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FIVE SIMPLE STEPS TO MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AREAS September 2004

Information gathered by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Sediment and Stormwater Program

FIVE SIMPLE STEPS TO MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING COMMUNITY OPEN SPACE AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT AREAS August 2004 Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control Sediment and Stormwater Program 89 Kings Highway Dover, DE 19901 This project was funded, in part, through a (302) 739-9921 grant from the Delaware Coastal Programs with funding from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under award number NA17OZ1117.

FICTION AND FACT ABOUT NATURAL LANDSCAPES Fiction: They attract rats. Fact: Rats do not live in natural landscapes. They live in man-made structures and eat garbage. Fiction: They breed mosquitoes. Fact: Mosquitoes breed in shallow standing water ( 100’ 100’

Bignonia capreolata

crossvine

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Campsis radicans Celastrus scandens Clematis virginiana

trumpet creeper American bittersweet virgin’s bower

Lonicera sempervirens

coral honeysuckle

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Virginia creeper

chestnut oak

l

l

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l l l

l

VINE

Passiflora incarnata

passionflower, maypops

l l

l l l

l

l

l

l l

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l

l

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30-45’ O, R, Y 30’+ O to 45’ G 6-12’ W 10R* 20’+ to 45’

*

May-Jun Jul-Sep May-Jun Jul-Sep Apr-Jul

G, W

Jun-Aug

W, P

Jun-Sep

photo credit: Randy Loftus, USFWS

Scientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color Bloom

Blazingstar (Liatris spicata) is one of many species that attracts birds and beneficial insects such as butterflies.

sample plant lists for Maryland’s coastal plain Plants for Wet Sites, Wetlands, Ponds, and Wet Edges (partial to full sun) Ferns:

Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda regalis Thelypteris palustris

cinnamon fern royal fern marsh fern

Grasses and Grasslike Plants: Carex stricta Festuca rubra Panicum virgatum Tripsacum dactyloides

Herbaceous Plants: Caltha palustris Eupatorium dubium Eupatorium perfoliatum Helianthus angustifolius Liatris spicata Lilium canadense Lilium superbum Lobelia cardinalis Lobelia siphilitica Oenothera fruticosa Senecio aureus Sisyrinchium atlanticum Solidago rugosa Verbena hastata

tussock sedge red fescue (turf) Virginia switchgrass gama grass marsh marigold Joe-Pye wee d common boneset swamp sunflower blazingstar Canada lily Turk’s cap lily cardinal flower great blue lobelia sundrops golden ragwort coastal blue-eyed grass wrinkle leaf goldenrod blue vervain

Herbaceous Emergents (growing up out of water): Acorus calamus Hibiscus moscheutos Iris versicolor Juncus canadensis Juncus effusus Kosteletskya virginica Nuphar luteum (advena) Nymphaea odorata Osmunda regalis Peltandra virginica Pontederia cordata Sagittaria latifolia Saururus cernuus Scirpus cyperinus Scirpus pungens Spartina alterniflora Spartina patens Typha angustifolia Typha latifolia Zizania aquatica

sweet flag rose mallow blue flag iris Canada rush soft rush seashore mallow yellow water lily fragrant water lily royal fern arrow arum pickerelweed duck potato lizard’s tail woolgrass three-square salt marsh cordgrass salt meadow hay narrow -leaved cattail broad-leaved cattail wild rice

Shrubs: low:

Aronia melanocarpa Gaylussacia frondosa Hypericum densiflorum Kalmia angustifolia Rubus allegheniensis

black chokeberry dangleberry dense St. John's wort sheep laurel ( evgr) Allegheny blackberry

Aronia arbutifolia Baccharis halimifolia Cephalanthus occidentalis Ilex verticillata Itea virginica Rhododendron viscosum Rosa palustris Sambucus canadensis

red chokeberry high-tide bush buttonbush winterberry holly Virginia sweetspire swamp azalea swamp rose common elderberry

Alnus serrulata Magnolia virginiana Viburnum prunifolium

smooth alder sweetbay (see Trees) black haw viburnum

medium:

tall:

Trees, tall:

Acer negundo Acer ruburm Acer saccharinum Betula nigra Carya cordiformis Carya glabra Celtis occidentalis Fraxinus pennsylvanica Liquidambar styraciflua Nyssa sylvatica Pinus taeda Platanus occidentalis Populus deltoides Quercus bicolor Quercus michauxii Quercus phellos Salix nigra Salix sericea Taxodium distichum

box elder red maple silver maple river birch bitternut hickory pignut hickory hackberry green ash sweet gum black gum, sourgum loblolly pine American sycamore eastern cottonwood swamp white oak swamp chestnut oak willow oak black willow silky willow bald cypress

Vine:

Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper

Plants for Dry Sun, Sunny Slopes, Meadows, Hedgerows, or Edges Ferns:

Dennstaedtia punctilobula hay-scented fern

Grasses or Grasslike Plants: Andropogon virginicus Elymus canadensis Elymus hystrix Panicum amarum Schizachyrium scoparium Sorghastrum nutans

broomsedge Canada wild rye bottlebrush grass coastal panic grass little bluestem Indiangrass

Herbaceous Plants and Groundcovers: Asclepias syriaca Asclepias tuberosa Aster laevis Aster novae-angliae Aster pilosus Baptisia tinctoria Chrysopsis mariana Coreopsis tinctoria Desmodium paniculatum Eupatorium fistulosum Eupatorium hyssopifolium Liatris graminifolia Monarda fistulosa Monarda punctata Opuntia humifusa Rudbeckia hirta Silene caroliniana Sisyrinchium graminoides Solidago caesia Solidago juncea Solidago nemoralis Viola pedata Yucca filamentosa

common milkweed butterflyweed smooth blue aster New England aster white heath aster wild indigo Maryland golden aster tickseed sunflower panicled tick-trefoil Joe-Pye weed hyssop-lvd thoroughwort grass-leaf blazingstar wild bergamot horsemint prickly-pear cactus black-eyed Susan wild pink blue-eyed grass blue-stem goldenrod early goldenrod gray goldenrod bird's foot violet Adam's needle

Shrubs: low:

Gaylussacia frondosa Hypericum densiflorum Kalmia angustifolia Rosa carolina Viburnum acerifolium

dangleberry dense St. John's wort sheep laurel (evrgrn) pasture rose maple-leaved arrowwood

Aronia arbutifolia Hamamelis virginiana Myrica cerifera Rhus glabra Vaccinium corymbosum Viburnum dentatum

red chokeberry witch hazel wax myrtle (evrgrn) smooth sumac highbush blueberry southern arrowwood

Ilex decidua Kalmia latifolia Rhus copallina Rhus typhina

possom haw mountain laurel (evgr) shining sumac staghorn sumac

medium:

tall:

Trees: small/ medium:

Chionanthus virginicus Crataegus crus-galli Juniperus virginiana

tall:

white fringetree cockspur hawthorn eastern redcedar (evgr)

Carya glabra pignut hickory Diospyros virginiana common persimmon Nyssa sylvatica black gum, sourgum Pinus echinata shortleaf pine (evergr) Pinus rigida pitch pine (evergrn) Pinus virginiana Virginia pine (evergrn) Quercus prinus (montana) chestnut oak Quercus rubra northern red oak Quercus velutina black oak Robinia pseudoacacia black locust

Vines:

Campsis radicans Clematis virginiana Lonicera sempervirens Passiflora incarnata

trumpet creeper virgin's bower coral honeysuckle passionflower, Maypops

Plants for Shade, Woodlands, or Woods Edges (dry to moist soil) * designates plants for part shade (not for full shade) Ferns:

Adiantum pedatum Asplenium platyneuron Botrychium virginianum Dennstaedtia punctilobula Polystichum acrostichoides Woodwardia areolata

maidenhair fern * ebony spleenwort rattlesnake fern hay-scented fern * Christmas fern (evgr) netted chain fern

Grasses and Grasslike Plants: Carex glaucodea Carex pensylvanica Chasmanthium latifolium Elymus hystrix Elymus virginicus

Groundcovers:

Asarum canadense Carex glaucodea Carex pensylvanica Chimaphila maculata Chrysogonum virginianum Gaultheria procumbens Hepatica americana Maianthemum canadense Mitchella repens Sedum ternatum Uvularia sessilifolia

Herbaceous Plants:

Arisaema triphyllum Chrysogonum virginianum Eupatorium hyssopifolium Eupatorium rugosum Helenium autumnale Houstonia caerulea Monarda fistulosa Podophyllum peltatum Polygonatum biflorum Senna marilandica Smilacina racemosa Thalictrum dioicum Thalictrum polygamum Tiarella cordifolia Tradescantia virginiana Trillium grandiflorum Viola pedata

blue wood sedge sedge wild (river) oats bottlebrush grass Virginia wild rye

Shrubs: low:

Gaylussacia baccata Kalmia angustifolia Lyonia mariana Rhododendron atlanticum Viburnum acerifolium

medium: *

wild ginger blue wood sedge sedge striped wintergreen green-and-gold * wintergreen round-lobed hepatica Canada mayflower partridgeberry mountain stonecrop straw lily Jack-in-the -pulpit green-and-gold * hyssop thoroughwort white snakeroot * yellow sneezeweed bluet, innocence * wild bergamot * Mayapple Solomon's seal Maryland wild senna* false Solomon’s seal early meadow rue tall meadow rue foamflower Virginia spiderwort white trillium bird’s foot violet *

black huckleberry sheep laurel (evgr) * stagger-bush coast azalea maple-leaved arrowwood

Callicarpa americana Clethra alnifolia Hamamelis virginiana Leucothoe racemosa Lindera benzoin Lyonia ligustrina Myrica cerifera Myrica pensylvanica Viburnum dentatum

beautyberry sweet pepperbush witch hazel * fetterbush spicebush * male-berry wax myrtle (evergr) * northern bayberry * southern arrowwood *

Ilex decidua Kalmia latifolia Rhus copallina

possom haw * mountain laurel (evgr) shining sumac

tall:

Trees: small/ medium:

Amelanchier canadensis Castanea pumila Cercis canadensis Chionanthus virginicus Cornus florida Crataegus crus-galli Magnolia virginiana Ostrya virginiana Pyrus angustifolia Sassafras albidum

serviceberry Chinquapin * eastern redbud white fringetree flowering dogwood cockspur hawthorn * sweetbay magnolia hop-hornbeam southern crabapple sassafras *

Carya alba (C. tomentosa) Carya glabra Diospyros virginiana Nyssa sylvatica Quercus marilandica Quercus prinus (montana) Quercus rubra

mockernut hickory pignut hickory common persimmon black gum, sourgum blackjack oak chestnut oak northern red oak

tall:

Vines:

Bignonia capreolata crossvine Celastrus scandens American bittersweet Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper

photo credit: Britt Slattery, USFWS

Evergreens for various sites ferns, herbaceous plants and other groundcovers Asarum canadense Asplenium platyneuron Gaultheria procumbens Mitchella repens Polystichum acrostichoides Sedum ternatum Silene caroliniana Solidago semprevirens

short shrubs (under 6’) Gaultheria procumbens Ilex glabra Kalmia angustifolia

wild ginger (semi-evgr) ebony spleenwort wintergreen partridgeberry Christmas fern mountain stonecrop wild pink seaside goldenrod wintergreen inkberry sheep laurel

medium shrubs (to 15’ or more) Magnolia virginiana Myrica cerifera

tall shrubs and trees Ilex opaca Juniperus virginiana Kalmia latifolia Pinus echinata Pinus rigida Pinus taeda Pinus virginiana

vines

Bignonia capreolata Lonicera semprevirens

sweetbay magnolia wax myrtle American holly eastern redcedar mountain laurel shortleaf pine pitch pine loblolly pine Virginia pine crossvine coral honeysuckle

Seed heads can be ornamental while providing wildlife food. New York ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis) is one example.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES Brown, Melvin L., Brown, Russell G. Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Baltimore, MD, 1984. Brown, Melvin L., Brown, Russell G. Woody Plants of Maryland. Port City Press, Baltimore, MD, 1984. Dirr, Michael A. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Stipes Publishing Co., Champaign, Illinois, 1990. Hightshoe, Gary L. Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines for Urban and Rural America. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. Martin, Alexander C., Zim, Herbert S., Nelson, Arnold L. American Wildlife and Plants, A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York, 1951, reprinted 1961. Native Plants for Conservation, Restoration, and Landscaping. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, 203 Governor Street, Richmond, VA 23219, and Virginia Native Plant Society, 1997. Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat. Compiled by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, et al., 1995. Revised edition available 2001. Native Plants of Prince George’s County, Maryland, 1997-1998. Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission, Prince George’s County Planning Department, 14741 Governor Oden Bowie Drive, Upper Marlboro, MD, 20772, 1998. Thompson, Louisa. Control of Invasive Non-Native Plants: A Guide for Gardeners and Homeowners in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Maryland Native Plant Society, 1998. See contact info

photo credit: Britt Slattery, USFWS

Thunhorst, Gwendolyn A. Wetland Planting Guide for the Northeastern United States. Plants for Wetland Creation, Restoration, and Enhancement. Environmental Concern Inc., St. Michael’s, MD, 1993.

Many trees and shrubs such as this serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis) provide early spring bloom as well as summer and fall fruits.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Chesapeake Bay Field Office 177 Admiral Cochrane Drive Annapolis, Maryland 21401 (410) 573-4500 www.fws.gov/r5cbfo BayScapes Program, Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (for private lands), Schoolyard Habitats Program Maryland Department of Natural Resources Wildlife and Heritage Division Tawes State Office Building, E-1 580 Taylor Avenue Annapolis, Maryland 21401 (410) 260-8540 www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife

Plant Conservation Alliance 1849 C St. NW, LSB-204 Washington, DC 20240 (202) 452-0392 [email protected] www.nps.gov/plants/

Adkins Arboretum P.O. Box 100 Ridgely, Maryland 21660 (410) 634-2847 [email protected] www.adkinsarboretum.org

with funding provided by Chesapeake Bay Trust 60 West Street, Suite 200-A Annapolis, Maryland 21401 (410) 974-2941 [email protected] www.chesapeakebaytrust.org

Maryland Native Plant Society P. O. Box 4877 Silver Spring, Maryland 20914 [email protected] www.mdflora.org

Thank you to volunteer Carol Jelich for compiling plant information in this guide.

UNIT COSTS FOR STORMWATER TREATMENT PRACTICE MAINTENANCE - DRAFT1 Maintenance Item

Unit Mobilization Unit Price ($) Cost ($)2

Typical Applicability

Maintenance Interval (yrs)3

Dam/ Embankment unclog internal drains for embankments

10

lf

1500

dry pond or infiltration basin

R (10)

low spots in dam or berm

170

cy

1500

ponds, wetlands, infiltration basins and some filters

R (5)

350

event

0

clear outfall channel of sediment

130

cy

0

clogged low flow

750

event

800

dredge wet ponds (jobs larger than 1000 cy) haul offsite dry pond sediment removal dewater pond

60 7,600 900

cy event event

>2500 0 0

muck out undergrounds

390

cy

0

Sediment/ Debris Removal debris removal (preventative)

all surface practices all practices that outfall to a channel all practices except bioretention, and infiltration practices wet ponds and wetlands dry pond or infiltration basin wet ponds and wetlands underground proprietary filter systems all underground facilities all practices

0.25-1 5-15 0.25-1 5-15 15-25 15-25 0.5-1

dewater and remove sludge from underground facilities 1 gal 0 0.25-1 typical sediment dump fee (not including trucking) 66 ton 0 NA truck day for landfill to transport underground dredge trip800 0 all underground facilities NA materials (minimum, assume 2 to 4 trips in one day) day 1) These costs were largely derived from data from the Maryland region, based on bid proposal and actual project data. 2) Cost at four levels: $0 for no mobilization; $800 for minimal mobilization; $1,500 for small project mobilization; >$2,500 for large project mobilization. Note that these are approximations. For items with no mobilization cost, it is assumed that the mobilization cost is incorporated into the overall unit cost, or that the maintenance can be completed during inspection. 3) Bottom number in range represents ideal maintenance interval. Top number represents maximum interval between maintenance activities. R indicates repair items, whose frequency is somewhat unpredictable. The frequencies sometimes reported in parentheses represent an estimate of typical repair frequency.





Restore/Replace Filtering Media Permeability fill low spots in bottom of infiltration or dry pond

25

sy

1500

dry pond or infiltration basin

R (2-5)

replace sand filter media surface replace sand filter media (surface) replace sand media (underground)

2,200 300 390

event cy cy

0 0 0

all sand filters surface sand filters underground sand filters

3-5 15-25 15-25

re-tar CMP barrel

11

sf

800

ponds, wetlands and infiltration basins

15-20

repair CMP barrel joint leak

530

ea

800

ponds, wetlands, infiltration basins

R (3-5)

repair leaking concrete principal spillway joint

1,200

ea

0


R (5-10)

replace riser (CMP)

12,000

ea

>2500


R (25)

replace riser (concrete)

20,000

ea

>2500


R (50)

replace barrel

1000

lf

>2500

ponds, wetlands and infiltration basins

R (25-50)

Structural - Riser and Barrel

1) These costs were largely derived from data from the Maryland region, based on bid proposal and actual project data. 2) Cost at four levels: $0 for no mobilization; $800 for minimal mobilization; $1,500 for small project mobilization; >$2,500 for large project mobilization. Note that these are approximations. For items with no mobilization cost, it is assumed that the mobilization cost is incorporated into the overall unit cost, or that the maintenance can be completed during inspection. 3) Bottom number in range represents ideal maintenance interval. Top number represents maximum interval between maintenance activities. R indicates repair items, whose frequency is somewhat unpredictable. The frequencies sometimes reported in parentheses represent an estimate of typical repair frequency.





Structural - Pipes and Valves remove old valve

300

ea

800

all practices designed with valves

R (10)

replace existing underground elbow

1,600

ea

800

oil/grit separators and some underground filters

R (10)

slip line failing pipes

90

lf

>2500

all practices that receive flow from or outfall to a pipe

R

install new valve (< 24 inches)

3,100

ea

1500


R

install new valve (48"

4,600

ea

1500


R (10-15)






Structural - Other Metal 80

ea

800

all practices, except infiltration trench and open channels

R

concrete work under ground

600

cy

1500

all underground practices

R

concrete work above ground

450

cy

1500

all surface practices except infiltration trenches and open channel practices

R

grout cracks

50

lf

0


R

parge minor spalling

25

sf

0


R

repair gutter spalling

230

event

800

all underground practices

R

parge major spalling

25

sf

0

all practices except open channels and infiltration trenches

R

injection grout concrete leaks

180

lf

800


R

Erosion/ Channel Maintenance establish new riprap pilot channels (8' wide, 1' deep)

38

lf

1500

remove and replace rip rap or pea gravel

160

sy

1500

shoreline protection

50

lf

1500

wet ponds and wetlands

R

new riprap (general)

80

cy

1500

all practices designed with riprap

R (5-10)

erosion repair

1,100

event

0

all surface practices

R (2-5)

remove bolts, lift lugs, form nails Structural - Other Concrete

dry pond or infiltration basin all practices designed with riprap

5-15 15-25


UNIT COSTS FOR STORMWATER TREATMENT PRACTICE MAINTENANCE - DRAFT1 Maintenance Item Landscaping/ Vegetation sod seed and top soil bare areas (3 inch depth)




3.30 4.40

sy sy

800 800

all surface practices all surface practices

1-2 1-2

plant 1.5 inch tree

84

ea

0

dry pond, infiltration basin, wet ponds, bioretention

R3

plant shrub

15

ea

0

dry pond, infiltration basin, wet ponds, bioretention

R

mowing

300

ac

0

clear outfall and channel of trees

5.50

sy

800

clear embankment of small trees by hand

3.30

sy

800

clear embankment trees with Ambusher or Brushhog

0.9

sy

800

remove live tree (