Fire Risk Assessment and Fire Hazard Zonation ... - iaetsd - jaras

IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES

ISSN NO: 2394-8442

Fire Risk Assessment and Fire Hazard Zonation Mapping using GIS in South-West Division of Delhi Sanjay Tomar1, Amarjeet Kaur2, Kiranmay Sarma3, H. K. Dangi4 1

Delhi Fire Service, India, 2-3 Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, India, 4 University of Delhi, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract-The number of fire and other emergency incident calls have increased significantly in Delhi, the capital city of India. Whilst the population increase has been 21.20%, the fire and other emergency incidents have increased by 85% since 2001. The landscape of Delhi has undergone a change from majorly from rural area to urban during 1991 and 2011. The rural area reduced during the decades is from 797.66 to 369.35 sq. km. Due to rapid urbanization Delhi has become more vulnerable to fire incidents and therefore assessment of fire risk is vital in cities like Delhi. Fire risk analysis serves as a basis for fire risk management in an urban area. This paper aims to analyze the spatial pattern of fire incidents in SouthWest Division of Delhi Fire Service using geospatial technologies. GIS, because of its spatial nature, is one of the most effective tools to analyze, define, clarify and visualize potential fire prone areas for effective management with available resources. The fire hazard zonation maps are prepared on the basis of available data of fire incidents, land use, fire stations, population density and number of deaths and injuries occurred during fire incidents. The fire risk map shows that about 70.01% of the study area falls under low fire risk potential zone, 26.39% falls under moderate fire risk potential zone and 3.59% falls under high fire risk potential zone. It has been observed that the cause of fire and fire risk differ significantly under different fire stations of S-W division. Low rise (below fifteen meter in height) dwelling units/ apartment houses, residential occupancy has been found to be involved in highest number of fire incidents with maximum number of deaths and injuries. Most of the injuries and deaths have been occurred during night time and early morning hours during the study period.

Key words- Fire Hazard, Fire Risk Assessment, GIS, Fire Hazard Zonation map, Low Rise I. INTRODUCTION Delhi has an urban area of 1,113.65 sq. km and about 97.50% of the population of Delhi lives in urban areas [10]. The number of urbanized villages has increased from 20 in 1961 to 135 in 2011 and census towns have increased from 03 in 1971 to 110 in 2011. The overall population density of Delhi has increased from 9,340 persons per sq. km in 2001 to 11,297 persons per sq km in 2011. The population density of South-West division of Delhi has also increased from 4,169 in 2001 to 5,446 in 2011 [11]. Due to immigration of people to Delhi many new human settlements have developed in an unplanned manner in un-authorized residential colonies which lacked civic infrastructure. These colonies are densely populated and are becoming more vulnerable to fire incidence [1]. Majority of these migrating people belong to rural background having modest knowledge on awareness of fire hazards, fire preventive measures and fire resistant construction. In addition, poor settlement planning, lack of implementation of fire protection policies, clustered household, use of flammable materials in building construction, narrow approach road by-lanes, meager water supply, inappropriate use of electricity, gas, fuel and overloaded electrical installations have increased the fire risk manifold in these areas of Delhi. Fire risk management, preparedness, and mitigation are the major dimensions and challenges faced by emergency service departments today. A system which supports planning, preparedness, mitigation, response, and incident management is highly desirable for urban fire risk management. Fire risk assessment results allow emergency management personnel to establish early response priorities by identifying in advance, potential fire hazard areas, vulnerable people and assets. Fire risk assessments are essential for mitigation and preparedness, as well as emergency response planning.

VOLUME 5, ISSUE 3, MAR/2018

213

http://iaetsdjaras.org/


ISSN NO: 2394-8442

Geographical Information System (GIS) is utilized to handle the spatial data of large volume and is highly effective in the analyzing data concerning urban fires. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the fire risk and zonation of fire hazard in South-West fire division of Delhi using Geographical Information System. Very few studies have been done for fire risk assessment and fire hazard zonation mapping for urban areas using GIS. Reference [2] used GIS framework, for assessment of risk of fire hazards in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Reference [3] applied GIS and Remote Sensing to understand the urban infrastructure to find out the pattern of utilities and the reasons responsible for lack of utilities in city of Pune, Maharashtra, India. Reference [4] applied a Bayesian methodology to create disaggregate spatial forecasts of residential household fires across metropolitan South-East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Reference [5] used GIS based approach and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique to generate fire risk map of Chiang Mai Municipality, Thailand. Reference [6] discussed the spatial feasibility of fire stations located in Nagpur city of Maharashtra, India. Reference [7] used GIS for mapping 220 sampled fire incidents in Sharjah city, UAE. Reference [8] used combination of an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and GIS to prepare fire potential zonation maps for Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal. Reference [9] investigated relations between potential causes of fire incidents in South-West division of Delhi using geospatial approach.

II. STUDY AREA Delhi is located between latitudes 28º24' to 28º53' N and longitudes 76º50' to 77º20' E with a total area of 1,483 sq. km. It has maximum length of 51.9 km and maximum width of 48.48 km. It is surrounded on three sides by Haryana state and to the east, across the river Yamuna by Uttar Pradesh state. Delhi’s altitude ranges between 213 and 305 meters above mean sea level. For the purpose of this study, South-West (S-W) fire division, Delhi Fire Service has been selected. South-West fire division has three sub-divisions and seven fire stations under its jurisdiction (Table 1, Fig. 1)[12]. TABLE I FIRE SUB DIVISION OF SOUTH-WEST DIVISION OF DELHI FIRE SERVICE Sl. No. 1

Name of Sub-Division Shanker Road Sub-Division

2

Janak Puri Sub-Division

3

Dwarka Sub-Division

Name of Fire Station 1. Shanker Road Fire Station 2. Parshad Nagar Fire Station 3. Naraina Fire Station 1. Janak Puri Fire Station 2. Hari Nagar Fire Station 3. Najafgarh Fire Station 1. Dwarka Fire Station

Figure 1: Location of South-West Division of Delhi Fire Service


214



ISSN NO: 2394-8442

III. MATERIAL AND METHODS A. Database creation Data needed for generation of fire potential map for South-West Division of Delhi Fire Service were collected from different sources:   



Municipal Wards boundary map of Delhi from Geo-spatial Delhi Limited (GSDL), Government of NCT of Delhi, Delhi; Population data of the each municipal ward of Delhi for the year 2011 from Geo-spatial Delhi Limited (GSDL); Location of fire stations; jurisdiction of fire Sub-Division and Division boundaries in South-West division and number of fire incidents, type/category of fire incidents and number of casualties (dead and injured) in fire incidents from Delhi Fire Service; Land use-land cover map from Delhi Jal Board.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Population per square kilometre and deaths/injuries during fire incidents 2015 The minimum and maximum population per square kilometre in the South-West division was found to be in the range of 747 - 2,14,478 persons/sq.km. The locations of fire incidents which had resulted in the injury to a person/s or death/s, for the year 2015 were recorded ward wise separately for three sub-divisions using google-earth. Thematic map showing locations of death and injury during fire incidents are depicted in Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.

Fig. 2 Population/ sq. km and locations of dead & Fig. 3 Population/ sq. km and locations of dead & injured (2015) in Shanker Road Sub-Division injured (2015) in Dwarka Sub-Division


215



ISSN NO: 2394-8442

Fig. 4 – Population/ sq. km and locations of dead & injured (2015) in Janak Puri Sub-Division

Fig. 5 – Ward wise fire incidents in South-West Division during 2015


216



ISSN NO: 2394-8442

B. Ward wise fire incidents Map depicting jurisdiction of seven fire stations along with jurisdiction of sub-divisional boundary under South-West division is prepared. The location and number of fire stations are important for providing fire safety coverage in the area. The total numbers of fire incidents, for each fire station in S-W division, during the year 2015 were obtained from the records of Delhi Fire Service and segregated as per municipal ward boundaries. The number of fire incidents in each ward of S-W division was further divided in five category levels. Based on number of actual fire incidents in each ward, a thematic map of fire risk prone area is derived by classifying the study area into four zones (Fig. 5).

C. Severe category fire incidents A severe category of fire incident requires large number of resources for its management by fire authorities. As per norms of Delhi Fire Service a fire is categorized as per the numbers of fire tenders required on the fire scene. Severe fire incidents have been categorized in Table 2. TABLE II FIRE CATEGORIES BASED ON FIRE TENDERS Fire Category (Make) 4 (Make) 6 (Make) 8 (Medium) 10 (Serious) 12

No. of Fire Tenders/ Fire Units 7 to 8 11to 14 16 to 20 22 to 28 30 to 36

Officer in-charge Asstt. Divisional Officer Divisional Officer Divisional Officer Dy. Chief Fire Officer Chief Fire Officer (Source: Delhi Fire Service)

The locations of severe fire incidents in the categories of 4 to 10, under the jurisdiction of S-W division during the year 2015 were extracted from the records of Delhi Fire Service and their locations were recorded using google earth. A thematic map showing severe fire incidents in the categories of 4 to 10, for the year 2015 is prepared (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6 Severe category fire incidents in South-West Division in 2015


217



ISSN NO: 2394-8442

D. Ward wise fire risk The nature and extent of fire risk can be determined by first identifying the potential fire hazards in a region and then evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability or susceptibility of potential threat of harm to people and property. For this study, fire likelihood level (A) has been classified as per number of fire incidents in each municipal ward, the consequence level (B) of fire incidents is classified based on the number of persons died or injured in fire incidents and severe category of fire (C), as shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 ASSESSMENT OF LEVEL OF FIRE LIKELIHOOD, FIRE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND FIRE SEVERITY Number of fire incidents Less than 35 35 to 85 86 to 130 131 and above

Category Number Level of Dead (A) 1 Nil 2 3 4

Number of injured Nil

Consequences Fire severity level Category (B) 1 4

Fire Severity Level (C) 1

Nil 1 2

1 2 to 3 4 to 6

2 3 4

6 8 10

2 3 4

3 above

6 and above

5

12

5

Level of risk has been assigned by multiplying the likelihood of fire by consequences and by adding the severity level to the result obtained. Final fire risk score has been calculated as per fire likelihood, consequences and severity of fire in different wards of S-W division using the formula A*B+C. The fire risk category has been categorized (Table 4) and a potential fire risk prone area is derived (Fig. 7). TABLE 4 FIRE RISK CATEGORY Fire Risk Score (A*B+C)

Fire Risk Category

0-7 8-14 15-21

Low Medium High

Fig. 7 Fire risk during 2015 in South West Division


218



ISSN NO: 2394-8442

V. CONCLUSION Fire risk assessment is a twofold methodology i.e., identification of location, intensity, frequency and probability of fire hazards and the analysis of the extent of vulnerability and exposure to fire incidents. The results of this study show that the high fire potential zone covers only 3.59% of the study area, 26.39% falls under moderate fire risk potential zone and 70.01% area falls under low fire risk potential zone during 2015. Overlaying technique has been used to analyse and compare the actual land use of the premises of severe category fire incidents with notified land use land cover of Delhi by the building authorities. It has been found that in three category-4 fire incidents and in one category-6 fire incidents, the premises were being used in violation with notified land use of the area. Geographic locations of fire incidents, from the data obtained from Delhi Fire Service have been used to see distribution of fire incidents in S-W division, which can help in analysing the distribution of different categories of fire incidences in different occupancies and to see the pattern i.e., the different causes of fire in that area. This type of study can help the planners to locate the areas where there is a need to have additional fire station and to provide or strengthen resources in terms of manpower and equipments based on fire risk. Locations of sever category/ big fire incidents during the year 2015 are marked ward wise and found to be in the areas of high and moderate fire potential zones. It has been found that in nearly half of the sever category fire incident cases, the occupancy of the premises of fire incidents was contrary to the designated land use. These unplanned areas lack proper infrastructure like accessibility for fire engines and other resources required for their effective management. Matiala area (Ward no. 136) has been found to be the most fire risk potential area under Dwarka fire station. Thus from the results of this study, it can be argued that fire risk and the cause of fire differ significantly under different fire stations of S-W division. As an overall trend the low rise (below fifteen meter in height) dwelling units/ apartment houses, residential occupancy has been found to be involved in highest number of fire incidents with maximum number of deaths and injuries. Most of the injuries and deaths are found to have been occurred during night time and early morning hours. The fire potential zonation map presented in this study can be a good source for concerned urban planners, fire authorities and other concerned government authorities to have in place a proper plan for fire management as per fire risk categorisation. High and moderate fire potential zones that need effective protection measures and additional fire post/ fire stations can be set up in these areas to reduce response time and enhance fire brigade intervention capabilities. Special campaigns aiming fire prevention awareness in high fire and life risk areas can be launched to enhance fire awareness amongst masses where they need it the most.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to the Geo-spatial Delhi Limited (GSDL), Government of NCT of Delhi, Delhi. Chief Engineer, Delhi Jal Board, Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board, Government of NCT of Delhi, Delhi and Delhi Fire Service.

REFERENCES [1] Tomar S., Kaur A., Dangi H.K., Sarma K. Fire incidents mapping and risk analysis- A case study of South-West Division of Delhi. Fire Engineer, 41 (4), pp. 21-33, 2016. [2] Alam, M.J.B.; Baroi, G.N. Fire hazard categorization and risk assessment for Dhaka city in GIS framework. J. Civ. Eng. 32, pp. 35– 45.,2004. [3] Mali, S., Bhailume, S., Das, S. Geoinformatics Applications for Urban Utilities Information Systems: A case study of Pune City, Maharashatra, India. International Journal of Computer Application, 65(22), pp. 33-39, 2013. [4] Rohde, D.; Corcoran, J.; Chhetri, P. Spatial forecasting of residential urban fires: A Bayesian approach. Computers, Environment and Urban System, 34, pp. 58–69, 2010. [5] Srivanit, M. (2011). Community risk assessment: Spatial patterns and GIS-based model for fire risk assessment—A case study of Chiang Mai Municipality. J. Archit. Plan. Res. Stud. 8, pp. 113–126, 2011. [6] Sarma K., Tomar S., Garg J.K., Joshi V. (2011). Implications of Fire Risk Mitigation using Geographic Information System in Nagpur City. In proceedings of International Fire India Conference, IFE(I), New Delhi, pp. 1-13, 2011.


219



ISSN NO: 2394-8442

[7] Yagoub M. M. and Jalil, A. M. Urban Fire Risk Assessment using GIS: Case study on Sharjah, UAE. International Geoinformatics Research and Development Journal, 5(3), pp. 1-8, 2014. [8] Chhetri, S. K. And Kayastha, P. Manifestation of an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Model on Fire Potential Zonation Mapping in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal. ISPRS International Journal Geo-Information, 4, pp. 401-417, 2015. [9] Tomar, S., Kaur, A., Dangi , H. K., Ghawana, T. and Sarma, K.. Fire Risk Analysis Using Geospatial Approach and Mitigation Measures for South-West Delhi. International Journal of Emerging Research in Management & Technology, 8, pp. 131-137, 2017. [10] Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. [Online]. Available http//www.census2011.co.in/census/state/delhi.html. [11] Economic Survey of Delhi (2005-2006). Urban Development, Chapter 14, Department of Planning, Delhi Government [Online]. Available http// www.delhi.gov.in. [12] Delhi Fire Service [Online]. Availablehttp://www.delhi.gov.in.


220


Fire Risk Assessment and Fire Hazard Zonation ... - iaetsd - jaras

Fire Risk Assessment and Fire Hazard Zonation ... - iaetsd - jaras

Suggest Documents