Here is an example of a designing a finite state machine, worked out from start to
... Step 1: Describe the machine in words. ... In our example, the Output Sub-C.
State-based optimization c? GDM. FSM Specification. State Minimization. State
Encoding. Combinational Optimization. Formal finite-state machine model c?
Please note that the test and final exam will be based on: Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E.,
&. Airasian, P. (2009). Educational research. Competencies for analysis and ...
Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Standards Organization. (ISO
) ..... ISO 6508-1 Metallic Materials – Rockwell hardness test (scales A, B, C, D,.
... determining how force components affect the vibration of an individual
coordinate, etc.) ... numerically by generating a large random matrix in Matlab.
Make it.
1. Review: Computer Organization. Virtual Memory. 2. Contents. • Virtual memory
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relationship between two discrete event system (DES) ... each directed arc from V1 to V2 represents the causal ..... belt transporting an object from X to Y to Z.
fitness functions were biased toward maximizing the number of faults detected and the number of fault effects propagated to flip-flops; increasing the circuit ...
simple mutational models, edit distance and string alignment in a biologi- .... are assigned labels rpS(|(h, w)|) where, h is the height and w is the corre- sponding ...
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Nov 19, 2008 - Comparing finite state machine test ... test minimisation for each criterion to ensure that tests are obtained in ... Finite state machines (FSMs) are.
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State Machine Model with Auto-Billing Features. Finite State ... schools and offices vending drinks and snacks , in banks as ATM machine and provides even.
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[1], Mustang [2] and Armstrong [15] cost measures were investigated. It was found that all these measures weakly correlate with the actual literal savings ...
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sources were framed in the coverage of gay marriage, based upon the
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ASM (algorithmic state machine) chart. – Flowchart-like diagram. – Provide the
same info as an FSM. – More descriptive, better for complex description.
Finite State Machine
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Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Overview FSM representation Timing and performance of an FSM Moore machine versus Mealy machine VHDL description of FSMs State assignment Moore output buffering FSM design examples
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1. Overview on FSM • Contain “random” logic in next-state logic • Used mainly used as a controller in a large system • Mealy vs Moore output
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2. Representation of FSM • State diagram
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• E.g. a memory controller
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• ASM (algorithmic state machine) chart – Flowchart-like diagram – Provide the same info as an FSM – More descriptive, better for complex description – ASM block • One state box • One ore more optional decision boxes: with T or F exit path • One or more conditional output boxes: for Mealy output
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State diagram and ASM chart conversion • E.g. 1.
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• E.g. 2.
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• E.g. 3.
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• E.g. 4.
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• E.g. 6.
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• Difference between a regular flowchart and ASM chart: – Transition governed by clock – Transition done between ASM blocks
• Basic rules: – For a given input combination, there is one unique exit path from the current ASM block – The exit path of an ASM block must always lead to a state box. The state box can be the state box of the current ASM block or a state box of another ASM block. RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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• Incorrect ASM charts:
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3. Performance of FSM • Similar to regular sequential circuit
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• Sample timing diagram
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4. Moore vs Mealy output • Moore machine: – output is a function of state
• Mealy machine: – output function of state and output
• From theoretical point of view – Both machines have similar “computation capability”
• Implication of FSM as a controller? RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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• E.g., edge detection circuit – A circuit to detect the rising edge of a slow “strobe” input and generate a “short” (about 1-clock period) output pulse.
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• Three designs:
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• Comparison – Mealy machine uses fewer states – Mealy machine responds faster – Mealy machine may be transparent to glitches
• Which one is better? • Types of control signal – Edge sensitive • E.g., enable signal of counter • Both can be used but Mealy is faster – Level sensitive • E.g., write enable signal of SRAM • Moore is preferred RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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VHDL Description of FSM • Follow the basic block diagram • Code the next-state/output logic according to the state diagram/ASM chart • Use enumerate data type for states
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• E.g. 6.
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• Combine next-state/output logic together
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6. State assignment • State assignment: assign binary representations to symbolic states • In a synchronous FSM – All assignments work – Good assignment reduce the complexity of next-state/output logic
• Typical assignment – Binary, Gray, one-hot, almost one-hot RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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State assignment in VHDL • Implicit: use user attributes enum_encoding
• Explicit: use std_logic_vector for the register RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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Handling the unused state • Many binary representations are not used • What happens if the FSM enters an unused state? – Ignore the condition – Safe (Fault-tolerant) FSM: got to an error state or return to the initial state.
• Easy for the explicit state assignment • No portable code for the enumerated data type RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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6. Moore output buffering • FSM as control circuit – Sometimes fast, glitch-free signal is needed – An extra output buffer can be added, but introduce one-clock delay
• Special schemes can be used for Moore output – Clever state assignment – Look-ahead output circuit RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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• Potential problems of the Moore output logic: – Potential hazards introduce glitches – Increase the Tco delay (Tco = Tcq + Toutput)
• Can we get control signals directly from the register?
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Clever state assignment • Assigning state according to output signal patterns • Output can be obtained from register directly • Extra register bits may be needed • Must use explicit state assignment in VHDL code to access individual register bit • Difficult to revise and maintain RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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• VHDL code
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Look-ahead output circuit • Output buffer introduces one-clock delay • The “next” value of Moore output can be obtained by using state_next signal • Buffer the next value cancel out the one-clock delay • More systematic and easier to revise and maintain RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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• Modification over original VHDL code: – Add output buffer – Use state_next to replace state_reg in Moore output logic
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7. FSM design examples • • • • •
Edge detector circuit Arbitrator (read) DRAM strobe signal generation Manchester encoding/decoding (read) FSM base binary counter
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Edge detecting circuit (Moore)
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Use clever state assignment
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Use look-ahead output
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Edge detecting circuit (Mealy)
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• Edge detecting circuit (direct implementation): – edge occurs when previous value is 0 and new value is 1 – Same as Mealy design with state assignment: zero => 0, one => 1
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• DRAM strobe signal generation – E.g.,120ns DRAM (Trc=120ns): Tras=85ns, Tcas=20ns, Tpr=35ns
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• 3 intervals has to be at least 65ns, 20 ns, and 35 ns • A slow design: use a 65ns clock period – 195 ns (3*65ns) read cycle
• The control signal is level-sensitive
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• Should revise the code to obtain glitch-free output RTL Hardware Design by P. Chu
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• A faster design: use a 20ns clock period – 140 ns (7*20ns) read cycle mem'
