Fisheries contribute approximately 4% of the GDP, and ... infrastructure continue to slow economic growth in the post war era despite of good income from oil and diamond industries ..... lack of financial capacity to invest in gears, and vessels.
An Estimation of Compliance of the Fisheries of Angola with Article 7 (Fisheries Management) of the UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing by Ganapathiraju Pramod and Tony J Pitcher
This evaluation of compliance with Article 7 (Fishery Management) of the UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing (FAO 1995) is a ‘living document’ and may change with time. It is one of 53 such country evaluations covering the top 96% of the world fish catch. Using a wide range of cited source material, the document represents the best attempt by the authors at presenting a fair and objective evaluation of compliance using 44 questions derived from the Code. Questions are divided into six evaluation fields, (Management Objectives; Framework (data & procedures); Precautionary Approach; Stocks, Fleets and Gear; Social and Economic factors, and Monitoring, Control and Surveillance): the derivation of the 44 questions is described in Pitcher (1999). The first three fields cover intentions of a country’s legislation to adhere to the Code; while the last three evaluation fields are intended to rate actual performance. Full details of the methods are published in Pitcher, Kalikoski and Pramod (2006). This evaluation has been subjected to several internal cross-checks and, where stated, has been validated by experts familiar with the country concerned. Uncertainty in assigning each score is shown explicitly. However, the authors are aware that omissions and errors of interpretation may still remain for some countries. An open protocol has therefore been adopted for all country compliance evaluations, and the team remains open at any time to comments, corrections or adjustments. Updated versions are made available online as necessary (ftp://ftp.fisheries.ubc.ca/CodeConduct). FAO (1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, Rome, 41pp. Pitcher, T.J. (1999) Rapfish, A Rapid Appraisal Technique For Fisheries, And Its Application To The Code Of Conduct For Responsible Fisheries. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 947: 47pp. Pitcher, T.J., Kalikoski, D. and Pramod, G. (eds) (2006) Evaluations of Compliance with the UN Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 14(2).
General Ranked 51st in world catch 1999 169,799 tonnes (FAO) NOTE: Angola has 1650 km of coastline and 51,000 km2 area of continental shelf. The Government intends to increase average per capita consumption and is trying to increase consumption in interior areas where consumption is currently very low. Fisheries contribute approximately 4% of the GDP, and provide employment to 35,000 people. Angola has one of the most productive ecosystems amongst African nations due to seasonal upwelling and large rivers in north supporting diverse pelagic fishery in coastal waters and demersal shrimp and hake fishery in offshore waters. The catches decreased in late 1970s, with pelagic fish yields witnessing a slow increase in recent decades presumably due to withdrawal of soviet fleets in early nineties. High illiteracy and poverty, coupled with absence of infrastructure continue to slow economic growth in the post war era despite of good income from oil and diamond industries in recent years. This is due to massive debt accrued during the civil war years leading to an enormous debt burden. The government has given priority to increase fish consumption in 1
the last decade leading to closure of many fish oil and flour factories. This is a positive move leading to exploitation of pelagic fisheries only for human consumption. Further, there is a looming threat if the three million internally displaced people from the pre-2004 war period return to coastal areas to find livelihood in fisheries sector. The only option for the government in such a scenario would be to cutback quotas of domestic and foreign purse seiners to balance the gap of increasing fishing effort in the artisanal sector. Sustainable utilisation and harvest of fishery resources in Angola is dependent on effective control and monitoring of national and foreign fleets in coastal waters as well as ability to prevent pilferage of offshore resources by pirate and flags of convenience vessels. The sector currently has very poor manpower training facilities and domestic fleets have consistent problems with procurement of spare parts and rising fuel prices in the motorized sector. The sector has also been affected by poor research infrastructure and continues to depend on Norwegian surveys for assessment of its domestic fish stocks. Fishery surveys are not conducted on a regular basis and thus fail to provide an accurate picture of stocks. The country has received financial and infrastructure support from several nations over the years like foreign supplementary programmes from ex-soviet union for opening several fish factories, provision of refrigeration and storage facilities from Denmark, support for artisanal fisheries from Sweden, evaluation of fishery resources through provision of the Dr. Fridtjof Nansen vessel by Norway, and acquisition of research vessel and installation of satellite monitoring on fishing vessels in recent years through funding from European Union. The 2000-2002 and 2002-2004 fishing agreements with European Union were based on catch limits (5000 tonnes for shrimp vessels) with no limits in place on by-catch and other species that can be caught with the same gear. No information is available on whether any observers were present onboard EU or other foreign vessels operating during this period. The agreement with EU prohibits fishing within 12 miles from the coastal zone. No Total Allowable Catch limits were determined for any of the EU agreements during the above period (Lankester, 2002). Further, it has come to the notice that most of the EU vessels (shrimp and demersal trawlers, mainly from Spain have not respected the12 mile coastal zone limit and have frequently encroached into artisanal fishing grounds within 12miles from the shore. Score and Confidence Limits /10
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Angola: Code Score Profile
8
6
4
2
1 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES
2 FRAMEWORK
3 PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE
4 STOCKS & GEAR
5 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
6 MCS
Note: Scores for Q6.4 and Q6.6 have been flipped in the above figure to show fisheries compliance
2
enforcement IUU flags of convenience
observers
catch inspection vessel monitoring illegal fishing
industry funding
local communities cost-effectiveness social impact
conflict minimized indigenous people
ghost fishing juvenile catch depleted stocks rebuilt
capcity reduced
methods harmful bycatch minimized discards minimized
protect ecosystem links
environmental emergency fishing emergency management review no take areas
precaution explicit
uncertainty quantified target ref points limit ref points
sustainability evaluated
all stakeholders decisions transparent statistics collected
all life stages compatible jurisdictions long-term objectives
ecosystem linkages environment
restore depletions habitat impacts bycatch restricted
capacity small-scale biodiversity
reference points
0
Field 1: Management Objectives 1. Are formal reference points for the fish stock in Angola’s fisheries identified using best science available? Score: 3.5 Score Range: 2-5 Very limited information is available on this aspect. Lankester (2002) states that, “no reference points have been calculated for fish stocks in Angolan waters”, but in fact there are a few MSY estimates and TACs are calculated for deepwater rose shrimp, striped red shrimp, deep-sea crabs, sardines, horse mackerel, chub mackerel, sea breams, grunts, croakers and groupers, Angolan hake, Cape Hake, bigeye grunt and sharks (FAO, 2004). Presently most of the stock assessment for pelagic commercial species is based on data collected from acoustic surveys. Biomass estimates have also been estimated for Sardinella and horse mackerel stocks using Nansen survey data (Cochrane and Tandstad, 2000). Catch per Unit Effort and length frequencies have been calculated as part of several workshops and the Nansen programme from 1985 to 2003 in the Angolan EEZ. CTD data, SST, and hydrographic parameters data has also been collected during the surveys. For more information on Nansen surveys see Saetersdal et al. (1999). Pelagic fishes comprise 80% of total landings in Angola, and most of the stocks have been assessed by acoustic methods over the years through Fridtjof Nansen surveys. MSY has been calculated for Trachurus trecae, Ethmalosa fimbriata, and Sardinella spp. based on information collected through acoustic surveys data collected by R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen (Cochrane and Tandstad, 2000). 2. Is present fleet capacity calculated and are there plans to reduce it? Score: 0.5 Score Range: 0-2 No, only to a limited extent. Since 1992, the marine fisheries sector has undergone change due to political and economic reforms leading to privatization of the fishing companies. Historical fleet size information is not available. However, data for the year 2003 shows that out of a total of 285 vessels, there were 87 semi-industrial and 82 industrial vessels in the national fleet. There were 116 foreign industrial vessels operating in the EEZ during the same period. No data is available on vessels in the small scale fisheries sector and no plans for capacity reduction are known. 3. Are small-scale fishers considered in plan and are there institutional structures for ongoing consultation? Score: 2.5 Score Range: 1-4 No, only to a very limited extent. Consultation with the small scale sector appears to be through cooperatives, which collect data for the ‘Artfish’ database, which is managed by government–run IPA (Anon, 2004). See Q 2.5. 4. Impacts of fishery on biodiversity allowed for in plan and are mitigation measures in place? 3
Score: 1.5 Score Range: 1-3 No, to a very limited extent. Angola has signed the Convention on Biological Diversity. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2007-2012) implicitly set some objectives for biodiversity conservation in Angola. The National Environmental Management Programme (NEMP) aims to define and prioritize areas for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources (CBD, 2006). 5. Does the management plan aim to restore depleted stocks in this fishery? Score: 2.5 Score Range: 2-4 No, only to some extent through TACs for some commercial species. Moreover, the country does not have the required manpower and infrastructure to enforce TAC’s in its widely dispersed landing centres. Total Allowable Catch (TAC) limits are currently in place for deepwater rose shrimp, striped red shrimp, deep-sea crabs, sardines, horse mackerel, chub mackerel, sea breams, grunts, croakers and groupers, Angolan hake, Cape Hake, bigeye grunt and sharks (FAO, 2004). 6. Are human impacts (pollution, waste) on the fishery habitat identified and mitigated? Score: 0 Score range: 0-2 No, to a very limited extent. Refer Shannon and Toole, (2003) for some details. 7. Is fishing gear mandated by the management plan to avoid by-catch of non-target species, environmental and habitat damage? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 No, there are or reports of activity in this area in Angola. 8. Are ecosystem linkages with this fishery made explicit in the management plan and are adverse effects minimized? Score: 1 Score Range: 0-2 No, ecosystem linkages are not made explicit in the management plan, although Angola is a part of the BLME programme (see Q 1.9). 9. Are environmental influences on this fishery made explicit in the management plan and are adverse effects minimized? Score: 2 Score Range: 1-3 Yes, to a limited extent through Benguela Large Marine Ecosystem (BLME) studies. Refer to Lass et al. (2000) for more information on hydrographic patterns in the Angola-Benguela area. Limited studies 4
have also been undertaken through EU funded international project ENVIFISH which studied the impact of environmental conditions on small pelagic fish in the Benguela zone (1998-2000). Refer ECOMAR website for more details. (http://ecomar.jrc.cec.eu.int/).
Field 2: Framework (data & procedures) 1. Are total and complete removals from the stocks over the whole stock area and over whole life cycle accounted for in assessment? Score: 1 Score Range: 0-3 Yes, to a limited extent through Total Allowable Catch estimates for pelagic and demersal fishes. Fishing rights are inheritable and transferable among individuals. Fishing quota is also transferable with the fishing rights. The fishing quota may also be used as warranty for credit with the authorization of the Fisheries Ministry. The Minister is also authorized to regulate access to fishing through closed periods / areas and gear restrictions (FAO, 2004). 2. Are management measures compatible with those of other jurisdictions concerned with the stocks? Score: 3 Score Range: 2-5 No, only to a limited extent through South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO), although Angola is not yet (2006) in full participation. 3. Does the management plan have clearly stated long-term objectives? Score: 2 Score Range: 1-4 No, to a very limited extent. Given that Angola estimates TACs, there must be some sort of implicit long-term objective, but as yet we have been unable to find it. 4. Are all the stakeholders in this fishery resource identified and considered? Score: 2 Score Range: 1-4 No, identified but considered to a very limited extent. 5. Are data, management processes and decision-making open and transparent, including any international aspects? Score: 3 Score Range: 1-4 Yes, to a limited extent. However, the government appears to have initiated proper data collection for fisheries landings since 2000. Currently the data is only collected by communities where co-operatives exist, and maintained simultaneously in Artfish database which is managed by government–run IPA (Anon, 2004). 5
6. Are timely, complete and reliable statistics collected and verified? Score: 1.5 Score Range: 1-4 No, fisheries statistics data is not collected regularly in Angolan fisheries. Sardinella, horse mackerel and sardine stocks have been assessed using acoustic methods since 1985 as part of the Nansen programme (Fridtjof Nansen surveys). Due to absence of reliable catch statistics current management recommendations are largely based on catch trends from surveys. Some stocks are managed through TAC, which does not discriminate between different species of sardines or horse mackerel species. Hake stocks (Merluccius polli & M. capensis) were investigated through bottom trawl surveys by R.V. Goa during 1970 to 1992 and through Nansen surveys using Fridtjof Nansen between 1984 and until recently in 2003 (Lankester, 2002). Refer Hampton et al (1999) for overview of fisheries in this region. Da Franca (1968) described two different faunal zones along the Angolan coast, with the “Guineatropical fauna” dominating in the north and central region and the “Benguela fauna” dominant off southern Angola. The Benguela current and its eastern-boundary current systems, drive seasonal coastal upwelling which in turn supports diverse pelagic and demersal fish populations along the Angolan coast. 7. Are social, economic and institutional factors related to sustainability evaluated with data? Score: 3 Score Range: 2-4 No, to a very limited extent. The artisanal sector provides income to 100,000 fishermen and women in the post harvest sector1. There were around 23 to 25 thousand artisanal fishers as per IPA survey in 2001. Artisanal fishers do not have access to basic facilities like potable water, roads and fuel wood in many fishing communities along the coast. Some progress has been made in recent years through establishment of Co-operative of Buraco Artisanal fishers in Buraco community which was established in 2000, and which grew to 180 members by 2002. However the Buraco co-operative is financed through contributions from catch sales. Some of these communities have been selected by IPA for implementation of community projects. In 2000, the Buraco cooperative received support from Fundo de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento da Indústria Pesqueira, FADEPA through provision of 10 new boats for the community (Anon, 2004). Similar co-operatives have been established in many communities along the coast. “The National Institute for Support to the Fishing Industry (Instituto Nacional de Apoio à Indústria Pesqueira, INAIP) provides support to the industrial fisheries sector. INAIP plays an important role in training, assistance in the creation of cooperatives and associations, as well as fund raising” (Anon, 2004).
1
First Newsletter of the BCLME Programme, “Director Outlines Four Focus Areas for Angola”
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Field 3: Precautionary Approach 1. Is precaution explicitly enshrined in legislation, and is it applied to management of fishery stocks? Score: 0.5 Score Range: 0-2 No, precaution is not enshrined in the legislation. Moreover, the current TACs are based on survey estimates and catch statistics which are inaccurate. Limited precaution is practiced through mesh size limitations for foreign vessel operating under fisheries agreement. Most of the commercial fish stocks are showing a declining trend indicating overfishing over the years. The government lacks a planned governance structure and policy in the fisheries sector with priorities allocated elsewhere. 2. Is uncertainty, including lack of appropriate information, quantified and used to restrain fishing that might otherwise occur? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 No, uncertainty is not quantified as far as we can ascertain. 3. Are stock-specific target reference points estimated and employed? Score: 4 Score Range: 2-5 Yes; MSYs and TACs are estimated for some species in Angolan fisheries; see Q.1.1. 4. Are stock-specific limit reference points estimated and employed? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 There is no mention of limit reference points for Angolan fisheries. 5. Are there viable contingency plans to restrict fishing in the event of an environmental emergency? Score: 2 Score Range: 1-2 No, to a very limited extent. Angola possess very limited maritime infrastructure to prevent fishing in the eventuality of an environmental emergency. “The Ministry of Petroleum with assistance from International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) is formulating a National Contingency Plan for prevention and management of oil spills. The Angolan oil exploration companies were provided with an oil spill contingency plan. Further a database containing coastal sensitivity maps, inventories of equipment, contact information for key response personnel, information on dispersants, etc. is also being formulated (Sardinha, 2000). 6. Are there viable contingency plans to restrict fishing in the event of an unforeseen emergency 7
caused by excess fishing? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 No, to a very limited extent. 7. Are management instruments under continuous review? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 No, to a very limited extent. Angola does not undertake periodical review of its national legislations. 8. Are no-take areas of sufficient size to work, established, policed and monitored as an insurance? Score: 2 Score Range: 1-3 No, only to a certain extent. Angola currently has four marine protected areas spanning 31,100 km2 area for protection of marine ecosystems (MPA Global, 2006). However, enforcement is rare and MPA’s are not policed to a large extent. “Angola has 37 protected areas covering 15.1% of the country’s area. 13 of these are areas for “integral natural protection”, meaning areas of high level of protection and covering an area of 82,000 km2, equivalent to 6.6% of Angola’s area: national parks of Kissama, Cangandala, Bicuar, Iona, Mupa and Cameia; regional integral park of Chimalavera, integral natural reserves of Luanda Luando and Ilhéu dos Pássaros; partial reserves of Luiana, Búfalo, Namibe and Mavinga (Coelho, 2001). Three important protected areas are located along the coast: the Kissama National Park, the Namibe Partial Reserve and the Iona National Park” Anon, (2004). 9. Are plans in place to restrict fishing if species linked through the ecosystem to the target(s) of this fishery become threatened? Score: 1 Score Range: 0-4 No, to a very limited extent through TAC’s and regulation of fishing effort (number of vessels being allowed to fish in pelagic and demersal sectors). Angola currently has very high fishing capacity both in coastal and offshore waters.
Field 4: Stocks, fleets and gear 1. Is excess fleet capacity being reduced? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 No information is available on this aspect. 2. Are fishing methods known to be harmful to habitats, to create by-catch problems, or whose 8
high fishing capacity is difficult to control, being phased out? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 Little information is available about by-catch in Angolan fisheries. “In addition to gillnetting and angling, fishers practice inadequate and often destructive methods such as the beach netting method known as banda banda, and the use of poisonous roots or plants and explosives. Beach netting methods are deployed in 47 of the 102 coastal communities, according to IPA” (EcoAfrica, 2004). 3. Is by-catch of non-target species minimised? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 No information is available on this aspect. 4. Are discards minimised? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-2 No, demersal finfish and shrimp trawl fisheries have significant discards. 16.7 % of total landings are discarded according to Kelleher (2005). 5. Is gear designed to minimise ghost fishing if lost? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 No information is available on this aspect. 6. Is the fishing of juveniles and spawners restricted to safe levels? Score: 1 Score Range: 0-2 To protect juvenile stocks, the Minister can regulate minimum size or weight of fishing resources / where fishing is allowed. The minimum sizes / weights of fishes also form the basis for establishing necessary additional taxes or sales restrictions for every category of juveniles captured (FAO, 2004). 7. Are depleted stocks being rebuilt? Score: 1 Score Range: 1-3 No, only to a limited extent through Total Allowable Catch for some commercial fishes. Pelagic trawl fishing was prohibited in all areas for 2004. However, 112 purse seiners were permitted to fish for sardines and other pelagic species during the same period (FAO, 2004).
Field 5: Social & Economic 1. Is the fishery managed so as to minimise conflict among different sectors? 9
Score: 0 Score Range: 0-2 No, to a very limited extent. Apart from conflicts between national fleets frequent conflicts have also been reported with foreign fleets, flags of convenience vessels and IUU vessels fishing in the Angolan EEZ. Refer to MRAG (2005) for more details. Angola’s marine fishery is managed through the Fisheries Act of 1992 which has specific articles related to policy, licensing, and surveillance. Conflicts are bound to occur as both the industrial and small scale fisheries sector target the same sardine and horse mackerel stocks in inshore waters. 2. Are Indigenous Peoples rights and needs in fisheries being met? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-1 The Mbundu people are considered indigenous people in Angola (Henriksen, 1976). Many indigenous people are reported from coastal areas but their social, economic and political rights are not met in Angolan fisheries. “The ethnic cleansing of Ovimbundu and Bakongo citizens between November 1992 and January 1993; revenge killings by both sides of those suspected of supporting the other in cities which changed hands; as well as from landmines, starvation and disease. More Angolans died as a result of war in the two years between October 1992 and November 1994 than in the sixteen years of conflict before 1991” (Cleary, 1999). 3. Are the needs of local fishing communities being met? Score: 2 Score Range: 0-3 No, to a very limited extent. IPA (Instituto do Desenvolvimento das Pescas Artesanales) is the main governmental body responsible for taking care of the interests of artisanal fishing sector in all major coastal provinces. In the pre-war era artisanal fisheries sector was efficient as fishers worked through co-operatives which were well managed by local councils. The co-operatives kept accurate record of landings and quantity of catch caught preventing overfishing. Currently most of the fishermen organize themselves and work as groups due to lack of financial capacity to invest in gears, and vessels. In the post war era currently no restrictions exist in the artisanal fishery to promote sustainable harvest of stocks. Further, the sector has also been affected by frequent encroachment of coastal areas by large foreign vessels from Spain operating under EU-Angola fisheries agreement, essentially depriving them of their livelihood. The inshore 12 mile limit has been poorly enforced leading to frequent conflicts between artisanal and industrial fishermen (Lankester, 2002). Most of the communities lack access to basic amenities. Further, Anon (2002) report states that even in communities which have co-operatives, the members do not have infrastructure for fisheries monitoring, meetings, lack of healthcare facilities, inadequate schools, and lack of portable water, poor quality roads and support infrastructure. The rapidly expanding tourism has been seen as a major threat along many sections of the coast, due to encroachment and reclamation of mangroves and coastal lands for building 10
tourist resorts. Some community development programmes have been implemented in small scale sector with funding from African Development Bank, Swedish International Development Agency, and French Cooperation Fund. 4. When a change to the management of the fishery is made, is its cost-effectiveness evaluated? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-1 No, cost effectiveness is not evaluated in Angolan fisheries. 5. When a change to the management of the fishery is made, is its social impact evaluated? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-1 No, to a very limited extent. 6. Is funding for the research and the MCS programme obtained by cost recovery from the industry? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 No, costs for the MCS programme are funded by the government. Funding for MCS programme is dependent on fisheries agreements with European Union. “Some countries, such as Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Mauritius and the Seychelles have granted licences to purse-seine vessels from members of the European Union (EU) to fish in their waters or allowed vessels to register under their flags in exchange of a financial compensation, sometimes aimed at funding research, training and management of their fishery industries (FAO/GLOBEFISH, 2000; Bayliff et al., 2004).
Field 6: Monitoring, Control & Surveillance (MCS) 1. On a ten-point scale, how effective is the observer scheme? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-0 Currently no observer scheme exists both in industrial and artisanal fisheries sectors in Angola. The Directorate of Surveillance (Direcção Nacional de Fiscalização) under the Ministry of Fisheries is responsible for fisheries surveillance in the Angolan EEZ. 2. On a ten-point scale, how effective is the catch inspection scheme? Score: 1 Score Range: 0-3 No formal catch inspection scheme is reported for the entire coast, although there has been some data collection in and around Luanda for some years. 3. On a ten-point scale, how effective is the vessel monitoring scheme? Score: 0 11
Score Range: 0-0 There is no information on VMS in Angola. 4. Are vessels fishing illegally in fisheries? Score: 7 Score Range: 5-8 Angola does not appear to be a party to UN Fish Stocks Agreement. National as well as foreign fleets fishing within Angolan waters have been reported to engage in illegal fishing. Gianni and Simpson (2005) report that there is significant IUU activity within the periphery of Angolan EEZ. No IUU activity has been reported by HSTF (2006). MRAG (2005) reports that there are significant demersal shrimp and groundfish resources off Angolan coast which are vulnerable to IUU fishing. This is especially important as there is a significant offshore fishery for tuna stocks, but most of the coastal states including Angola do not possess adequate infrastructure to monitor and control presence of foreign vessels. IUU activity is capable of exerting substantial impact, as small scale and subsistence fisheries depend on the same pelagic fish stocks targeted by foreign and IUU vessels in Angola. Conflicts between IUU vessels and small scale vessels have been reported in Angolan waters. MRAG (2005) report further states that high numbers of tunas and sharks have been caught by IUU longliners. Use of gillnets by IUU vessels has also been reported from the Angolan coast. Community observer schemes have been introduced to mitigate this problem in inshore waters, but offshore surveillance suffers from inadequate monitoring due to absence of regular aerial surveillance. Of vessels apprehended between 2003 and 2005, some 13% were fishing illegally without licenses. These were largely national pelagic trawl vessels but also included some Japanese longliners. A further 21% were caught during the closed season which indicates an invalid license and a lack of intention to declare catch. Vessels engaged in IUU activities include both those of DWFN and vessels flying flags of convenience as well as national and foreign vessels licensed to fish within the EEZ of Angola. There has been some border hopping from Namibia in the south and Spanish shrimp vessels from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the north”” (MRAG, 2005). 5. On a ten-point scale, how effective is control of access in stopping illegal fishing? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-1 Not very effective in Angola. Angola does not possess adequate surveillance infrastructure to monitor and control the movement of foreign vessels within its EEZ (MRAG 2005). 6. Are vessels that really derive from this jurisdiction reflagged in states of convenience, generally to avoid reporting or other fishery regulations? Score: 0 Score Range: 0-1 No such observations have been reported by Gianni and Simpson (2005). 12
References Anon (2004) Como Podem As Communidades Costeiras Envolver-Se E Beneficiar Do Programa BCLME: Uma Analise, I. Relatorio da Visita A Angola, February 2004, 54 pp. Bayliff, W.H., Moreno, J.I.L., Majkowski, J. (2004) Management of tuna fishing capacity: conservation and Socio-economics, Second meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee of the FAO project, 15-18 March 2004, Madrid, Spain, 355 pp. CBD (2006) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), Republic of Angola, Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment, Luanda, Angola, 62 pages. (http://www.biodiv.org/doc/world/ao/ao-nbsap-01-en.pdf) Cleary, S. (1999) Angola – A case study of private military involvement, In: (Eds): Cilliers, J. and Mason, P. Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in War Torn African Societies, 141-174 pp. Cochrane, K.L., Tandstad, M. (eds.) Report of the Workshop on the Small Pelagic Resources of Angola, Congo and Gabon. Luanda, Angola, 3-7 November 1997. FAO Fisheries Report. No. 618. Rome, FAO. 2000. 149p. Coelho, A., 2001. Environmental Framework Law, Annotated (Lei de Bases do Ambiente Anotada). Colecção Faculdade de Direito Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda Da Franca, P. (1968) Breves comentários acerca da biogeografia marinha de Angola. Notas do Centro de Biologia Aquática Tropical (Lisboa) 12:1-22 pp. EmbaxidadeAngola (www.embaixadadeangola.org/cultura/turismo/turismo.html) FAO (2004) Information on Fisheries Management in the Republic of Angola, Food and Agricultural Organisation, 2004, (www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/AGO/body.htm) FAO/GLOBEFISH (2000) GLOBEFISH Highlights 2/2000. Rome. 20 pp. Gianni, M. and Simpson, W. (2005) The Changing Nature of High Seas Fishing: how flags of convenience provide cover for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, International Transport Workers’ Federation, and WWF International, 88 pp. Hampton, I., D. Boyer, A.J. Penny, A.F. Pereira, M.L. Sardinha (1999) Integrated overview of fisheries of the Benguela Current region. Synthesis and assessment of information on the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME), United Nation Development Programme (RAF/96/g43). Henriksen, T.H. (1976) People’s war in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 14:3, 377-399 pp. HSTF (2006) Closing the net: Stopping illegal fishing on the high seas. High Seas Task Force, Governments of Australia, Canada, Chile, Namibia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, WWF, IUCN and the Earth Institute at Columbia University, 30 pp. Kelleher, K. (2005) Discards in the world’s marine fisheries. An update, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 470. Rome, FAO. 2005. 131p. Lankester, K. (2002) The EU-Angola Fisheries Agreement and Fisheries in Angola, Sep-2002, (http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/473/1/Angola_FishingAG.pdf) Sardinha, M.L. (2000) From A to B to Sea, The Marine Environment in Angola: Threats and Methods of Management, Regional Contributions, 8-9 pp. Sætersdal, G., Bianchi, G., Strømme, T., Venema, S.C. (1999) The DR. FRIDTJOF NANSEN Programme 1975–1993. Investigations of fishery resources in developing countries. History of
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the programme and review of results. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 391. Rome, FAO. 1999. 434p. Shannon, L.V. and Toole, M.J. (2003) Sustainability of the Benguela: ex Africa semper aliquid novi, Elsevier Publishers, In: G. Hempel and K. Sherman, (eds.) Large Marine Ecosystems of the World: Trends in Exploitation, Protection and Research, p. 227-253. Lass, H.U., Schmidt, M., Mohrholz, V., and Nausch, G. (2000) Hydrographic and current measurements in the Area of the Angola – Benguela Front, Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 30, No.10, 2589-2609 pp. MPA Global (2006) Marine Protected Areas in Angola. (Source: www.seaaroundus.org) MRAG (2005) Review of impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on Developing Countries, Final Report, July 2005, Marine Resources Assessment Group Ltd, 18 Queen Street, London, United Kingdom, 178 pp.
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