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GLIMPSES Of International conference on New Trends in Fitness Health and Sports science 2014 at Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

Dr.Kaukab Azeem Editor-in-Chief, IJFPHIG Faculty, Physical Education Department King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Saudi Arabia

CHIEF PATRON Prof. Syed Ahmed Hashmi Former first principal PG College of Physical Education,Osmania University, Hyderabad, India, and Goodwill Ambassador for USA.

PATRON Prof. Grace Helina Vice Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University, Chennai, India

Prof.Vesna Babic Prof. Shaik Shafiuddin Dr.B.Sunil Kumar Prof. Laxmi Kanth Rathod

Associate Editors Vice Dean Dean Secretary, I CT, O. U Secretary, IUT, O.U

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Dr.Arif Ali Khan Dr.Chittibabu Dr. M.Barnabas Dr. Syed Farooq Kamal Dr.K.Kamalakkannan Dr. J. Suganthi Prof. S Bakhtiar Choudhary

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Turkey Macedonia New Zealand Jordan Iran U.S.A Saudi Arabia

Prof.Nurtekin Erkmen Prof. Metin Dalip Dr. Carl Petersen Prof. Sadiq Alhayek Dr.Leyla Rad Dr .Mohammed M. Ahmed Dr.Abdulhameed Al Ameer

Members Mr.Saquib Azeem (Treasurer) Dr. Benedict Atakpu Dr. Tarin Hampton

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Dr. Paul Chahal Prof. Sanaa Hussien Dr. Figueiredo PA

Canada Alexandria, Egypt

Mr.Anantayah Kistamah Mr. Henry Cordero Daut

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Mr.Seemab Azeem Mr. Meer Abbas Hyder

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Table of Content Content Sl.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Title’s The push-ups Kaukab AZEEM* Approach distance, speed, and jumping power in relation to running long jump performance. Gil M. Ebardo* Strengthening exercises for lower back in middle aged women with low back pain. Rajalakshmi* G, Dany Rajan** Comparison of Body composition among different Level of Students Bhavani* Ahilan** Physical Activity Induced Changes on Membarane MDA and Superoxide Dismutase among Middle Aged Men K. Sreedhar Analysis of Selected Bio-motor variables among Professional and Non Professional Women Volleyball Players. R.Ramya*, S. Indira** Comparative Study on Flexibility and Cardio Vascular Endurance of Elite KhoKho and Kabaddi Players in Kerala. Mettilda Thomas* Effect of aerobic exercise on muscular endurance and flexibility of university women. Rupendra Farswan*K.Tirumourougane** Effects of Different Modes of Yoga Practice on Percentage of Body Fat and Biochemical Variables . S. Ananth*, S. Chidambara Raja** Effect of Yogic Practices on Selected Physical Fitness Parameters among University Male Students. P. Lakshman Naik* Aditya Kumar Das** P.K.Subramaniam***

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Influence of Varied Intensity of Walking on Selected Physical Variables among Middle Aged Men. J. Karthikeyan* Relationship of Physical Fitness, Anthropometric Variables and Body Composition Factors of Parallel Bars Performance in Men Artistic Gymnastics Arif Ali Khan*, Srinivasa. R** Influence of Sports Participation on Physical, Psychological and SocioPsychological Aspects of Sports in India. S Muniraju1 R Nagesha2 Impact of Different Modes of Circuit Training on Anaerobic Power of Adolescent Boys. Martin Babu Panackal1 George Abraham2 A Study on Movement Speed of Male Basketball Players. M.A.Bari, FerojSayyed Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Vital Capacity and Body Mass Index of Adults. Rajkumar.P.Malipatil* Savitri.S.Patil** Plyometric helps Jump further and Run Faster: Theoretical Consideration and Application. Abdul latif Shaikh* Arun F Shinde** Effect of play therapy on kinesthetic perception and coordinative abilities of mentally retarded students. Abdul Rafeeque T.C* Construction of Electronic Digital Equipment to Assess the Performance of

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Selected Standard Track Events. V.Ravi kumar* Effect of Stationary and Moving Circuit Training on Selected Bio-Motor R. Selvarani* S. Indira** Variables among Women Sprinters. Evaluation of physical fitness and energy balance among selected sportspersons of Coimbatore District. K Mahalakshmi Sangeetha*, Lalitha Ramaswamy** Jisna* PK Analysis of the changes in selected motor fitness components with concurrent strength and plyometric training. R.S Varma* M.Kavitha

ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015

CHIEF EDITOR COLOUM

Exercise Technique This column of exercise and Technique Facilitates about proper Exercise method to Optimize Performance and safety

The Push –up Kaukab AZEEM, M.com, M.Ped, MPhil, Ph.D Faculty, Physical Education Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT Push-ups are a basic exercise used in athletic training or during physical education classes or commonly in military physical training. The push-up is a multi joint upper body exercise that can increase the upper body muscular push strength, shoulder strength, and performance of activities demanding high level of relative strength. Pushups are one of the basic and most common exercises for the human body. Pushups are great exercise for the chest, and also help tremendously for shaping and defining abs, triceps, shoulders and torso. Push-ups exercise and its variations can be progressed, regressed, and performed throughout a training year. This column provides a detailed description and figures of the proper technique for a push-up exercise. Key words: Strength, Joint, Push-up, Technique TYPE OF EXERCISE

A push-up is a common calisthenics exercise performed in a prone position by extending and lowering the arms alternatively. Push-ups are a basic exercise used in athletic training or during physical education classes or commonly in military physical training. Push-ups is a multi joint upper body exercise that can improve an athlete’s overall upper body performance especially anterior shoulder strength, stability and ability to produce high forces during pushing activities, such as gymnastics, MUSCLES USED The pectoral muscles, triceps, and anterior deltoids, with ancillary benefits to the rest of the deltoids, serratus, anterior , coracobrachialis and the midsection as a whole.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 BENEFITS OF PUSH –UPS Pushups can be performed at home without the expensive exercise equipment, which can save your money on a gym membership. Pushups exercise on a regular basis will strengthen, tone up the muscles and build major muscles, which can make daily activities easier and also improves sports performance. Pushups also strengthen your core muscles, specifically ones rectus abdominus and transversus abdominis. Pushups exercise stimulates the metabolism and blood circulation, allowing you to burn more calories throughout the rest of your workout. Pushups provide better results than many similar exercises. Athletes who include pushups in their workout routine find that they are able to reach their fitness goals more easily than those following workouts that rely on other methods. Research studies had shown that performing pushups can help increase testosterone levels, reducing risk of developing osteoporosis. Pushups increased metabolic rate. Pushups use a large number of muscles at the same time; also your legs get into the action. A muscular activity means that your heart must work hard to pump blood to your working muscles, which also causes by increasing your breathing rate. A set of pushups will raise your metabolic rate while you are doing them and as you recover afterward, all of which intern contribute to healthy weight loss PROPER EXECUTION Proper way of performing pushups is by placing yourself in a horizontal position balancing on both the hands and toes while facing down, with arms extended, hands shoulder, width or more apart, and feet touching or slightly apart. This movement is excellent for the pictorials major and the triceps brachii. • •

Inhale and bend the elbows to bring the rib cage close to the ground without arching the low back excessively. Push back up to complete arm extension and exhale at the end of the each movement. PUSH UP TYPES

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There are two versions of the pushup mainly; the normal base (wide pushup) and the narrow pushup. The normal base push-up requires you to place your hands on the floor, a little wider than shoulder-width apart. The narrow pushup will have you placing your hands on the floor forming a diamond shape with your fingers, in line with your head. Each version of push-up produces related movements in shoulders and elbows, but the wide pushup gives you a greater range of motion.

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PUSH UP PHASES There are two phases of the pushup movement: • •

Pushing Phase Lowering Phase

PUSHING PHASE During the pushing stage, motions are occurring at the elbow, shoulder and scapular joints. In the elbow, extension occurs, powered mainly by the triceps brachia muscle. In the shoulder joint, horizontal adduction occurs. This motion occurs when the upper arms move horizontally toward the midline of the body. The pectoralis major, deltoids, biceps and coracobrachialis muscles contract during horizontal adduction. At the scapular joint, scapular abduction occurs during the pushing phase. In this fashion that your scapulae move forward as they round the back of the ribcage, a motion also known as protraction. The serratus anterior and pectoral minor muscles power protraction LOWERING PHASE During the lowering phase, the same muscles that work in the pushing phase are active, but this time eccentrically. For an example, in the elbow, flexion occurs as you lower your body, but with the triceps eccentrically allowing this motion. In the shoulder joint, horizontal abduction occurs, eccentrically controlled by the pectoral major, deltoid, biceps and coracobrachialis muscles. At the scapula, scapular adduction, or retraction, occurs, which the serratus anterior and pectoral minor eccentrically control. EXPLORING ELBOW JOINT There are number of complex muscles and tendons that allow your elbow to move, and these are connected to three bones. The humerus bone of the upper arm joins with the radius laterally and the ulna medially bones of the forearm to form an elbow joint. The troclea of the humerus attaches to the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus attached to the head of the radius. The joints are lubricated by a large bursa sack that allows the muscle to interact with the joint so that it doesn’t lead to damage or cause any pain. EXPLORING SHOULDER JOINT Shoulder joint is consisted of two separate joints. The first joint is called the glenohumeral, where the upper arm bone fits into the shoulder blade and second is called acromioclavicular and is formed by the meeting of the collarbone with the shoulder blade. The joints are held together by ligaments and muscles, but it is susceptible to dislocation due to sudden twist or movements of the arm.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 Ratings for Men (Full Push Ups), based on Age SCORING: Here are the age-adjusted standards based on guidelines published by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM): 20-29 30-39 40-49 Excellent > 54 > 44 > 39 Good 45-54 35-44 30-39 Average 35-44 24-34 20-29 Poor 20-34 15-24 12-19 Very Poor < 20 < 15 < 12 Try to retest yourself every 4-8 weeks.

50-59 > 34 25-34 15-24 8-14 29 20-29 10-19 5-9 . [Carmichael, “Stronger”]. Beller, J.M., & Stoll, S.K. (1992).A Moral Reasoning Intervention Program for Division I Student Athlete. Athletic Academic Journal (Spring), 43-57. Borms, J., &Oja, P. (Eds). (2004). Health Enhancing Physical Activity (Oxford: Meyer & Meyer Sport Ltd.,) at [Borms, Health].

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 45. Rodriguez, C J, Sacco, R L, Sciacca, R R, Boden-Albala, B, Homma, S and Di Tullio, M R. (2002).‘Physical Activity Attenuates the Effect of Increased Left Ventricular Mass on the Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 39 (9), 1482-1488. 46. Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2003). What exactly is a youth development program? Answers from research and practice.Applied Developmental Science, 7, 94- 111. Roth, J. L, Brooks-Gunn, J., Murray, L., & Foster, W. ( 1998). Promoting healthy adolescents: Synthesis of youth development program evaluations.Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8,423-459. 47. Rudd, A. (2005). Which ‘Character’ Should Sport Develop? Physical Educator, 62(4), 205-211. 48. Rudd, A., &Mondello, M.J. (2006). How do College Coaches Define Character? 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Construction of Electronic Digital Equipment to Assess the Performance of Selected Standard Track Events Dr.V.Ravikumar Director of Physical Education, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology Othakkalmandapam, Coimbatore, India [email protected] ABSTRACT In this push button era every field was automated by the support of computers which is more accurate and reliable to carry out the work successfully. Hence the present investigator made an attempt to construct an electronic digital equipment to Asses the timings and position of athletes in various track events. Now days mostly timings are taken in track events by manually using stop watches, which may not be very accurate, because stop watches are operated by human beings, such is based on the operating ability of the timer. (Reaction time, observation sensitiveness, environmental factors, Psychological aspects, etc.,) every individual has not having same operating ability, which is differ from individual to individual, and it will having some influence over the final result either positively or negatively it may prone to some error and will affect the performer’s timings. To avoid such things Electronic Digital Equipment has been invented with accurate starting and finishing technique using the following core parts 1. Infra Red Transmitter 2. Infra Red receiver 3. Interfacing Unit and 4. Computer. To obtain scientific authenticity of the device 24 subjects were chosen from Hindusthan College of engineering and Technology, Coimbatore and the appropriate data were collected using the newly devised equipment and stop watches simultaneously while the subjects were running in the 100m race. The collected data were treated with appropriate statistical techniques and obtained Validity, Reliability and objectivity of the device. Key words: IR Transmitter, IR Receiver, Interfacing Unit, Computer, Validity, Reliability, objectivity.

INTRODUCTION Scientific inventions and explorations enumerable like NANO Technology keep racking the globe increasingly in unimaginable and incomparable proportions, almost everyday. We remain pleasantly shocked and stunned by the progress in various fields. We may dare say, not a minute is spared sans of any, such inventions or at least discoveries. While all the fields reap the benefit of the scientific benedictions, the investigator taught to implement such innovations in the field of sports. This line of quixotic thinking motivated him, consequently born is this device. Blessed by the Olympus, he introduces this approach, targeting accuracy and precision, promoted by this following gadget “Electronic Digital Equipment” to Asses the timings and position of athletes in various track events. Now days mostly timings are taken in track events by manually using stop watches, which may not be very accurate, because stop watches are operated by human beings, such is based on the operating ability of the timer. (Reaction time, observation sensitiveness’, environmental factors, Psychological aspects, etc.,) every individual has not having same operating ability, which is differ from individual to individual, and it will having some influence over the final result either positively or negatively, it may prone to some error and will affect the performer’s timings.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 To avoid such things Electronic Digital Equipment was invented, and it is having accurate starting and finishing technique. Hence we can find out perfect timings and position of the sports man. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study was to construct an Electronic Digital Equipment to assess timings of selected standard track events. DELIMITATIONS The Study was delimited in these following factors. An instrument was constructed as per the requirement of conducting sprinting events. Twenty four subjects were used to establish reliability, validity and Objectivity of the instrument. LIMITATIONS The following uncontrollable factors associated with the study was accounted as limitations of this study, 1. The quantum of physical life, Style, Physiological stress and other factors effort were considered as limitations. 2. The uncontrollable changes in climatic conditions such as atmospheric temperature, humidity and other meteorological factors during the period of testing and their possible influence on the test item were considered as limitations. HYPOTHESIS It was hypothesized that the newly designed instrument will be valid, reliable and objective in assessing the timings of the subjects in various selected standard track events. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1. This study gives an additional knowledge to the area of research. 2. The results of the study would be useful to coaches and administrators to assess the performance of players more accurately in standard track events. 3. This study will help the teacher of Physical Education and administrators to assess the player’s ability in position wise accurately. 4. This study will help the participants to know their accurate performance. 5. This study will help to reduce the duration (schedule) of the competition. 6. This study will help to know the timings and position of all participating athletes by single attempt. METHOD Details about Electronic digital Equipment The following are the contributing vital equipments of Electronic Digital Equipment. 1. IR Transmitters 2. IR Receivers 3. Interfacing unit and 4. Computer. IR Transmitters The Infra red transmitter promotes the operation with the help of two different kinds of IC 555 special chips that are capable of Infra Red rays production, as soon as power fed. The infrared rays constructed by the square waves are adjustable to our desired frequency modulation.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 One of the two different categories of IC 555, one category produces the data signals the other carries the produced data signal to the next stage into the amplifier. This amplifier equipped with the transmitters, it converts those signals in the form of Infra red rays emission, through the infrared Light Emitting Diode (LED). These IR emitted rays unique of their nature, unlike other light rays travel in streamlined straight lines. The potency of the emitted IR rays permits and accepts required modulation exemplified through the pictorial circuit representation. IR Receivers The IR receivers were placed at the finishing line of every lane over the IR transmitters. The TSO P17 series receivers were used to receive the IR rays from the transmitters. Since the transmitters at various lanes are directly focused towards the receivers in the straight line they accurately and deftly receive the IR signal emission. They initiate their function by converting the received IR rays into data signal outputs. The TSO P17 series ICs can receive wide range frequencies and promote the production of wide bandwidth frequency and directs them to be felicitously received and interlinked with the micro controller. Interfacing unit The operation passes through a third stage in interfacing unit, which consist of a special micro controller, which receive the signals from IR receivers and converted it as a data signals also sending it to the computer for appropriate functions. This gadget by virtue of its function is named as Interface or Interlinking unit. Computer The computer was installed with special software. The software receives the data from interfacing unit and it gives the exact results professed as computer accuracy or precision. The so begotten results defy and quell the needless, unhealthy disputes, doubts and dissensions, guarantying exactitude.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 FUNCTIONING METHOD The functioning method is represented through the following diagram

IR

Power cable to

Signal wires to

Inter Linking Unit (or) Microcontroller Power Switch Timer Operation

Sensing Switch

C P

Result

Power Unit to

P.C I R Transmitter

Standard Track Finishing Line I R Transmitter

The IR transmitter was placed at the finishing point in every lane also the (8) IR receivers were also fixed over the corresponding transmitters. The output of the receivers was connected with interfacing unit. The interfacing unit consists of a special microcontroller, device operating switch and special sensing switch. The special microcontroller is embedded with a software program which encoding the signal data with the computer. When fed with the appropriate power to enable IR emission and get streamlined injection into the corresponding IR receivers at the top by the power button switch on operation. Simultaneously the eight timers were also started in the computer by timer switch on operation, mean while the so gathered ray by receiver was directed to the Interfacing unit. Thus the data signals were encoded and sent it to the computer for appropriate function. During the race, while the athletes crossing the finishing line, the continuously emitting IR rays getting interruption; this interruption is sensed by the corresponding IR receiver and sending it to the interfacing unit. The micro controller of the interfacing unit will encode the interruptions with the corresponding timer in the computer. The computer analyzing the data signals and displayed the exact timing of the every athlete in 1/1000 seconds. When the starting gun was fired to commence the race the athletes were started the race, simultaneously the all eight timers in the computer were started by operating switch on operation. Consequently all 8 timers get operated simultaneously and flashed in the computer screen.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 During the race, on the nearing of the finishing point of the athletes at every lane the sensing switch was stimulated in the interfacing unit, to record the precise finishing time of the athletes in every lane. As everyone has crossed the finishing point, the interruptions by everyone at the finishing point were received by the receivers and transmitted into the interfacing unit. Such corresponding interruption instantly sent to the computer in the form of a special computer code and the corresponding timer in the computer also instomatically stops; so does every athlete also. So the athlete’s timings positions like particulars are precisely recorded by the computer for exactness. As already mentioned since the operation is equal to the speed of the light wave precision assurance is guaranteed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Computation of descriptive statistics Mean and S.D on Speed of 100m Sprinters (Sec) Trials

Mode of Assessment New Device

1

Stop Watches

2

New Device

3

New Device

100m Speed Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean

13.33 0.75 13.39 0.73 13.3 0.77 13.26

SD 0.76 The above table shows that the mean values of the subject’s speed during the 1 to 3 trials are 13.33, 13.39, 13.30, and 13.26 with standard deviations of 0.75, 0.73, 0.77, and 0.76 respectively. Reliability of 100m speed performance Analysis of variance with repeated measures for 100m (sec.) sprint performance VARIABLES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH REPEATED MEASURES 100m SPEED PERFORMANCE (sec.)

Source

SS

Df

MS

Subjects

127.86

119

1.074

Trials

0.0048

1

0.004

Residual

10.155

119

0.085

The table value is 4.78

F

MSE

R

0.05

0.85

0.93


The above table indicates that the obtained F ratio 0.05 is less than the table value of 4.78 required at 0.01 level of significant. This proved that there is no significant difference between the test and re-test scorers indicating that the process of testing of the 100m sprint is perfect and consistent. The result of intraclass correlation for 100m sprint performance is indicates that the obtained intraclass (R) value 0.93 is higher than the table value 0.234 required at 0.01 level of 104

ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 significant. It denotes that the 100m sprint assessed by the device during the test and re-testing periods are significantly related. The above results proved that the newly constructed electronic device is reliable to assess the 100m sprint performance of sprinters on the track simultaneously for eight athletes.

Validity of 100m speed performance Pearson product moment correlation for 100m (sec.) Speed performance VARIABLES 100m SPEED PERFORMANCE(sec.)

PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION Mode of Assessment

Mean

SD

Sprint Analyzer

13.33

0.75

Stopwatch

13.39

0.73

r 0.98


The table indicates that the obtained correlation value 0.98 is higher than the table value 0.236 required at 0.01 level of significant. It denotes that the 100m speed performance using the newly constructed electronic device and stopwatches simultaniously are significantly related. The above results proved that the newly constructed electronic device is valid in assessing the 100m speed performance of sprinters on the track simultaneously for eight athletes. Objectivity of 100m speed performance Analysis of variance with repeated measures for 100m (sec.) speed performance VARIABLES 100m SPEED PERFORMANCE (sec.)

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE WITH REPEATED MEASURES Source

SS

df

MS

Subjects

187.22

119

1.57

Trials

0.378

2

0.19

F

MSE

R

2.24

0.09

0.94

Residual

20.07 238 0.08 The table value is 4.78

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 The above table indicates that the obtained F ratio 2.24 is less than the table value of 4.78 required at 0.01 level of significant. This proved that there is no significant difference among three different testers. It reveals that the process of testing the 100m speed performance is perfect and consistent. The results of intraclass correlation is indicates that the obtained intraclass (R) value 0.94 is higher than the table value 0.234 required at 0.01 level of significant. It denotes that the 100m speed performance recorded by the three testers using the newly constructed electronic device at three different periods is significantly related. The above results strongly proved that the newly constructed electronic device possess objectivity to assess the 100m speed performance of sprinters on the track simultaneously for eight athletes. Analysis of Data and interpretation of the study The main purpose of the study was to construct an electronic digital equipment to assess the timings of the subject in selected standard track events and also to establish scientific authenticity of the instrument. The establishment of scientific authenticity involves establishment of validity, reliability and objectivity. Though different methods are available to establish validity, reliability and objectivity, the below mentioned methods were selected due to its appropriateness and simplicity.Validity was established using twenty four Bachelors of engineering students, Hindusthan college of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore. Data were collected using the stop watches for twenty four subjects’ along with the newly constructed equipment designed by the present investigator was used and data were collected for the same subjects. Using these two sets of data, Pearson Product moment correlation was applied and coefficient of correlation was found out. It resulted with the value of 0.98 indicates 97% association between these two sets of scores. Thus the validity of the instrument was established. Reliability was established by test and retest method. In this process data were collected on two occasions with a gap of three days using the newly designed instrument, the same subjects, providing similar conditions data were collected again. The obtained two sets of scores were subjected to univariate correlation procedure which resulted in a coefficient of correlation of 0.93 indicating that 92% association between these scores. Objectivity was established by collecting data using the same subjects, and same instrument, similar conditions were provided but two different testers were used. Thus two sets of scores were obtained and they were subjected to univariate correlation procedure which resulted in a coefficient of correlation of 0.94 indicating that 93% association between these scores.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 The coefficient of correlation obtained for validity, reliability and objectivity were 0.98, 93 and 94, respectively. All these three values are highly significant with no or least error. Therefore it is concluded that the equipment is valid, reliable and objective. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the equipment is more valid, reliable and objective to assess the selected standard track events. RECOMMENDATION Equipment may be designed to assess the performance of track and field events. Similar equipment may be designed to assess various motor fitness components. Equipment of similar nature may be validated by the applying different scientific authentic tests. REFERENCES 1. Adebola Dekoya and Jones A. Akangbe, (1992). Uses of instructional method and media: in training of extension managers and supervisors in Nigeria “India Journal of Adult Education, PP 53 - 55, 2. Ahuja and Ahuja, (1979). Demonstration of audiovisual and reading aids to school students and reading speed in three languages — Kanada, Hindi and English, Third Survey of in Education, NCERT, New Delhi. 3. Anuparna Shah and Sushmita Mandal, (1994). Effectiveness of three Instructional Strategies for Education Experiments in Education. 4. Arlott, J. (1975), Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Saint Louis: Oxford Companion to Sports and Games, PP. 203-209. 5. Balasubrarnanian and Yoganandam, “Trained teacher vs technology’ A Comparative Study effectiveness in Improving English pronunciation“, Journal of Research in Educational Media, 94, 25-30. 6. Baumann, W. (1976), Kinetic and Dynamic Characteristics of the Sprint Start Biomechanics, saint Louis: The C.V.Mosby company, PP.195-198. 7. Cheng, L. et.al. (2010), A Low-cost, Accurate Speed Tracking System for Supporting Sprint Coaching, Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 3, PP. 149-152. 8. Coutts AJ & Duffield R. (2008), Validity and Reliability of GPS Units for Measuring Movement Demands of Team Sports, Journal of Science and Med Sport, 11, PP. 10-16. 9. Korchemny, R. (1992), A New Concept for Sprint Start and Acceleration Training. New Studies in Athletics 7, PP. 65-72. 10. Mero P.V. Komi & Gregor R.J. (1992), Biomechanics of Sprint Running, Illinois: Human Kinetics, PP. 376-392. 11. Salo, A. & Bezodis, I.N. (2004), Sports Biomechanics, Saint Louis: The C.V.Mosby company, PP. 43-54. 12. Suzuki, M. et. al. (1991), Analysis of the Race Patterns of Men, Saint Louis: The C.V.Mosby company, PP. 14 – 24. 13. Thomas, Jerry R. & Nelson, Jack K. (1996), Research Methods in Physical Activity, Ilinois: Human Kinetics, PP. 234-240. 14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_automatic_time 15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_finish 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_jump 17. http://linda-n-riggins.suite101.com/first-horserace-photo-finish 18. http://website.lineone.net/~athletics/coursemeasurement/history--/jewell.htm 19. http://www.answers.com/topic/photo-finish-camera#ixzz1tJtQH13j

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Effect of Stationary and Moving Circuit Training on Selected Bio-Motor Variables among Women Sprinters Ms. R. Selvarani Dr. S. Indira Director of Physical Education Director of Physical Education Dr. MGR Janaki College for Women JBAS College for Women Chennai – 600 028 Chennai – 600 018 ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to find out the effect of stationary and moving circuit training on selected bio-motor variables among women sprinters. 90 women sprinters (N=90), participated at inter collegiate sports meets representing their colleges were randomly selected in the age group ranging from 19 to 21. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups and each group consists of 30 subjects. Group I acted as experimental group which underwent stationary circuit training (SCTG) and Group II acted as experimental group which underwent moving circuit training (MCTG) and group III acted as control group (CG). The control group did not participate in any specialized training except of their routine activities. Pre and post test scores were collected on bio motor abilities speed through 50 M run test, strength through dips test and endurance through 12 M run / walk test, which formed initial scores. The ANCOVA results proved that SCT and MCT significantly contributed for on bio-motor abilities speed, strength and endurance. Post hoc analysis proved that MCTG group scored the highest gain on biomotor abilities, speed, strength and endurance among women sprinters, followed by SCTG group and CG group. Both treatment groups MCTG and SCTG were significantly better than CG. Comparing between the treatment groups, it was found that there was significant differences on bio motor abilities. It was concluded women sprinters can choose any of the circuit training to improve their speed, strength and endurance. Key words: Speed, Strength, Endurance, stationary circuit training, moving circuit training. INTRODUCTION

Speed is the measure of how fast an athlete can sprint short distances. A high maximum speed by itself does not guarantee athletic success. Quickness refers to the ability of an athlete to perform specific movement in the shortest possible time. It also involves the ability of the nervous system to process and produce rapid contractions and relaxations of the muscles fibers. Fast, explosive movement of the entire body, which occur in the starting and acceleration phases of sprinting or of adjusting a body part to start a new movement or rapidly change direction demonstrate an athlete’s quickness. (Loren Seagrave (1998) . Speed is the capacity to perform successive movements at a fast rate as well as thinking about speed as "running speed" it is really the development of the ability to move the limbs quickly which is needed in a variety of sports and events, for example javelin throw, discus

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 throw, tennis, squash etcetera. Therefore, there is more to think about than just running fast (Bompa, 1999) . Training is a program of exercise designed to improve the skills and to increase the energy capacity of an athlete for a particular event, therefore training is essential for the development of physical fitness components (William and Sperryn, 1976) . Circuit training is very special form of training which concentrates on different parts of the body and general endurance. Circuit training is a method of physical conditioning that employs both resistance training and callisthenic training exercises. (Frank W. Dick., (1962) Circuit training is based on the premise that the athlete must do the same amount of work within the limits of an assigned training period. Numerous variations of this system are in use, but all employ certain common factors: a circular arrangement of the activities that permits progression from one station to another until all stations have been visited, the total comprising a “circuit” and a limiting time within which the circuit must be concluded. The circuit training that employs a series of exercises stations that consists of weight training, flexibility, calisthenics, and brief aerobic exercises by moving from one station to another station is considered as moving circuit training for the purpose of the study. In circuit training the athletes can move rapidly from one station to the next and perform whatever exercise is to be done at that station with in a specified time period. A circuit would consist of 8 to 12 stations and the entire would be repeated with in three of four times, concentrating on the legs, abdomen, back, arms, shoulders and trunk. These exercises should be organized so the subject moves from one muscle group to another. This method allows working hard on a muscle group and then resting it, while the other groups have their then to work out (Brooks and Fahey, (1987). Exercise bikes are a great addition for stationary circuit training routine. One can begin the circuit training on a bike, as this type of movement provides an ideal warm-up. Keep the level low and warm up the legs. This will also begin to slowly raise the heart rate and prepare the body for what’s yet to come. Stationary bikes are also ideal to use in the intense parts of a circuit training routine. One can crank up the level as high as one need to in order to rev up the heart rate. This will maintain the intensity of the circuit workout, keeping the metabolism raised to burn the maximum amount of calories. When one can’t make it to a specialized circuit training

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 class, he can still create the own circuit workout through stationary bike (Fred Hoffman, (2009) . Both stationary circuit training and moving circuit training may improve fitness including bio motor variables of women sprinters. Greene NP, et.al. (2009) compared changes in physical fitness, body weight, and body composition in physically inactive, overweight, and obese adults after 12 wks of land treadmill (LTM) and found differences due to land treadmill machine. Wong PC, et.al. (2008) studied the effects of a 12-week twice weekly additional exercise training, which comprised a combination of circuit-based resistance training and aerobic exercises, in additional to typical physical education sessions, on aerobic fitness, body composition

and found exercise training

significantly improved lean muscle mass, body mass index, fitness. Nash MS, et.al. (2007) examined the effects of circuit resistance exercise (CRT) training on muscle strength, endurance, anaerobic power, and shoulder pain in middle-aged men and found improvement muscle strength, endurance, and anaerobic power of middle-aged men. The theoretical foundations laid based on previous researches proved that circuit training increases strength and aerobic fitness and burns lots of calories. Aside from improving an individual’s total health and wellness, it also works the different muscles of the body. Depending upon the exercises in different stations of circuit training, it improves strength of lower legs, quadriceps, hip flexors, glutes and hamstrings of the upper legs, and the abdominals, oblique’s as well as the core and lower back muscles of the mid body. These exercises are also influences the physiological and anthropometric variables to some extent. There was dearth of studies to find out whether stationary circuit training, that is, exercises in stationary bike or moving circuit training has greater influences on selected bio motor variables, speed, strength and endurance of women sprinters. METHOD Randomly selected 90 women sprinters (N=90), who participated at inter collegiate sports meets representing their colleges were randomly selected. The selected subject’s age group was ranging from 19 to 21. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups and each group consists of 30 subjects. Group I acted as experimental group which underwent stationary circuit training (SCTG) and Group II acted as experimental group which underwent moving circuit training (MCTG) and group III acted as control group (CG). The control group underwent 110

ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 routine activities and care was taken that they should not involve in special exercise programs. Prior to experimental treatment all the subjects were measured of their bio motor abilities speed through 50 M run test, strength through dips test and endurance through 12 M run / walk test, which formed initial scores. The subjects were tested of their bio-motor abilities agility, strength and flexibility using standard tests as listed in Table I.

Table I, Showing the Variables, Tests and Unit of Measurements for the Study S.No

Variables

Tests

Unit of Measurement

1

Speed

50 M Run

In seconds

2

Strength

Dips Test

In Numbers

3

Endurance

12 M Run / Walk

In Meters

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

The collected data was subjected to statistical treatment using the following statistical techniques. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Descriptive statistics was used to determine the normative status of the data collected. Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of effect of SCTG and MCTG groups compared to CG. When significant results were obtained, post hoc analysis (Scheffe’s test) was used to determine the significance between paired means of the groups. In all cases 0.05 level was fixed to test significance. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The collected data on selected bio motor abilities on the effect of SCTG and MCTG) was tested for significance using ANCOVA for each variable separately. To test the hypothesis significant level of 0.05 level was fixed. That is, if the obtained F value was lesser than the required value to be significant, the null hypothesis was accepted. And if the obtained F value was greater than the required value to be significant, the null hypothesis was rejected. Table II shows the results of ANCOVA on selected bio motor variables and Table III shows the results of post hoc analysis for variables of significant results.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 Tab II: ANCOVA Results on the Effect of Stationary Circuit Training Group (SCTG), Moving Circuit Training Group (MCTG) and control group (CG) on Selected Bio Motor Variables among Women Sprinters. Results on Bio Motor Variable –SPEED Source of Sum of Mean Means SCTG MCTC CG df F Variance Squares Square 0.04 2 0.02 Between Pre Test 7.28 7.25 7.30 0.15 11.37 87 0.13 Within 1.16 2 0.58 Between Post Test 7.11 7.06 7.32 3.28* 15.41 87 0.18 Within 0.86 2 0.43 Between Adjusted 7.10 7.09 7.30 7.14* 5.15 86 0.06 Within Results on Bio Motor Variable – STRENGTH Between 14.69 2 7.34 Pre Test 23.30 23.00 22.33 0.60 Within 1060.97 87 12.20 Between 204.87 2 102.43 Post Test 25.93 25.87 22.70 10.34* Within 861.63 87 9.90 Between 124.42 2 62.21 Adjusted 25.57 25.76 23.16 59.21* 90.35 86 1.05 Within Results on Bio Motor Variable – ENDURANCE Between 23360.00 2 11680.00 Pre Test 1966.67 1934.67 1930.67 0.21 Within 4766400.00 87 54786.21 Between 221806.67 2 110903.33 Post Test 2051.67 2042.33 1942.00 2.00 Within 4822833.33 87 55434.87 Between 157246.21 2 78623.11 Adjusted 2031.41 2050.68 1953.92 6.66* Within 1015431.52 86 11807.34 SCTG : Stationary Circuit Training Group; MCTG: Moving Circuit Training Group. CG: Control Group

* Significant

Table Value Required df (2,87) F0.05 3.10 Tab III: Showing Multiple Comparisons of Scheffe’s Post Hoc Analysis Comparisons on Speed Mean Difference

MEANS OF SCTG

MCTC

7.10

7.09

7.10 7.09

Required C I

CG 0.01

0.16

7.30

0.20*

0.16

7.30

0.21*

0.16

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 Comparisons on Strength 25.57

25.76

25.57 25.76

0.19

0.66

23.16

2.41*

0.66

23.16

2.60*

0.66

Comparisons on Endurance 2031.41

2050.68

2031.41 2050.68

19.27

69.86

1953.92

77.49*

69.86

1953.92

96.76*

69.86

*Significant at 0.05 level. The results showed that due to SCT and MCT significantly contributed for on bio-motor abilities speed, strength and endurance as the obtained F value was significantly greater the required F value (Table II). The results on post hoc analysis presented in Table III proved that MCTG group scored the highest gain on bio-motor abilities, speed, strength and endurance among women sprinters, followed by SCTG group and CG group. Both treatment groups MCTG and SCTG were significantly better than CG. Comparing between the treatments groups, it was found that there were significant differences on bio motor abilities, speed, strength and endurance. Thus, the findings proved that even through MCTG effects found to be higher than SCTG, there was no significant difference.

The findings of this study are in agreement with the findings of Greene NP, et.al. (2009) who found improvement in physical fitness due to 12 weeks land treadmill training. Further the findings of this study were in agreement with the findings of Wong PC, et.al. (2008) and Nash MS, et.al. (2007) who found circuit resistance exercise (CRT) training improved muscle strength, endurance, and anaerobic power. The theoretical foundations were made on different groups of people, such as obese and middle aged men. In this study, the effects of MCTG and SCTG were studied among women sprinters and the previous findings were found to hold good for women sprinters also. CONCLUSION

It was concluded that well both MCTG and SCTG significantly contributed for the improvement of selected bio motor abilities among women sprinters. Hence, women sprinters can choose any of the circuit training to improve their speed, strength and endurance.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 REFERENCES 1. Frank W. Dick., (1962) Sports Training Principles, New york, The Ronald press company, P. 184. 2. Fred Hoffman, (2009), “Sample Class: Core Circuit Training”, http//www.ideafit.com/expert 3. George A. Brooks and Thomas D. Fahey,(1987) Fundamentals of Human performance, New York: Macmillan. 4. Greene NP, et.al. (2009), “Comparative efficacy of water and land treadmill training for overweight or obese adults.”, Med Sci Sports Exerc. 41(9):1808-15. 5. Loren Seagrave (1998), cited by Jimson Lee (2009), “Loren Seagrave – Neuro Biochemics of Maximum Velocity”, http://speedendurance.com. 6. Nash MS, et.al. (2007), “Effects of circuit resistance training on fitness attributes and upper-extremity pain in middle-aged men with paraplegia.”, Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 88(1):70-5 7. Todor O. Bompa, (1999). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training [4th ed], Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, PP. 3 – 4. 8. William J.C.P. and Sperryn P.N. (1976). Sports Medicine, London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.,P.8. 9. Wong PC, et.al. (2008), “Effects of a 12-week exercise training program on aerobic fitness, body composition, blood lipids and C-reactive protein in adolescents with obesity.”, Ann Acad Med Singapore. 37(4):286-93

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EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ENERGY BALANCE AMONG SELECTED SPORTSPERSONS OF COIMBATORE DISTRICT K Mahalakshmi Sangeetha*, Dr. Lalitha Ramaswamy** Jisna* PK *Dept of Foods and Nutrition, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore **Associate Prof & Head, Dept of Nutrition & Dietetics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, [email protected]

Abstract The present study was purported to quantify the relation of physical fitness to energy intake and energy expenditure of the sportsperson. One hundred subjects aged between 20 – 35 yrs of age engaged in different sports discipline were selected. The subjects were tested for Abdominal Strength and Endurance (push up test), Arm & Shoulder Strength (Bent knee sit up test), Flexibility Strength (by sit and reach test) and Cardio-respiratory Endurance (12 minute run test) . The variables were expressed as absolute value and relative value for analysis. Based on 24 hour’s dietary recall method and time allocation pattern [TAP] the energy balance was assessed for a sub sample(N=20). The subjects showed poor physical fitness, and the mean energy intake fell short of meeting the recommended dietary allowances [RDAs]. Negative correlation exists between physical fitness and energy balance. Key words: Physical fitness, energy intake, energy expenditure, sports person. INTRODUCTION Sports are important part of every society, every country, and every part of our planet. In one way or the other, everyone is involved in sport or some sports, whether they are playing or watching or just knows someone who does either. “Sport” activity is integral to all round development of the personality. Achievement in sports has a considerable bearing on the national prestige and morale. India has a rich tradition of sports and physical fitness (Nath, 1993). Principles of physical education subdivide fitness into health-related physical fitness and motorrelated physical fitness. Health-related physical fitness consists of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility. Motor-related physical fitness consists of power, agility, and balance (Vivian, 2006). Nutrition is an important component of any physical fitness program. The main dietary goal for active individuals is to obtain adequate nutrition to optimize health and fitness or sports performance (Berning 2000). The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the fitness of selected sports person and its relation to energy balance. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Unlike in the past, modern sports are highly competitive, the use of modern equipment, nurturing of talent from a very tender age, stress on hard and physical training along scientific

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 lines and introduction of modern infrastructure and highly sophisticated equipment have changed the very complexion of modern sports. International sports events have become a showcase of nation pride and power (Debath, 1994). Appropriate nutrition is essential for the proper performance of exercise. In particular, correct nutrition is critically important for improvement of athletic performance, conditioning, recovery from fatigue after exercise, and avoidance of injury. Although athletes need to eat a well-balanced basic diet, there are several nutritional factors that are difficult to obtain at a sufficient level from a normal diet since athletes require more nutrients than the recommended daily allowances. (Aoi et.al., 2006). An athlete’s needs for energy are large to delay fatigue, prevent cramp, maintain strength and enhance endurance. Physical activity places a huge demand on energy requirements and systematic exercise and athletes need a well-planned diet. Diet plays a very significant role in giving the winning edge to the athletes. (Prajakta et.al., 2010). Nutrition not only plays a role in performance, but it can also help to prevent injuries, enhance recovery from exercise, help maintain body weight and improve overall health. It is important for all sports person to have a good working knowledge, understanding of exercise science and sports nutrition so that these can help in their own performance potential (Bakulin and Efimo, 1996; Loucks, 2004). The importance of the relationship between nutrition and exercise performance is obvious. Good nutrition is essential to proper growth and development. Too often, coaches think of good nutrition only during the season of their sport. Actually, for effective athletic performance, good nutrition is critical at all times. For competitive athletes, the diet must provide the optimal mix of energy yielding nutrients to fuel their special needs. To maximize performance, athletes strive to achieve an optimum sport specific body size, body composition and minimum of energy stores. To peruse these objectives, athletes need to manage fat, protein and carbohydrate balance. To guide their progress, athletes need to eat by discipline. (Nande et al, 2008).

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection of subjects This study was carried out on one hundred sportspersons, 88 male and 12 female subjects who were engaged in regular practice and participating in professional sport tournaments. The subjects aged between 20-35 years were from two well known Physical Education Institutions of Coimbatore. Assessment of physical fitness Physical fitness of each subject was assessed using following procedures1. Abdominal Strength and Endurance (Push-ups) Men should use the standard "military style" push-up position with only the hands and the toes touching the floor and perform as many push ups as possible until exhaustion. The total number of push ups completed is counted and compared with the chart to rate the performance. • Arm and Shoulder Strength (Bent Knee Sit-Ups) The number of sit-ups performed in a 60 second period was recorded for subjects lying on flat surface using their upper body only with their knees bent at right angles and both hands held behind their necks. The results are compared with the chart to rate the performance. • Flexibility Strength (sit and reach) For the sit and reach test, subjects sat on a flat surface with their heels positioned to the edge of a step and their knees pointed upwards, and they bent forward at the waist with their hands outstretched with the palms facing downwards, and the hands on top of each other or side by side, the subject reaches forward along the measuring line as far as possible. Ensure that the hands remain at the same level, not one reaching further forward than the other. After some practice reaches, the subject reaches out and holds that position for at one-two seconds while the distance is recorded. The test was administered three times, and the average value was recorded. • Cardio-respiratory Endurance Test (12 minute run) When the track has been set up, the subject starts running around it. The objective of this test is to run or walk as much as can in the 12 minute period. At the end of 12 minutes the test is stopped, and the covered distance is measured. It should record the distance travelled in those 12 minutes in miles or kilometers. With the obtained result, the VO2max level is calculated using formula.

Evaluation of Energy Balance • Dietary Survey: Precise information on food consumption pattern of subjects was gathered through 24 hour dietary recall method. Energy intake was computed for all players using the values given in the Nutritive Value of the Indian Foods (Gopalan et. al., 2004) Mean was derived and compared with RDA.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 • Energy Expenditure Pattern: The time allocation pattern (TAP) was used to calculate the total energy expenditure. The TAP i.e., recording of the time spent by each individual in various day–to-day physical activities both in occupational (training) and non occupational (routine) hours was done for each athlete separately. Energy expenditure was determined for whole day using the time activities code procedure adapted from Bouchard et.al., (1983).

Statistical Appraisal of Data: Data was collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using means and standard deviation. Comparisons were made with the available standards. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fitness Test for Selected Athletes Performance in any sporting event is the result of a multitude of factors, which include the amount of training performed, the body's adaptation to the training, motivation level, nutritional status and weather conditions to name a few. As can see, physiological parameters only account for a portion of any performance, and so the role of any exercise physiologist is also similarly limited. Through fitness testing, the factors involving physiological processes, over which there is some control, can be measured and ultimately improved upon. Push up Test for the Selected Subjects The scores of Push up tests for the selected subjects is given in the Table I TABLE I, Scores for Push up Test of the Selected Subjects Sl .no 1 2 3 4 5 6

Push up test Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor Very poor

N=100 Per cent (%) 1 9 23 44 20 3

The above Table shows that, nearly 44 percent of subjects were rated as below average performers of push up test, 23 percent average performers, 9 percent above average performers, 20 percent poor performers, 3 per cent very poor performers and only one percent showed excellent performance. The reason for this could be either lack of regular abdominal exercises or due to low motivation during endurance. Bent- Knee Sit-up Test for the Selected Subjects Results of Bent- knee sit up test of the selected subjects is given in Table II

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2,, No: 1, Jan J 2015- June 2015 TABLE II, Score of Bent- Knee Sit-up up test of the Selected Subjects Sl .no

Bent Knee Sit Up Test

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

N=100 Per cent (%) 4 9 15 14 13 36 9

Excellent Good Above Average Average Below Average Poor Very poor

It is disappointing to note that only 4 percent of subjects were excellent performers. About 9 percent were good performers, 15 percent above average, 14 per cent average, 13 per cent below average, 36 per cent poor performers and 9 percent of subjects wer were very poor performers. Lifestyle could possibly be a key factor along with stress, lack of motivation and nutritional knowledge. Sit and Reach test for the Selected Subjects The results of Sit and reach test for the selected subjects is given in below Figure 1

60

37

41

40 20

13

4

5

Per cent (%)

0 Excellent

Good

Average

Fair

Poor

Flexibility is the ability to move a muscle through a full range of motion. It is saddening to note that only 4 percent of selected sports persons were excellent performers of Sit and Reach Test. Thirty seven per cent were good performers, 41 per per cent average performers, 13 percent fair, and 5 per cent were poor performers. The results show that there is a lack of flexible joints and muscles which would hinder the performance of routine movement. 12 minutes Run Test for the Selected Subject The scores of 12 minutes run test for the selected subjects are given in below Figure 2.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2,, No: 1, Jan J 2015- June 2015 4

6 11

14

Super Excellent Good

30

Fair

35

Poor Very poor

Assessing cardiovascular fitness encompasses testing the ability of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle tissue to take in deliver, and utilize oxygen while performing prolonged exercise of moderate to high intensity (Manore and Thompson, 22000). According to the results of 12 minutes run test for the selected subjects, only 4 per cent of subjects were rated as super performers, 6 per cent excellent performers, 11 percent good performers, 14 percent very poor and 30 per cent were poor performers. Majority (35%) of the subjects were fair performers.Similar results were observed by Prajakta et al. (2010) where the highest percentage value for poor cardio respiratory fitness was found in 10 + age group of female swimmers (44.44 %) which might ght be because of slower pace of swimming, overall intensity, duration, motivation and overall health status of swimmers. ENERGY BALANCE TABLE III

Mean energy balance of selected subjects,(N=20) Mean Energy Intake (K.cal)

Mean Energy Expenditure (K.cal)

Deficit/Surplus (K.cal)

Energy Balance

2052.36±290

3536.96±315

-1484.6

Negative balance

Table III presents the mean energy balance of the selected sports person. The mean energy intake of the selected sports person was found to be 2052.36±290 K Cal. The mean energy expenditure was 3536±315 K Cal. The sports persons spent an excess energy of 11484.6 K.cal and therefore were in negative energy balance. The main reason for the low energy intake among the subjects might be due to poor eating habits and lack of knowledge on nutrition, unhealthy food choices, a deficit in the components of a well-balanced well anced diet, and its implications of nutrition on performance. Too often, coaches think of good nutrition only during the season of 120

ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 their sport. Actually, for effective athletic performance, good nutrition is critical at all times. Torres-McGehee et al. (2012) suggested that proper nutrition programming should be provided for athletes, coaches, Athlete Trainers, and Strength and Conditioning Specialists. The results of the present study goes in accordance with the observations by Prajakta et al., (2010) who showed that swimmers were unable to meet their energy demands which had a deleterious influence on their cardio respiratory fitness. Cardio respiratory fitness correlated negatively with energy intake strongly suggesting need for sufficient energy to carry out sports activities. Nande et al (2004) showed 100% of female and male players engaged in different sports disciplines showed negative energy balance, Calorie requirements vary greatly from person to person and are affected by activity level, body size, age and climate. Body size impacts on calorie requirements more than any other single factor. Some sports demand high energy expenditure, others do not. If intake is consistently above or below an athlete’s requirement, weight gain or weight loss will occur, both of which can affect performance (Venkata Ramana et. al.,2004). The energy derived from carbohydrate, protein and fat should always be in proportion to that of energy expenditure by an individual athlete with respect to his/her energy requirements for whole day activity schedule and to the process of performing physical exercise (Chandrashekhar and Bhargava, 1988; Simopoulous and Pavlou,1993). Energy intake of the players therefore should be regulated with specific distribution of carbohydrate, protein and fat calories so as to maintain their body weight, meet the energy requirements of both routine and sports activities as well as enhance their performance. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The selected sport persons had a lower fitness level including Abdominal Strength, Arm and Shoulder Strength, Flexibility and Cardio-respiratory Endurance. In addition, the results of this study tend to confirm the fact that negative energy balance affects their performance. Participation in regular physical exercise programs complemented with healthy eating habits will improve the performance. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author records her deep sense of gratitude to the subjects who willing participated in the study. REFERENCES 1. Nath, S. (1993) Anthropometry- the Measurement of Body Size, Shape and Form. 1st 2. Edition, Friends Publication, Delhi, 30, 142. 3. Vivian, H.H. (2006) Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. 5th edition. Human kinetics.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 4. Berning JR. (2000)Nutrition for Exercise and Sports Performance. Krause's Food. In: Mahan KL, Escott-Stump S, editors. Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 10th ed. Saunders Company; p. 535. 5. Debnath (1994) Women’s Performance and Sports. Friends Publication, India, 53, 58-60 6. Aoi W, Naito Y and Yoshikawa T (2006) “Exercise and functional foods” Nutrition Journal Vol, 5:15 ;135-140 7. Prajakta, N., Bhawnani, N. & Sabiha V. (2010 ) Assessment Of Nutritional Status And Physical Fitness Of Female Swimmers, Journal Of Exercise Science And Physiotherapy Volume 6, No.1pp 7 – 21. 8. Bakulin, V. & Efimo, V. (1996) Nutrition for Sports.Sports Authority of India, XLV II. 1- 4. 9. Loucks, A. B. (2004) Energy Balance & Body Composition in Sports & Exercise. American Journal of Nutrition & Dietetics, 54 (2):718 –719. 10. Nande, P., Mudafale, V. & Vali, S. (2008) A Study on Energy Balance among Female & Male Players Engaged in Different Sports Disciplines Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, Vol. 4, No. 1: 1-14. 11. Gopalan, C., Ramasastri, B.V. & Balsubramanian, S.C. (2004). Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. NIN Publication, ICMR, Hyderabad, 3, 47-80. 12. Bouchard, C., Tremblay,A.C. ,Lortie,G and Theriault,G.A (1983)“Method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.,Vol.2 (9)Pp 137, 467. 13. Manore, M. and Thompson, J. (2000). Sport Nutrition for Health and Performance. 10th Edition, Human Kinetics, United Sates, Europe, 397, 401. 14. Torres-McGehee T M, Kelly L. Pritchett and Mike Sibilia. (2012) Sports Nutrition Knowledge Among Collegiate Athletes, Coaches, Athletic Trainers, and Strength and Conditioning Specialists, J Athl Train.; 47 (2):205 – 211 15. Venkata Ramana, Y. Surya, Kumari. Sudhakar, Rao. Balakrishna, N. (2004). Variations in Basal Metabolic Rate with Incremental Training Load in Athletes. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 7 (1): 26 – 33 16. Chandrashekhar, Usha. & Bhargava, Geeta. (1988) Nutritional Status of Athletes & the Impact of Dietary Modification on Their Athletic Performance. Indian Journal of Nutrition &Dietetics, 25:176 – 184. 17. Simopoulous, A. P. & Pavlou, K. N. (1993) Nutrition &Fitness for Athletes. 4th Edition, Karger Publishers.155-157.

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ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGES IN SELECTED MOTOR FITNESS COMPONENTS WITH CONCURRENT STRENGTH AND PLYOMETRIC TRAINING Dr.R.S VARMA

Coach, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam, India M.KAVITHA

Research scholar under the Supervision of Dr.R.V.L.N.Rathnakara Rao Dept of physical education, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, India ABSTRACT Motor fitness is the basis of all the activities of individuals to perform them efficiency and effectively. The purpose of the study was to compare the selected Motor ability of tennis and volleyball players (age16-18 years). Thirty (30) Tennis and Thirty (30) volleyball players were randomly selected for the study. To measure the level of motor ability of tennis and volleyball players, five test items of AAPHER Youth fitness test battery were used. For statistical analysis and Interpretation of data ‘t’ test was conducted. It was observed that there was significant difference in sit ups, standing broad jump, shuttle run, 50 yard dash and 12 minute run and walk. Result showed Tennis players are better in all test items in comparison to Volleyball players except Agility.

Key words: Tennis, Volleyball, Sit ups, Shuttle Run, 12 minute run and Walk, 50 yard dash. INTRODUCTION Motor ability means the ability to perform fundamental motor skills involving all basic performance traits including coordination or arm eye, and foot eye, muscular power, agility, muscular strength, cardio-respiratory endurance, flexibility and speed, (H.Harrison Clarke, 1976). Many researchers in the field of Physical Education and Sports have emphasized the importance of Motor ability, technical and tactical ability, physical and mental efficiency, for achieving top performance. Tennis and Volley ball are most popular game in the world and require high-level of motor ability, strength, speed, agility, endurance .balance, co-ordination and skillful bodily movement. In the pre-historic times, Physical fitness was the key element of the survival of human beings. Physical fitness is the pre-requisite of the ability to perform any motor tasks in day to day life as well as in sport. It has been considered as one of the most important aspects of human existence. Physical fitness is that state of body in which a person can carry his daily duties and responsibilities efficiently and with the energy left he can enjoy hobbies and other recreational activities and can meet the unusual. In other words Physical fitness can be defined as the state of body in which a person can do work for a longer duration without undue fatigue. Physical fitness not only a state of younger’s but is the reality for all ages. Physical fitness is the product of physical exercises and exercise is very much related to health and wellbeing. Moreover the development of science and technology discouraging the human beings from doing vigorous activities as a result of which various physical and mental diseases are flourishing at a great speed throughout the world. The findings of the present study will encourage the youth of the nation to participate in Games and Sports. 123

ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 METHOD A group of Thirty (30) Tennis and Thirty (30) Volleyball players (age16-18 years) were selected from Nine (9) Higher Secondary Boys School in Purba Medinipur. Tennis and Volleyball players are those boys who regularly used to go for physical activities willingly and took part in District level matches and tournaments. The random group design was used for the study. Random sampling method was employed. Five test items of the AAHPER youth fitness test battery were administered to measure motor ability of the Tennis and Volleyball players. After collecting the data to observe the difference among the group the raw data were converted to the percentile scores according to the normative scale of this battery. Bend knee sit-up was used to measure abdominal strength of the subjects. To measure explosive strength and power of the subjects Standing broad jump was employed. Shuttle run was administered to measure agility of the subjects. To measure the speed of the subject’s 50 yard dash was used and 12 minute run & walk was administered to measure endurance of the subjects. Tools used for the present study were Measuring –Tape, Stop Watch, Mat, Clapper, Wooden block and Whistle. Age of the subject was taken from their school record. Both the groups were same in age. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For statistical analysis and Interpretation of data ‘t’ test were conducted. The results are presented in tabular form as given here under. Sl .no Variables Mean tennis Mean volley Mean t-ratio players ball players difference 1 Sit-ups 59.67 47.50 12.17 2.50* 2 3 4

Standing broad jump Shuttle run 50 yard dash

67.17

52.50

14.47

2.38*

60.50 60.17

56.00 45.33

4.50 14.84

0.79NS 2.58*

5

12 min run 67.67 42.50 25.17 and walk *Significant at 0.05 level, **Significant at 0.01 level, NS is Not significant

6.86**

Fig. 1: Graphs Showing Motor ability Test between Means of Tennis and Volleyball players Table-1 give information regarding selected Motor ability variables of Sit ups, Standing Broad Jump, Shuttle Run, 50 Yard Dash and 12 minute Run and Walk of Tennis and Volleyball players. Table shows that there were significant differences in all the variables of Tennis and Volleyball players. The Mean Difference of Sit ups, Standing Broad Jump, Shuttle Run, 50 Yard Dash and 12 minute Run and Walk of Tennis and volleyball players were 12.17, 14.47, 4.50, 14.84 and 25.17 respectively. t-test was applied and t-value of Sit ups, Standing Broad Jump, Shuttle Run, 50 Yard Dash and 12 minute Run and Walk were 2.50, 2.38, 0.79, 2.58 and 6.86 respectively.

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ISSN 2349 – 722X International Journal of Fitness, Health, Physical Education & Iron Games Volume: 2, No: 1, Jan 2015- June 2015 CONCLUSION Based on the result of the present study and within the limitation, following conclusions were drawn. • Tennis players are better in abdominal strength in comparison to Volleyball players • Tennis players are better in explosive strength in comparison to Volleyball players • Tennis players are slightly better in agility in comparison to Volleyball players but it was not statistically significant. • Tennis players are better in speed in comparison to Volleyball players • Tennis players are better in endurance in comparison to Volleyball players REFERENCES 1. E AAHPER(1964) “Phyysical Education For High School Students Washington.” American Association for health Physical Education and mRecreations. 2. Gay G. Reiff (1976) AAPHER Youth Fitness Test Manual. 3. Jewell Ann, E. “An introduction of Physical Education” (Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1969). 4. Mridha, S. (2010). A Comparative Study on Motor Fitness of 12 to 14 Years Tribal and Non-Tribal Boys. Abstract Book National Conference on Trends & Practices in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Vishva Bharti Santiniketan University, West Bengal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (p. 11). 5. Nayek (2010) “A Comparative Study on Motor Fitness of 12 to 14 Years Tribal and Non-Tribal Boys”. (Abstract Book) National Conference on Trends and Practices in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Vishva Bharti Santiniketan University, West Bengal (p. 51). 6. Negi, Vidya Bandhu (2006). A Study of Motor Fitness and Selected Physiological Variables among Mongoloid & Medi-Terranean Senior Secondary School Students. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Dept of Phy Edu, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla. 7. Satpal Kaur(2011) “ Physical Fitness”, Proceedings of the UGC Sponsored National seminer, Global Trends in Physical Education and Sports.Punjab, India (pp.169-172). 8. Singh Sunil (2010). Comparative Between Selected Physical Fitness Variables of Offensive and Defensive Football Players of University Level, Abstract Book, National Seminar on Recent Trends & Future of Physical Education and Sports Science, Mahatma Gandhi Vidyapith, Varanasi (UP), India, Vol. 1, (p. 37). 9. Thakur Geeta (2011) “Comparison of Motor Fitness Components of Rural and Urban School Hockey Boys”.

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