Factors Affecting the Incidence of Occupational Accidents among ...

Health Education and Health Promotion (HEHP) (2017) Vol. 5 (1)

Factors Affecting the Incidence of Occupational Accidents among Farmers Somayeh Moradhaseli1 , Homayoun Farhadian2 *, Enayat Abbasi3 , Fazlollah Ghofranipour4

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of occupational accidents among farmers with an emphasis on the role of extension and education in reducing these incidents. Methods: This study was conducted through a literature review. For this purpose, we investigated books, documents and articles related to research topics in t he period of 2000 to 2017. Findings: Various factors are effective on the incidence of occupational accidents as well as on the type, amount and severity of injuries resulting from accidents at work. Farmers and agricultural workers are not excluded from occupational accidents. The affecting factors on occupational accidents in agriculture are classified in three categories: farmers’ characteristics, agricultural environment, and agriculture technologies. Conclusion: Occurrence of incidents in agricultural occupation is inevitable. Identifying the factors affecting the incidence of accidents can help to reduce the occurrence of incidents among farmers. The agricultural extension and education according to the abilities and talents in the field of agriculture and rural society can reduce accidents and workrelated risks and improve the farmers’ occupational health. Keywords: Agriculture, Occupational accidents, Factors affecting

1. Ph.D. Candidate of Agricultural Extension and Education, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, T arbiat Modares University, T ehran, Iran Email: [email protected] 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, T arbiat Modares University, T ehran, Iran Email: [email protected] 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, T arbiat Modares University, T ehran, Iran Email: [email protected] 4. Professor, Department of Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, T arbiat Modares University, T ehran, Iran Email: [email protected]

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Factors Affecting the Incidence of …


Introduction

Studies have shown that low-educated or

Since the Creation, human beings have been

illiterate people or those with low knowledge

struggling to fulfil their living requirements. In

about how to take safety measures often cause

that in most cases, a great effort has been made

work-related dangers. Although this was

in the type of their technical activities with the

reported among educated people, the reason

advancement of science and technology. These

why they happen is impulsiveness. Hence, the

activities (performed in simple or complicated

major part of accidents involves some social

manner) are referred to either as job or work.

and personal requirements, as well as the lack

The health of the body and the purity of the

of observance of safety standards during work.

soul are ensured by virtue of work, which is, a

In this regard, throughout human life spans,

fact, stressed in the words of Imam Ali (AS):

physicians and scientists have taken steps to

“What

is

promote the health of workforce. The history

Prophet

of social damages dates back to the fourth

Muhammad (PBUH) holds that one who

century BC. For example, Hippocrates, for the

endeavors to earn his family’s bread and butter

first time, detected the workers’ lead poisoning

is like a Mujahid who fights in the cause of

in

God. As such, the importance of job is realized

Ramazzini, who is called as the father of

not only from the economic and material

medicine, was the first who advised physicians

aspects, but it also embodies spiritual and

to ask for the patients’ occupational history

ideological values [1]. There are covert and

along with queries from them, because it is

overt risks in doing jobs, some of which

likely that there is a close connection between

happen, sometimes, due to ignorance, lack of

job and disease [1].

makes

working”.

human

In

another

being

smooth

Hadith,

the

fourth

century

BC.

Moreover,

safety observance (negligence), lack of proper equipment, etc. Kurdrostami (2011) states that

Importance

it is an unplanned event during a series of

accidents

planned activities. In other words, accident is

Occupational accident is one of the main

an event whose occurrence causes damage to

causes of disability. It imposes high costs on

property and the environment, or human loss

families, healthcare and other systems in the

or injuries [2]. According to the International

society [4]. Research shows that workplace is

Encyclopedia

an

one of the most important fields causing

unexpected event that causes injury and harm

accidents. Every year, 313 million non-fatal

[3].

occupational injuries occur worldwide, leading

of

Work,

accident

is

38

of

studying

occupational

Moradhaseli et al.


to at least four days’ absence from work. Each

factors that affect incidents:

year, more than 350,000 people die from occupational injuries [5]. Also, in agricultural

Factors

sector, according to the International Labor

occupational accidents

Organization (ILO) estimates, at least 170,000

No effect is undoubtedly without cause. As the

agricultural workers are killed every year [6].

French scientist Lavoisier contents: “Nothing

The direct and indirect costs of accidents

comes to existence on itself unless a reason

impose millions of dollars of losses annually

gives way to it”. Disasters and accidents are

on employers. According to the European

born of factors whose reasons are human

Agency for Safety and Health at Work

beings

(EASHW), six million job-related accidents

Henrich holds that one needs to focus on

occur in the EU states annually, resulting in a

accidents and their causes in the first place in

loss of 146 million hours of work. It means

order to take preventive measures (unsafe

that approximately 6.2 to 8.3% of the EU's

actions and unsafe conditions), and pay less

total domestic gross product is lost every year

attention to the effects of accidents like

[7]. The estimated cost in a seven-year study in

damages and their immediate damages [10].

2010 was calculated between $ 21 to $ 31

Prevention of accidents is possible with a clear

million. Most of the costs involved are indirect

understanding of key affecting factors [11].

costs such as efficiency loss at work and at

The

home. Fatal injuries in the first place and

technologies in various industries, particularly

admissions to hospitals at the next level consist

in risky industries, has changed the philosophy

the highest direct costs [8]. About 45% of

of safety from post-occurrence approach to

accidents cause damage to property, 30% lead

pre-occurrence approach. The new approach is

to loss of time, 21% lead to medical attention,

built on the recognition of root causes of

and 2.67% end with mortality [9]. The

accidents ahead of occurrence [12]. Accident

economic

happens typically at three levels;

illnesses

burden of such incidents and is

considerable

on

affecting

the

incidence

of

themselves or human-made tools.

development of

highly sophisticated

individuals,

1) Basic cause level: At the lowest level of

companies, families and even the general

causes, accidents just occur when a person or

community. But according to the safety

object encounters a quantity of energy or a

experts, each incident has one or more causes.

risky substance and perceives it as if it cannot

To prevent an accident, one must identify the

be understood in normal state. This energy or

cause of the incident. The followings are the

risky substance is the direct cause of accident. 39



2) Direct cause level: The direct causes are

occupational accidents, and to the type, level

usually the result of one or more unpredictable

and degree of damages caused by these

and irreversible conditions, or both. Unsafe

accidents, many studies conducted in this

actions or conditions are always referred to as

regard have been reviewed. Generally, factors

indirect causes.

affecting

3) Indirect cause level: Indirect causes are

classified

often because of poor management policies,

characteristics, agricultural environment and

wrong management decisions or unfavorable

agricultural technologies, and use of protective

environmental or personal factors. These

equipment.

occupational accidents into

three

classes:

can be farmers’

causes are called root causes [3]. In this regard, in agriculture sector accidents

Farmers’ characteristics

and damages arising from agricultural works

Since human resources is seen as the most

are a remarkable health problem worldwide

important yield factor in the agriculture sector,

[13] in the sense that agricultural safety is a

farmers’ characteristics can contribute to the

central issue

agricultural productivity

accidents of this sector as well as their

That is to say, with the

preventive measures. In this sector, some

improvement. expansion

of

of

agricultural

technologies,

characteristics of farmers and their roles in

agricultural workers will face a growing health

accidents have been investigated.

concern, causing them to face new job sanitary and health threats in addition to former health

A. Demographic and personal characteristics

and sanitary threats. However, even in the

It has been widely accepted that human factors

countries where primary health cares have

are influential in accidents [17]. Human factors

been developed well, occupational sanitary

in the occurrence of workplace accidents

cares often cease to exist in the agricultural

include lack of knowledge, lack of adequate

sector [14]. Accident in the agricultural sector

motivation, negative attitude, wrong beliefs,

is defined as any unpleasant or destructive

unsafe behaviors, work incompetency, lack of

event that happens unexpectedly or by chance,

appropriate rules and proper instructions, and

and leads to injury, loss of life, asset or time,

enhancement

etc. [15]. In addition to long-term effect on an

Cartiyon and Reyeshineen (2013) state that

individual, agricultural damages affect the

individual characteristics, decreased ability,

farmers’ families and society as well [16].

skeletal-muscular problems and respiratory

Since a variety of factors contribute to

diseases were shown to make a significant 40

of

unsafe

behaviors

[18].

Moradhaseli et al.


difference to accidents and damages [19].

[29]. However, women are active labor force

Farmers’ resistance to change is one of the

in the agriculture sector as they can work on

factors affecting the occurrence of accident, in

farms even during pregnancy. In some cases,

that it is triggered by adverse weather

due to falling down and displacement, abortion

conditions. This is mainly because of a strong

occurs in farms. On the other hand, fatigue,

connection with traditional agriculture and

malaria, exposure to pesticides, and the like

rural ideology [20].

that cause accidents and diseases are on the

Age is a serious factor with regard to a

rise among them [30]. The low level of

potential risk of damage among farmers. Since

education is a factor of risk among farmers

older farmers are not under any compulsion to

[31]. Studies have shown that farmers with

plan for retirement, many farmers may have

higher education levels are less likely to

still desire to do certain tasks beyond their

sustain

abilities [21, 22]. Older farmers are subject to

education levels [32]. Other individual and

accidents due to long hours of work and lack

personal factors are also at work in this sector,

of rest [23]. However, risks of damages to

which we can refer to in what follows:

older farmers may be due to their more work

Farm work mechanization has some clear

experiences, lower risk-taking and reduced

advantages in terms of productivity, but its

interference with heavy manual works [24]. On

potential

the contrary, many deaths happened among

consideration on obesity and overweight risks

young workers because of the lack of

[21]. Overweight and obesity are among the

experience and insufficient attention to work

risk factors of occupational injuries [33].

[25]. A wide range of accidents happen at ages

People to whom farming is a secondary job are

over 18 [26].

less likely to pay attention to job safety due to

In addition to age, gender is an important

lack of self-confidence and experience in

factor in fatal injuries in farms [21]. Most

farming

occupational accidents have happened to men

accidents

[27]. A review of 16 studies indicates that the

sustained damages is more than in other

risk of injury in men is 3.3 times higher than

workers, but their recovery can be deferred

that in women [28]. Agricultural risks are

nonetheless [35]. Daytime sleepiness, job

reported to be more in men in the summer

status, drinking alcohol, and smoking are

during mid-day owing to the loss of control of

factors contributing to threats among farmers

agricultural machineries

[31].

during harvesting 41

injuries

than people

effects

[34].

should

The

among the

with lower

be

occurrence

taken

into

level of

workers previously



As work experience grows, accidents would

play a key role in preventing work-related

fall [36].

including

injuries and diseases. The lack of proper

depression, stress, social support and anger are

training and monitoring of the implementation

also contributing to accidents among farmers

of safety rules is the underlying cause of

[37].

accidents [42]. Lack of knowledge about how

Failure to use personal protective equipment

to do a job is considered one of the important

by workers, impulsiveness and carelessness,

factors in causing an accident [43]. Lack of

unprotected or technically broken devices,

knowledge about dangers of workplace can

failure

to procure and deliver individual

end up with accidents in farms [44]. To protect

equipment, failure to train workers, and the

health and achieve safety at the workplace, the

employer’s failure to supervise them contribute

transfer of these concerns requires preventive

to accidents [38]. The most common causes of

measures as a challenge and priority for the

accidents among farmers are to rush to work,

career of agricultural health [45]. Some studies

irregularities, and not observing the original

have also shown that farmers not trained in the

safety rules [39].

use of personal protective equipment suffer

Psychological factors

from a higher incidence of occupational B. Economic conditions

accidents, injuries and illnesses [46]. Sikkaland

Farmers’ concerns for making household

(2012) demonstrated that Norwegian farmers

expenditures have lowered individual attention

are aware of dangers; however, they do not

and

always properly handle this risk. Many farmers

safe

activities.

behaviors

during

In addition, farmers

day-to-day are

less

seem to perceive risks as natural part of their

interested in observance of safety measures

lives. Dangers are considered something they

and their health owing to economic problems

are forced to live with; on the other hand,

as well as costs reduction and costs saving

many farmers are not well aware of the

[40]. Inadequate economic situation is among

beneficial effects of safety [47].

the disastrous factors to farmers [34]. Poverty of farmers has limited the provision of

D. Duration of agricultural activities

protective equipment among them and has

Time pressure due to increased seasonal

increased the risks of pesticide poisoning [41].

workload has caused farmers and workers work longer hours during the day and more

C. Safety training and knowledge

days during the week. This itself causes stress

Worker training regarding the farm safety can

and fatigue, which is a known risk factor for 42

Moradhaseli et al.


injury [48, 49]. Long working hours are a risk

washing conditions have reduced the safe use

factor known for damage among those who

of pesticides, leading to the occurrence of

work in agriculture [49, 50].

accidents and diseases caused by toxins [57].

Sleep less than 7 to 7.5 hours by day and night

In

causes injuries on farmers [13]. Effect of

systems, planting and harvesting technology,

sequential long shifts and the duration of rest

and use

of

between changes are determining risk factors

accidents,

which

in the occurrence of accidents [51]. There is a

monitoring systems, governmental regulations,

relationship between what time of day, fatigue,

and the introduction of genetically modified

work pressure, and events. Prolonged work

breeding [58]. Investment in farm yield and

periods during the summer months have

mechanization may have positive effects on

increased the health risks for farmers [52, 53].

work quality and quantity as well as work

The duration of work on the farm is associated

safety [19]. Weather conditions affect the

with the severity of damage occurred, in that

severity of the incident [59] as the degree of

more accidents happen to those who work over

the environment temperature, humidity, wind,

35 hours a week [54]. Work shifts and long

dust storms, precipitation and solar radiation

working hours can reduce work performance

can cause potential and significant risks on the

and increase the risk of obesity. They can also

farm environment [60].

bring about a wide range of chronic diseases

For farmers, there are perturbing occupational

and other accidents and injuries [55].

factors in the farm environment, including time

this

regard, farm vehicles, irrigation pesticide

are

require

influential in a

change

in

pressure with respect to seasonal workload and unpredictable factors, e.g. machinery failure

Farm environment In

addition

to

functioning

farmer’s

[61]. The amount of accidents in farms where

workplace, farm is considered a person’s living

work is full time is over twice that of farms

environment, because dangers can menace his

where work is part time [62]. Larger farms,

family as

person himself.

doing agricultural activities alone, long-term

Therefore, the environment of the farm is a

work experience, and old working conditions

dangerous environment that has an ongoing

are seen as accident-causing factors [19].

impact on the work and life of the people on

Failure to rest adequately when it comes to

the farm. Regardless of whether people are

injury and adverse workplace conditions gives

working on the farm or not [56], the lack of

rise to the occurrence of life threatening

farm resorts for farmers and the lack of proper

accidents [63]. Farmers may not have access to

well as

the

as

43



sanitary and welfare facilities on the farm; for

etc. By his new ideas and thoughts about how

instance, it is possible that workers become

the accidents occur and taking necessary

unable to wash their hands during the day or

actions for controlling them, Henrich had

have no access to washing machine or bathroom

important role in the Safety Science [69].

after work. Even if such possibilities are

Thus, as time goes by and new progresses

accessible, due to excessive workload, they

come along in this science, safety experts have

have not enough time to take care of their safety

begun to conclude that human being is the

[64]. Type of work on farms like tractor

main cause of accidents, and decided to direct

maintenance, livestock breeding, and the like is

their focus on human aspects of accident

known as a factor creating risk to farmers [54].

control. Therefore, they began to realize the importance of unsafe actions [70], because

Farm technologies and use of protective

efforts at controlling the rate of accidents and

equipment

reducing the resulting damages have shown

Negligence in maintenance and improper use

that human performance is the main cause of

of devices and equipment can cause dangers

accidents.

and accidents to farmers [29]. Equipment and

In the agricultural sector, yield of agricultural

use of machinery have a high potential for

crops depends on the power and physical

inflicting serious damages and accidents [65].

capacity of farmers. Thus, productivity of this

Use of unsafe and old methods, obsolete

sector is heavily influenced by the health of

machinery or lack of appropriate tools can also

workforce. Farmers are subject to particular

cause accidents to farmers [66]. Farmers’ main

job risks based on the type of activity, the

reasons for not using protective equipment

amount of using agriculture equipment and

include the lack of comfort, unpleasantness,

devices, and the amount of using pesticides.

inaccessibility to buy them or disturbance of

This

machinery noise [67]. The rattling sound of

measures for preventing the diseases and

machineries, long use of them, and lack of

accidents caused by work in this sector. It

protective equipment use are problematic to

further highlights the role of institutions like

farmers [68]. Generally, in the past, it was held

agricultural extension and education to have a

that adverse environmental conditions can

close link with farmers more than ever.

reveals

the

importance

of

certain

cause accidents; that is why little preventive measures are taken to individuals apart from

Agricultural extension and education

some training programs using safety posters,

In 44

the

twenty-first

century,

agriculture

Moradhaseli et al.


continues to stay at the forefront of the most

cultivation

and

farming

practices

and

vital means of progress and poverty decrease

techniques, increasing the efficiency of yield

as well as social and economic welfare

and income, and improvement of living level

increase. A farmer is in need of investment,

and social and educational standards of farmer

energy, knowledge and sufficient skills to

life [77]. By adding education attribute to

boost his work so that he can gain enough

extension, Moscher proposed it as extension

profit. In fact, as the main function of village,

education. He holds that the nature of an

farming assumes a vital role in boosting

extension process is to help farmers through

welfare and eradicating poverty [71].

informal education [78].

Given that agriculture is a basis of daily life sustainability and one of the main sections in

Importance of agricultural extension and

support of national and local economy [72],

education in reducing the accidents caused

the development of this section is crucial,

by agricultural work

which requires the application of proper tools

Traditionally,

in this regard. As one of the rural-related

known as one of the main factors in

institutions, agricultural extension is the most

determining quantity and quality of human

important and key tool used to achieve human,

capital. It is expected that health and sanitation

agricultural and rural development [73, 74].

as a part of human capital have a positive

Agriculture extension is a kind of service or

impact on productivity. In other words, the

system that assists people through training

share health and sanitation of workforce is

practices

conventional

higher in yield and productivity. Physical

agricultural techniques and boost their yield

capital per capita representing yield technique

and efficiency. Since most of the developing

is directly linked with the efficiency of

countries have a rural economy, the actors

workforce. Substituting capital in the form of

involved in the development of the country

equipment and machineries for workers can

play a vital role [75]. Rivera & Sulaiman

contribute to yield increase for work/hour

(2009) express it as the engine of knowledge

individual, so yield per capita of workforce

transfer, innovation and development [76].

and thus efficiency of workforce can increase.

Monder in the reference book “Food and

In addition, the

Agriculture

that

capacities has a positive impact on the

agricultural extension is a service or system

efficiency of workforce, the measurement of

that contributes

which is based on actual yield-to-potential

to

modify

their

Organization”

to the

believes

improvement of 45

health

and sanitation were

amount of using yield



yield ratio [79]. Promoting health through

agricultural extension and education program

lifetime increase and decrease of working days

could bring success in many less developed

when the workforces lose because of their own

countries like West Africa. Farmers’ ability to

or

maintain biodiversity, food security, society

relatives’

productivity

disease can improve labor and

indirectly

affect

yield.

education,

human

health

protection

and

Moreover, health promotion can increase life

political reforms are clear parts of the success

expectancy, thereby increasing tendency for

of this program [82, 83]. On the other hand,

saving among people, and hence, investment

extension educators are required to use leading

and faster economic growth [80]. Agricultural

theories and patterns in education when

extension and education can properly play a

implementing their educational programs in

role in reducing the accidents and dangers

order to achieve better result and increase the

caused by work, considering abilities and

efficiency of pedagogical programs, as well as

talents

between

using the latest pedagogical methods and tools.

farmers and rural society. On the other hand,

Theories and models are useful in different

education is the main leverage of extension in

stages

relationship

evaluation

offered

with

for

relationship

farmers.

The

role

of

of

planning, of

an

implementation, intervention,

as

and they

education in human resource improvement and

contribute to the understanding of desired

promotions and its economic effect, i.e.

sanitary behavior and explanation of its

productivity and yield increase, is undeniable

dynamics and effect of external factors on

[81]. Conversely, educational programs should

behavior, so that the most appropriate goals

cover all those involved in farms including

can be determined for programs, change

managers

and

practices, and assessable results [84]. In this

temporary workers. If there is any kind of

regard, some experts believe that one of the

migrant, illiterate or disabled worker, a variety

causes of pedagogical program failure is the

of training programs and new pedagogical

lack of attention to causality studies and their

methods should be used for them [60].

groundwork regardless of psychosocial models

This institution should seek for promotion of

as

farmers’ occupational health and sanitation

educational planning [85].

and supervisors, migrants

a

specific

intellectual framework of

awareness level about accidents, diseases and damages caused by work. Promotion using a

Conclusion

variety of methods can deal with farmers’

Agriculture is the most important and essential

training in safety and health; for instance, an

section of satisfying human life requirements, 46

Moradhaseli et al.


and the concept of developed world is not

extension is working with rural people in order

feasible without agriculture. Agriculture sector

to improve their living conditions by changing

is one of the main resources of employment

their knowledge, attitudes and skills. This goal

and income generation in many countries of

cannot be realized with neglecting the farmers’

the

health and safety. Thus, agricultural extension

world,

countries.

especially in the It

is

further

developing

responsible

for

and education can hold training courses and

providing security and food safety as a national

other educational activities in this regard in

target.

cooperation

On the other hand, agriculture is closely linked

professional health unit.

with

other

institutions

like

to different aspects of the farmers’ lives and their families, and their jobs continue to be

Conflict of interest statement

passed down from generation to generation. In

The authors declare that they have no conflict

other words, several generations thrive on the

of interest

farms, so that they no longer are able to continue working on farms. People of every

Sources of support

age are busy working on the farm though the

This study is a part of the PhD dissertation in

rate of accidents in agriculture is high. It can

Agricultural

be said that the high rate of agricultural

supported originally by a grant from Tarbiat

accidents is to some extent because of working

Modares

in special conditions as in mud, snow and rain,

Agricultural Extention and Education.

Extention

University,

and

Education

Department

of

and at high and low temperatures. In addition, it is likely that tasks entrusted to each member

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