final project report

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Oct 15, 2014 - cleft, side, whip or tongue) can be-used for top-working. However, cleft ..... mulch or organic compost to cover the soil after you have raked and cleaned it well. Mulch will ... rejuvenated. Unsuccessful % Success. 1. Nai Basti. 20. 20. -. 100. 2. Chainpura .... Cost of rejuvenation for one plant = 168/- (approx.) ...
FINAL PROJECT REPORT “TRAINING CUM DEMONSTRATION OF OLD/ UNPRODUCTIVE ORCHARDS OF JAMMU SUB-TROPICS” (MIDH-REJUVENATION) Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture Ministry of Agriculture, GOI Dr. Parshant Bakshi Principal Investigator (2014-2017)

Division of Fruit Science Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, FOA, Main Campus, Chatha -180009

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

Page 1

Contents S.No.

Particulars

Page No.

1.

Introduction

2.

Objectives

16

3.

Achievements of the project

16

4.

Training programmes organized

17-18

a.

Photo graphic details

18-26

b.

Media coverage

27-29

5.

Recommendations of the projects

30

6.

Economics of rejuvenation

30

7.

Tools and equipments used in rejuvenation

31

8.

Expenditure details of the project

32

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

3-15

Page 2

1. Title

2. a) Name of the PI b) Name of the Co-PI’s

TRAINING CUM DEMONSTRATION OF OLD/ UNPRODUCTIVE ORCHARDS OF JAMMU SUBTROPICS Dr Parshant Bakshi Dr. V.K Wali; Dr. Akash Sharma; Dr. Amit Jasrotia and Dr Bharat Bhushan

c) Research Associate 3. Project Funded by

Ms. Preeti Choudhary Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

4. a) Date of start of the project

15th October, 2014

b) Date of Completion

31st March, 2017

c) Period of support

3 years

1. Introduction The concept of rejuvenation is defined as the opposite of aging. It is to restore youthful vigor or appearance.  Definition of Rejuvenation Rejuvenation means restoring vitality and freshness of plants. It is another name for renewal. Rejuvenation is attempted to make the plant new. In India, many existing orchards are not as productive as their potential. Selection of poor planting material, improper plantation and upkeep make orchards uneconomic. These situations necessitate need for rejuvenation. Various factors which make the plant susceptible to rejuvenation are as under:  Infestation of orchards  Improper planting  Planting material  Faulty site  Adverse weather conditions  Attack of pests and pathogen Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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 Objectives of Rejuvenation  Enhance the productivity of old fruit orchards.  Make senile orchards productive and juvenile.  Enhance the profitability.  Conservation of old progeny or species.  Top working It is the process of converting an undesirable plant into desirable type. Usually, seedling stand of fruit plants are considered suitable for top working. Top-working is generally done on long-lived species, growing in a healthy condition. Short-lived species, diseased trees are not suitable for top-working; in such cases new planting is considered more economical and useful than top-working. To begin with the process, the plants are headed back within 1 meter height from ground level during spring when the plant is in active growth stage. The new shoot appeared in response of heading back are selected and vegetative propagation (budding/grafting) method is resorted during June-July. Any method of grafting (splice, cleft, side, whip or tongue) can be-used for top-working. However, cleft is the most popular and commonly used method, especially when thick branches are selected. When younger and thin branches are used, whip and tongue is the best method. Topworking is most successful when relatively young trees are used. The branches to be grafted should be 2.5 cm to 7.5 cm or 10.0 cm in thickness. The branches to be topworked should be cut in such a way that the cut surface is smooth, and is at a point of the branch where there are no knots or smaller branches. Scions for top-working are collected when they are dormant. They should be collected from healthy trees, free from diseases, especially from viruses. Immediately after collection, the scions are wrapped with polyethylene film and stored at 0°C. Dormant scions unite with the stock promptly and start growing within a few weeks. During grafting, care should be taken to see that the scion is not dried by exposure to the sun. Immediately after each limb is grafted, it should be thoroughly covered with grafting wax, sealing all the exposed cut surfaces.

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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 Aftercare of top worked trees Top worked trees should be inspected every 3 to 5 days and if the wax covering of the graft joint showed any cracks or holes, a fresh coating of wax should be immediately applied. Sun-burn of the trunk is a serious problem in top- worked trees, especially when grafting is done in late spring and there is no nurse branch. Under such conditions, white-washing the trunk and branches will help in reflecting the radiant energy, and will prevent sun-burn injury by keeping tie bark of the tree quite cool. Usually more than one (2 to 4) scions are grafted to each limb. However, if all the scions unite and grow, there will be excessive crowding of branches. It is better to select the best placed and strongest growing scion for growing permanently and all other weak growing scions should be removed after a few years of observation of their growth habit. The top worked tree should be irrigated periodically and fertilized. Plant protection measures should also be adopted to prevent the rotting of wood and to keep away the bark-eating caterpillars.  Techniques of rejuvenation pruning Pruning is very powerful technique of rejuvenating the plants. It brings juvenility. While pruning every attempt is made to remove dead, damaged, diseased and interlace rating branches. Generally, pruning is resorted at breast height at about 2m height from ground level. Lower is the pruning, more vigorous is the sprouting. It is the physiological age and not chronological age that is most important for juvenility and in turn the ability of the plant to sprout. Further, after long bearing age, trees itself enter into senility. Pruning helps in invigorating such trees.  Manuring Timely manuring and fertilization is essential for good resume of rejuvenated plants. Manures and fertilizers are applied one month ahead of flowering. On rejuvenated plants upon emergence of new growth, micronutrients should be supplied. These nutrients may also be applied repeatedly during new growth stage of plants. However, Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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the requirement of major nutrients especially N, P, K being of higher order must be applied through soil application.  Thinning of shoots In response to pruning, there is emergence of several shoots on the plants. These shoots remain over crowded one over the other. Aeration, penetration of light, space etc among the branches is not at all proper. To deal with the situation, only selected number of shoot may be allowed to grow on the plant. While thinning, 4-5 shoots spread all around the plant may be allowed to grow. Rest of the shoots are removed. Healthy, vigorous, well sprouted and well spaced shoots are retained to constitute framework of rejuvenated plants.  Supplemental feeding A damaged plant can be brought back to vigorous stage by arranging for infusion of sap. For this purpose, many seeds are planted near trunk of the plant. They are allowed to grow. When seedlings attain height of about 1metre, they are detopped. Their top portions are incisized in the form of wedge. Similar matching cut is given in trunk of plant requiring rejuvenation pruning. After that the top portions of seedlings are inserted in bark of damaged plant. After some time, union takes place and the seedlings become part of old rejuvenating tree  Control of devitalizing agents Pests and diseases act as major devitalizing agent of plants. In woody perennial plants, there is heavy incidence of bark eating caterpillar, trunk borer, leaf eating caterpillar pests, etc. In long run, these pests devitalize the plants. With trunk borer, the plants xylem tissues are damaged, the flow of cell sap is hampered and the plants enter the stage of decadence. Diseases also ruin the health of plants. Leaf spot disease, pink diseases, stem rot, root rot, etc. take a heavy toll on survival of plants. These causative diseases need timely control.

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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 T Budding or Shield budding Shield budding also known as T-Budding is a technique of grafting to change varieties of fruit trees. Typically used in fruit tree propagation. It can also be used for many other kinds of nursery stocks. Fruit budding is done when the barks “Slips” i.e. the cambium is moist and actively growing. T-budding is the most common method of propagation where by a ‘T’ shaped slit is made in the stock plant and the knife is flexed from the side to side in the lower cells.  Cleft grafting It is one of the oldest techniques of top working trees. It is also useful for propagating small trees. In case of top working tree, the use of this technique should be limited to branches of about 2.5 to 10 cm diameter. The plant species which has straight grained wood and splits evenly are considered ideal for cleft grafting. On the stub to be grafted, a downward vertical split of 5 to 8 cm length is prepared. The vertical incision is made on two sides of stock. The scion shoot of 8 to 10 cm length and pencil thickness is used. Matching incision is prepared on lower portion of scion. The scion is inserted in vertical splits of rootstock.  Wedge grafting Old trees can be rejuvenated through wedge grafting. The plant is cut in the form of stub at about 1 m height from ground. V-wedge about 5 cm deep is prepared in the side of stub. Similar matching V shape cut is prepared at the bottom of scion. The scion is tapped downward firmly into place. It is kept outward slightly at the top to have a best match of cambium layer. Every attempt is made that scion should be held tightly in place to prevent its dislodging.  Bridge grafting It is used to repair the plants. Quiet often plants receive injury due to cultivation equipments, winter injury, diseases, pests, rodents, etc. If the damage is excessive, the tree is very sure to die. Actually the damage causes hindrances in translocation of nutrients from top to roots. Bridge grafting takes care of it. It is best performed during early spring when the plant is actively growing and there is slipping of bark easily. The Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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scion should be obtained from 1 year old growth. Dormant scion of 6-13 mm diameter is used for grafting. Before attempting bridge grafting, wounded area is trimmed back to healthy, undamaged tissue by removing dead or damaged part. V-shape incision is made at the tip and also the bottom of rootstock to insert scion. The scion is inserted every 5-7 around the injured section of the plant. After insertion of all scions, the cut surface must be covered by graft wax so as to avoid any damage to the scion which would result in failure  Frame working Grafting many small secondary scaffold branches high on the tree constitutes frame working. It requires insertion of grafts throughout the main frame of the tree. A large number of scions is required to replace the small laterals and scaffold branches. Growth coming out of the previous frame of the tree is removed time to time to favour establishment of the scions. Frame working is resorted using budding/grafting technique. The frame worked plants reward good fruiting but, the technique being cumbersome and expensive is not practiced commercially in the orchard. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF ORCHARDS FOR REJUVENATION PROGRAMME  Orchards with less number of trees per unit area with poor production.  Unproductive orchards owing to local varieties  Senile and neglected orchards.  Age of the orchard for implementations and rejuvenation of programme  Pest and disease infected plants  Awareness to the growers for its importance Considering the various pros and cons of rejuvenation, it will only be programmatic to undertake it after giving proper training for acquiring knowledge to the orchardist to develop the expert system and apply the methodology in scientific manner. The orchardist should have equipped himself with technological development and ideas that tree has strong renewable ability and the breakeven point is only two years, whereas establishment of new orchards will take 5-6 years to come into commercial bearing. Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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The harvest of enhanced quality production like young commercial bearing orchards can further be obtained for at least another 12-15 years.  Repairing of wounds Any wound on the tree if allowed to remain exposed may attract the organisms of diseases from the surrounding atmosphere. So, they should be properly treated to encourage healing. If wound is small, simply painting with colour or any other disinfectant may suffice the purpose.  Reiterative pruning In case of rejuvenation, heavy reiterative pruning of tree is done at the height of 2 meters to 3 meters depending upon the girth and type of main trunk. About 3 to 5 main branches with outward growth from the base are marked for pruning at required height, with a plan of developing umbrella like or semi circular frame work of tree canopy. Pruning can be done either with manual saw or power operated saw. Care should be taken to avoid bark splitting or debarking at the cut end due to falling of heavy branches at the time of pruning. It is always advised to go for reiterative pruning for rejuvenation in phase manner starting from the top light pruning to reduce weight up to the final point. After care is very important for successful rejuvenation. To avoid any external infection at the cut portion, it should be pasted with Bordeaux mixture or Copperoxychloride.  Time of reiterative pruning By adopting and following all the required scientific procedures, the best time to go for reiterative pruning for rejuvenation is August, September i.e. mainly after the rainy season. Rejuvenation is labour intensive operation and it is extremely necessary to complete the operations in time (August-September) for achieving the desired results.  Nutrition management After the reiterative pruning, the tree should be fed with optimum fertilizer doses, followed by irrigation near the root zone, just like the commercial orchards. The Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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manures and fertilizers should be applied through ring method. The dose per tree as an adult bearing stage i.e. 75-80 kg well rotten FYM, 2 kg neem / castor cake, 1 kg Urea, 1.5 kg single super phosphate and 500 g muriate of potash should be applied preferably in two split doses one during August-September and another in February-March. The micro nutrients like Zinc (ZnSO4, @ 2-3 g/l) and boron (Borax @ 2 g/l) may be applied through foliar application from one year after the reiterative pruning.  Thinning and canopy development It has been observed that the pruned trunk / branches during the month of August, starts putting forth vegetative sprouts just after 25-30 days. The enormous numbers of branches come out and cover the entire body of the pruned plant. At this juncture, careful thinning operation is required to be done with the ultimate aim of developing solid, semi-circular or open umbrella type canopy. Shoot removal should not be done just after their emergence; rather, these should be removed sequencely after 6-8 months of rejuvenation. In this attempt, it is required to remove the sucker growth around the bottom of the trunk and thin out the excessive branches as well, keeping only 3-4 numbers nearly top-side portion on each pruned limbs of the trunk projecting all the directions and further training for acquiring desired shape. The air and light must have access to all the parts of the tree.  Irrigation Rejuvenated trees require immediate irrigation if any dry spell occurs, to avoid drying out of the trees. Irrigation is must after the manure and fertilizer application. Irrigation at regular interval of 8-10 days during hot summer season and 15-16 days during winter season helps faster vegetative growth and good canopy development. Mulching during the months of April-May and September-October have been found beneficial in conserving soil moisture beneath the tree canopy, reducing the frequency of irrigation and enhancing growth.  Space utilization for yield compensation Just after the completion of reiterative pruning for rejuvenation, the open interspace between the plants / trees is created in the orchard like newly planted orchard. Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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Intercrops during summer season like black gram, mung, maize, cucurbitaceous vegetable, fodder crops etc. and during rabi season, the crops like cowpea, french bean, Pea, Potato, Mustard etc have been found most suitable. Flowering plants and annual fruit crops like papaya and banana have also been found to give good income for 2-3 years. Apart from the significant income obtained by the intercrops in rejuvenated orchards, the added advantages like improvement in the soil tilth (health), almost complete check over weed growth as well as fewer incidences of pest’s diseases are also obtained  Plant health management Plant protection measures are equally important for healthy growth. Intensive care to mange the infestation of important pests like stem / shoot borer, bark eating caterpillar, mite, leaf roller, leaf miner and leaf cutting weevil etc. and the diseases like microbial infestations are required. Control methods may be biological, mechanical or chemical or the combination depending upon the growers’ preference and specific circumstances. Leaf roller, leaf miner and leaf cutting weevil start damaging right from the beginning of the rejuvenated trees, hence care is required  Fruit yield and quality It has been found that the yield obtained from the old trees (non rejuvenated) is high but fetching very less price in the market due to inferior quality particularly with respect to size and wastage due to attack of many physiological disorders and attack of pestsdiseases. Fruit yield and physiochemical characters of mature fruits were found to be better in fruits obtained from rejuvenated trees.  Integrated pest management i. Bark-eating caterpillar Symptoms  The attack of this pest may be identified by the presence of irregular tunnels and patches covered with silken-web consisting of excreta and chewed up wood particles.

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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 On the shots, branches, and trunk, shelter holes may be seen particularly at the joints of shoots and branches. The young shoots dry and die, giving sickly look to the tree. Management  Keep the orchards clean and healthy to prevent the infestation of this pest.  Detect early infestation by periodically looking out for drying young shoots.  Kill the caterpillars mechanically by inserting the iron spike in shelter holes made by these borers at early stage of infestation.  In case of severe infestation, remove webs and insert swab of cotton wool soaked in 0.025% dichlorvos or inject water emulsion of chlorpyriphos (0.05%) and plug the holes.  The larvae are parasitized by entomogenous fungus Beauveria bassiana in nature. It can be used as a potential bio-control agent ii. Shoot gall maker Symptoms  In the beginning of the infestation terminal shoots swell, which increases in size with the passage of time. Full size galls can be seen in the month of OctoberNovember Management  Overcrowding of branches should be discouraged. Galled shoots should be pruned and destroyed along with the pest after harvest.  In case of regular occurrence of this pest, spray chlorpyriphos (0.05%) in the beginning of the season. It may be repeated at fortnightly intervals, if needed iii. Mealy bug Symptoms  The attacked new shoots are found bending and twisting with yellowing of leaves.  In case of severe infestation, twigs become leafless and dry. Excessive excretion of honeydew is noticed. Flowers dry up and drop. Management  Clean cultivation and maintenance of health and vigour of the tree. Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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 Prune affected parts and destroy them at early stages of infestation.  In case of severe infestation spray spinosad (0.25 ml/l) or quinalphos (0.05%) iv. Aonla aphids Symptoms  The infested leaves turn yellow and dry up. Infested shoots appear bended and twisted at the growing points. Presence of ants also indicates the infestation of aphids.  The new shoots are infested at growing points. The nymphs and adult females suck the sap. Heavy attack affects the growth and vigour of the tree, ultimately affecting the flowering and fruiting. Management  Clipping off and destruction of affected leaf and shoot.  Spray dimethoate (0.06%) or spinosad (0.25 ml/l) v. Leaf rollers Symptoms  The infestation may be identified by webbing of leaves, their withering and dropping. The adults of these insects are miniature moths. Larvae of these moths bind the leaves together and feed therein. In case of heavy incidence leaves dry and drop leading to drying of twig also Management  Avoid overcrowding of branches and maintain sanitation in the orchard.  Rolled leaves may be clipped off and destroyed along with the larvae in the beginning of infestation.  In case of heavy incidence, spray carbaryl (0.2%) or chlorpyriphos (0.04) or quinalphos (0.05%). vi. Stone borer Symptoms  Externally the ovi positional site appears as small brown patch on the fruit. The infested fruits may also be identified by the presence of exit hole.  Tiny weevil emerges in the month of June with the onset of rains. Emergence continues in July-August also, coinciding well with the fruiting season of aonla. Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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The eggs are laid by excavating a cavity below the epicarp. Fruits of 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter are preferred for oviposition. Larva after hatching travels through the mesocarp, reaches to stone, enters inside it and feed there on sees, destroying them completely. Management  Deep ploughing of the orchards after harvesting exposes the diapausing larvae and is effective in bringing down the pest population.  First spray of carbaryl (0.2%) or quinalphos (0.05%) at pea size of fruit. Second spray may be done at fortnightly interval with changed insecticide, if needed.  Integrated Disease management i. Aonla Rust Symptoms It appears as circular or semicircular, reddish solitary or gregarious spots on leaves from the beginning of August. On fruits initially few black pustules appear which later develop in to a ring. The pustules join together and cover big area of the fruit. On leaves, pinkish brown pustules develop which may be arranged in group or scattered as infection of fruit does not go on leaves and vice-versa. Generally, one or two pustules measuring 10 to 20 cm in diameter appear on infected fruits. Management Its occurrence can be prevented by spraying 0.2 % Dithane Z- 78 at the interval of 7 to 20 days during the months of July to September. Cultivars Banarasi and Chakaiya are believed to be relatively free from disease. Pick off and destroy infected leaves and frequently rake under plants to remove all fallen debris. Use a thick layer of mulch or organic compost to cover the soil after you have raked and cleaned it well. Mulch will prevent the disease spores from splashing back up onto the leaves. Maintain proper plant distance and aeration by training and pruning. Severely infected plant parts should be pruned and destroyed.

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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SEQUENTIAL STEPS FOR AONLA REJUVENATION

• Dense old and unproductive trees • Heading back of branches from 2.5 m to 3.0 m above the ground level • December -January

Stage 1

Stage 1

Stage 1

• Profuse emergence of new shoots on beheaded branches

Stage 2

• Thining of shoots (shoot selection and regular thining is essential for facilitating developement

Stage 2

• May- June

Stage 3

• Shoot management, selected shoots are pruned up to about 50 % of its total length

Stage 3

• Continue shoot thining from pruned shoots upto some extent to avoid dense and heavy bushy

Stage 3

• September-October • Fruiting starts after second year

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

Stage 4

Stage 4

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2. Objectives of the project  To increase the productivity of guava, and aonla orchards in Jammu subtropics.  To disseminate the rejuvenation technology among the farmers and to study its socio-economic impact in the region.  To create awareness among the farmers about immense benefits of rejuvenation technology.  To impart vigour to the senile orchards thereby maintaining natural greenery. 3. Achievements of the project The work under the project was carried out at Division of Fruit Science, Sher-eKashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. For rejuvenation studies, different orchard of the progressive orchardists of state was selected. Physical Achievements Aonla orchard of village Nai Basti, Akhnoor; village Chainpura, Kathua and village Sial Jattan, Udhampur were selected for training and demonstration of rejuvenation methodology. Trees in the orchard have been marked for rejuvenation. All the cultural practices including beheading of branches, basin preparation, irrigation and fertilizer application have been carried out as per the package of practice for fruit crops of SKUAST- Jammu. S.No

Orchard site

No. of Plants

Successfully

Rejuvenated

rejuvenated

Unsuccessful

% Success

1.

Nai Basti

20

20

-

100

2.

Chainpura

70

63

7

90

3.

Sial Jattan

30

27

3

90

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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4. Training programmes organized under this project on different crops Different regions of Jammu, Samba, Kathua and Udhampur were selected to practice and demonstrate rejuvenation Technology. Through training programmes, the orchardists of these regions were awared about rejuvenation technologies, so as to get quality produce and boost fruit industry in Jammu province. The detail of training programmes conducted along with the number of beneficiaries is as under: S.No. Title of training

Date/ Venue

Duration No. of Nature (days) farmers training present

of

1.

Training & 25th March demonstration on 2015/ Nai rejuvenation of Basti Akhnoor old unproductive aonla orchards”

1 day

87

Demonstration

2.

Training & 28th March demonstration on 2015/Sarore rejuvenation of Distt Samba old unproductive aonla orchards”

1 day

88

Demonstration

3.

Training & demonstration on rejuvenation of old unproductive aonla orchards” Training & demonstration on rejuvenation of old unproductive aonla orchards” Training & demonstration on rejuvenation of old unproductive aonla orchards”

8th February 2016/ Aonla orchard Nai Basti, Akhnoor 23rd February, 2016/ Aonla orchard at Chainpura Kathua 15th March, 2016/ Vill. Sial Jattan Udhampur

1 day

85

Demonstration

1 day

99

Demonstration

1 day

78

Demonstration

4.

5.

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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6.

Training & demonstration on rejuvenation of old unproductive aonla orchards

8th August 2016/ Aonla orchard at Chainpura Kathua

1 day

80

Demonstration

These trainings were proved to be highly beneficial for fruit farmers. The main aim of this project was half fulfilled as least area was covered and duration of the project was also limited to three years, which was not enough time to educate whole Jammu district. We provided sufficient information about rejuvenation techniques of old and senile aonla orchards through demonstrations.

a. Glimpses of training programmes conducted under this project One day Training held at Nai Basti, Akhnoor on 8th February, 2016

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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Demonstration of rejuvenation technique to aonla growers

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On farm Training for farmers held at Chainpura on 23th February, 2016

Demonstration of Heading Back technique in aonla

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One day Training held at Sial Jattan, Udhampur on 15th March, 2016

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Heading back and pasting of copper oxy chloride on rejuvenated aonla tree

Training and demonstration on rejuvenation of old unproductive aonla orchard

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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 COMPLETE REJUVENATION METHODOLOGY OF AONLA ORCHARD AT VILLAGE CHAINPURA

Unproductive aonla orchard at Chainpura, Kathua

Heading Back Operation

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Pasting of copper oxy chloride

Mulching with black polythene

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Pruning and shoot selection

Selection of Bud

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T- Budding

Rejuvenated bud

Successfully rejuvenated aonla plant

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b. Media Coverage of Training Programmes

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5. Recommendations of the Project  Pruning time should be strictly monitored  Poly sheet should be removed immediately after the newly patch bud starts growing.  Regular follow up of the rejuvenated orchard is necessary for complete success. Recommended time for Rejuvenation December –January is the best time for aonla pruning. Recommended doses of Manures and fertilizers 50 kg well rotten FYM,1.50 kg of urea, 2.0 kg single super phosphate and 1.0 kg muriate of potash per tree (apply after one month of rejuvenation preferably in two split doses, one during the end of February-March and remaining half dose in August, while other recommendation for manuring may be done in July-August and second in December-January). 6. Economics of Rejuvenation of old senile orchard (one hectare) 1 hectare= 278 plants ; Planting distance = 6m x 6m S.No. Particulars of operation

Cost per plant 150

Total Cost

1.

Cost of pruning

2.

Cost of cleaning, ploughing and leveling

₹ 3500

3.

Cost of Manures and Fertilizers

₹ 5600

4.

Cost of Irrigation

₹ 4500

5.

Cost of Chemical Pasting

₹ 3800

6.

Cost of thinning shoots

₹ 10,000

7.

Miscellaneous Operations

₹ 2750

Total Income from sale of pruned wood: ₹ 25,000/-;

₹ 41,700

₹ 71,850

Expenditure 71850-25000 = ₹ 46,850

Cost of rejuvenation for one plant = ₹ 168/- (approx.) Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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7. Tools and equipments used in rejuvenation Canopy management involves pruning and lopping of branches. Pruning done through manual methods are cumbersome. However, different pruning tools are available to make this operation simple and easy nowadays. Following tools/equipments can be used for rejuvenation of old/senile trees of fruit plants.  Secateur Secateurs are handy and used to prune small twigs and terminal shoots of aonla. They should be kept sharp at all times. Regular cleaning and a drop of oil prevents the blades from sticking. A good pair may cost a few rupees more, but are usually more robust and stay sharp longer. They often have the added advantage of having replaceable blades. Twigs around 1 to 1.5 cm diameter can be cut easily.  Pruning saw This tool is used to prune small branches of 1 to 2 inches diameter. These have a fairly narrow, slightly curved blade, which enables them to be used in quite restrictive situations such as narrow forks of trees. Some brands are also designed to fit onto a long handle to enable the user to reach higher branches in the tree.  Tree pruner (Pruning shears) Different types of shears like hand shears, lopping shear. tree trimmers etc. are needed for pruning. Pruning shears should not be very expensive but these should be made up of good steel. Similarly, these should make a smooth and clear cut with least injury to the plant. Pruning shears are used to prune 2 to 2 ½ inches diameter branches of aonla.  Chain saw It is a power operated saw used to prune big logs of any diameter. The main purpose of using chain saw is to save time and labour.  Pruning ladders Pruning ladder comes in different sizes according to the height at which pruning is to be done. It is used to approach higher limbs for pruning and heading back operations.  Budding and grafting knife It is used for budding and grafting of newly emerged shoots of rejuvenated plant.  Bush cutter It is used for cleaning of orchard area and will save time and labour.

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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EXPENDITURE DETAILS OF THE PROJECT Total Budget Released (2014-15): ₹ 1.56 lakh a. Expenditure during release of Ist installment (2014-15) S. No Head

Amount (in Lakh)

1.

Working contingency

₹ 1,48,000

2.

Research Associate (salary)

--

Total

₹ 1,48,000

b. Total Budget Released (2015-16): ₹ 5.35 lakh Expenditure during release of 2nd installment (2015-16) S. No Head

Amount (in Lakh)

1.

Working contingency

₹ 2,99,474

2.

Research Associate (salary)

₹ 61, 229

Total

₹ 3,60,703

c. Total Budget Released (2016-17): ₹ 1.50 lakh + ₹ 2.25 lakh = ₹ 3.75 lakh Expenditure during release of 2nd installment (2016-17) S. No Head

Amount (in Lakh)

1.

Working contingency

₹ 1,00,677

2.

Research Associate (salary)

₹ 3,31,200

Total

₹ 4,31,877

Total Budget Allotted: ₹ 26.30 lakhs

Total Budget Released: ₹ 10,66,000 Total Expenditure: ₹ 9,40,580+ 94,058 (institutional charge) = ₹ 10,34, 638

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

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REJUVENATION TECHNIQUES STANDARDIZED IN AONLA Heading back of branches of old/unproductive trees

Emergence of new shoots on beheaded branches

Thinning and selection of shoots for canopy development Heading back of branches

Beheaded branches showing emergence of new shoots

Canopy development

Top working on rejuvenated plant

Fruiting In rejuvenated aonla plant Shoot thinning and selection for canopy development

Canopy development after shoot thinning

Steps involved in Rejuvenation of Aonla

Top working on rejuvenated tree

Fruiting on rejuvenated tree

DEMONSTRATION OF T-BUDDING TECHNIQUE IN AONLA

Shoot selection for budding

Bud stick

Final Project Report (MIDH-Rejuvenation)

Bud of aonla

T-budded aonla shoot

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