" 7 "

7 7

0* ))*

"

"

7

(,)

7

))* " ))* 0

9 "

=

7

,E

"

"

5.2.1.7 C(ii) Concrete data *

7 7

" #"

" 7 " " 7

7 " 7

0'

9 0*

"

7

7

"

0

9 7 "

0*

7

"

0

5.2.1.8 C(iii) Prime considerations *

" 7

7 0* 7

" "

"

7 &9

"

7 "

7 ))* 0*

0 *

7 (,)

7

" "" 7 " 9

7

7

" %

" "

7

" :

7 #"

"

9 " "

7

7

0 )

%

0 *

"

"

6 0

&0

"

7 9

7 9 " : 7

" 7

%

&

2?3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0 *

))* %

"

"

7

"

"

% $-&

&

"

0

$-

" "

"

" "

9

0

"

0+

"

" 7

" :

" 9

7

"

9

7

0

7

9

$7

#" "

7 5 0 0 "

0,

9

$"

Q

#"

0* 7

" " "

" "

"

"

" "

7 "

0 "

(,) /

" 7 9

"

"

7

7

" 7 % "

" 7

T


University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)



.

"

#"

*

( 0"

%

"

9

"

" 7 "

%

Q

" " 0,

"

"

A " 9 A 7

9 .

9

A

7

7

0+

9

"7

" - 7

7

(,) 7 " 9 0*

" & 7

7 "

7

" 0

"

7 9 "

7

7

"

"

/

A

0$

"

" A 7

0*

"

" 9

7

0=

"

% A

9

&P

"

"

7

"

"

"

"

9 "

"

"

P

9 ;

"

"

" " 0 0* " " ; "

"

9 "

"

0, 0* "

7

9

" (

"

A 7

"

& "

5

C

D

" "

7

0$

" 6 9

0, 0*

0*

"

" "

0

2?2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

C=

7

(,)9

"

"

(,)

7

:"

0,

9

9 A

9

"

!

9 9

0+

"

" 7 " " 9

7

7 "

D% "

T
>& "

% " 7

" D " "

" 9

"

7 "

),

"

% &

0*

7

"

0 )

0 *

" 0

" "

7 "

% "

7

" "

%&

9

"

9 &0 *

9 "

&

" 7 "

7

"

"

7

" 7

9 0* "

),

"

C

7 7

"

&

%

,E

7

& %

,EA 9 0* "

"

7

7 "

0

0+ 7

" 9

9 9

0 *

2?P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

),

4?

" "

"

% 9

" 7

0 7 " 0

&

%2333&

7 "

"

,

9"

7

9 " "

0

7

7

%

O "

"

"

" 7

&9

"

#"

0*

7

"

"

7

0 *

7 "

9

" 7

0

9

#" " "

%

A

,

7

"

0= 7

"

"

9

" " :

7

,E

0 *

" ), 9

"

7

" "

0* & ;*

7

C "66 D

7 " 0 7

U $0 " "

7

#" "

"

"

"

9 " 7

"

9 " "

7 "

"

"

"

0*

0. 7

7

#" "

"

7

9

0,

" #"

0

7

#"

9 ),

"

7

9

&

"

#"

&0 ,

7

7 "

9

% "

9 &

% 7

0

/

"

"

#" 7

7 9

D

0

), 7

7

7 "

0
F4?9 0R@P&0

" = *

0 7

"

#" "

7 "

7

"

"

#"

A

"

"

7

"

7

D %(

"

7

" 9

"

7

"

" 7

T

"

0

7 9

A

G "

A

0

"

7

" " " 7 7 "

0

"

7

9 0
&0 * A 0

" G7

A

5.2.4.2 A(ii) Philosophy ( +

"

0 *

"

"

9

" 0 *

A 7

9

9

0

"

"

"

"

=

A

" Q9 /

*

"

0,



2

)

G

A

7 " 7

o o o

-

" %

#"

"

"

&

"

7

"

7

"

7

"

"

7

"

" =

""

7 "

"

" ;

5.2.4.3 B(i) Hypothetical terms *

7 7

0 '

" "

"

" A

0*

7

9 0' 7

7 % 7

9 A G " " "

A&0 * /

2F?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0

% 0 0

0

" "

$

M % &

+

0

0 0 $ " 7 0 *

(

&

M

M

5

5

7 M % &

5 5 7

" 7

"

%

" 5

" 7

"

7

&5 " 7

M

5 7

7

7

"

7

7

"

"

" "

7

5

" 7

5 " "

5 "

5

M

"

" " " "

7

"

= "

" 5

" 7 D %(

7

T=

C 9 23339 0@F3&0 *

7

0*

#"

0*

" " "

A

" A

/ %>& %2& %P& %Q& , "

< < *

7 " " "

7

9

" 9 7

7

" "

9

%

"

" "

7

" "

&

0

7 "

" E

" "

"

"

7

7

"" "

;=

% " 7 7

0 * 7

%

&0 *

"

7 0*

7 7

7 &

7 "

" " " " 9

"

" " 0+

%. "

"

"

7

7

& "

"

" "

7

" "

"

7

"

0* 9

" " "

"

0*

7 " "

"

"

"

" 9 " "

" "

" " 7 0 ,

"

5 0 0 " " "" 0

7

0

5.2.4.4 B(ii) Scientific hypotheses *

% • • •

% % %

% " % 7 % 7 % 7 % % % %

& &M &M &M

% % %

& "

M 7

7 "&

"

&

7 & #" #" #" &M &M &M &M

&M-% &M-% &M-% % % % %

7

& & "

" O

& O

M

& &

& &

2FF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

% %

-& c P5

&M %

E

& c R5

%

%

M

&

&cP

(

=

A

"

c PO%P]R& c 30P4R

A

0

5.2.4.5 B(iii) Hypothesis system

7 7

0*

"

"

0

7

"

7

"

7 7

" 9

"

"

"

%

"

" 7 "

A %>FF25 2333& " 9 "

' "

&0

7

"

9( 0*

A %2332& "

"

"

"

" =

"

"

"

" "

9

"

=

7 Q& "

"

9 0>?>5 23339 0@?P&0

• • •

" (

9

7

" D %>FF29 0>?>&0 * = %>FF2&9

"

"

7 "

"

C "

9

"

%( " /

9

7 " 9 9 >FF29

T=

7

7 7

,

9(

"

7 "

7

%

"

A

"

"

0,

"

" &

7

"

%

*

) 7

• • • •

7

"

"

,,

- " "

• • • •

(

" %

9 %

" "

9



9

7

9 9

& 9

&

7 "

%

9 "

&

• • ,,,

$ • • • • •

( ,

O O

5.2.4.6 C(i) Abstract data *

" " 0*

" 9

0


"

"

9

"

"

* *

"

C " 7

9

" "

7

" C G " "

9 DQ %(

P 7 A

9 23339 043@&0

A #"

0 * G

"

A

A

0

"

"

G

" T=

P0Q 0 G=

D A0 =

2

" P

"

D

9

7

"

>0 20

7

"

7

"

9

"

"

"

7

#" 7

0

"

" P0

#"

+ " Q0 ,

" "

7 " 0* 7

A

7

"

A

"

"

5

7 "

"

*

7 0*

7 ?

7

0$

7

" " #"

&0 , * #"

C

0* 7

9 "

"

9 7 *

G

7 "

A "

7

"

7 Q0

" 9

"

" 7

" "

7

7

:"

7

D

7 % 7

7

9

7 #"

%

7

0 C=

0*

0 7

"

9 " :" T = 9 23339 043?&0 , 0 * " A %>FRR&

#" 7 7

P

E

" "

"

" 7

" "

7 "

7

7 7

7 9

" " #" #" "

7

"

7 " 0 *

"

" "

"

7

0

"

7 9

"

"

D %( (

Q&0

5.2.5 Dynamic assessment of the level of internalisation of elementary school children’s problemsolving activity "

9 "

0

7 9

7 7

?

*

" 7 "

"

" E

0 *

-9

7

7

"

0*

"

P9 "

C

7

D

(

"

:"

=

9 23339 04340

P3>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

EA 0 / A

7 "

:"

"

" "

"

0

0,

"

"

"

9

" 9

7 " 0 -"

" "

:" "

"

0 *

"

B

7

%2333&

#"

"

A 7

" "

" "

7

"

0= " "

7

7 " "

A

0* 0 "

" 0

7 9.

"

0,

7

7

7

#" 0 * 7 "

7

7

" 7 "

7 7 0

9

7 "

"

"

0

5.2.5.1 A(i) Ontology *

"

7

"

7

" 7

7 7

7 0* " 7

0* "

"

0 +

0 -"

"

"

9

9

" "

7 7 7

"

#"

"

7 " "

0* " 7

7 #"

" 7

.

"

7 "

7

" "

" 0 * 0 " " 0

" 9 #" 0


"

7 "

7 7 9 7 "

"

"

7

7 " "

" "

"

9

" 7

"

9

9

"

M "

7

" "

9

" "

9

9

"

"

7 0*

*

"

"

"

>

7

0*

7

7

5 0 0

" 7

0*

7 0 - 7

"

7

7 " #"

" 7

"

"

7 "

7

9

" "

7

7

"

0. :

0 *

" 9

" "

7

" "

7

7 #"

,E

0

7

"

7 "

0

5.2.5.2 A(ii) Philosophy * *

7 "

"

7 "

0

7 "

A

0(

7

"

0*

"

7 "

0
& c 3022

0 7

#"

"

7 7 "

0

"

7 7

" 0 (

"

0

5.2.6.5 B(iii) Hypothesis system *

" " "

"

7

7 0 ,

"

"

7

9

#"

0*

"

" "

0

5.2.6.6 C(i) Abstract data *

"

A

0

A

7

0

5.2.6.7 C(ii) Concrete data " #"

"

7

7

#"

0*

" 0= "

"

0

5.2.6.8 C(iii) Prime considerations %2333&

"

7

" 0 *

7 "

" 7 "

7 "

)

0*

)

#" "

"

" 0*

7 "

7

0 *

,

>

"

)

-"

%&

(

9

-"

% &

(

9

-"

% &

7 "

"

+

7

"

9 9

7

+

7 "

>

0! 0

,

% &

)

-"

%&

(

9

-"

% &

(

9

-"

% &

-"

%&

-"

7 "

"

% &

"

"

-"

% &

"

"

-"

%&

"

"

-"

% &

"

"

-"

% &

"

"

(

>

]>

9 7

2

2

,

%

&

]> 7

P

P

* *

""

"" ""

> >

"" 77 " "

&&

" " 0 +7 0 +7 7 7

0 .0 . " "

" % " % "

" "

7 7" " 9 9 " &0 &0

*

*

" 7 "

7

& 7

A " "

7 "

" " , *

7

,

" 0

"

7

0= 0(

9 5 7

A % "

,

" "

"

7

% 7

7

7 9

" 7

" "

" 0 ,

"

0 + "

9 0*

7 7

9

"

"

%23339 0>24&

P>3

%

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

(

"

7

9

0*

"

A

"

9

"

,E

+ #" 7

" "

%

& % "

"

#" "

7 " "

7

0*

"

0=

&0 *

7 C

,E

7

"

"

7

%) & " )

D

"

"

0 *

" %

" &

7

,E

0 >

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

5.2.7 Swanson-cognitive processing test (S-CPT) *

" "

"

"

" %= &0 = #" 7

7

" " 7 " 9

" "

9

" 7

0 * "

" "

7

7 7 "

" " "0 0 *

7

7

" " 0 ,

"

0

A 7

"

" D

#"

" 0* 9

"

%$ &9

"

C &0 ,

D 7

"

"

D C

D

"

7

C

0( "

"

7

;*

9 "

9

"

0(

" "

%

"

" &

"

0

"

0

"

;

7

29

7

7

9

7 "0 =

7 ";

7

0=

"

" #"

0*

0* "

7 " 9

0*

D 9

" "

0! 7

D

C

9 0 *

"

-( *

0"

= " 5

"

*

7

7

0 3

;-

" 0 C*

7 5 0 0

"

7 " 9 7 0(

"

7 0* 0 * " 7

"

"

#" 5 A ;,

c

0

C D 0*

C

"

#"

c 9

"

7

0 D

"7

9 "

"

" " "

D 7

7

0

P>2

0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

- 7

" •

"

* *



M 9M

7

C

7 "

"

"

"

#"

M

9

"

7

"

" -

7

* "

%

7 .

"

" "

" "

%

A

5

0 (

"

CQD

7 :"

"

- ( *0

"

0*

6

#"

" 9

A :"

#" #"

*

"

* *

7

" - ( *A 7

" ;*

C

7

C

" ;

"

""

7 " 7

0 * 0,

C

D C

7 7 D

0*

#" 8, "

" 0

" 7 9

" "

" :

7 -( *

"

7

"

D

;*

0 =

7

" "

/

7

%

7 0

"

"

0*

" 7

"

*

7

& " 9

" "

"

"

&0 *

-( * " "

-( * "

0* "

7

-( *

; 9

C

9 ;*

" C

"

7

0= 7

7



"

7

7

A

"

" " #"

7

0

9

"

,

0+ 7

D "

9 " 0

& "

0

(

" "

9 "

7

0

0( "

7 7 " " 0 D C " " " " #"

"

"

%

"

7

7

7 " "

D

"

"

9

0*

0* "

" "

9

9

"

7

"

0) 7

A

7

0* $, #" 7 7 C2D " " 7 0

Q " 0* 0 7

"

#"

9

2&

" &

"



/

C " D

M



"

% &0 =

U $



D ,E

7 7

.

(

7

9

"

* *

"

A

" • • •

9

%

"

" : "

,E

D

"

9 "

" "

"

" #"

0* 7

" 0*

-( * -( * "

"

"

P>P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)



*

" "

" 7 "

0 * 0

"

5

A " "

5.2.7.1 A(i) Ontology *

"

0, 7

"

9 "

#"

" " 0
0

7

0*

#"

"

7

"

7

A

7 0*

7 "

7

0* "

0*

7 0*

9 %

" 7

"

7 "

7 "

"

" ;*

A

0+ 0 '

0$

"

D

" "

"

M

C "

"

"

"

"

9 "

"

"

8& +

9

-( * 7

7

9

" " "

% 9

&

"

"

%

(% &

&0

5.2.7.3 B(i) Hypothetical terms -

A

-( *

"

9

"

A

7

0

9 7

A

"

7 %

"

"

;,

9 "

P&0

9 -

A

7

9

"

C

D

"

P>Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

0 C= 7 D

C

D

" " A

" "

"

"

9

9

"

9 #"

7

"

"

7

- ( *0 * " 9 97 " 9 " " % 7 7

" #"

0* " -( *

" "

"

7

7

" 9 7 7 7 &0

0( " " " #" 9

"

" #"

"

" 0

"

9 " 9

5.2.7.4 B(ii) Scientific hypotheses 7 0 , " " E

0*

"

*

% • • •

7 0*

-( *

&

% % %

&M % &M % &M %

% " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • %

7

0

& & &

7 &

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

" " " " " " " " " " " &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M %

-& c >>5

%

E

& c 45

%

= = = = = = = = = = =

& -% - %7 " & -% " & -% & -% & -% " & -% & -% & -% & -% & -% 7

& & #"

& &

& #" #"

& & & & & #"

&

& & "

& & & & &

& c P0

- ( * c PO%>>]4& c 30>@ E

"

0, "

" "

0*

-( *

0

5.2.7.5 B(iii) Hypothesis system -

" • • •

, = %

"

7

"

"

/ 7

"

%

&

" & 9-

A %

" "

"

"

"

&

P>R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

• " %

" •

"

" 9

7

"

7 "

"

7

P&

*

" 7

"

/

7

?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

) T

9'

"

$

" 9 2332& "

' "

" "

" 0

" "

)

"

9

"

9

" " 9 ' "

" 0 (" 7

7

9

7 "0 0 %2332& 7 " 0* 0*

7 9

7

%' " 0*

"

$A

7

.

#"

7

" 7

7 9

"

"

7

" " #" 9

9

0

"

"

"

$ 9

+

7

-

(" "

"

" O

"

"

7

7

)

( #"

7

*

7 "

7

7

"

"

0

"

7

" "

" 5 0*

7 " 9

"

% 7 0 *

" "

& "

7 "

&0 "

"

"

7

0' " "

"

"

" 9

" 0

9 $

)

0

" " " 7

"

7

"

,

7 "

"

" % "

" #" 7

" 7

" $ " A

7 ,

7

)

7

M

0 -" 7

A

" 7 " " #" 7 0 9

9

"

9

"

"

"

7

#"

7

7 0

5.2.8.2 A(ii) Philosophy +

9 0

9

7

:" " " 7

"

A 7

"

"

0 $ 0*

)

$A 0 '

"

" % 7 )

& $

" 9

"

"

)

$

"

" "

P>F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

%-( & " 0

*

)

"

$

) "

7 "

9

"

%

" &0 " )

% O

7

7 0

)

$

9 & "

"

9 "

7

$

) 7

7

0 ,

$A

& "

5

" )

" 7 7

$

0

) $ 7 " "

"

0,

7

"

7

7

9

0 "

7

7 "

9

7 " A

0 *

7

" 9

"

7

0* 0*

" "

A 7 " 0 * 7 " #" 7 "

"

)

$ 7

" " )

"

"

"

7

) 0 ' " "

7

$

"

" 7

"

0*

"

0+ ""

" "

7

"

" 0 ' "

7

0 * 7

P0 *

7 7

7

"

0=

"

C

#" " 0 *

D "

"

" "

" 0 *

0 B

" "

;* 0 , "

$

"

" 7 "

"

"

7 " "

7 7

9

"

#"

" "

9

"

#"

:"

"

$ "

"

7 0*

7

7

)

$

0

" "

"

9 $A

$A 7 "

9

9 9

)

7

7 " 7 #"

)

0(

7 "

*

)

" 0

"

" "

#"

*

"

-(

0+ " % "

"

% ) & ' "

0*

"

"

"" " #"

) $ " "

2F " "

"

)

7

$

0

P23

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

)

M

M

"

0 $ "

7 7

"

G 7

A

&

"

M )

M

"

"

%7

7

" 7

0 *

)

"

$

0 " " "

"

"

7

"

" "

,

"

,

; C

;

D

$

C

;

A

D

A

5.2.8.3 B(i) Hypothetical terms ' "

A )

$ 7 7

7 0

)

7 0* "

7

"

$A

9

G

A

"

G

A0

7

" )

$

0+ 7 " G

"

#" 7 A

7 "

7 7

#"

;

0

9

"

Q

0

; *

)

$

7

"

0, "

" 7

"9 9

0* •

" 0* " "

"

7

7

9 7

7 -

' " 7

"

7

A

E

A

/

M

P2>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

o o

) )

9 9

o o

) )

9 9

7 7 %

"

%

"

&

& %

"

&

7

"

6 9

9 #"

" %

"

& ) ) , ,

o o o o o o o o o o

" "

%

& "

" 7

7 0

7

"

9 9 9 9

&

9

% %

& &

7 " % 7 7 7 %

& "

7 &

7

"

#"

" 7 "

& &

& %

7 " A ) 9 & ) 9 $

& %

%

%

o o

" %

#"

) ) ) )

o



9

% " "

% " "

"

% " "

&

&

M P0 * " 0 " #" 7 " " 0 "

E 0 *

"

"

&

9 -& c ?5

" 7

7 &

% % % % % % % % % % % % 9 % % %

• • •

/

&

% "

%

9

7

"

#"

7

7 7

#"

7

7 "

' "

9

7 0 * 7

7 " 7

7

"

0

5.2.9.5 B(iii) Hypothesis system * " 0 "

" "

PA

" 0* 9.

-

"

"

7

" 77

A 9

' "

0+

0* %

"

P&0 * 0*

" 0*

"

7

" 0

#"

"

" 7 9

"

" #"

7

"

" "

"

#" 7

9

"

"

0 ,

7 C

: D

%

"

G

A

"

7

"

&;

5.2.9.6 C(i) Abstract data *

"

"

7 "

7 *

"

7

A

7

9

7

9

0 0 "

"

P2F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

7

9 7 "

0+ 0 *

7 " %

&

C

6 9

7

D %'

6 T (

6
P&0 ( #" " " " =

7 " #"

"

% "

7 0*

/C 7

" &

" 7

"

#"

"

" 0, 7

" 9 "

8-

9

9 "

0,

0, 7

"

#"

"

"

"

C

7 D

C

" #" D

"

" 7 " "

PP2

0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

@ *

"

9

"

"

0* 9

" 7

" 9

"

"

" 7

&

" 7

"

7 % 7

" %' >0

"

"

7

"

#" 6
/ 2/

"

(

"

" &

"

P/ Q/ R/ @/

" "

"

"

9

7

9

"

7

"

" 0

" A " #" 0 *

0 ('-

"

" " "

"

%

""

&

7

7

"

%

""

"

"

"

7 /

"

)

"" "

"

"

" ""

" >/

"

"

7

" "

2/

7

"

0

"

C

D

%

&

"

"

"

P/

"

#"

"

7

"

Q/

7

7

%

"

""

"

#"

"

"

#"

R/

&

9

7 "

"

0 *

"

7 7

- "

"

"

"

(

9

"

" "

" 9 " 0 ,

7

"

"

0*

0

7

"

#" /

"

" 0$

"

7 "

"

"

"

""

"

7

" 9

0*

9 7 9

"

5.2.10.1 A(i) Ontology * "

('"

" " "

%

" 7 7

"

"

" 7

&

"

0

7

"

" 9 7

"

"

" "

" 0+

('"

" 0 ) 6 %2333 &

7 "

"

0

PPQ

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

(

9 7 " " 9

* "

" 7

7 "

7

0* " 7

7 " 7 "

7

" #"

"

,E

"

"

7

"

" "

"

0 7 7 C

"

" 7 "

%

7 7

7

7

#" ""

7

" "

" 7 " 07

7 &

0 ) 6 %2333 & 7

"

7

% "

"

"

"

"

"

0

" "

"

" ('-

"

7

"

7 7 " #"

#"

9

" "

" #"

&0

0*

"

" "

"

7

"

" 9 ) 6 %2333 & "

"

"

7 " 0 !

"

7

"

0 "

7

"

,E

7 9 7 D

7

0,

" " " "

"

0
>& 0 *

" D

C "

-

*

% •

7

% "

%

-& c @5

0

&

%

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

" 7 "

&M

%

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

O O O O O O &M &M &M &M &M &M &M

"

""

:

7

&

7 &

% % % % % % % % % % % % %

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 %

&c45

%

" " " " " " "

% " % & % " % 7 & % & % 7 & % 7 &

& & & & & & &

-% -% -% -% - %7 - % #"

& 7

& "

&

7 "

& & &

&c>

PP4

&

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

E

('" " " 9 ) 6 %2333 & 9 7 " 0

"

c >O%@]4& c 30340 * 7 E " 9 7

('-

7 0
0 - " "

9

"

"

0* 7

5 7

" " "

9

7 7 0$ 0

7

7

"

"

"

%0 0

9

& '

9

7 0 )

"

0

"

"

A

7

"

0 *

7

0 9

0 * " .

#"

7 7 7

7 "

7

" #"

"

0+

"

" 7 "" 7

#"

7 " 0* "

" "

0,

"

/

=

-

'

*

C

9

"

D

7

"

"

" 6 "

• • • •

" " " "

" " 7

,

)

0

" "

( 0 ( ; +

7 " "

" C

D

; +

" 5 5

9 "

-

"

5.2.12 The Mindladder model: using dynamic assessment to help students learn to assemble and use knowledge ,

9 7

" "

"

5

9

O

9 9

"

0*

"

9

7

0 "

7 "

"

"

0 $"

7

9

"

9 7

9"

0*

" "

%

"

" 0*

7 7

9

"

" 2& 9

" 7

0 , 0,

"

9 "

" " "

" 7 7

A "

"

7

9 2333& "

O

"

"

P9

"

" E

7 "

7

%1

"

7

7

" 0* 2

7

PQ4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

9

"

"

0.

7

"

"

%

&

%

&

"

9 0B

" " "

7 #"

"

7

0

" 9 "

7 0

. "

0

" 7

"

5 " "

"

9

" 7

:" 7

0

*

"

"

7

0 )

9

7

"" "

0 *

"

9

7

0 *

7

7

7 0 *

7

0 *

"

7

" 0*

"

#" 0+

1

20 ( " C

7 9 23339

0>??&0 * "

"

0*

"

"

#"

D

5

" R020R %

"

" #"

7

0 C " 0 * "

" " &0 ( " "

"

%2333&

" %1

" 7

" #" 0* 7

7 7

7

" 7

" "

7

7 7

7 " "

"

7 9

:

0, O "

5

' "

#"

#"

"

""

*

9' "

7

D

7

" 7

0$

"

0

/

PQ?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007) #"

$



,

7

" "

9 "

• ) 7

7

" " " "

9

7

• *

7

9

" 5

7 9

7 ( =

7

"

9 " #"

7

0 *

#" 7

7

%

0 -" "

%

" "

"

"

% %

0

#" #"

&

"

0.

7 * 5

#" 7

" 7

& "

" "

7 &9

"

7 *

O

"

5

5

7

"

&

/ • • • • •

, *

M

7 "

5.2.12.1 A(i) Ontology *

A 9

"

" &0 * ' " " 0$ 7 "

% #" "

"

"7 7

" "

"

%

"

A " "

7

#"

%1 #" 7

&>P

A "

"

7

0 :

7

"

0

" 7

0,

"

" "

"

7

"

"

0
P

9

7

7

7

"

0>??& C " A 9 *

0B

&

7 "

" D

C

C

"

0

0B

" "

0

D

"

0

PQF

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

5.2.12.2 A(ii) Philosophy *

"

7

"

7 "

7

0< 0*

"

-

7

"

" 0, 7

7

4R

"

"

7 " "

C

7

7

0 * " 9

"

"

"

7

7

0 *

" 7 " 9 23339 0>F@&0 E" 7

V D %1

9 7

0

5.2.12.3 B(i) Hypothetical terms ,

7

7

9

0 *

7 7

" 7

9

0

9

9

"

"

0$ 7 " "

0* 9

"

9

7

" 7

9 " 7

" 0*

7 7 " 7

/ "

"

#" " 0

9

7 7

"

"

" 9 9 "

"

"

0 =

7

7

7

7

7

"

A " " 0* " " 0

7

7

"

9 7 9 " 9

9

"

9

"

0 *

9

9 9

"

7 7

" 0

0

5.2.12.4 B(ii) Scientific hypotheses " " 7

* • • •

%

&

% % %

&M % & #" &M % 7 &M % " "

% " • • • • • • • • • • • •

"

"

0( "

9 0

"

7

& 7

7

9

#"

&

7 &

% % % % % % % % % % % %

7 7 7 7 7 7 " " " " " " o

% % % %

& -% & &M-% 7 & &M-% & & -% & &M-% & &M-% " && &M-% & &M-% & &M-% & &M-% " 7 "& &M-% & " &M % 4R9 " " &M % 7 " &M % " & &M % & &M % &

& &

PR3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

% % % % % % % % % % % % o

&M &M

" " " " "

%

" % % % % % % % % % %

o

% % &M &M &M &M &M &M &M &M &M &M "

7 7 7 7 7 " " " " "

%

"

" " " " " " " " #"

% % % % % % % • • • • %

% % % %

-& c >>5

7 7 7 7 %

&M &M &M &M

& c 4R 5

%

& 7 "& " &

% % % % %

& &

&

" % % : %7 % % &M &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M % &M &M &M &M &M &M &M &M

& & 7 "

&

& " &

" %

& 7

"

& &

7 & 7

& & 7 &

" "

& & & &

%

"

% % % % % % %

& & &

& & 7 "

&

& &

& & & &

&cP

E

c PO%4R]>>& c 303P 0= 7 0,

7

% % % %

9

"

"

" 7

7 0(

1

" 7

"

" #"

"7 9 0*

#"

7

" 7

M 0 *

9 0

5.2.12.5 B(iii) Hypothesis system * " "

G " #"

0 B " "

"

A

9

A

0

"

"

7 #"

7 7

" " "

" " 0

7

"

7 "

7

"

" 5

"

7

"

" " 0* 0 * " 0 " 7 7 "

7

"

7

7

"

C

D 7 0* 7

PR>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

5.2.12.6 C(i) Abstract data *

-

7

" 7 9 0*

7 "

7

%7

"

0 '"

"

7

& 7

"

7

9 #"

7

7

7 7

7 "0 *

0

5.2.12.7 C(ii) Concrete data *

"

7

"

7 7

9

"

9

9

9

"

#"

0 *

"

"

9

0

5.2.12.8 C(iii) Prime considerations +

"

#"

" C-

7

9

#"

#" #"

"

7

#" 1

0,

C D % 023P&0 ,

#"

"

D % 0>?F& "

9

0

"

7

7 "

9

7 %2333&/

7

7

9

7 9 1

, *

"

0

" 7 7 D

C

0

" 0*

" "

" #"

%

"

97

" & "

#"

0 $

" 7 0 *

9 "

"

#"

"

"

7

"

0

0

5.2.13 The cognitive modifiability battery (CMB) * *6"

7

%( &/

" 7 A A

"

" C

* "

A

"

/ 0

7 0 ,

D

7 "

" (


7 c >0?? c 3022

R020@

)

-

R0204

- ( * c 30>@

-

R020?

)

-

R020F R020>3

c 30>P ('- c 3034

-

R020>>

)* c 30?R

-

R020>2

-

R020>P

c 303P ( < c 30>4

/ 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.22 0.37 0.40 0.50 0.85 1.88

"

#"

E

7

"

7

7

" 7

9

91

"

3 E

"

7 " 0' " A " ' " A

E

highly testable highly testable highly testable highly testable highly testable highly testable highly testable highly testable highly testable highly to partially testable highly to partially testable highly to partially testable highly to partially testable not very testable

7

7

$ c 303@

7

Mindladder LPAD ACFS LIR ACIL EPA S-CPT CMB LEM Carlson and Wiedl model Dynomath LLT ARLT Analogical reasoning

30PR

E

&>Q

7

c

-

>Q

"

"

&

3% 9

R020R

,

E

0*

))* c 30R (,) c 30> ), c 303? $ c 30Q ( = 30P4R

"

A

'

-

"

E

R020>

"

0

E7 -

7

P0

"

7

A

7

#"

A "

" "

0 "

0*

"

"

"

"

" 0(

*

" "

"

7

"

7 7 "

2

7 " 7 E

" A %2333& "

" "

0*

"

0

PR?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" 7

0

7 9

30>F

"

7

0 * 7

"

"

"

0

7

A %2333& ) 30>F

A "

0*

5

9 "

"

7

" 0* B 7 " "

"

7 A %2333&

#" 0 *

0* #"

"

1"

0

"

"

"

0

"

B

" A %2333& 0 *

7

0

"

7

7 "

"

30PR

"

9 5 0*

7 " #"

%

7

"

9

"

7

"

" E &

• • •

9

7

#"

7

"

"

0 ,

"

"

"

7

#"

/

" ; " ; " ;

"

0 * #"

"

0*

7

0

5.4 Conclusion (

R

"

"

" 7

A

7

0 =

A " "

7 "

9

7 "

" 9 7

0*

"

" 0
20 *

"

O "

"

"

%

"

R020>9 R02029 R020P9 R020R9 R020F R020>>0 " 9 " R02029 R0204 R020>20 * " % & R02029 R020@ " 7 " 7 % 7 0 " " R020Q9 R020@9 R02049 R020F9 R020>2 R020>P0 7 R020>P 7 R02040 " " P

PRF

&

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

R020?0

" 0 ( 7 R020>30

7

*

E "

"

7

" "

"

A

"

D

9 0*

E

0*

9

"

7 "

"

"

"

"

0,

"

"

"

"

" 7

"

5

"

"

7

"

"

"

"9 0$ "

"

"

" 9

"

7 7 9

0*

"

0 * 9 9

7 "

"

0 9

0,

7 7 0*

"

9 9

#"

0 7

7

"

7

9

C

""

0 , 7 7 "

7 9

" " 0 " 9 "

7

7 0=

" "

9

" 0$ "

"

" 9

0*

" " " 0*

7 ; *

"

5

"

"

"

7 "

7 0,

"

" "

"

0 9- " "

"

"

C

D

9

" "

7 "

0,

" "

7 7 9

"

7 0- "

9

7

"

"

7 "

"

"

9

"

"

9 C

"

D0

"

"

A

0 ,

"

A 7

7

0,

7 " "

"

"

9

7

7 7

0* "

"" 9

" "

0

6.2 Fundamentals *

"

7

"

" 7

"

"

7

" /



*

" 7

" A 7

"

• "

#"

*

"

"

" 1

5, " 7 % A

&5

5

"

*

o

5,

"

" 9 C

D5

"

7 " " 0*

9

" " /

7 & 5

5 0 *

"

% M 5

"

7 0 % M

" O " " 7

" "

&7 0

"

% ,& M 5

" "

"

"

"

"

7 0

"

"

" #" *

"

"

/

o •

"

7

"

9

#"

"

"

A #" 9

0

"

" "

7

"

" 0*

" #"

>

"

"

7 7

"

9 7

"

"

"

0

"

" "

"

"

0

P@>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7

7

"

0 * 2

"

"

7 0 * "

7

"

/

" "

" 0 * 5 7

" "

"

"

"

0,

0 *

"

5

"

"0

$

9

"

9

7 9- 7

"

:

"

""

"

20 *

" 0( A " 0-

"

"

7 "

""

7 "

"

7

0 *

7

" "

7

. 0 P "

.

" 7

,

7 "

"

- 7 "

7

7

" "

"

" "

7 "

"66

"

0 =

$

" 0

"

7 7

"

7

9

"

" "

0

"

0 0

"

"

0,

" 0*

" " 7

0*

"" "" 0

0

E"

- 7

0

"

"

"

"

7 =

7

7

"

0 "

7 7

"

7 7

A "

" 9

0* "

" 7

"

0 A

" #"

" 0* A

A

7

"

"

" G

- 7

"

" 0

7

"

7

:

" 7

7

"

"

7 7

9

" "

" 7

"

"

0

" "

" "

A

"

"

" 0*

"

7 7 7

"

" "

7

7

"

" 7 0 +

"

"

"

"

P0

6.3 Theory, meta-theory, science, the social sciences, psychology and assessment (

P

"

"

9 "

9

9 "

0*

A

5

9 7

"

7 *

" :

C

7

" "

9

"

7 0

"

7 " "5

A

9

"

D0

0 * 7 7

" : "

9

"

"

#" "

7 0

P@2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

* " 7

" 9

"

7

"

7 9

*

9

0 "

"

7 7

0 *

" "

"

" 7

"

" "

7 "

"

7 7 "

" 7 9

97 "

" "

"

0*

0* 7

"

7

0

" "

"

9

9

7

0

"

"

"

0* " 7

"

"

9

"

9

"

"

0 7

7

0 *

9 "

"

9 "

"

7 9

" 0

"

B0F43A D % 0>2F&0 $ " 7

"

"

;$

" " 7 "

"

&

' 7

#"

A

7

A >?@F " 0

C

" D% 7

7

7

9 >F?>9 022Q& "

P@Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

" 7

7

C "

"

Z

7 "

[D % 0@?@&0 , "

"

Z

[

0 = " *

"

A

9

"

"

#"

7

E

0 :

"

"

9

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

9

7

7

" 9

7

0 ( :"

29 P "

" "

Q 0+

"

"

M

"

9

" 7

9

"

0 *

"

0

%

" " #"

& "

"

7

7

"

"

"

"

9

E

"

" "

" "

"

B "

7

" 0 1 A %2333& A %2333&

"

" 7 0,

9 7

; *

"

0

" (**

7

;*

"

7

7

"

0

E 0

(** " " #"

9

#"

"

" E 0* 0 * E 0 "

E E

9

7

"

7

7

*

5

"

"

9

0

"

A

0 ,

"

"

" #"

"

"

"

" A

0$ %

&

7

7

"

"

"

" "

0
FFQ &0 , "

" "

0

" A 7 7 " 0

#" 7 7

7

" %2332&0 * "

-

"

"

9 >F?4&0 6 6 6 7 7 "

"

0

"

7

9 >F?25 = 7 " " " 7 #"

" %0 0

"

0 )"

" T1

,

"

6

7

7 0

"

7

"

"

"

233> 2332> )" " 9 " )" 0 " " &0 ( P3 " 6 9 " " 0* 7 #" "7

"

"

" "

*

9 233@&0 * "7

"

%

"

6

T "

"

" " 6

" #" 9

-

"

- "

7

,

"

"

0+

"

"

"

" " - " 9 " "

9 " 9 &0 - F4F&0

P@4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 "

7

"

%$ "

"

"

"

"

0 *

"

%2332& " #" 0* 4 0*

%233@& 7

"

"

>R

"

" "

"

" 7 "

" 7 "

"

0 0*

"

2F " " 0 * "

"

" "

FFP5 7 7

7 "

*

"

" "

" 7 "

9 233P&0

%

2

0-

@3j

" 9 23325

% "

7

" "

$ " %- " 9

*

" 7

7

%) 6 T

" 0 * 9 2333 &

0

$

"

A 233P

0

P@?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

7 9

7 "

"

"

9

" "

6 6

"

0*

"

"

" 7 0'

"

7

7

"

"

7

0

#"

7

"

6

"

"

9 " 7

" 0 * 7 0,

7

7

"

7 7 "

" " "

" 7 "

0 * "

7

0

"

" 7 "

7 "

6 7

9 -

7 "

7

7

"

0*

9

7

7

0

7

7

*

0 , "

9

0 >F@>

"

"

7

- "

7

"

7

7 7

" "

%2332&

" %233@&

7

" %233@&

- " 0

"

2F

7

"

%0 0

"

&0 * "

7

"

&0 , "

" %233@&

"

"

9

9

"

0

" "

7 "

"

0*

9 7

7

% "

"

"

- "

0

7

"

9

" %>F@> 233>& " 9 "

"

"

"

7 9

7

7 0-

" 7 9 2> 7

"

7

" 7

" 0

9

" "

" 7

"

" %2332&

"

0 *

" "

7 "

"

"

"

"

"

" 0

"

%2332&

1.2 A brief tour of meta-analysis , "

" " " 0,

" 9

7

" "

" " "

"

%( ( A % 9 >F?P&0 * 6

T " % "

>FFQ& " 9 %- " T

"

" "

" "

" #"

" A

#"

T1 9 >F?25 - " 9 >F?P&0 * 7

7 " 5

9 233Q&

GA

" 9 >F?R5 = 9 >F?4&9 233> 2332

"

0 " A 9 A 6 9 >F?F5 - " T " " 9 0 0

" "

7 " " " AA %( 7

#" " "

A "

" 7

%"

"

7 9 "

0 >F4@ %(

>F3Q " 6

" " 7 " "

"

6

"

" >FF25 ( "

" "

"

" 0* " " 7

0 , " " " " 9 233Q5 B" T B" 9 >F?F&0 * 9 >FFQ&

#" 9 7 9 9 >FFQ &0 * 7 " 9 >F4F9 >FFR&0 * "

"

7

"

" *

9 "

9

7

7 9* $ 9 T) 9 >FF>5 "9< " " 7 " " " " %

%< "

$

9

" T 9 T " " 9 >FFQ5 7 " 7 "

P@F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

P

%FF>&0

" -

6 9 >F?F& T " " < A "

#" 9 >FF@&0 *

" %+

9 >FFQ5 -

7

" 9 "

" 7 " "

"

" "

"

%

7 "

"

"

"

9

"

"

"

%$

6 9 >F?F5 -

09>F?25

"

T
FFQ5

" 6 5

7

"

9

"

9 09 >FFQ&0 ' %

:

" "

" "

QA "

7

"

$ 7

7 " " 9 >FFQ5 =

9 >FFQ5 =

"

"

9 >FF@5

9

9 >FFQ5 "

7 " 9 >FFQ&0

"

% " " " R 5< 9 >FFQ5 " 9 >FF45 &9 " 9 >F?>5 - " T 9 >F?P&0 , 7 " % 9 9 >F?>&0 * " 9 "

" "

" 7

7

" 9 >FFQ&0

"

9 "

%- "

T

9 >F?P&0 (

7 6

" 6

"

%
FFQ5 % A %

" "

A

9

A

(

T

9 >FFQ5 = 9 >F?4&0 * " U9' A 9 >FFQ&0 *

GA

AA &5 "

0

2. Method 2.1 Two-fold purpose of the meta-analysis *

7

" - "

0

" " #" "

@

0"

9

7 "

"

9C

"

" 9

"

" "

"

"

Z

'

" 6

" 0-09 O

9 O

7 - --

9 0 7 0 9 =0 09 9 $0(0 T " 7 9 10 0 0 7 7 0* 7

7

7

Y

"

"

- --

09 >FFQ&0 " " " 0 * 7 " "

7

% "

09

"

7

"

#" 0(0

"

" 7

" "

%>FFR&

7

" 9 7 " 7 9 9 233R&0 7 0( " / G( ( 7 0 5 G$-* $-* *A 1 9 FFQ9 0>FR&0

" "

"

"

0@ ,

7

FFQ5 %
7 7

&

20P

0 (

" 9 >FFR&0 *

"

7

"

2>2 7 #"

B

-

7 0< 7 &5 " 0* " 6 0

6

" "

0

"

%

2.2. ‘’META – Easy to answer’’ version III by D. A. Kenny *

7 7

E"

$ 7

0B $+-


&

" > " 2

A

7

9

"

"

"

&

, + *

" *

;! /

" % " % 6 %6 .

;

& 6 & &

% % 6 % < -$ %

& & 7

& 6

"

&

6 = $

"

"

"

; %*

;!

9 ,

"

" '

" , , ,

6 9

9

#" ; ! % % >& " `

"

,

(

>&

" *

#"

" "

,

6 9

" 9

"

" > " 2 ;

"

7

GA

" "

, + *

"

` ;

;! *

,

" &

/ "

" + *

"

7

AA /

{ >x `

{>x

" ;!

" " #" #" ; ! %

` ; 7

GA

AA /

" >&

` ; " >

P42

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

, ,

% "

9

>&

" 2

`

"

;! + *

*

,

;

"

7

7

"

GA

AA

"

/

" > " 2 " , ,

6

9

9 "

, % &9 , % &9 , + * , %"&9

, + * , %7&9 ,

7 "

#" ; ! ; % >& " > % >& " 2 " ` 7 % & 7 %7&; % & " %"& 7 " " ;! ; * " 7 " " > %B 7 & 7 " " 2 " ;! ; * " " 7 " 7

"

+ * * , %U&9 " , 9

6 %

,

9

" + *

* "

,

, , ,

9 9

+ * * , 9 " , 9

6

9

" + *

,

*

U

" "

, ,

6 9

9 *

GA

AA

7

GA

AA

;

"

` " `

`

; >&

" > " 2

` ;!

7

GA

AA

7

GA

AA

` ; >&

" > " 2

` ;!

;

"

7 " " "/

" -" -" : 7

"

/

#" ; ! % % >& "

* "

; "

"

" + *

7

" U

,

"

; " >

; " #" ; ! ; % >& " > >& " 2 " ` ;! ; "

% ,

AA 7

A

/

;! #" 6 #" ; ! % % >& "

"

,

GA

G7

;

" 9

7

"

#"

"

7

` #" %U& ; " >

" , ,

AA

/ 7 " " ' %*& #" ; ! % >& >& " 2 " ` ;! " #" ; ! % >& >& " 2 " ` ;! "

"

,

GA

"

, 7 " , %*&9 " 6 , 9 % , 9 ,

7

>

20 *

GA "

AA "

" 6

P4P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

6

7

*

6

7 7 < -$ 6 ( 7 '

#" U %*

"

"

"

9

7

& *

* "

" 9

"

0

* * 0< 7 0

7 9

" "

"

*

"

0* "

"

"

"

7

"

" 0*

7 "

0*

"

"

" "

F

"

"

7

2.3 Meta-analysis programme version 5.3 by R. Schwarzer * *

7

9 7

0-

" /OO %

6

" 0

&0 $ "

6 " " 6 0$ 0 -

'

7

n
F?F& 9

%-

6 A

" 7

R030 6

9

"

0

7

" 0 *

"

/ >*

>-

6

"

)

. )

%-

-

6 9 >F?F&

. )

-

. )

-

*,),*, ( 7

$

'

("

'

-

-6 ( , (

$

)

-

= "

0+

9 .9 (

*

E"

2.3.1 Programme structure * %

"

"

" 9

"

% 9 0 0 7

" GA"

AA

"

"

&

9 O

0*

"

7 "

"

*

" %>F?F& "

7 9

7

0' 7

"

0

0

$ >3 6

7 " &0 * " 9 6

7 "

" 9" 0' " >9 " 9 "

7 #" " " 29

6 A 9 6 9 " " 7

9

" 6 6

"

6

"

7

AA9

" 5 9

9 "9 GA

6

" "

9

"

" "

"

9

0 >03 9 6

7

" "

"

"

" 6

"

7 "

" " 7 " 0,

A

"

6 0

" -

" 6

9 6

7 %>F?F&0 '

6 6

" " 06 0 * 2

/

P4Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

2

"

-

6 A

& 7 "

&7 "

2

'7 "

2

(

7 "



#"

'&7 "

' "



& #"

#"

7 " %

&

=

&

&7 " &

6

%

'

6

&

6

&7 "

/

&


FFQ5 "

9 >FFR5 #" " " %B 9 7 "

"

6

"

6 9 >F?F5 -

"

A

(" 6 *

"

7

0,

"5 "

6 A 0 , 06 A 7 "

" 7 "

A

"

0
> 233R5 B 9 >FFR&0

7

"

6

9

" %

" " " "9 "

" " 9 >FFQ&0 9 233Q&

%( 0B

" "

" " " T

"

" 7

7

"

" "

7 "

0

"

" "

"

7

7 9 " 7

6 7

7

B

"

A

0

"

0

7 "

"

"

0

2.5 Limitations of the programmes and violation of assumptions B

A

"

-

"

6 A "

7

"

" "

"

"

" 7 7 "

"

"

"

"

0 '

"

7

"

"

" "

"

7 "

7

"

7

>3 6

:

"

9 7

" "

"

"

"

" 0F * % 9 >FFR& 9 7 9 " 0, 7 " " " " 9 22 6 " 0 7 9 " 6 0 7 " " 7 7 " " " " 0* 0= "

" " " 0 * 6 "

" "

0

3. Results 3.1 Criteria used for inclusion of studies +

22 7

4

"

"

"

"

>Q

#"

7

" "

"

"

%2332& " 0*

" "

" 7

9

"

"

%233@&9 " 7 " 9 4 " " " 0*

" " "

"

"

" 0

" "

"

)"

"

"

0*

" " 0, 0

"

,

"

"

:

F

"

9

"

7

2F

" 9

-

"

%2332&

P4@

0

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

+

22 " "

" "

7 "

7

9 7 " & " 0' % "

"

7 7

6

%>F??& % " " %( ,

>F

" 9 233Q&0

7 "

>042 " 9 Q&0

6

7

0

) 6

" 9 " " " " 23 7

" &0 * 6

2>

" 0 * 2&

>

" "

7

7 "

9 7

" % "

"

0 * "

"

"

"

P

2R "

9

% "

6

" " 7 D % 0>R3&0 , 6 @0Q>@ >P0?3@ 6 202>>&0 * " "

7

0)

7

7

" 7 %22

220>3 ,

"

0

&0 * " "

" 6

"

"

"

"

0 "

0

0

"

Q0 >*

-" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -" -"

P -"

"

> 2 P Q R @ 4 ? F >3 >> >2 >P >Q >R >@ >4 >? >Fb 23b 2>b 22 2P 2Q 2R

>3

< < " " " " " $ $ $ $

. . . .

%>FF@& %>FF@& %>FF@& %>FF@& %>F?F& %>F?F& %>F??& %>F??& %>F??& %>F??& %>F??& %>FFF& %>FFF& %>FFF& %>FFF& %>F??& %>F??& %>F??& %>F??&

) ) )

%>F@>& %>F@>& %>F@>&

5 >29 >P9 >@

>4

"

7

0 , / c Z%

> 2 P Q > 2 > 2 P Q R > 2 P Q > 2 P Q > 2 P > 2 P

%>F??& %>F??& %>F??&

" " AA

7

"

%0 0

9

"

"

GA

7

7

"

' "

" "

202 M >P0?0

"

/ GA

6 & *

"

"

" 0 $" " %>F@>& % "

&9

"

6 / ) %30?P9 30?R9 >03?& 6 7

5 7 "

7 6

" %>02@

5 7 " 0 + "

" 0, >& ] %

" 6 "

(

2&[O >

]

25

7

"

"

"

" 7

/ -$c Z%

>

" >&-$> ] %

2

>&-$2&[O%

>

]

2

7 M 2&0

9 " " "

" 7

P44

/

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

Q
FF@&

) *


F?F& *

7

7

. "

$ .

$5

6 7

%>FFF&

X

7 "

"

7 " " *

"

"

- "

7

%>F??&

- " *

"

7 "

%>F??&

7 " - "

)

* " "

%>F@>&

0 "

* "

%)

%>FF?&

" "

7

7 7 $&

"

7

9

" ,

(

"

3.2 First run with outliers included (25 effect sizes) 3.2.1 Results using META by Kenny *

R

" >*

R

" -"

"

B

A

"

2R 2@>F

-" : 7

>042??•

6 6

7

*

R03F

6

>0@F?2

7

>04P?Q

7

302?>@

< -$

>3P204>QFb

-#"

7

U

0• ' " { 0333>

2Q

2Q0Q23?b

'



2Q

30PRF2 M 30@Q3? 6

(

30>32Q

P?R4 "

"

*

-(,,

0

7

0 '

7

/

P4?

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

-" "

> 2 P Q R @ 4 ? F >3 >> >2 >P >Q >R >@ >4 >? >F 23 2> 22 2P 2Q 2R

$

@

*

"

B

A

*

2 "

>F >F >F >F >?> >?> >3@ >3@ >3@ >3@ >3@ @3 @> >33 @4 43 43 PQ PQ 24Q 24P 2@Q F? F? F?

2> 2> 2> 2> >?P >?P >3? >3? >3? >3? >3? @2 @P >32 @F 42 42 P@ P@ 24@ 24R 2@@ >33 >33 >33

6

>0>22> 30@23Q 3042R2 30>2P2 ?0>4?@ 30?@@4 3 302Q?2 30FF2F ?02QR@ 30>F?R 30P3R4 30RP?@ 30FFP4 30Q>3> 30R3>P 3043Q4 >03FP> 20>@24 @0PFF3 >P04@?4 30R3Q4 30>2F3 ?0?R2F 30>RQ4

6

>0>@?F 30@Q@P 304RRQ 30>2?P ?02>24 30?43Q 3 302R > ?0P3QR 302 30P3F@ 30RQRP >033>2 30Q>Q? 30R3@? 304>2P >0>>?3 202>>F @0Q>@@ >P0?3@4 30R3@> 30>P33 ?0F2>Q 30>RRF

30R2P3 30P2>P 30P@?4 @042RP Q0>2?? 30Q33? 3 30>2R> 30QR3R Q0>?4R 30>33Q 30>RQ> 302@43 30P?F2 3023RF 302PRQ 30P22P 30Q4@4 304P>R 30FRQF 30F?F4 302Q@2 @0RR3P Q0QF4? 40?QQP

20QP>F >0Q23> >0@QQ> 302?FR R0RQ42 R0@2P@ 3 >02F3? Q0?F24 30QP3P >03PQ> >0>F@R 20>>RQ Q03QPQ >0@F44 >0FF>2 204@>4 20FP?? R03@R4 2R044?3 P20R@R@ Q03RF2 30@Q4Q 30QQQP 3044R4

%

20@4R2 >0Q4F2 >042?F 302FP? R0RRQF R0??4Q 3 >02FF3 R0>F@> 30QP>R >03PF2 >023?? 20>@Q3 Q022@3 >04224 203242 20?QFR P0>@22 @02R@2 RP02@R? >>Q0Q42@ Q0>24Q 30@QF? 30QQR4 3044?FQ

7 &

304@>R 30@@3@ 30@?QP 30RPP@2 30QF4FP 30433QQ 30R 30R@2R 3042R2 30R23F 30RR32 30R443 30@PPR 30@FQ@ 30@32F 30@>44 30@@>> 304P?P 30?@R4 30F44Q 30FFQ? 30P4@? 30Q@42 30Q44R 30RPF2

> %

7 &

302P?Q 30PPFP 30P>R@ 30Q@@P 30R323 302FFR 30R 30QP4Q 3024Q4 30Q4F3 30QQF4 30Q22F 30P@@Q 30P3RP 30PF43 30P?22 30PP?? 302@>@ 30>PQ2 202R2Q R0>2?P 30@2P> 30RP24 30R22Q 30Q@34

%

> " >&

2 % " 2&

>3 >> >3 >> >3 >> >3 >> F> F2 F> F2 RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ RQ PR 24 P2 P> 4F 2P PQ PR Q? 2Q Q? 2Q 2Q >2 2Q >2 >QP >PP >P@ >PF >PP >PP R2 Q? R2 Q? R2 Q?

Q0R?2R Q0R?2R Q0R?2R Q0R?2R >P0R244 >P0R244 >30PF2P >30PF2P >30PF2P >30PF2P >30PF2P 40?4Q33 40FP42R >303FFR ?0P3@@2 ?0Q?R2? ?0Q?R2? @ @ >@0@>P2 >@0R?P> >@0P3FR >3 >3 >3

P4F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

3.2.2 Results using meta-analysis by Schwarzer *

4

" >*

4

"

"

-

-

6 A

" "

6

-

"

2R

*

6

2@>F

>02@>Q

-

30R?QR

?0RQ>@

-$

20F22@

>02R33

-

30R?2F

?0QF@4

-$

20F>QF

6 +

7

7 6

:"

6

+

7

7 6

:0

Y= 6 -

]

30Q@4R

U

>30QQ2Qb

,

Y

3033>@

. FRj

-$

30P4F?

(

303Q33

-

303Q33

30RRRP

E

>3P20@F@4 c 2Q

7 Y 6

Y

>02P>P

-

30R?2F

$ )* FRj

(

303??4

20P4PFbb

-

U

20>>22

7 +

7

7

?0QF@4>

"

7

?0Q33F

"

7

>0>P

7

B 6 "

6

FRj ( 7

*

{ 0333>0

∗∗

>3>P042>3

c 2Q

%>F?P&

>02@2>

FRj ( 7

>0>4>2

30RPP@

.

30333P

30R3RP

30R@3F

(

>0PRR

2>P?0?R@>

#" +



303FR4 E

A '

Y

' 023

>2?0F>R>

' 0?3

>P0Q4?4

Y $ )* ' 0R3

P@0R@@3

{ 033R0

-(,,

7

0*

?

-

6 A

0

P?3

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

?$

-

6 A

-" "

-

6 " >

%

" &

%

6 " 2 " &

6

>

>3

>>

>0>@?F

>

2

>3

>>

30@23R

>

P

>3

>>

304RRQ

>

Q

>3

>>

30>2P2

>

R

F>

F2

3033?2

>

@

F>

F2

30?43Q>

>

4

RQ

RQ

3

>

?

RQ

RQ

302R

> >

F

RQ

RQ

>

>3

RQ

RQ

303?P

>

>>

RQ

RQ

302

>

>2

PR

24

30P3F@

>

>P

P2

P>

30RQRQ

>

>Q

4F

2P

>033>P

>

>R

PQ

PR

30Q>Q?

>

>@

Q?

2Q

30R3@

>

>4

Q?

2Q

304>2Q

>

>?

2Q

>2

>0>>?

>

>F

2Q

>2

202>>F

>

23

>QP

>PP

@0Q>@4

>

2>

>P@

>PF

>P0?3@4

>

22

>PP

>PP

30R3@>

>

2P

R2

Q?

30>P3>

>

2Q

R2

Q?

303?F2

>

2R

R2

Q?

30>RRF

>

3.3 Second run with outliers excluded (22 effect sizes) 3.3.1 Results using META by Kenny *

F

"

"

B

*

>3

"

0

P?>

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

F

"

-"

"

B

"

22 23P2

-" : 7

6 6

*

30PPRQ 7

30Q4?4

6

P02?@P b

7

30PQ3?

7

30>RQ3

< -$

7



{ 033R0

∗∗

2>

30Q2P3 M 30R443 6

(

'

A

-#" U

>3P0PPP@ bb

2>

R0R@F4 bb >R@

{ 0333>

P?2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

-"

>3

* $

"

B

A

>

$

*

2

"

6

6

>

%

"

2

%

%

% 7 &

7 &

"

"

>&

2&

>

>F

2>

>0>22>

>0>@?F

30R2P3

20QP>F

20@4R2

304@>R

302P?Q

>3

>>

Q0R?2R

2

>F

2>

30@23Q

30@Q@P

30P2>P

>0Q23>

>0Q4F2

30@@3@

30PPFP

>3

>>

Q0R?2R

P

>F

2>

3042R2

304RRQ

30P@?4

>0@QQ>

>042?F

30@?QP

30P>R@

>3

>>

Q0R?2R

Q

>F

2>

30>2P2

30>2?P

@042RP

302?FR

302FP?

30RPP@

30Q@@P

>3

>>

Q0R?2R

R

>?>

>?P

?0>4?@

?02>24

Q0>2??

R0RQ42

R0RRQF

30QF4F

30R323

F>

F2

>P0R24

@

>?>

>?P

30?@@4

30?43Q

30Q33?

R0@2P4

R0??42

30433Q

302FFR

F>

F2

>P0R24

4

>3@

>3?

3

3

3

30R

30R

RQ

RQ

>30PF2

?

>3@

>3?

302Q?2

302R

30>2R>

>02F3?

>02FF3

30R@2R

30QP4Q

RQ

RQ

>30PF2

F

>3@

>3?

30FF2F

>

30QR3R

Q0?F24

R0>F@>

3042R2

3024Q4

RQ

RQ

>30PF2

>3

>3@

>3?

?02QR@

?0P3QR

Q0>?4R

30QP3P

30QP>R

30R23F

30Q4F3

RQ

RQ

>30PF2

>>

>3@

>3?

30>F?R

302

30>33Q

>03PQ>

>03PF2

30RR32

30QQF4

RQ

RQ

>30PF2

>2

@3

@2

30P3R4

30P3F@

30>RQ>

>0>F@R

>023??

30R443

30Q22F

PR

24

40?4Q3

>P

@>

@P

30RP?@

30RQRP

302@43

20>>RQ

20>@Q3

30@PPR

30P@@Q

P2

P>

40FP42

>Q

>33

>32

30FFP4

>033>2

30P?F2

Q03QPQ

Q022@3

30@FQ@

30P3RP

4F

2P

>303FF

>R

@4

@F

30Q>3>

30Q>Q?

3023RF

>0@F44

>04224

30@32F

30PF43

PQ

PR

?0P3@@

>@

43

42

30R3>P

30R3@?

302PRQ

>0FF>2

203242

30@>44

30P?22

Q?

2Q

?0Q?R2

>4

43

42

3043Q4

304>2P

30P22P

204@>4

20?QFR

30@@>>

30PP??

Q?

2Q

?0Q?R2

>?

PQ

P@

>03FP>

>0>>?3

30Q4@4

20FP??

P0>@22

304P?P

302@>@

2Q

>2

@

>F

2@Q

2@@

30R3Q4

30R3@>

Q03RF2

Q0>24Q

30P4@?

30@2P>

>PP

>PP

>@0P3F

23

F?

>33

30>2F3

30>P33

2>

F?

>33

?0?R2F

22

F?

>33

?0F2>Q

30>RQ4

30>RRF

302Q@2

3

3

@0RR3P

30@Q4Q

30@QF?

30Q@42

30RP24

R2

Q?

>3

Q0QF4?

30QQQP

30QQR4

30Q44R

30R22Q

R2

Q?

>3

40?QQP

3044R4

3044?F

30RPF2

30Q@34

R2

Q?

>3

3.3.2 Results using meta-analysis by Schwarzer *

>>

"

"

-

6

*

>2

"

0

P?P

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

>>

"

"

-

-

6 A

" " 6 6

+

7

7 6

:"

6

+

7

7

:0

6

-

22

*

30Q>P@F

-

303F@4@

3023@33

-$

30QRP?4

30Q3RR>

-

303FQF@

30>F?PF

-$

30QQRQ>

Y= ]

302P43P

U

R0>F3>b

6 -

FRj ( 7

30>Q4R

6

,

303QR>>

-

-$

303QR>>

30P2@R

FRj ( 7 +

7

30>@F4 7

"

7

"

7

Y

30PQ?>

$ )*

>3P202Q>> c 2>b

E

Y 6

23P2

Y

303323P

.

"

-

303F>3

-

30R2@@

P0?2P4b

U

30>F?P

7

30>>FR

3034?? E

>320@F?R

c 2>b

PF04P j B 6 " 6 FRj ( 7

023 ' 0?3

0∗

FRj ( 7

30>@F?

30>2?2?

.

30333R

303?Q@ +

'

%>F?P&

302R?4

A ' >@02FQ3

(

30>4>R

#" Y

30PQ?>

>3F0FP@2 Y $ )*

' 0R3

@0@?2Q

>20Q2@R

{ 0333

P?Q

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

>2 $

"

-

-" "

"

%

-

6 " >

%

" &

-6 " 2

6

>

>3

>0>@?F

>

2

>3

>>

30@23R

>

P

>3

>>

304RRQ

>

Q

>3

>>

30>2P2

>

R

F>

F2

3033?2

>

@

F>

F2

30?43Q>

> >

4

"

-

" & >>

>>

>>

6 A

RQ

RQ

3

?

RQ

RQ

302R

>

F

RQ

RQ

>

>

>3

RQ

RQ

303?P

>

>>

RQ

RQ

302

>

>2

PR

24

30P3F@

>

>P

P2

P>

30RQRQ

>

>Q

4F

2P

>033>P

>

>R

PQ

PR

30Q>Q?

>

>@

Q?

2Q

30R3@

>

>4

Q?

2Q

304>2Q

>

>?

2Q

>2

>0>>?

>

>F

>PP

>PP

30R3@>

>

23

R2

Q?

30>P3>

>

2>

R2

Q?

303?F2

>

22

R2

Q?

30>RRF

>

"

B

A

"

A

"

P?R

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

4. Discussion " "

"

"

9

"

"

0*

"

7

0

4.1 Kenny’s programme ,

" " "

"

" "

" %B

"

9B 6

7 2>0 * "

" 6

7 30PPRQ

T+

6

9 >FFR5 6

"

"

" " 5 7 7 " 9

0*

" 0*

6 c R0R@F4

" " 9 >FFR&0 * " % " " " { 3033> *

&

9 < -$ % 0* " A

6 &

" "

7

;

"

" #" "

0 *

6 6 " ( 6 30PPQ

6 " B "

0 0 >R@ %- "

9 >F?R5 - "

T

>2

9 233P&9 " 9 302 %

9 >F?P&0 B

" &9 30R %

"

& "

" "

"

7 A %B

9

"

" " "

7

" 0*

" "

&

7 " 7 " 0,

" 6 "

#" %

9

23P2 { 3033R c 7 "

5 P02?@P

9 " 6 7

"

*

" 6 "

" " 7 30? %

A

>R@ " 7

"

" 6

" 0$ 6 9 >F?F&0 * "

" & %-

6 0

4.2 Schwarzer’s programme * "

6 GA "

"

" " " &0 * PF04Pj

23P2 7 6

A

* -

6 A 30R

9

B

97 "

5 6 09 >FFQ&

>2

C >FF@9 022F&0

-

" 6 A 0 "

7

9

7 " " "

#" %

&

7

" "

7

0,

+ A 30PPRQ 7 " B %>F?P& 7 "

B 6

30PQ?>P " 9 " " 6 A 6 7 % " " "

9

;

6 A "

7

7

"

"

6 "

" 30?

302P43P

"

7

" "

" 6

0*

6 #" % -

#" AA

"

" 7 A 0

"

GA 30PQ?>P "

7 0 7 0+

7 AA

"

3029 30R

30R

A 0 "

7

"

0

"

A

"

" B "

0-

7 30PQ?>P % 9 FRj 6 9 >F?F& %( "

6

&

0

6 " 0

303>24P

7 6 9 233Q&0

9 9 "

" %

" 0

" D %B

T

"

" 9

P?@

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

*

" " " 0' "

>' "

:"

"

> "

6

>

6

"

"

" "

"

>

"

220

"

Effext size range according to study number 1.4 1.2

1

18

Effect size

1

9

14

6

0.8

3

17

2

0.6

13

0.4

16

15 12

8

0.2

11

4

0

22

10

7

5

21

20

-0.2 -0.4

19

-0.6

Study number

4.3 A search for moderators $" " "

6

#"

"

: 0 *

7

"

"

6

2> 6

6 9 9 >FFR -

233P5 6

"

0

" %(

%

>P&

>j 9 Rj >3j 6 %>F?F&9 C " 7 6

#"

6 "

" %

" 7

" 7 " 9 %>F?R&AA % 0PP&0 7 0

"

%"

%

"

"

"

7

>F

"

7 7

" "

" >P

7 7

9

9

" &0

7

" "

:

9

" "

"

% 6

" " " 6 &

7

5 " "

" 9 >FFQ5 B

6

"

" )

" T=

"

6 9 >F?F&0 6 A

" #" 7

9 233Q5 6

" "

"

6

"

7

6 9 >F?F&0 ( "

&

"

"

7

&9

-

%

"

"

7 " " "

"

0* "

0

P?4

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

>*

>P

6

"

() -*

- * > j Rj

>3j ) . )- +' -, () -*

,',(

(

>

-"

,$ >

-6 c

>0>@?F

-"

,$ >?

-6 c

>0>>?3

-"

,$ >Q

-6 c

>033>P

-"

,$ F

-6 c

>03333

-"

,$ @

-6 c

30?43Q

-"

,$ P

-6 c

304RRQ

-"

,$ >4

-6 c

304>2Q

-"

,$ 2

-6 c

30@23R

-"

,$ >P

-6 c

30RQRQ

-"

,$ >@

-6 c

30R3@3

-"

,$ >R

-6 c

30Q>Q?

-"

,$ >2

-6 c

30P3F@

-"

,$ ?

-6 c

302R33

-"

,$ >>

-6 c

302333

-"

,$ 22

-6 c

30>RRF

-"

,$ Q

-6 c

30>2P2

-"

,$ >3

-6 c

303?P3

-"

,$ 4

-6 c

303333

-"

,$ R

-6 c

3033?2

-"

,$ 2>

-6 c

303?F2

-"

,$ 23

-6 c

30>P3>

-6 c

30R3@>

() -* -"

2

,$c >F ,

7

-

-

- 6 c F20P@P@

- 6 - 0 $ 7c R?0P33@

(

-

-6

c 30R3F?

4.4 Limitations of the meta-analysis '

4

"

"

% "

"

22&

"

" " 4

"

9 22

"

6

22

" 7

"

>3 " "

" "

"

0

&5

"

"

" "

"

#" % 7

" "

- " "

"

#"

0*

" - "

7 A

&

0*

" "

9 0 0

"

7

%

7

7 "

" " 6

7 " "

"

7 0>3

7 "

7 7

" "

"

" " 9 " "

" 6 9 >2 0* "

7 "

" 7

0 " 7

7

9

0

4.5 Implications of the findings for dynamic assessment research in South Africa *

6 "

" "

30PPRQ 6 A

"

B 0 ,

A

7

" " "

"

"

" "

30PQ?>

7

7

9

"

" 0*

6

#"

- " 6

7

-

- "

"

7 " 7 "

" 0*

"

P??

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

"

7 "

" 4

"

0* "

9

7 9

7

0

4.6 Recommendations 0

" "

"

"

7 A

9

" "

"

$

" ""

""

"

0

"

9

0,

"

"

"

0

- " "

"

" " 7 " 0

"

" " :"

"

7

9

" 7

"

""

" 0,

"

"

"

0 " 6

9

B 0 *

9 "

"

"

-

6 A 7

% "

7

"

0

"

"

"

"

" #"

7 - " 0 ,

"

7

"

" 0 " "0 7

7

" " "

"

" "

#"

6

6 7 9 " #" 7

"

"

" 0 $

"

" 6

7

& "

#"

7

"

"

0

5. Conclusion *

"

/

- "

7

"

" 0

" "

"

" "

7 0

" 30PPRQ 6 9

6

0 $"

#"

"

" 7 "

"

"

7

" " 0 )

"

7

" 9

"

"

" " 0 "

"

"

"

"

"

" " "

7

7

"

" #"

"" 0* 9

"

#" "

""

"

0

" - "

" "

0* 7 "

" 30PQ?> 7 9

7 ,

"

"

9

0

6. Excursion into a potentially rich field of investigation – an aside to this meta-analysis 6.1 From GeneWays to MemeWays>P 9

>P

(

>FF@ 7 "

%

7 "

%

" 7

" *

%
Q

>Q

"

&

9

7

9

" "

"

"

A

"

7

" 9

"

7

7 "

0 "

7

"

& "

7 7

7

"

- " " "

% 0 "

7 7 "

0 06 0 * 7

0

P?F

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

9

0 " 7

, '

"

7

"

7

9 GA = 9 233Q&

AA % 6 " "

9)

79 B

9B "

9B 9

"

"

9 !"9 $"

"W9 =

"

"

0, "

9 =

0

&

"

"

9

" 7

" 7

GA

AA "

7

"

#" 0

"

"

7 9 233R&0 +

0 *

G

A 97

9

9 #" A

7

"

"

" #" " " 9

0

*

7 " 0

7

7

7 =

"

9

7

:"

" "

7

%233P&

"

" " 0

"

"

"

9 9

"

9

"

9 %(

7 "

" /

7 "

" %=

"

9

7 9 "

7

" 0 *

" 7

&9 9 23325

"

7 7 " "

"

% 7 9 233P5 =

T=

7 "

9 " 9 233Q&0 &9

"

9

% 0>R>&0

"

7

" #"

7

7

7 "

" 9 9 9 9 23325 = 9 233P 5 = 9 233P & 7 " T ) "9 233P5 = 9 9 T= 9 233P5 ! %

"

" 9>@ "

9

" T=

%=

"

"

" * "

9 233P 9 0>R>&0

" 9 233P&0

%
R

>R

#"

0

"

" "

&9
&

9 -0 0bb

%2&>FF@ %P& 7 " ' " X 7 %Q& 7 9 6 " %R& " %@& B U" " %4&* " ) $5 %?& 2> % 2Q& %F& 2 %>3& = " " %>>& " " " %>2& - 4 % F&5 7 >Q %>P& ) $ " 9 6 " %>Q& #" " 9 9 7 " " %>R& % & " 5 " 7 %>@& < " %>4& >Q %>?& 3>/ " 7 " 5 32/ " % C " D " %>F& 7 9 #" 9 9 9 9 7 " #" " 2 " %23& " + 6 " A 0 " `c2R9 -$c>R0??9 c>35 `c@39 -$c>R0P29 c>35 c20F4 % {303>&0 ( `c230?9 -$c>40@Q9 c>>5 (

" " / `cQ20R9

PF2

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

-$c>Q0@R9 c>>5 c3032 % x30>&0 + 6 / `c2>0F9 -$c>?0?29 c>35 `cRF0R9 -$c>F0R9 c>35 cQ03R % {3033R&0 ( `c2P0P9 -$cF0QF9 c>>5 ( `cQ@9 -$c2203@9 c>>5 c30@RQ % x30>&0( " % &/ ( / `c>@029 -$c202P9 c>35 `c>R0R9 -$c>0F@9 c>30 ( `c>@049 -$c>9 c>>5 ( `c>P0R9 -$cP0>Q9 c>>0 / `c>P0Q9 -$cQ0?@9 c>35 `c4029 -$cP0>39 c>35 ( `c>20R9 -$c20FP9 c>>5 ( `c@0?9 -$cP0>P9 c>>0 * 7 " / " c>04R {30> " / c @0?4 {30333R M 7 9 " " 7 % " " & %2>& 3> 32 " 6 " " % GA AA GA " AA9 " " " " " 7 &0 + " " " " 0 %22& ( / " " %2P& 6 9 + 6 " " " % " &0 ( " " 0 %>&-

9 ,0 0

%2&>F?@ %P& %Q& 7 %R& " %@& 1 %4& *

7

7

"

= $ " " " )

7

$&

" )

$

"

"

' "

X

%

"

7

%?& >R@ %F& 2 %>3& < " % " & %>>& 7 7 " %< & " 7 = 0 R2 >3Q %>2& >F0R@ >4 P> %>P& $ " 7 %$ *& % 7 9 0 0 $ O* $ O & % *& % 7 9 0 0 O* O &9 7 - " 0* %$ O$ O$& %>Q& , 0 0' 7 7 " 9 7 7 " " 9 7 " " " #" " %>R& $ *% & *% & " 7 7 " % Q " & %>@& ' c >3Q 7 44 7 24 7 " 5 c R2 7 24 7 2R 7 " %>4& %>?& >/ 7 7 " 7 " 7 " 0 2/ * " 7 " " " " ' " " " 0 -" 2 * " 7 " 7 " " %>F& ' 7 7 " 9 7 7 " " 9 7 " " " #" " %23&* 7 %0 0 7 &9 " 0$ *= " / c>R@9 $ *% & c >@0?F9 $ *% & c 230FP $ *% & c Q0>P5 c>30FQ c3033>0 $ 7 " cR29 $ *% & c >203@9 $ *% & c >@0Q2 $ *% & cQ02P5 c@0@2 c3033>0 7 " c>3Q9 $ *% & c >F0P>9 $ *% & c 2P0>? $ *% & c Q0345 c?0@F c3033>0 *= " / c>R@9 *% & c >30R@9 *% & c >40P2 *% & c @04R5 c>F0?4 c3033>0 $ 7 " 9 cR29 *% & c 402F9 *% & c >20?R *% & c R0>F5 c404? c3033>0 7 " 9 c>3Q9 *% & c >20239 *% & c >F0R@ *% & c40RP5 c230@? c3033>0 "

7 7

" / 7 % 7 $ T

T 303Q5 $ &T 7 303Q9

7 303P9 $ 303R *%

>/ 7 c 30PQ % *% &T 30349 *% * % " / T *% &T 7 &9 *% &T %

" 0, 6 0 T >0?Q@9 $ * % &9 $ * % &T 7

"

" / 7 " % 7 7 " &0 7 c303>& 9 T 7 30RR % c303>&9 $ *% &T 30>P9 $ * % &T 30>F9 $ * % &T 7 303?5 $ *% &T 30349 $ * &T 30>29 *% &T 7 303@9 *% &T 30349 *% &T & T 30>39 * % & T 7 303R0 c 30239 T 7 30>R9 $ *% &T 302R9 $ * % &T 7 302@5 $ * % & 303P5 $ *% &T M 302@9 $ * % &T 7 302F % 30>@9 *% &T 7 302>9 *% &T 303R9 *% &T 7 3039 &T 303@9 * % &T 7 303P0 * " 9 " ' X 30?2F9 T 7 20R@R % c{303R &9 $ * % &T &T 7 20324 % c{ 303R &9 $ * % &T 20>2@ % c{303R >0@?>0 " / " >0 9

"

22

&

, 7

2 " / 0 0 ' " " 7 " 0 $. * $ " / " " / 7 c ( $,*" 303?% &9 '% >O??& >@0FP9 c 30333% 303R&9 *% & 303Q% &9 '% >O??& >0F?9 c 30>@P9 $ * % & 303R% &9 '% >O??& P0F>9 c 303R>0 " #" c 30>?Q% 303R 303>&0 ' " " 30>3 7 7 " ' " " 0 * " 7 / . / " 3043% &9 '% >O??& QR04@9 30333% 303R 303>&9 *% & 3022% &9 '% >O??& >0?29 c30>?>9 $ * % & 3022% &9 '% >O??& 20F?9 c303?? " #" c 30PQR% 303R 303>&0 ' " " 30>3 7 7 "

PFP

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

' "

" / 7 '% >OQQ& 30RF9 c30QQ?9 $ * %

0 $,- $. * $ " /" " c ( $,*" 303R% &9 '% >OQQ& 30F@9 c30PP29 *% & 303Q% &9 & 303R% &9 '% >OQQ& >04?9 c30>F3 " #" c 303FQ0 ' " " 30>3 7 " 7 ' " " 0* " 7 / . / 3 " 30>@% &9 '% >OQQ& 30PQ9 c30R@29 *% & 30PP% &9 '% >OQQ& >03>9 c30P239 $ * % & 30P3% &9 '% >OQQ& 202@9 c30>Q3 " #" c303F@0 > " 30>>% &9 '% >OQQ& 30>@9 c30@?F9 *% & 302F% &9 '% >OQQ& 30?>9 c30P4P9 $ * % & 30P3% &9 '% >OQQ& 20Q?9 c30>22 $ *% & 30Q2 % &9 '% >OQQ& P0R2 c 303@4 #" c30>@R0 ' " " 30>3 7 ' " " 0 7 " 0 2 " " " 0

, 7 2 " / $. * $ " / " / > " $ *% &9 $ * % &$ *% &`$ *% &/ ( $,*-/ $ * % & 303@% & '% >O??& 20?@ c 303FQ9 $ * % & 30>2 % & '% >O??& >0>Q c302??9 $ *% &`$ *% & 3033 % & '% >O??& 30@> c30QP? " #" c 303P?0 . / $ *% & 302P% & '% >O??& >0>@ c 302?Q9 $ * % & 304@ % & '% >O??& >0P> c302R@9 $ *% &`$ *% & 303P % & '% >O??& 30F> c30PQ2 " #" c 303>F0 2 " *% &9 $% &9 *% &` $ % &0 ( $,*-/ *% & 3033% & '% >O??& 3033 c 30F4F9 % & 303F % & '% >O??& 30F2 c30PQ>9 *% &` *% & 303> % & '% >O??& 30@3 c30QQ2 " #" c 3032@0 . / *% & 303?% & '% >O??& 303@ c 30?3R9 *% & 30>3% & '% >O??& 303P c30?RF9 $ *% &`$ *% & 3033 % & '% >O??& 3033 c30F@R " #" c 3033R 2 " " 7 " 0 $,- $. * $ " / " / > $ *% &9 $ * % &$ *% &`$ *% &/ ( $,*-/ $ * % & 30>2% & '% >OQR& @0?> c 303>2 % 303R&9 $ * % & 30>Q % & '% >OQR& >0P4 c302Q?9 $ *% &`$ *% & 3032 % & '% >OQR& P0Q4 c303@F " #" c 30>F2 % 303R&0 . /$ *% & 30RP% & '% >OQR& P042 c 303@39 $ * % & 30>@ % & '% >OQR& 303R c30?229 $ *% &`$ *% & 303R % & '% >OQR& 30?R c30P@P " #" c 30>@R % 303R&0 2 *% &9 $ % &9 * % &` $% &0 ( $,*-/ * % & 303>% & '% >OQR& 303> c 30F2F9 % & 303F % & '% >OQR& 30?R c30P@29 *% &` *% & 3032 % & '% >OQR& >0FR c30>43 " #" c 3034F0 . / * % & 3032% & '% >OQR& 3033 c 30F429 * % & 30@2% & '% >OQR& >0P> c302RF9 $ *% & ` $ * % & 30>> % & '% >OQR& 20Q@ c30>2Q " #" c 30>330 ' " 7 9 " #" 303R0 * 0$ *% & " $ *% & " 0, " " 29 " #" $ *% & " " #" 0$ *% & #" c 303@P ( $,*$ *% & #" c 303@? . 0* " ( $,*#" $ *% & $ *% & 303@P " 30>F29 #" c 30>2F9 ' % 2OQR& c P0@Q % 303R&0 ' . #" $ *% & $ *% & " 303@? 30>@R9 #" c 303F49 ' % 2OQR& c 20@ 0* " 2 7 " " ( $,*-0 ' 7 9 $ *% & 0+ " " " 0 %2>& " 7 7 7 " " " 7 0* 7 " 7 " 9 " 7 " 7 7 0 " 0 %22& ( 7 / 7 " " " " 7 9 7 < >0 7 / 7 $ * * " 0 $ * *0 -" : 7 / 7 7 % 7 7 &5 9 9 % &0 %2P& " " 6 9 7 #" 9 +. X " " 9 7 9 0 " 5 '>0F@ % $ *O$& '30QF % *O$& % cP & c30>23 30@F@ 7 0 * $ * " +. 0 0 >R " " 6 >R@ >Q> % " &0 %>&U

66 9 -0 0

%2& >FF2 %P& 7 " " 7 " " %Q& 7 = %R& " %@& 1 " %4& * " 7 " 7 7 " %?& 2@ %F& > " 7 " " 7 Q %>3& = " %>>& - " " 7 " >2 0= " 7 7 7 %>2& >4 2R %>P& " /< #" %@& 7 7 " %>4& < %>?& >/) 0 2/ " 7 " %>F& * ' " A

"

7

%

"

=

&

' " 0 >Q

5 %

*&5

" 7

7 9

%

% %) --,&0 ) 7

*O*&5

7

*O &5

"

9

" %)- &5

0

" 9

"

7

" 7

" "

0 7

"

0

PFQ

P/

University of Pretoria etd – Murphy, R (2007)

%23& 7 0= 0 c 2@0 ' " c " c 7 % 0 " " 9 ) --, " )> )>39 - E< " 9 20@>9 ) --, )> PQ0>29 Q0R>9 )2 P30@29 Q0Q49 )P 2R0339 Q0RF9 )Q 2>0>29 @0QF9 )R 2@02R9 R0PF9 )@ 2R0>29 ?0?R9 )4 >?0339 P0RQ9 )? 2Q0P49 Q0>39 )F 2@0339 40>R9 )>3 2?02R9 @03?5 - E 240R9 20@49