Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 236 (2016) 194 – 200
International Conference on Communication in Multicultural Society, CMSC 2015, 6-8 December 2015, Moscow, Russian Federation
Features of language communication in a multicultural community: Russian texts of advertising signboards in the border cities of China Elena Ogleznevaa,b,*, Tatyana Petrovac, Jiang Yingd a
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation b Amur State University, 21 Ignatjevskoye avenue, Blagoveshchensk 675027, Russian Federation c Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Suhanova St., Vladivostok 690950, Russian Federation d Heihe University, 1 Institutskaya Street, Heihe 164300, China
Abstract The article explores outdoor advertising in Russian in Heihe and Hunchun, which are located in north-eastern China that borders Russia. The article examines Chinese advertizing signboards and advertisements made in the Russian language by the native Chinese, and their compliance with the Russian language standards of graphics and spelling. The purpose of the article is to analyze errors in the graphical form of Russian words and non-compliance with Russian spelling rules in texts of Chinese outdoor advertising in Russian. The authors find typical errors in graphics and spelling in Chinese advertising texts in Russian and explain their reasons. ©2016 2016Published The Authors. Published Ltd.access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © by Elsevier Ltd. by ThisElsevier is an open Peer-review under responsibility of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute). (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute). Keywords: Multicultural community, advertizing text, Russian, Chinese, language interaction, graphical errors, spelling errors, interference, phonetic writing
1. Introduction In recent decades, the border areas of Russia and China are actively forming a multicultural space, i.e. a territory of the preservation and development of cultural differences. Geographically, the area is associated with the Russian Far East and Trans-Baikal and the north-east of China.
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1877-0428 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute). doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.064
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Multiculturalism in these areas shows in the tolerance towards different cultural attributes of different nations, first of all, Russian and Chinese, as well as in the promotion of these attributes in order to attract the attention of foreign consumers of goods and services. By cultural attributes, we understand cultural identifiers of a people that characterize it as a special ethnic group: language, cuisine, national household practices, national architecture, traditional national costume, etc. National cultural attributes permeate the border areas, make them specific if compared with other regions, and demonstrate the various forms of cultural and linguistic interaction while maintaining their overall identity. A manifestation of multiculturalism is a curious fact of numerous advertising texts in Russian that the native Chinese have written in order to attract Russian tourists who come to China in large numbers for Chinese goods and services. We have studied the frontier cities of the People's Republic of China, Heihe (Heilongjiang Province) and Hunchun (Jilin), located in the north-east of the country. Heihe is located on the right bank of the Amur River opposite the Russian city of Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast. Hunchun is located 10 km away from the Russian Primorsky Krai border. These cities have a lot of outdoor advertising in Russian that often makes native speakers of Russian smile and linguists wish to find an explanation for this linguistic phenomenon (Kolomenskaya, 2010; Oglezneva and Jiang Ying, 2014; Petrova and Petrova, 2014). Besides the fact that the advertising space of northeast China is verbalized in the Chinese and Russian languages, it includes advertising in Korean. For instance, in Hunchun, advertising signboards in Chinese often have Korean translations, as this city is in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of China, and Russian translations, so the advertising space of the city can be described as trilingual (Petrova and Petrova, 2014). A relevant tendency in this connection is the growing presence of English in advertising texts of China's northeast; it has different forms and reflects the general trend of the spread of English in the world. Language interaction issues have always been at the center of research attention and discussed on different linguistic data. The problems of language contacts were profoundly theoretized in the classical work by U. Weinreich, Languages in Contact, where interference has been described as a result of the violation of rules of a language influenced by norms of another language (Weinreich, 1979). Violations of rules, or errors, are natural and logical in learning and using a foreign language. Typical errors prompt to identify the causes of such errors, understand how they appear and find ways to prevent them, which is of great practical value, e.g., when learning a foreign language, when translating from one language to another. The relevance of the study of language and communication errors in a mother tongue and a foreign language has been emphasized by A. Nikunlassi and E. Protasova. They noted the prospects of using the knowledge in this area to evaluate and improve the methods of teaching native and foreign languages, to diagnose the level of language ability, to establish the native / non-native language of the speaker, to diagnose types of aphasia and psychophysiological abnormalities, etc., as well as to mark the social group affiliation of the speaker (Nikunlassi and Protasova, 2014). There are different aspects of the study of errors in language interaction. The greatest number of works in this field is devoted to errors of learners of a particular language, e.g., pronunciation errors (Pussinen, 2014), grammatical errors (Hara, 2014), semantic errors (Ovchinnikova and Pavlova, 2014; Shchemerova, 2014). Typical studies concern errors at different levels of the language system (Zemskaya, 2001; Gülbeyaz, 2012; Perotto and Niznik, 2014); the general typology of errors (Pfau, 2012), and cause of errors (Beysenbaeva, 1994; Harley, 2006; Shaklein, 2008; Gülbeyaz, 2012; Oglezneva, 2014; Suryanarayan 2014). Research material for such studies is diverse: texts written by non-native speakers, e.g., written works of foreign language learners (Voeykova, 2014, Nenonen, 2014; Peeters-Podgaevskaya and Dorofeeva, 2013), advertising texts (Ibraeva and Alisharieva, 2014), translated texts (Ovchinnikova and Pavlova, 2014) and oral texts (Perotto and Niznik, 2014). Chinese advertising texts, namely texts of advertising signboards in Russian, have not been analyzed in terms of their classification at different levels of the language system, which is the novelty of our study. The results of our research contribute to the development of contact linguistics as they show typical and specific, traditionally manifested and new elements in language facts caused by the interaction of the Russian and Chinese languages.
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Besides, the introduced language data represent a particular linguistic situation of active, although specific functioning of the Russian language in a foreign territory; extralinguistic factors causing this functioning. The object of study in this article are texts of Chinese signboards in Russian that are a significant part of the advertising space in the north-east of China. 2. Research material and methods We have analyzed more than a thousand Chinese advertising signboards and advertisements in Russian in Heihe and Hunchun, north-eastern China. The main research method was comparison. The text of an advertising signboard was analyzed in comparison with the text reconstructed on its basis and complying with the norms of the modern Russian language; the elements of the original and reconstructed texts were compared and systematized in order to identify typical errors. The next stage of the analysis was explanatory: we searched for explanations of errors in the typological features of the interacting languages, Russian and Chinese. The purpose of the article is to analyze graphical and spelling errors in in the texts of Chinese outdoor advertising in Russian as conditioned by the interaction of the typological features of the contact languages, Russian and Chinese. The author of signboards in Russian in China is the owner of a trade or service enterprise interested in attracting the attention of Russian tourists (= recipients): the Russian text both informs about a specific city's object and individualizes it in the communicative space of the city. Thematically, Chinese signboards and advertisements in Russian can be divided into the following groups by their spheres of functioning: 1. Trade: store and shopping mall signboards, sale and product advertisements: Одежда молодёжной модной (Odezhda molodezhnoy modnoy) [Youth Fashion Clothing] (Heihe), Очки "синь ши мин" (Ochki "sin' shi min") ["Sin Chi Minh" Glasses] (Heihe); Магазин гигиены "чидань" (Magazin gigieny "chidan'") [Hygiene Shop "Chidan"] (Heihe); Магазин цветов и подарки "тёплый дом" (Magazin tsvetov i podarki "teplyy dom") [Flower & Gift Shop "Warm House"] (Heihe); Автомагазин "Бай чэ цзюN" (Avtomagazin "Bay che tszyuN") [Car Shop "Bai Tszyui Che"] (Heihe); РусскNи товарныи большоN мир "дун шзн" (RusskNi tovarnyi bol'shoN mir "dun shzn") [Big World of Russian Goods "Tung Sheng"] (Heihe); Магазин по чемодану и сумке (Magazin po chemodanu i sumke) [Suitcase and Bag Shop] (Heihe); Меховои "Саша" (=Меховой магазин "Саша") (Mekhovoi "Sasha" (=Mekhovoy magazin "Sasha")) [Fur Shop "Sasha"] (Hunchun); Магазин для беременных и младенцев (Magazin dlya beremennykh i mladentsev) [Shop for Pregnant Women and Infants] (Hunchun); Магазин "5 юаней" (Magazin "5 yuaney") [Five Yuan Shop] (Hunchun), etc. 2. Services: names of hairdressing salons, beauty parlors, bathhouses, hotels, restaurants, pastry shops: Точечнй массаж ступней сакура (Tochechny massazh stupney sakura) [Foot Acupressure Sakura] (Heihe); Модная гостиница "Хэйтун" (Modnaya gostinitsa "Kheytun") [Trendy Hotel "Heytun"] (Hunchun); Мороженое "Кругое здание" (Morozhenoe "Krugoe zdanie") [Ice Cream "Circle Building"] (Hunchun); Салон визитной карточки Хуа Вэй (Salon vizitnoy kartochki Khua Vey) [Hua Wei Business Card Salon] (Heihe); Компьютерная компания (Komp'yuternaya kompaniya) [Computer Company] (Heihe); Чистка обуив (Chistka obuiv) [Shoe Cleaning] (Heihe); Красота орган (Krasota organ) [Beauty Body] (Heihe); Домашняятехника "Север-Восток" (Domashnyayatekhnika "Sever-Vostok") [House Appliencies "North-East"] (Hunchun), etc. 3. Medical services: names of hospitals, clinics, dental clinics, pharmacies and other health care institutions. For instance, Больница китайской медициныгорода Хэйхэ (Bol'nitsa kitayskoy meditsinygoroda Heihe) [Chinese Medicine Hospital of Heihe]; Больница хейхеского университета (Bol'nitsa Heiheskogo universiteta) [Heihe University Hospital]; Клиника (Klinika) [Clinic] (Heihe); Аптека "Общее спокойствие с народом" при Харбинскои пекарственной корпорации (Apteka "Obshchee spokoystvie s narodom" pri Kharbinskoi pekarstvennoy korporatsii) [Pharmacy "Total Tranquility with People" of Harbin Medicine Corporation] (Heihe); Больница ротовой полости (Bol'nitsa rotovoy polosti) [Hospital of the Mouth Cavity] (Heihe); У Нади аптека для русских (U Nadi apteka dlya russkikh) [At Nadia's Pharmacy for Russians] (Hunchun); Клиника семья (Klinika sem'ya) [Family Clinic] (Hunchun), etc.
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Our calculations show that only 41 % of signboards can be considered correct. In other cases, they do not comply with the norms of the Russian language at different levels of the language system: phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic, which is their main language feature. Thus, violations of phonetic rules appear in the non-differentiation of separate sounds in writing (e.g., /ts/ and /tʃ/); violations of grammatical rules in the non-declension of Russian names, the wrong use of the aspect and mood forms of the verb, the inappropriate use of the infinitive, etc.; violations of lexical rules in the wrong word usage, in wrong lexical compatibility, etc. (Oglezneva, 2014). A significant part of the Russian language misuse in the analyzed advertising texts is due to graphical and spelling errors in the Russian language which, in the context of the Chinese signboards in Russian, are often interconnected. 3. Results The analysis of the signboards allowed us to identify several groups of typical graphical and spelling errors. 3.1. Errors caused by the influence of the native language system, i.e. resulting from interference Such errors include: 1) use of the wrong letter instead of the correct one: пляжкаменътигра (plyazhkamen"tigra) [Tiger Stone Beach]: the hard sign instead of the soft, Госминца Восмочная звезда" (Gosmintsa Vosmochnaya zvezda) [Eastern Star Hotel]: м (m) is used instead of т (t); мужской женской одетды (muzhskoy zhenskoy odetdy) [male female clothes]: т (t) is used instead of ж (zh); централвный проход (tsentralvnyy prokhod) [Central Pass]: в (v) instead of ь (soft sign); размешение русских друзей (razmeshenie russkikh druzey) [Housing for Russian friends]: ш (sh) instead of щ (shch); Яща джан (Yashcha dzhan) [Yasha-Jan]: щ (shch) instead of ш (sh); Класс обучения игре на срортепиано (Klass obucheniya igre na srortepiano) [Piano Lessons]: letter combination ср (sr) instead of ф (f), etc. We explain this type of errors by the close graphical shape of different letters of the foreign (Russian) language: з (z) – э (e), m (t) – м (m), п (p) – л (l), ь (soft sign) – ъ (hard sign), б (b) – д (d), щ (shch) – ш (sh), ср (sr) – ф (f), etc. In the Chinese language meanings are expressed by ideograms, thus, the Chinese perceive small differences between externally resembling signs as insignificant; 2) fused spelling: "Спредоставлениемвизиткиводителю" ("Spredostavleniemvizitkivoditelyu"), the correct form being "С предоставлением визитки водителю" ("S predostavleniem vizitki voditelyu") [With a business card for the driver]; "Наборпостелей" ("Naborposteley"), the correct form being "Набор постелей" ("Nabor posteley") [Bed sets]; "Лечитмассаж" ("Lechitmassazh"), the correct form being "Лечит массаж" ("Lechit massazh") [Massage cures]; с торговымзнаком (s torgovymznakom), the correct form being с торговым знаком (s torgovym znakom) [with a trademark], etc. Such errors can be associated with the influence of the graphical system of the native Chinese language with its logosyllabic script that employs syllables-words in a graphically continuous manner. We believe that this tradition influences the representation of Russian texts by the Chinese: they use the rules of their native language to make texts in Russian of the elements of a completely different nature; 3) use of lowercase instead of uppercase in proper names, in the beginning of the sentence, etc.: адрес ул.центральная, 1 (adres ul.tsentralnaya, 1) [1 Central St.]; на ул. пешеходной улице (na ul. peshekhodnoy ulitse) [In Walking St.]; ул. южная, 88 (ul. Yuzhnaya, 88) [88 South St.], and, vice versa, use of uppercase instead of lowercase: Магазин Внешней Торговли (Magazin Vneshney Torgovli) [Foreign Trade Shop]; Магазин По продаже Электро-механического Оборудования "Синь Ань" (Magazin Po prodazhe Elektro-mekhanicheskogo Oborudovaniya "Sin' An'") [Electric and Mechanical Equipment Shop "Xin An"]; Меняйте Ремешок Батарейка (Menyayte Remeshok Batareyka) [Change Strap and Battery]; ВлаДивосток РестоРан (VlaDivostok RestoRan) [Vladivostok Restaurant], etc. In our opinion, such errors are due to the irrelevance of the concept of the letter case for the Chinese: "The Chinese hieroglyphic script has no capital letters to indicate the beginning of a sentence or to highlight proper names in texts" (Kontsevich, 2002), so the distinction between capital and lower-case letters does not seem important to Chinese speakers.
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3.2. Errors connected with the tendency to phonetic spelling The desire to write a Russian word the way it is pronounced and heard leads to errors that can be qualified as spelling ones. Chinese signboards in Russian have the following spelling errors: 1) wrong spelling of unstressed vowels in the roots of Russian words кампьютер (kampyuter) [computer], милирование (milirovanie) [highlight], багатый выбор (bagatyy vybor) [big choice], манитор (manitor) [monitor], распрадажа (raspradazha) [sale]; 2) errors in the unstressed endings of nouns: по выдачи мелкого кридита (po vydachi melkogo kridita) [on the issue of a small loan]; 3) misspelling of connecting vowels in compound words: кашиварки (kashivarki) [cook], микрасмеха (mikrasmeha) [micro-scheme]; 4) errors in the spelling of strong vowels: соуна (souna) [sauna], оптом и в разницу (optom i v raznitsu) [wholesale and retail], магазин русских товорах (magazin russkikh tovorakh) [Russian Goods Shop], прадавальственный магазин (pradaval'stvennyy magazin) [Food Shop]; 4) loss of a consonant in consonant clusters, i.e. simplification of consonant clusters characteristic of oral speech: Извесная (=известная) марка (Izvesnaya (=izvestnaya marka) [popular brand]; 5) expression of dissimiliation processes: Децкая (=детская) одежда (Detzkaya (=detskaya) odezhda) [Children's wear]; 6) visual representation of the normative pronunciation of genitive case endings: Больница Хэйхэсково (=Хэйхэского) университета (Bol'nitsa Kheykheskovo (=Kheykheskogo) universiteta) [Heihe University Hospital]. In the Russian language, only stressed vowels are pronounced in full accordance with their basic meaning. All unstressed vowels are reduced, less distinct than the stressed, sometimes even replaced by other vowels, also reduced. For instance, in the first pretonic syllable the vowel 'o' is pronounced as /a/; vowels 'е' (ye) and 'я' (ya) are pronounced as /i/. In other unstressed syllables vowels are pronounced shorter than in the stressed. Numerous examples of advertising signboards in Russian reflect: a) akanye (merge of unstressed /a/ and /o/), which is the norm for the Russian pronunciation: Молако (Molako) [Milk]; Распрадажа (Raspradazha) [Sale]; Прадавальственный магазин (Pradavalstvenny magazin) [Food Shop]; Кабинет касметологии (Kabinet kasmetologii) [Cosmetology Office]; Яша вас встретит и проважает! (Yasha vas vstretit i provazhaet!) [Yasha will see you on and off!]; Торжественная открытие (Torzhestvennaya otkrytie) [Grand Opening]; Запасная карточка мабильника (Zapasnaya kartochka mabil'nika) [Spare SIM Card]; Игравой компьютер (Igravoy komp'yuter) [Game Computer]; Автамабильный телевизор (Avtamabil'nyy televizor) [Car TV]; Отличная качества (Otlichnaya kachestva) [Excellent Quality]; Пива 2 юань (Piva 2 yuan') [Beer for 2 yuan], etc.; b) ikanye (merger of unstressed /e/ and /i/): Пильмени (Pil'meni) [Pelmeni]; Мелкий кридит (Melkiy kridit) [Small Loan]; Вихотка (Vikhotka) [Shower Puff]; Стирильное лечение (Stiril'noe lechenie) [Sterile Treatment]; Широкий выбор Авто аксисуаров (Shirokiy vybor Avto aksisuarov) [Wide Selection of Car Accessories]; По этой карточки дайте вам скидку (Po etoy kartochki dayte vam skidku) [This card gives you a discount], etc. Thus, the Chinese authors of advertising signboards often ignore the fact that Russian spelling is quite different from pronunciation, and reflect the pronunciation variant in their written texts, not the written norm. 3.3. Mixed use of letters and sounds of the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets Examples of such signs are: РусскNи товарныи большоN мир "дун шзн" (RusskNi tovarnyi bol'shoN mir "dun shzn") [Big World of Russian Goods "Tung Sheng"]; Сувернирый магаэNн (Suverniryy magaeNn) [Gift Shop]; Магазин одежды "красNвой женцины" (Magazin odezhdy "krasNvoy zhentsiny") [Clothing Store "Beautiful Women"]; Шесть юаней магазNн (Shest' yuaney magazNn) [Six Yuan Shop]; Цифровая электронNка (Tsifrovaya elektronNka) [Digital Electronics]; ЭлектропрNборы (ElektroprNbory) [Electrical Appliances]; Стоматологическая больница хуэN минь (Stomatologicheskaya bol'nitsa khueN min') [Dental Hospital of Hui Min]; Паркет и деревяннPIе дрери (Parket i derevyannPIe dreri) [Parquet and Wooden Doors]; Женкая улиḣа (Zhenkaya uliḣa) [Women Street], etc. China, including its north-eastern part bordering with Russia, has recently recognized the significance of English as the language of advanced technology and international communication (Proshina, 2001). It is mostly English that is taught in China's schools and universities as a foreign language. The Chinese often use English in non-formal communication with the Europeans (naively associating the knowledge of the language with the belonging to the European type), as well as in advertising. We emphasize that the Russian language is of great relevance in China's
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northeast, yet English is becoming more widespread worldwide, the north-east of China being no exception. As a result, a kind of a "conflict" occurs in the territory between the two graphical alphabetic systems, Russian and English, different from the ideographic writing of the Chinese language. The elements of the two "conflicting" systems are hard to distinguish for the Chinese; thus, they are mixed, interchanged or even identified. For instance, a Russian word can be written with letters of the Latin alphabet: letters are confused that stand for sounds with similar articulation (e.g., Russian н (n) and п), or that are graphically similar to the uninitiated eye: Russian ц (ts) and h (h resembles an inverted ц with its "tail" up). In addition to the above-mentioned graphical and spelling errors in Chinese advertising signboards in Russian, we came across other single cases that are also in line with the general laws: interference and convergence of writing with pronunciation. 4. Conclusion The new social conditions and the historical situation of the existence of languages are important factors in the dynamics of language. A multicultural society actively searches for the best means of language communication. Sometimes this search is spontaneous, by the trial and error method, and not regulated at the legislative level. However, linguistics finds such trials and errors significant, for sometimes it is they that indicate trends in language development that usually first appear in the marginal or peripheral areas of language. In particular, the article describes the present-day situation of the Russian language use in Chinese advertising signboards in the conditions of strong international interaction, and this situation emphasizes the greater expediency of phonetic writing in some cases. Graphical and spelling errors in the texts of Chinese signboards in Russian show adaptation of the Russian and Chinese languages, typologically different in the graphical representation of information, and ways of neutralizing information irrelevant for Chinese speakers, which leads to communicative failures in the interaction with information recipients, Russian speakers. The identified features of Russian-Chinese language interaction allow us to formulate recommendations for writing orthographically and graphically correct texts in advertising signboards in the situation of multicultural communication. References Beysenbaeva, K.A. (1994). Sopostavitel'naya grammatika russkogo i kazakhskogo yazykov [Comparative grammar of the Russian and Kazakh languages]. Almaty: Ana tili. (In the Russian language). Gülbeyaz, E.I. (2012). Spracherwerb und Fehleranalyse. Eine korpusanalytische Studie [Language acquisition and error analysis. A corpus analytical study]. Frankfurt am Main: Lang. (In the German Language). Hara, D. (2014). Riski vozmozhnykh grammaticheskikh oshibok v russkoy rechi yaponogovoryashchikh [Risks of possible grammatical errors in the Russian speech of Japanese speakers]. Slavica Helsingiensia, 45, 63-74. (In the Russian language). Harley, T.A. (2006). Speech errors: psycholinguistic approach. In K. Brown (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of language and linguistics (vol. 11, 2nd ed.) (pp. 739-744). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Ibraeva, Zh. and Alisharieva, A. (2014). Funktsionirovanie yazykov v bilingval'nom prostranstve Kazakhstana (analiz reklamnykh tekstov) [Language functioning in the bilingual space of Kazakhstan (advertising text analysis)]. Slavica Helsingiensia, 45, 218-227. (In the Russian language). Kolomenskaya, V.V. (2010). Kitayskaya reklama na russkom yazyke: k voprosu o yazykovoy spetsifike (na materiale russkikh vyvesok v g. Kheykhe, KNR) [Chinese advertising in Russian: On the specifics of the language (on the data of Russian signboards in Heihe, China]. In N.G. Arkhipova, E.A. Oglezneva (Eds.), Slovo: Fol'klorno-dialektologicheskiy al'manakh. Materialy nauchnykh ekspeditsiy [Word: Folklore and dialectology almanac. Materials of research expeditions] (vol. 8, pp. 31-37). Blagoveshchensk: Amur State University. (In the Russian language). Kontsevich, L.R. (2002). Kitayskie imena sobstvennye i terminy v russkom tekste (posobie po transkriptsii) [Chinese proper names and terms in the Russian text (A handbook of transcription)]. Moscow: Muravey. (In the Russian language). Nenonen, O. (2014). Oshibki v pis'mennoy rechi u studentov-bilingvov [Errors in the writing of bilingual students]. Slavica Helsingiensia, 45, 261-280. (In the Russian language). Nikunlassi, A. and Protasova, E.O. (2014). O vazhnosti oshibok dlya issledovaniya mnogoyazychiya [On the importance of errors in multilingualism research]. Slavica Helsingiensia, 45, 5-13. Oglezneva, E.A. (2014). "Kitayskiy russkiy…" (k voprosu o sovremennykh formakh russko-kitayskogo yazykovogo vzaimodeystviya) ["Chinese Russian . . ." (on the contemporary forms of Russian-Chinese language interaction)]. Slavica Helsingiensia, 45, 162-174. (In the Russian language).
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