These constructs/hypotheses are called concepts, ideas, theories (Bettencourt, 1993). Thus, every student maNes sense of the world in his/her own unique.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
,17(51$7,21$/&21)(5(1&(211(:+25,=216,1('8&$7,21 ,17(
([SORULQJ0LQGV$OWHUQDWLYH&RQFHSWLRQVLQ6FLHQFH 0DKLPD&KKDEUDD %KDUDWL%DYHMDD D
'HSDUWPHQWRI(GXFDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI'HOKL&KKDWUD0DUJ'HOKL±,QGLD
$EVWUDFW 7KLV H[SORUDWRU\ VWXG\ KDV IRFXVHG RQ WZR PDMRU GLPHQVLRQV VWXGHQWV¶ FRQFHSWLRQV DQG WHDFKHUV¶ FRQFHSWLRQV )LUVWSDUWH[SORUHGDOWHUQDWHFRQFHSWLRQVWKDWDUHSRVVLEO\SUHVHQWLQWKHDUHDRI1HZWRQLDQ0HFKDQLFVDPRQJDJURXS RI ILUVW \HDU 0DVWHU RI 6FLHQFH 06F VWXGHQWV PDMRULQJ LQ 3K\VLFV 7KH SODXVLEOH FRQFOXVLRQ IURP WKH VWXG\ VWURQJO\ SRLQW WRZDUGV SUHVHQFH RI PLVFRQFHSWLRQV DPRQJVW VWXGHQWV 6HFRQG SDUW H[SORUHG ZKHWKHU XQLYHUVLW\ WHDFKHUVDUHFRJQL]DQWRIVWXGHQWV¶DOWHUQDWHFRQFHSWLRQVDQGLIVRZKDWNLQGRIWHFKQLTXHVGRWKH\VXJJHVWRUHPSOR\ WR DWWHQG WR WKHP 7KH GDWD FROOHFWHG WKURXJK LQWHUYLHZV GLG QRW VKRZ DQ\ HYLGHQFH RI WHDFKHUV¶ DZDUHQHVV DERXW VWXGHQWV¶ DOWHUQDWH FRQFHSWLRQV 7KH PDMRU FRQFOXVLRQV GHULYHG IURP WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ VWURQJO\ VXEVWDQWLDWH WKH IXQGDPHQWDO QHHG IRU WHDFKHUV WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH PHQWDO ZRUOG RI WKHLU OHDUQHUV DQG VKLIW WR µVWXGHQW FHQWHUHG¶ FODVVURRPSURFHVVHVDVDJDLQVWFRPPRQO\SUDFWLFHGµWHDFKHUFHQWHUHG¶RQHV
Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The Association of Science, 3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG6HOHFWLRQDQGRUSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI7KH$VVRFLDWLRQRI © 2012 Education and Technology Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. 6FLHQFH(GXFDWLRQDQG7HFKQRORJ\ .H\ZRUGV$OWHUQDWHFRQFHSWLRQVPLVFRQFHSWLRQVWHDFKHUV¶FRQFHSWLRQVOHDUQLQJ
,QWURGXFWLRQ ³6WXGHQWV GRQ¶W XQGHUVWDQG HYHU\WKLQJ LQ WKH FODVV´ 7KLV LV D FRPPRQO\ GLVFXVVHG WRSLF DPRQJVW VFLHQFHWHDFKHUV'HVSLWHUHSHDWHGLQVWUXFWLRQDQGH[SODQDWLRQVWXGHQWVVWLOOZULWHZURQJDQVZHUVZKLFKLV DVHULRXVFDXVHRIFRQFHUQ7KLQNLQJGHHSO\RQWKLVLVVXHLVOLNHO\WROHDGXVWRDYHU\EDVLF\HWFUXFLDO TXHVWLRQLH³:KDWGRVWXGHQWVXQGHUVWDQG´RU³KRZGRVWXGHQWVFRQFHSWXDOL]H"´)URPDFRQVWUXFWLYLVW VWDQGSRLQWNQRZOHGJHLVµFRQVWUXFWHG¶DQGLWLVDQLQWHUSUHWLYHSURFHVVZKHUHLQWKHSULRUH[SHULHQFHVRI
0DKLPD&KKDEUD7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVPDKLPDFKKDEUD#JPDLOFRP
1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The Association of Science, Education and Technology Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.599
1070
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
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¶V FRJQLWLYH VWUXFWXUH DQG DUH YHU\ VWDEOH 7KHUHIRUH WKH\ SRVH D FKDOOHQJH WR OHDUQLQJ RI QHZ NQRZOHGJH)RULQVWDQFHWKH\JLYHOHDUQHUVDIDOVHVHQVHRINQRZLQJWKHUHIRUHPHQWDOHIIRUWLQYHVWHGLQ OHDUQLQJ LV OLPLWHG +HQFH WKHUH LV D VWURQJ QHHG IRU WHDFKHUV WR H[SORUH WKHLU VWXGHQWV¶ PLQGV WR XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW WKH\ XQGHUVWDQG RI ZKDW LV WDXJKW LQ WKH FODVV ,Q WKLV ZKROH SURFHVV WHDFKHUV¶ RZQ FRQFHSWLRQVSOD\DNH\UROH:KDWWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJDQGNQRZOHGJHPHDQVWRWHDFKHUVZRXOGLQIOXHQFH WKHZD\WKH\GHDOZLWKVWXGHQWV¶FRQFHSWLRQV%HQF]H%RZHQDQG$OVRS0XOKDOODQG*XQVWRQH +HQFH ERWK WKH DUHDV RI UHVHDUFKVWXGHQWV¶ FRQFHSWLRQV DQG WHDFKHUV¶ FRQFHSWLRQV DUH YHU\ YLWDO IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ,QWKLVVWXG\ZHKDYHPDGHDQDWWHPSWWRH[SORUHVWXGHQWV¶ PHQWDO PRGHOV LQ 3K\VLFV DW WHUWLDU\ OHYHO DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH WR XQUDYHO WHDFKHUV¶ FRQFHSWLRQ DERXW OHDUQLQJDQGOHDUQHU¶VDOWHUQDWLYHFRQFHSWLRQV 5HVHDUFK4XHVWLRQV , ,,
'R FROOHJHWHUWLDU\ OHYHO VWXGHQWV RI 6FLHQFH 3K\VLFV KDYH PLVFRQFHSWLRQV LQ WKH DUHD RI 1HZWRQLDQ0HFKDQLFV" :KDWGRHVµOHDUQLQJ¶PHDQWRXQLYHUVLW\WHDFKHUV"
,,,
$UHWKH\WHDFKHUV DZDUHRIVWXGHQW¶VDOWHUQDWHFRQFHSWLRQV"
,9
'RWKHVHWHDFKHUVKDYHDQ\WHDFKLQJVWUDWHJLHVWRGHDOZLWKVWXGHQWV¶DOWHUQDWHFRQFHSWLRQV"
0HWKRGRORJ\ 7KLV VWXG\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ DQ HQJLQHHULQJ LQVWLWXWH VLWXDWHG LQ 'HOKL ,QGLD ZKHUH DSDUW IURP %DFKHORUV %7HFK 0DVWHUV 07HFK DQG 3K' LQ WHFKQRORJ\ 0DVWHU¶V FRXUVHV LQ 6FLHQFH 06F 3K\VLFV&KHPLVWU\DQG0DWKHPDWLFV DUHDOVRRIIHUHG 7RDGGUHVVWKHILUVWUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQLHWRH[SORUHPLVFRQFHSWLRQVDPRQJVWXGHQWV06F3K\VLFV ,VW \HDU VWXGHQWV ZHUH VHOHFWHG DV WKH VDPSOH JURXS 7KH\ ZHUH LQ QXPEHU DQG KDG FRPSOHWHG WKHLU %DFKHORU¶V GHJUHH LQ 6FLHQFH IURP LQVWLWXWHV DFURVV ,QGLD WKXV D KHWHURJHQHRXV JURXS EDVHG RQ WKHLU HGXFDWLRQDODQGVRFLDOEDFNJURXQGV +RZHYHUDOORIWKHPKDGGRQHDWOHDVWRQHFRXUVHLQ1HZWRQLDQ 0HFKDQLFVDW%DFKHORU¶VOHYHO ,QRUGHUWRH[SORUHVWXGHQWV¶PLVFRQFHSWLRQVTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVFRQVWUXFWHGDVDUHVHDUFKWRRO,WZDV LQ VWUXFWXUHG PXOWLSOHFKRLFHTXHVWLRQ 0&4 IRUP LQ ZKLFK HDFK TXHVWLRQ KDG RSWLRQV 7KHVH TXHVWLRQVZHUHFRQFHSWXDOLQQDWXUHDQGDSDUWIURPFKRRVLQJRQHDQVZHURXWRIWKHIRXUVWXGHQWVZHUH UHTXLUHGWRFRPSXOVRULO\SURYLGHUHDVRQIRUWKHLUFKRLFHRIDQDQVZHU
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
7KH LQLWLDO GUDIW RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDV JLYHQ WR WKUHH H[SHUWV LQFOXGLQJ WKHLU VXEMHFW WHDFKHU WHDFKLQJ &ODVVLFDO 0HFKDQLFV IRU YDOLGDWLRQ )LQDO GUDIW ZDV PDGH DIWHU LQFRUSRUDWLQJ WKH VXJJHVWHG FKDQJHV7KLVZDVSUHVHQWHGWRVWXGHQWVDVSDUWRIWKHLULQWHUQDODVVHVVPHQWWDVNDQGWKHUHIRUHVWXGHQWV ZHUHLQIRUPHGEHIRUHKDQGDERXWWKHWHVW $IWHUWKHGDWD ZDVFROOHFWHGLWVFRQWHQWDQDO\VLV ZDVGRQHLQ FRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKWKHLUVXEMHFWWHDFKHU 7RDGGUHVVUHPDLQLQJWKUHHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVRIWKHVWXG\LHWHDFKHUV¶ XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIVWXGHQWV¶ DOWHUQDWHFRQFHSWLRQVWKHLUVWUDWHJLHV WRGHDO ZLWKLWDQGWKHLUYLHZVDERXWOHDUQLQJD VDPSOHRIVHYHQ WHDFKHUVZDVVHOHFWHGZLWKWHDFKLQJH[SHULHQFHUDQJLQJIURP±\HDUV$OPRVWDOORIWKHPKDGWKH H[SHULHQFHRIWHDFKLQJ%7HFK07HFKDQG06FFODVVHV,WZDVDFRQYHQLHQWVDPSOH6HPLVWUXFWXUHG LQWHUYLHZVZHUHFDUULHGRXWWRH[SORUHWHDFKHUV¶FRQFHSWLRQVDQGKHQFHDQVZHUWRRXUUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV ,, ,,, DQG,9 7KHGDWDFROOHFWHGZDVWUDQVFULEHGDQGFRQWHQWDQDO\VHG 'DWD6XPPDU\DQG$QDO\VLV )RU5HVHDUFK4XHVWLRQ, 7KHILUVWUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQSHUWDLQHGWRVWXGHQWV¶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µ5RZ¶ RI WKH WDEOH FRPSULVHV WKH UHVSRQVHV RI VWXGHQWV ZKR SURYLGHG D UHDVRQ IRU WKHLU FKRLFH 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG µ5RZ ¶ RI WKH WDEOHV LQFOXGHV WKH UHVSRQVHV RI WKH VWXGHQWV ZKR GLG QRW SURYLGH DQ\ UHDVRQ IRU WKHLUFKRLFH 7DEOH
D
E
F
G
$QVZHUVZLWK5HDVRQ
$QVZHUVZLWKRXW5HDVRQ
1071
1072
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
7KRVHZKRFKRVHµD¶DVWKHULJKWRSWLRQHLWKHUQHJOHFWHG)KDQG)DDIWHUWKHKLWRUFRQVLGHUHGWKDWERWK )K DQG )D EDODQFHG HDFK RWKHU 7KXV LQ HIIHFW RQO\ )J DFWHG DIWHU WKH MRXUQH\ 7KH RQH ZKR FKRVH µE¶ UHFRJQL]HG)JWREHDFWLQJWKURXJKRXWWKHMRXUQH\DQG)KWREHDFWLQJRQO\ZKHQVKXWWOHLVLQFRQWDFWZLWK WKHUDFTXHW7KRVHZKRFKRVHRSWLRQµG¶FRQVLGHUHG)K!)DDQGRQHRIWKHPPHQWLRQHGWKDWIRUZDUGPRWLRQ RI WKH VKXWWOH ZDV EHFDXVH RI GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ )K DQG )D DQG GRZQZDUG PRWLRQ RI WKH VKXWWOH ZDV EHFDXVHRI)J0RVWRIWKRVHZKRFKRVHµF¶DVWKHRSWLRQUHFRJQL]HGWKDW)KLVDQLPSXOVHRUFRQWDFWIRUFH DQGDFWVIRUDPRPHQWEXWSURYLGHGYDULHGHIIHFWVRIWKDWLPSXOVH2QHRIWKHPVDLG)KJDYHWKHLQLWLDO LPSXOVH WKDW FKDQJHG WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH VKXWWOH DQRWKHU RQH VDLG WKDW DIWHU FRQWDFW WKH HQHUJ\ LV WUDQVIHUUHGWRWKHVKXWWOHDQG\HWDQRWKHUSDUWLFLSDQWH[SODLQHGWKDWDIWHUVKXWWOHKDVOHIWWKHFRQWDFWLWVWLOO UHPDLQVXQGHUWKHHIIHFWRIµKLW¶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x 7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVGLGQRWXQGHUVWDQGXQGHU ZKDWFRQGLWLRQV FHQWULIXJDO IRUFHFRPHVLQWRWKHSOD\,W ZDVHYLGHQWZKHQWKH\XVHGH[SUHVVLRQVRIFHQWULIXJDOIRUFHHYHQLQWKHLQHUWLDOIUDPHRIUHIHUHQFH IRUDQREMHFWXQGHUXQLIRUPURWDWLRQDOPRWLRQ x 0DQ\OHDUQHUVFRQVLGHUHGYHORFLW\DQGDFFHOHUDWLRQWREHLQWKHVDPHGLUHFWLRQLQDXQLIRUPURWDWLRQDO PRWLRQLWZDVHYLGHQWIURPWKHLUGLDJUDPV ZKHUHDVWKH\DUHDFWXDOO\SHUSHQGLFXODUWRHDFKRWKHU 0RVWSUREDEO\WKH\KDYHFDUULHGWKLVFRQFHSWIURPUHFWLOLQHDUPRWLRQZKHUHLQGHHGERWKWKHYHORFLW\ DQGDFFHOHUDWLRQDUHLQWKHVDPHGLUHFWLRQ x 0DQ\OHDUQHUVVKRZHGFRQIXVLRQZLWKWKHPHDQLQJRIZRUGV³DVFHQGLQJ´DQG³GHVFHQGLQJ´,WZDV HYLGHQWIURPWKHILJXUHVWKH\GUHZWRH[SODLQWKHLUDQVZHUV $OO WKH RWKHU UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV SHUWDLQHG WR WHDFKHUV IRU ZKLFK LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQ WKHPDWLF DQDO\VLV RI WKH LQWHUYLHZ LV SUHVHQWHG 7R PDLQWDLQ WKH DQRQ\PLW\ WHDFKHUV KDYHEHHQUHIHUUHGWRDV77«7
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
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¶VVWDQFHLVUHIOHFWLYHRIOHDUQLQJDVµ&RJQLWLYH,QIRUPDWLRQ3URFHVVLQJ¶ ZKHUHKHLVWDONLQJDERXW PHDQLQJIXO DVVRFLDWLRQV ZKHQ KH VD\V µ«WKH VWXGHQW KDV WR JR EH\RQG WKH GHILQLWLRQV DQG JHW LQWR WKH PHDQLQJRUPHVVDJHFRQWDLQHGLQWKHVLWXDWLRQ¶2QRQHKDQGLWUHIOHFWVJHVWDOWLHKDYLQJDKROLVWLFYLHZ LQ ZKLFK XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH PHDQLQJ DELOLW\ WR DSSO\ LQWHU DQG H[WUDSRODWH DUH DOO FRQVLGHUHG HVVHQWLDOQHFHVVDU\ FRPSRQHQWV RI OHDUQLQJ 2Q WKH RWKHU LW LV UHIOHFWLYH RI IHZ FRQFHSWV DV JLYHQ E\ 1RUPDQ:KHQKHWHDFKHU VD\VWKDWOHDUQLQJDODZZRXOGDOVRPHDQWKDWVWXGHQWVKRXOGEHDEOHWRDSSO\ LWLHVROYHSUREOHPVXVLQJLW ZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKHXVHRIPHPRU\WRUHWULHYHHVVHQWLDOLQIRUPDWLRQ DQG SHUIRUPDQFHLHEHLQJDEOHWRVROYHSUREOHP ,QDGGLWLRQ ZKHQ KH PHQWLRQVWKDW VWXGHQWV VKRXOGEH
1073
1074
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
DEOHWRGHFLGHLQDJLYHQSUREOHPZKLFKODZVKDYHWREHDSSOLHGLWLQGLFDWHVILQHWXQLQJ7KXVLWLVTXLWH VLPLODUWRWKHZD\1RUPDQYLHZHGOHDUQLQJDVDGHOLEHUDWHDFWRIVWXG\RIVSHFLILFPDWHULDOVRWKDWLWFDQ EH³UHWULHYHGDWZLOODQGFDQEHXVHGZLWKVNLOO´1RUPDQS 7FLWHGPDQ\H[DPSOHVIURPKLVOLIHH[KLELWLQJYDULHGYLHZVRQOHDUQLQJ)LUVWO\KHHTXDWHGOHDUQLQJ WR WKH SURFHVV RI GLVFRYHU\ +HUH WKH FRQFHSW RI 'LVFRYHU\ /HDUQLQJ DV VXJJHVWHG E\ %UXQHU LV TXLWH HYLGHQWO\VHHQ$FFRUGLQJWRWKHWHDFKHUGRLQJUHVHDUFKZKLFKLVDQRUJDQL]HGSURFHVVQRWKDSKD]DUG LV GLVFRYHULQJVRPHWKLQJ ZKLFKZDVSUHH[LVWLQJDQGWKLVGLVFRYHU\LQWXUQLVµOHDUQLQJ¶6LPLODUO\%UXQHU KDVSRLQWHGRXWWKDWGLVFRYHU\LV³DOOIRUPVRIREWDLQLQJNQRZOHGJHIRURQHVHOIE\WKHXVHRIRQH¶VRZQ PLQG´ LH RQH KDV WR WUDQVIRUPUHDVVHPEOH WKH GDWD LQ VXFK ZD\ WKDW RQH JRHV EH\RQG LW WR JDLQ QHZ DGGLWLRQDO LQVLJKWV ,W LV QRW D KDSKD]DUG DFWLYLW\ EXW D SODQQHG HQGHDYRXU RI ILQGLQJ UHJXODULWLHV DQG UHODWLRQVKLSVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW7KLVDFWXDOO\LVWKHSURFHVVRIUHVHDUFK 6HFRQGO\ KH DFNQRZOHGJHV WKDW OHDUQLQJ LV ERWK FRQWH[W DQG FXOWXUH GULYHQ 7KXV RQH¶V FXOWXUH GHWHUPLQHVDQGLQWHUDFWVµZKDWWREHOHDUQW¶LHWKHFRQWHQWRIOHDUQLQJZKLFKLQWXUQKHOSVRQHWRVXUYLYH DQGIORXULVKLQWKDWFXOWXUH(J³DVFKRROFKLOGPD\NQRZ[ EXWDIDUPHUZRXOGUDWKHUNQRZKRZ PXFKIRGGHUDFRZHDWV´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¶VVWDQFHDOVRH[KLELWVPDQ\PDQLIHVWDWLRQVRIOHDUQLQJ)LUVWO\KHSRLQWVDWµUHIOHFWLYHDEVWUDFWLRQ¶ DV D SURFHVV RI OHDUQLQJ +H JLYHV LPSRUWDQFH WR OHDUQLQJ WKURXJK REVHUYDWLRQ DQG WKHQ UHIOHFWLRQ +H IXUWKHUDVVHUWVWKDWOHDUQLQJWKHFRQWHQWRIVXEMHFWLVQRWHQRXJKEXWYDOXHVVXFKDVSXQFWXDOLW\DUHDOVR LPSRUWDQW+HHPSKDVL]HVVHOIOHDUQLQJDVDQRQJRLQJSURFHVV6HFRQGO\KHVXJJHVWVWKDWOHDUQLQJLVWR FRQQHFWQHZLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKWKHH[LVWLQJFRJQLWLYHVWUXFWXUHVZKHQKHVD\V³,IWKH\GRQ¶WXQGHUVWDQG, KDYHWRJHWGRZQLQOHYHODELW´7KLUGO\ZKHQKHVD\VWKDW³«ZKHQVWXGHQWVDVNDTXHVWLRQLQFODVV VRPHWLPHV,PD\MXVWDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQVRPHWLPHV,PLJKWSRVHDTXHVWLRQEDFNDWWKHPDQGWHOOWKHP WRZRUNDELWKDUGHUDVWKH\DUHQHDUWKHDQVZHU´LWTXLWHFOHDUO\UHIOHFWV9\JRWVN\¶VFRQFHSWRI=RQHRI 3UR[LPDO 'HYHORSPHQW =3' ZKHUH OHDUQLQJ LV OHDGLQJ WKH OHDUQHU IURP DFWXDO WR SRWHQWLDO OHYHO RI SHUIRUPDQFHIURPDVVLVWHGWRXQDVVLVWHGOHYHORIIXQFWLRQLQJ $VVXPSWLRQDERXWWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJDVDQLQWXLWLYHSURFHVVZLWKZKLFKZHDUHHQGRZHGLVFOHDUO\HYLGHQW
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
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¶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µ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x 5HSHDWHGH[SODQDWLRQ x 5HFDSLWXODWLRQRIXQGHUO\LQJFRQFHSWVLQFRQWHQWFRYHUHGLQSUHYLRXVFODVVHV x 3URYLGHUHDOOLIHH[DPSOHVRUSUDFWLFDOXVHRIFRQFHSWV x 8QZLQGLQJWKHLUSUHVHQWOHDUQLQJE\TXHVWLRQLQJ x *LYLQJGD\WRGD\H[DPSOHVDQDORJLHV x 6ROYLQJORWVRISUREOHPVLQWKHFODVV x *LYLQJUHIHUHQFHVZKHUHSUREOHPVDUHVROYHG x *LYLQJORWVRIDSSOLFDWLRQEDVHGTXHVWLRQVVRWKDWVWXGHQWVFDQFKHFNWKHLUORJLFZKLOHVROYLQJWKHP x (ODERUDWHPRVWWKLQJVLQWKHFODVVGRQRWSUHVXPHVWXGHQWVZRXOGNQRZFHUWDLQWKLQJV x 6KRZDSSOLFDELOLW\RIFRQFHSWVLQYDULHGVLWXDWLRQV x &ODULI\LQJRUVWUHVVLQJWKHOLPLWDWLRQVRIODZV x 1RWGLOXWLQJWKHFRPSOH[LW\UDWKHUJLYLQJWKHPOLPLWHGEXWULJKWLQIRUPDWLRQ)RUGHWDLOVLQWHUHVWHG VWXGHQWVFDQWDNHWKHKHOSRIWHDFKHU x *LYLQJFRQFHSWXDOTXHVWLRQVLQTXL]]HV x :KHQHYHUVWXGHQWVDVNGRXEWVLIWLPHSHUPLW WU\LQJWRJHWLQWRDGLVFXVVLRQWRJHWDQLGHDRIWKHLU OHYHORIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
1075
1076
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
$QDO\VLV )URP LQWHUYLHZV ZH FRXOG DVFHUWDLQ WKDW QRQH RI WKH WHDFKHU KDG FRPH DFURVV DQ\ OLWHUDWXUH DERXW DOWHUQDWLYHIUDPHZRUNVSHUVD\ )URPWKHGDWDIHZSRLQWVZKLFKFDQEHFOHDUO\LQIHUUHGDUH 7KHGLVWRUWLRQRIFRQFHSWSHUVHLVQRWHDVLO\FRJQLVHGE\WHDFKHUV7KH\RQO\DVVXPHHLWKHULQFRPSOHWH RU FRPSOHWH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH FRQFHSW ± LH GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH FRQFHSW DPRQJ VWXGHQWVUDWKHUWKDQYDULHGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHVDPH )XUWKHU IRU WHDFKHUV WHDFKLQJ OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV VHHPV WR EH VXEMHFW FHQWUHG UDWKHU WKDQ VWXGHQW RULHQWHG 7KH IRFXV LV PXFK PRUH RQ WUDQVIHUULQJ FRQFHSW WR WKH VWXGHQWV ZKHUH WKH\ DUH H[SHFWHG WR IROORZSUHGHWHUPLQHGVHWRIORJLFVDQGWKRXJKWV7KHXQGHUO\LQJDVVXPSWLRQLVWKDWVWXGHQW¶VPLQGLVOLNH FOHDQ VODWHV ZKHUH QHZHU FRQFHSWV LI H[SODLQHG HIIHFWLYHO\ FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH ZD\ 7KHFDSDFLW\ZLWKLQDVWXGHQWWRSODFHVDPHFRQFHSWLQWKHLUVXEMHFWLYHFRQWH[WLVQRWUHFRJQLVHGE\PRVW WHDFKHUV H[FHSW IRU RQH 7KXV WKH WHDFKHUV VHHP WR EH XQDZDUH WR WKH SURFHVV LQYROYHG LQ FRQFHSW IRUPDWLRQLQDVWXGHQW¶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¶VPLQG $OVR WKH RQXV RI FODULILFDWLRQ RI DQ\ FRQFHSW LV FRPSOHWHO\ SXW RQ VWXGHQWV ,W LV DVVXPHG WR EH VWXGHQW¶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
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
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¶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¶V PLQG WR XQUDYHO WKHLU SUHFRQFHSWLRQV EHIRUH WHDFKLQJ DQ\ FRQFHSW )XUWKHU ZKLOH DFNQRZOHGJLQJ WKHVH FRQFHSWVHQDEOLQJOHDUQHUVWRH[SORUHWKHLURZQ PHQWDO PRGHOVDQGFRPSDUHWKHP ZLWKWKRVHRIRWKHUV DQG ILQG LI WKHUH DUH DQ\ LQFRQVLVWHQFLHV DQG LI VR ZK\ 7KXV LQ WKH SURFHVV QXUWXULQJ OHDUQHUV¶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¶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µZK\¶WKHUHLVDQHHGIRUWHDFKHUVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHPHQWDOZRUOGRI WKHLUOHDUQHUVDV ZHOODVWKHLURZQ µZK\¶WKHUHLVD QHHGWR PDNHFODVVURRPSURFHVVHV VWXGHQWFHQWUHG UDWKHUWKDQFRPPRQO\SUDFWLFHGWHDFKHU±FHQWUHGDQGIRUDWHDFKHUFUHDWLQJWKRVHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWV WKDWDUHLQFRQVRQDQFHZLWKWKHOHDUQHUV¶FRJQLWLYHQHHGVLVRQHRIWKHPDMRUFKDOOHQJH
1077
1078
Mahima Chhabra and Bharati Baveja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 (2012) 1069 – 1078
5HIHUHQFHV %HDW\ :- $ /HQV 0LVFRQFHSWLRQ 5HWULHYHG IURP 6FLHQFH +REE\LVWV ZHEVLWH KWWSDPDVFLFRPPLVFRQOHQVKWPO %HQF]H-/%RZHQ*0 $OVRS6 7HDFKHUV¶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±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