Fish Nutrition & Feed Technology MFSc & PhD Syllabus

MFSc & PhD Programs in Fish Nutrition & Feed Technology - Syllabus

Central Institute of Fisheries Education Mumbai

18/4/08

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M.F.Sc (Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology) Major Courses Code

Course Title

Credits

CORE COURSES 1.

FNB 501

Fish Nutrition

2+1

2.

FNB 502

Nutritional Biochemistry

2+1

3.

FNB 503

Feed Formulation and Feed Technology

2+1

4.

FNB 504

Nutritional Energetic

2+1

OPTIONAL COURSES 1.

FNB 505

Digestive physiology

1+1

2.

FNB 506

Vitamins and Minerals Nutrition

1+1

3.

FNB 507

Nutritional Requirements and Feeding Management

1+1

4.

FNB 508

Protein Nutrition

1+1

5.

FNB 509

Feed Ingredients and Additives

1+1

6.

FNB 510

Nutrition and Feeding of Crustaceans

1+1

7.

FNB 511

Lipid Nutrition

1+1

8.

FNB 512

Carbohydrate Nutrition

1+1

PhD (Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology) Major Courses Code

Course Title

Credits

1.

FNB 601

CORE COURSES Advances in Bioenergetics

2.

FNB 602

Advances in Feed Technology

2+1

3.

FNB 603

Larval and Brood Stock Nutrition

2+1

2+1

OPTIONAL COURSES 1.

FNB 604

Advances in Nutrition

1+1

2.

FNB 605

Biochemical Endocrinology

1+1

3.

FNB 606

Molecular Nutrition

1+1

4.

FNB 607

Nutraceuticals

1+1

5.

FNB 608

Feed Intake and Feeding Behaviour

1+1

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FNB 502 General fish Nutrition

(2+1)

Objective •

To understand the basic principle of Fish Nutrition

•

To understand the function of Individual nutrients

•

To create awareness about the feed additives used in Aquafeed

Theory Protein nutrition of fish and shellfish:- Introduction, function and metabolism of protein, amino acids and their classification, specific function, protein deficiency symptoms, evaluation criteria of dietary protein.

Lipid nutrition: - Introduction, function, metabolism , Fatty acids and their classification, specific functions of essential fatty acids, deficiency symptoms, evaluation of lipid quality.

Carbohydrate nutrition: - Introduction, function, metabolism, improvement of carbohydrate utilization by fish

Vitamin nutrition: - Introduction, classification, source, functions, deficiency symptoms

Minerals nutrition: - Introduction, classification, source, functions, deficiency symptoms

Energy nutrition: - definition, energetics, expression of energy value of feed (gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy), partitioning of energy, protein energy ratio.

Larval nutrition: - Importance of live feed and artificial feed, Different types of feed available for larvae (only classification), constraints and scope

Brood stock nutrition:- Nutrients required for reproduction, egg and sperm quality.

Feed additives: - Classification, function, and specific use for economic and quality fish and shellfish production. 18/4/08

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Practical: Identification of common feed ingredients; Proximate analysis: Moisture, Crude Protein, Crude Lipid, Ash, Acid insoluble ash, Nitrogen free extract of feed fish tissue, Fatty acid analysis, Calcium, Phosphorus content of feed.

Reference: ADCP (Aquaculture Development and Co-ordination Programme) 1980. Fish Feed Technology, ADCP/REP/80/11.FAO, Rome.

Guillame, J., Kaushik, S., Berqot P., and Metallier, R., 2001. Nutrition and feeding of fish and crustaceans, Springer Praxis Publishing, Chichester, UK.

Halver J.E. 1989. Fish Nutrition, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Halver, J.E, and Tlews, K.T. 1979. Finfish nutrition and fishfeed technology Vol. I and II Heenemann, Berlin.

Hepper, B. 1988. Nutrition of pond fishes.

Lovell, T., 1988. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Halver, J and Hardy, R.W. 2002. Fish nutrition. Academic press, London. 824

Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York

Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology 18/4/08

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Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research area 1. Quantitative estimation of feed intake: Natural vs Artificial feed 2. Digestibility of natural and artificial feed 3. Broodstock feed 4. Larval feed

FNB 502 Nutritional Biochemistry

(2+1)

Objective

•

To understand the basic structure and Function of Biomolecules and their metabolism in fish

Theory Carbohydrates: Definition, classification and biological significance of

monosaccharides,

disaccharides, and polysaccharides with special reference to starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin and mucopolysaccharides, Digestion, Constraints and factors affecting carbohydrate digestibility

Lipids: Definition, classification and biological significance of fatty acids, Digestion of lipid, peroxidation and antaoxidants

Proteins: Definition, classification and biological significance; Amino acids: structure, classification, Structure of proteins- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Digestion, factors affecting digestibility, Factors affecting the protein quality Nucleic acids: Structure, biological functions and properties of nucleic acids, structure of purines, pyrimidines, DNA and RNA; Nucleic acid and immunity 18/4/08

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Practical: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Preparation of standard biochemicals and buffer solutions. Determination of pH of buffer solutions. Handling and operation of spectrophotometer, pH meter, microbalance, centrifuge, electrophoresis apparatus and preparation of tissue homogenate from fish organs.

Reference:

Suggested Readings Lehninger, A.L. 1993. Principles of Biochemistry.

Smith, E.L., Hill, R.L., Lehman, I.R., Lefkowitz, R.J., Handler, P. and White, A. 1983. The principles of Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill International Book co. Aukland.

Nelson, D.L and Cox, M.M. 2005. Lehninger Principles of biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and company.

Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L and Stryer, L. 2002. Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and company

Devlin, T.M. 1997. Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations. Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Voet, D., Voet, J.G and Pratt, C.W. 2006. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley & sons, Inc.

Conn, E.E and Stumpf, P.K. 1966. Outlines of Biochemistry. John Wiley & sons, Inc.

Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A and Rodwell, V.W. 2000.

Harper’s Biochemistry.

Appleton and Lange

List of Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology 18/4/08

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Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Nutrient-Nutrient interaction 2. Anti-nutrients and Metabolism

FNB 503

Feed Formulations and Feed Technology

(2+1)

Objective

•

To learn basic concept of feed formulation

•

To learn different methods of feed processing techniques

Theory General principle of feed formulation, Different steps of feed formulation, classification of feed ingredients: energy source & protein source, Evaluations of ingredients quality, Methods of feed formulation: Pearson’s method, quadratic equation linear programming, limitations.

Types of feed: Dry (pellets, flakes, powdered, micro-encapsulated, micro-bound and microcoated diets) and non-dry; Feed manufacturing units and processes: Pulverizer, grinder, mixer, pelletizer, crumbler, drier, Extruder/ Expander, Vacuum coater, fat spryer.

Hydro-stability of feed and their storage and prevention of spoilage from rancidity, fungus formation and associated toxins, Fish disease vectors in feed and quality control; Feed value in relation to processing; Use of natural and synthetic carotenoids: Feed additives; Feed economics and evaluation criteria: FCR, PER, NPU, EAAI, chemical score, biological value. Aqua feed industries in India.

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Practical: Feed formulation exercise; Processing of the ingredients, formulation and preparation of isocaloric and isonitrogenous feeds; Preparation of feeds with various binders in order to determine their hydro-stability; Estimation of trypsin inhibitors, Tannin and HCN in the feed ingredients; Determination of vitamin C and carotenoids in feeds; Preparation of mineral & vitamin premix.

Suggested Readings ADCP (Aquaculture Development and Co-ordination Programme) 1980. Fish Feed Technology, ADCP/REP/80/11.FAO, Rome.

D’ Abramo, LR., Conklin, D.E and Aklyama. D.M, 1977, Crustacean Nutrition: Advances in Aquaculture Vol. 6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Roughe, L.A..





Muir J.F., and Robert Donald (Eds.) 1968. Recent Advances in Aquaculture Vol.II., Blackwell Science.

New, M.B. 1987. Feed and feeding of fish and shrimp. A manual on the preparation and preservation of compound feeds for shrimp and fish in aquaculture. F.A.O. Rome – ADCP/REP/87/26.

Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York List of Journals

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Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Ecofriendly feed 2. Medicated feed 3. Special larval diets FNB 504 FNB Nutritional Energetic

(2+1)

Objective

•

To learn metabolism of different macromolecules

•

To learn interlinking of different energy producing pathways

•

To study energy flow in a biological system

Theory Introduction to bioenergetics; The energy budget equation, energy flow in fish and shellfish; Gross energy, digestive energy, metabolizable energy, net energy, heat increment; Factor influencing ingestion, absorption, excretion, respiration, and metabolism and their effect.

Energy requirement of fish and factors influencing it; Estimation of energy content of feed components based on chemicals composition, indirect and direct method; Production and growth; Relationship between feeding and growth; energy exchange in biological system. Methodology for maintenance requirement, growth and reproduction, limitation and prospective of bioenergetics. 18/4/08

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Carbohydrate metabolism: - Glycolysis: its overview, key structures and reactions, control of glycolysis. TCA cycle: different steps, stoichiometry and control of cycle. Alternate pathways of carbohydrate metabolism: pentose phosphate pathway and guconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose.

Lipid metabolism: - Fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis, Generation of acetyl CoA, NADH/NADPH and FADH2, oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid, control of fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation: redox potential, respiratory chain and its enzyme system, ATP synthesis.

Protein and amino acid metabolism: - Oxidative degradation of amino acids, transmission and deamination, ammonia carriers and excretion, Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids.

Intermediary metabolism: - Integration of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.

Practical: Estimation of gross and digestive energy of feed and feed ingredients; Estimation of digestibility of nutrients, Bomb- calorimetry. Energy budget equation formation based on experiential data supplied. Determination of standard metabolism in fish.

End product estimation of aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrates metabolism. Enzyme assay of LDH, aminotransferases, acid phospatase, protease and nucleases, Fatty acid analysis of fish lipids by GC.

Suggested Readings Jobling, M. 1994. Fish Bioenergetics. Chapman & Hall. London. Evans, D.H. and Claiborne, J.B. 2006. The Physiology of fishes. CRC press Houlihan, D., Boujard, T and Jobling, M. 2001. Food intake in fish. Blackwell science Ltd, London. Halver, J and Hardy, R.W. 2002. Fish nutrition. Academic press, London. 824 p

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Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York Nelson, D.L and Cox, M.M. 2005. Lehninger Principles of biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and company.

Devlin, T.M. 1997. Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations. Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Florkin, M and Mason, H.S. Comparative Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.


Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A and Rodwell, V.W. 2000. Harper’s Biochemistry. Appleton and Lange


List of Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Journal of Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Energetics of utilization of natural and artificial feed 2. Energecis of utilization of animal vs plant ingredients 3. Enegetics of growth vs reproduction

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OPTIONAL COURSES

FNB 505

Digestive Physiology

(1+1)

Objective •

To learn digestive system of fish and their function

•

To learn the basic mechanism of feed intake and digestion process

Theory Digestive system of fish and shellfish including digestive organs and their role; anatomy and histology of alimentary canal; Feed ingestion, feeding mechanism gastro-intestinal motility; Digestion of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates; Digestibility, absorption and assimilation of energy nutrients. Minerals, vitamins absorption from intestine.

Digestive enzymes and their kinetics; Transport of nutrient in the body and their conversions; Physiological energetics, Digestive hormones and nutrients regulation of endocrine function in fish and shellfish; Factors affecting digestibility; Acid-base regulation, osmotic and ionic regulation; Nitrogen metabolism and excretion.

Practical:Dissection and examination of digestive and excretory organs; Histological preparation of digestive organs; Assays of enzymes activity of carbohydrates, proteins and lipid digestion; Determination of digestion and assimilation rates. In vitro digestibility study.

Suggested Readings



Halver, J and Hardy, R.W. 2002. Fish nutrition. Academic press, London. 824 p

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List of Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Digestibility due to plant to animal ingredient ratio 2. Enhancement of digestibility of plant feed ingredients

FNB 506 Vitamins and Mineral Nutrition

(1+1)

Objective •

To learn structure and functions of different vitamins and minerals

Theory Vitamins:

Structure and properties of water and fat soluble vitamins; Vitamin as coenzymes

and prosthetic groups of enzymes Vitamin requirements for different species, Dietary sources of vitamins, Factors affecting vitamin requirements, Losses of vitamin during feed processing

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Metabolic changes associated with hypo- and hyper-vitaminosis. Biosynthesis of Vitamin C and Vitamin D, Menifestation of vitamin deficiency Minerals: Macro, Trace and Toxic minerals Minerals requirements for different aquaculture species, Dietary sources of minerals, Factors affecting mineral requirement, Nutrient-minerals interaction Menifestation of mineral deficiency Practical: Estimation of Calcium and Phosphorus, Magnesium, Iron, Vitamin C, Preparation of vitamin and mineral premix, Estimation of vitamion and mineral loss due to leaching

Suggested Readings Dixon, M. and Webb, E.H. 1964. Enzymes. Longman Group Ltd., London Smith, E.L., Hill, R.L., Lehman, I.R., Lefkowitz, R.J., Handler, P. and White, A. 1983. The principles of Biochemistry, McGraw-Hill International Book co. Aukland.

Nelson, D.L and Cox, M.M. 2005. Lehninger Principles of biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and company.


Devlin, T.M. 1997. Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations. Wiley-Liss, Inc. Florkin, M and Mason, H.S. Comparative Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.


Conn, E.E and Stumpf, P.K. 1966. Outlines of Biochemistry. John Wiley & sons, Inc.

Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A and Rodwell, V.W. 2000.

Harper’s Biochemistry.

Appleton and Lange

List of Journals 18/4/08

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Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Development of species specific vitamin and mineral premix

FNB 507 Nutritional Requirements and Feeding Management

(1+1)

Objective •

To learn Nutritional requirements of different commercially important Fish and shell fish

•

To learn about feeding methods and management

Theory Analysis of experimental data employing complete Random Block Designing (CRD), Random Block Designing (RBD), t- test and analysis of variance. Body composition of fish and shellfish; Nutritive value of live feed. Designing of nutritional experiments; experimental culture systems;

Experimental diets; reference diet, purified and semi-purified diet. Methods for nutritional requirements in finfish and shellfish; Nutrient requirements (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids vitamins, and minerals) of warm water and cold water fish and shellfish, Larvae and brood stocks of commercial important shellfish and finfish. Requirement of essential and non-essential amino acid and essential fatty acid. Factors affecting nutritional requirements of fish and shellfish;

Growth evaluation: FCR, absolute growth, relative growth. SGR, % weight gain Feed influence on body composition and quality of fish; Effect of rations on fecundity and egg quality. 18/4/08

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Feeding devices, ration size/feeding rate, feeding frequency, restricted feeding and compensatory feeding. Nutritional studies and the problem of applying research findings to practical farming system.

Practical: -

Determination of food intake in fry and fingerlings, to ascertain the ration, Purified diet for a fish/prawn to determine protein and lipid requirements. Estimation of growth parameters for biological evaluation. Measures of protein quality. (FCR, PER, NPU, B.V). Mineral mixtures and vitamin premix and exercise on feeding.

Suggested Readings D’ Abramo, LR., Conklin, D.E and Aklyama. D.M, 1977, Crustacean Nutrition: Advances in Aquaculture Vol. 6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Roughe, L.A..


Halver J.E. 1989. Fish Nutrition, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Halver, J.E, and Tlews, K.T. 1979. Finfish nutrition and fishfeed technology Vol. I and II Heenemann, Berlin.


NRC (National Research Council), 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy Press, Washington.


Halver, J and Hardy, R.W. 2002. Fish nutrition. Academic press, London. 824 p 18/4/08

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Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Warm Water Fishes. National Academy of Sciences, Washington. Houlihan, D., Boujard, T and Jobling, M. 2001. Food intake in fish. Blackwell science Ltd, London. List of Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Development of Feeding standard for Indian species 2. Feeding strategy to reduce the waste 3. Restricted feeding and growth

FNB-508

Protein Nutrition

(1+1)

Objective: 1) To understand the importance of protein in aquafeed 2) To understand the relationship of protein with energy 3) To understand the economic importance of protein in aquafeed Definition, classification and biological significance of proteins; amino acids: acid-base Protein and amino acid metabolism - biosysnthesis of protein; oxidative and non-oxidative degradation of amino acids, transamination and deamination; urea cycle; biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids. 18/4/08

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Metabolism: digestion, Absorption, digestibility, Factors affecting protein digestibility Protein energy Inter-relationship (P/E Ratio) Protein sources, Dietary Non-Protein Nitrogen Amino acid Requirements: Both Qualitative and Quantitative, Protein requirement for Maintenance, Growth and Reproduction, Factors affecting protein requirement, Methods of requirement study Evaluation of protein quality (PER, NPU, BV, ANPU, PPV), Amino acid antagonism Protein deficiency symptoms. Practicals Extraction and purification of protein. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins Estimation of crude protein by Microkjeldahl method Estimation of protein by Lowry’s method Estimation of NPN (urea) Estimation of total free amino acid Estimation of available lysine Estimation of amino acids In-vitro protein digestibility Practical: -

Suggested Readings Keith Wilson and John Walker. 1995. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry. Cambridge University Press.

List of Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

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Research Area 1. No fish meal based diet 2. Reducing protein content by balancing the amino acid 3. Optimizing protein to lipid, protein to carbohydrate content in fish and shrimp diet

FNB 509 Feed Ingredients and Additives

(1+1)

Objective: To learn about the requirement and availability of ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds To learn the classification and nutritional composition of feed ingredients To learn different types of additives used in Aquafeed with their specific function

Theory: Ingredient classification: Conventional feed ingredients - protein sources, energy sources; Unconventional feed ingredients: agro-industrial by-products, slaughter house byproducts, Fruit processing by-products, Sea by-products, Forest by-products, Single cell protein, leaf protein concentrates, gluten meal and grain by-products Proximate composition; International coding of feed ingredients; Amino acid profile; Anti-nutritional factors and methods of detection

National and International scenario: Available status, present production trend and future requirements

Storage and quality control: Storage methods; Effect of storage on ingredient quality; Factors affecting quality of ingredients; Feed toxins Feed Processing Effect of processing on nutritional quality and Utilization Practical:

Proximate composition; Estimation of Tannin, Protease inhibitors, HCN, Aflatoxin, Available lysine.

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Suggested Readings Rechcigl, M. 1981. Handbook of nutritional supplements in a functional context. CRC press.

Rechcigl, M. 1983. Handbook of nutritional supplements. CRC press.

Rechcigl, M. 1977. CRC Handbook series in nutrition and food. CRC press.

ADCP (Aquaculture Development and Co-ordination Programme) 1980. Fish Feed Technology, ADCP/REP/80/11.FAO, Rome.




Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York Joachim W. Hertrampf and Felicitas Piedad-Pascual. 2000. Handbook on ingredients for aquaculture feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London. List of Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture 18/4/08

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Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Exploring new feed ingredients 2. Utilization of refinery waste as Single Cell Protein 3. Farmer friendly methods for detoxification of Anti-nutritional factors

FNB 510 Nutrition and Feeding in Crustaceans (1+1)

Objective: •

To study nutritional requirements of Crustaceans

•

To learn feed formulation and feed preparation for crustaceans

•

To learn feeding methods for shrimp and prawn

Theory: Nutritional requirements of Crustaceans: Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, vitamin and mineral requirements; Requirement changes during various life stages of crustaceans; Requirement of essential amino acids and fatty acids; Methods for determining nutritional requirements; Factors affecting nutritional requirements

Food and Feeding : Food and feeding habits, natural fish food organisms, Micro-particulate diets (MBD, MCD, MED, MEM, PARA) for hatcheries; Grow-out and finisher feeds; Broodstock feeds for conditioning and maturation

Digestion and Metabolism: Digestive system of Crustaceans; Digestive organs and their role in digestion; Feed ingestion and feeding mechanism; Gastro-intestinal motility; Digestion, absorption and assimilation of nutrients; Digestive enzymes and their role; Factors affecting digestibility

Bio-energetics of Crustaceans: Energy requirements of various commercially important species of crustaceans; Energy partitioning; Balancing protein and energy in the feed (P/E ratio) 18/4/08

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Feed formulation and manufacturing: Different types of feed ingredients; Evaluation of ingredient quality; Principles and methods of feed formulation; Extrusion technology; Effect of storage on nutritional quality of feeds; Role of feed additives on crustacean nutrition

Feeding management: Feeding ration; Feeding rate; Feeding ration; Feed dispensing methods and devices

Practical:

Study of digestive system of crustaceans, Estimation of digestive enzymes: proteases, amylases and lipases, Feed formulation and preparation, Hydro-stability of the feed, In- vitro digestibility, Aflatoxin analysis.






Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. 18/4/08

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Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York List of Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Exploring the immuno-stimulants and growth promoters 2. Nutritional requirement for P. vannemi 3. redefining protein-energy ratio in shrimp diet with respect to salinity

FNB 511 Lipid Nutrition

(1+1)

Objective: 1) To understand the importance of lipid in aqua feed 2) To understand the relationship of dietary lipid and tissue lipid

Definition, classification and biological significance of lipids, fatty acids: structure, properties and chemical reactions; saponification, iodine number and peroxide value of fats; structure, properties and functions of phospholipids, prostaglandins, PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and steroids. Lipid metabolism - biosynthesis and beta oxidation of fatty acids; generation of acetyl CoA, NADH/NADPH and FADH2; control of fatty acid metabolism. Souces of lipids and fatty acids, Lipid digestibility, transport, storage, mobilization, Protein sparing effect. Requirement study: Qualitaive and quantitative requirement of Essential fatty acids, total lipids 18/4/08

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Role of essential fatty acids, Influence of dietary lipid on flesh quality evaluation of lipid quality, antioxidants, deficiency symptoms, Concept of designer fish PRACTICALS End product estimation of aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism (pyruvate and lactate). Enzyme assay for LDH, MDH, ALT , estimation of phospholipids. Estimation of total lipid and free fatty acid, Peroxide value, saponification number, iodine value, Estimation of individual fatty acid by GCMS Suggested Readings D’ Abramo, LR., Conklin, D.E and Aklyama. D.M, 1977, Crustacean Nutrition: Advances in Aquaculture Vol. 6. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Roughe, L.A..





Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research 18/4/08

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Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Dietary lipid source and flesh lipid quality 2. Optimizing PUFA and HUFA content in indivisual sp 3. Impact of lipid peroxidation on growth and flesh quality

FNB 511 Carbohydrate Nutrition

(1+1)

Definition, classification and biological significance of carbohdrate, Mono, di and poly saccharides: structure, properties and chemical reactions; Non-starch carbohydrates and their significance Carbohydrate metabolism – Glycolytic pathway, TCA cycle and Pentose phosphate pathways, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis Sauces of carbohydrates, digestibility, Factors affecting starch utilization, carbohydrate and interaction with other nutrients and Protein sparing effect. Constraints of carbohydrate utilization in fish, Strategy to enhance carbohydrate utilization: gelatinization, exogenous amylases, Glucose intolerance, carbohydrate and Immunity Carbohydrate utilization for low cost feed

Practicals Estimation of Starch gelatinization at different feed processing methods, Blood glucose estimation, Invitro starch digestibility, Available lysine estimation, Estimation of Crude fibre content of feed, Estimation of cellulose and lignin content

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Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

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Research Area 1. Starch utilization and immunity status 2. Optimization of gelatinized to Non-gelatinized starch content in feed of indivisual sp 3. Sources of carbohydrate and their utilization 4. Study the basic key enzmes for carbohydrate metabolism

PhD Syllabus FNB 601 Advances in Bioenergetics

(2+1)

Objective To understand:

• Metabolism of Biomolecules, •

Metabolic process and energy production

• Energetic cost of wastes. Theory Energy requirements of fish: Principles and methods; factors affecting energy requirement; energy budgeting, metabolic rate and factors affecting it; respiration and metabolism; metabolic scope; Energetics of feeding and digestion; relationship between feeding and growth; energy requirements for reproduction; energy content of gonads and gamets; energetics of gonadal maturation and gamete production. Scope of intermediary metabolism; triglycerides as energy source; de novo synthesis, transport and modification of fatty acids in finfish and shellfish; enzymes required for oxidation of poly unsaturated fatty acids, formation of propionyl CoA in oxidation of odd chain fatty acids, biosynthesis of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids; role of desaturases and elongases; biosysnthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol.

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Coordinated regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown; glycogen targeting protein; glycolysis and its control by phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase; feeder pathways for glycolysis; TCA cycle and anabolism; gluconeogenesis and its regulation; relationship between glyoxylate and TCA cycle; oxidative and non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; electron transport chain and its enzyme system. ATP synthesis.

Oxidative degradation of amino acids; carriers, excretion and urea cycle;

transmination and deamination; ammonia

biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids and

catabolic pathways for amino acids; synthesis of deoxy and ribonucleotides; uric acid production; derivation of nucleotide groups of CoA, NAD, FAD from ATP; integration and regulation of lipid carbonhydrate and protein metabolism in fishes.

Practicals Estimation of oxygen consumption. Estimation of gross energy and digestible energy of feed. Comparision of energy requirements of carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous fish. Extraction, hydrolysis and fractionation of proteins and lipids. Assay of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic enzymes. Estimation of total and free cholesterol.

Suggested Readings Jobling, M. 1994. Fish Bioenergetics. Chapman & Hall. London. Evans, D.H. and Claiborne, J.B. 2006. The Physiology of fishes. CRC press Houlihan, D., Boujard, T and Jobling, M. 2001. Food intake in fish. Blackwell science Ltd, London.

Halver, J and Hardy, R.W. 2002. Fish nutrition. Academic press, London. 824 p Sena S.De Silva, Trevor A.Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture, Chapman & Hall Aquaculture Series, London. 18/4/08

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Lovell, R.T. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding of Fishes, Chapman & Hall, New York

List of Journals Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Energetic of nitrogenous wastes 2. Energy utilization from carbohydrate sources

FNB 602 ADVANCES IN FEED TECHNOLOGY

(1+1)

Objective • To study the quality of feed ingredients and their uses in feed preparation • To study different types of feeds, preparation and growth evaluation.

Theory Feed formulation: least cost formulation, linear programming; quality feed ingredients and their biochemical composition; protein and energy supplements; pemixes of vitamins and minerals; antioxidants in diets; toxins in feeds; exogenous enzymes; in feed probiotics and their role.

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Feed processing machineries; feed manufacture: processing of feed mixtures, steam pelleting, extrusion; stability of nutrients; factors affecting feed manufacture; effects of processing on the nutritional value of feeds; processes of reducing anti-nutritional factors; feed mills and their design; quality control of feed; storage of feed and feed deterioration; economics of feed manufacturing.

Practicals Analysis of anti-nutritional and toxic substances in feed ingredients and feed. Preparation of different types of feed and their quality evaluation. Effect of feed storage on nutritional value of feed.

Reference: ADCP (Aquaculture Development and Co-ordination Programme) 1980. Fish Feed Technology, ADCP/REP/80/11.FAO, Rome.





Lovell, T., 1988. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Muir J.F., and Robert Donald (Eds.) 1968. Recent Advances in Aquaculture Vol.II., Blackwell Science.

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Research area 1. Spraying / coating of enzymes and feed additives in pelleted feed 2. low cost Miocroencapsulated/ microcoated/ microbound diets

FNB 603 LARVAL AND BROODSTOCK NUTRITION

(2+1)

Objective • To understand critical phase of larval rearing and constraint • To understand specific role of nutrients on reproduction

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Theory Nutrient requirement of larvae and broodstock; live feed and their nutritional quality; nutrient enrichment of live feed; ontogeny of digestive enzymes in larvae; different types of artificial feed; larval artificial diets -

microencapsulated, microbound,

microcoated; feeding management. feeding devices and strategies. Feeding methods : manual, mechanical and automatic feeding; factors affecting feeding behavior (Gustatory stimulants, feeding deterrents, weaning); larval development, deficiency deformaties and survival.

Economics of larval and broodstock feed and

feeding.

Practicals Preparation of larval feed. Methods of feeding larvae and calculation of FCR. Nutritional analysis of live food organisms. Estimation of proteases in larvae. Estimation of gonado-somatic index and fecundity.

Reference: Hagiwara, A., Snell, T. W., Lubzens, E and Tamaru, C.S.1997. Live food in aquaculture. Proceedings of the live food and marine larviculture symposium. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London

CIFE Publn. 1993. Training manual on culture of live food organisms for Aqua hatcheries, Central Institute of Fisheries Eduction Versova, Mumbai, 400061.



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Journals Aquaculture Aquaculture Nutrition Aquaculture Research Journal of Applied Icthyology Journal of Aquatic Living Resources Israel Journal of Aquaculture- Bamideh Applied Aquaculture Journal of Aquaculture in Tropics Jounal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Asia-Austalasian Jounal of Animal Science

Research Area 1. Fortification of micro-nutrients in larval diet 2. Fortification of micro-nutrients in the broodstock diet 3. Immunostimulants

Optional courses FNB 604

ADVANCES IN NUTRITION

(1+1)

Objective • To study the mechanism of feed intake and feeding behavior • To understand the concept eco-friendly feed • To understand the role of dietary lipid on flesh quality Theory` Feeding behavior; feed intake and environment; techniques of measuring feed intake. Regulation of feed intake by neuropeptides and hormones; stimulatory peptides,

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inhibitory peptides; identification of gustatory feeding stimulants; hormonal control of metabolism.

Low cost and eco-friendly diets; optimization of carbohydrates in diets; strategies for improving protein retention; Feeding standards

n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, their functions and deficiencies, fatty acid oxidation and antioxidants; phospholipids; Feed and flesh quality;

Effect of artificial diets on digestive processes in larvae and juvenile; dietary role in growth and reproduction.

Recent advances in feed additives.

Practicals Protein quality estimation (PER, NPU). Digestibility studies. Estimation of fatty acids.

Reference: ADCP (Aquaculture Development and Co-ordination Programme) 1980. Fish Feed Technology, ADCP/REP/80/11.FAO, Rome. Guillame, J., Kaushik, S., Berqot P., and Metallier, R., 2001. Nutrition and feeding of fish and crustaceans, Springer Praxis Publishing, Chichester, UK.



Hepper, B. 1988. Nutrition of pond fishes. 18/4/08

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Research area 1. Utilization of unconventional ingredients 2. Nutritional contribution of natural food for growth 3. Nutritional comparision of natural and artificial feed

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FNB 605

MOLECULAR NUTRITION

(2+1)

Objective • To study nutritionally important gene and their interactions with nutrients • To acquaint basic study in molecular nutrition

Theory

Relevance of molecular studies in nutrition; terminologies in molecular nutrition; cell culture; nutritionally important genes;

gene regulation by lipids and

carbohydrates; metabolic control analysis; methodologies in molecular nutrition;

Tanscriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics; Nutrient gene interaction and expression; reverse transcription and cDNA biosynthesis; fluorescent labelled probe preparation; microarray technique;

Use of robotics in microarray; microarray nitrocellulose hybridization and labelling with P32 probes; quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. (qRT PCR); gene expression software; relative expression software tool (REST); interpretation of microarray data; cloning technique.

Practicals

RNA extraction and isolation. Purification and preparation of m-RNA from RNA pool by Oligo dT. DNAse treatment for quality improvement of RNA. cDNA synthesis by reverse transcription. Elution of PCR product for gene sequencing. Cloning. 18/4/08

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Reference: Fingerman,M.,NagabhushanamR.and Thompson M.F.1997 Recent advances in marine biotechnology (vol1-3) Oxford and IBH publishing co.PvtLtd. New Delhi

Glick ,B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. 1999. Molecular biotechnology:principles and applications of Recombinant DNA Technology,ASM Press,Washington,DC.

Hoar,W.S.and Randal,D.J.19 Fish Physiology.Academy Press,New York.

Lehninger,A.L.1984.Principles of Biochemistry,CBS Publishing,New Delhi.

Primrose,S.B.1989.Modern Biotechnology,Blackwell Scientific,Oxford

Rodney .B.1998.Concepts in Biochemistry.Cole Publishing Company,London.

Research area 1. Nutrient-gene expression


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FNB 606

NUTRACEUTICALS

(1+1)

Objective • To help the students for getting a comprehensive knowledge about nutraceuticals used in aquaculture and their delivery system

Theory Definition, classification and role of different neutraceticals; mode of application; functions of acidifiers (citric acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid);

Exogenous enzymes (phytase, carbohydrase, proteinase) and nutrient utilisation; prebiotics and probiotics; Single cell proteins as nutraceuticals; antioxidants and their functions;

Chemoattractants for fish and shellfish; fish based neutraceticals and their application; designer fish;

Immunostimulants and their functions (nucleotide, manan oligosaccharides, beta glucan, levan, bovine lactoferine, sodium alginate, levamisol).

Practicals Estimation of phytase and phytate. Effect of acidifiers on pH in different parts of GI tract. Estimation of antioxidants vitamin E and vitamin C. Estimation of n-3 fatty acid.

Reference:

Aquaculture medicine by Bright Singh et al 18/4/08

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Research Area 1. Immunostimulants/ Immunomodulators 2. Use of exogenous enzymes 3. Use of omega-3 fatty acids 4. Color enhancement

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FNB 607 FEED INTAKE AND FEEDING BEHAVIOUR (1+1)

Gustation and feeding behaviour: peripheral gestation sensation, gustatory pathways in the central nervous system, taste and feeding behaviour

Feed intake: differenr techniques of feed intake: stomach content analysis, chemical markers, direct observation and video recording, demand feeder, X-radiography, Factors affecting feed intake, effect of feeding time on feed intake and growth, Effect of nutritional factors and feed characteristics on feed intake

Regulation of feed intake: Nuropeptides and hormones, Inhibitory peptides, stimulator peptides, growth hormones Physiological effect of feeding: Different methods of feeding, short terms effects of meal, tissue metabolic physiology, long term effect of food intake

Practicals Measurement of feed intake by chemical marker, Feed intake measurement with respect to temperature, Experiment on feeding stimulant, Feed intake and blood glucose corelation, Comparative intake of natural vs artificial feed

Further reading

Houlihan Dominic, Boujard Thierry and Jobling Malcom. Food intake in fish. Blackwell science, cost action 827, France



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Research Area 1. Feed deterrents 2. Feed preferences 3. Feeding rhythms 4. Fasting , Feed intake and Nutrient utilization 18/4/08

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