food and energy nexus: a snapshot

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Jul 20, 2017 - Energy Bill of Food*. TEODORO C. MENDOZA, PhD ... of oil equivalent had been consumed since Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in.
Value Chain Approach in Reducing the Energy Bill of Food* TEODORO C. MENDOZA, PhD

Professor, Institute of Crop Science ,College of Agriculture, U.P. Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines

*Discussed during the CE SAIN Lecture Series sponsored by Center of Excellence on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Nutrition : Transforming Agri-Food Systems on July 20,2017,at Royal University of Agriculture,Phnom Penh, CAMBODIA

Flow of Discussions 1. Snapshot: Food and Energy Nexus--Oil prices and food 2. Interrelationships of oil(energy) and food-- some studies –rice, corn, sugarcane 3. What must be done: Reducing the Energy Intensiveness of Food Production Systems 4. Conclusions

Snapshot: Food and Energy Nexus Nexus --- interconnection, interrelatedness, intermarriage

Food is energy………. But… Energy is required to produce, process, distribute, prepare/cook food Caloric energy source – carbohydrates, sugars Protein source ; Regulatory food items Crops ----cereals, root crops,fruits Livestock and poultry----Fish (fresh, marine)--------

Food production to processing& distribution

Value chain--Inputs, transformation processes, and outputs involve money, labour, materials, equipment, buildings, land, administration and management.

Food systems

Our Food SystemsOil-dependent from FARM to Plate Our food uses so much oil Growing crops need energy to cultivate, fertilize, pesticides, irrigate, harvest, haul, dry, mill,store

Making food ready to eat requires a lot of energy….. “The Food Logistics”* Energy is required in hauling, processing, distributing food ….. packaging materials Energy is also required in disposing the food left over & packaging materials(non recycled/re used).. "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000"(R.A 9003)

FAO food index

PRICE OF OIL

Figure 1: Evolution of food and fuel prices, 2000 to 2009 Sources: US Energy Information Administration and FAO.

More than 50 % of food price increases from 1997–2004 to 2005–12 are accounted for by crude oil prices John Baffes &Allen Dennis.2013. Long-Term Drivers of Food Prices Policy Research Working Paper 6455. http://econ.worldbank.org. [email protected].

Why are oil prices increasing? >> Speculative investment in commodities >> exploration and production are becoming more costly, and are giving rise to greater environmental risks, Jeremy Gilbert, former chief petroleum engineer said “The current oil fields we are chasing we’ve known about for a long time …these difficult fields are all that we have left” (Gilbert, 2011). before EROI= 100…. NOW EROI= 20-30 ; Tar sands EROI= 2.5 >> access to new prospective regions is generating increasing geopolitical tensions. >> International Energy Agency, the rate of world crude oil production reached its peak in 2006 [IEA 2010a) The IMF has joined a chorus of energy industry analysts in concluding that scarcity and high prices are here to stay.  Increased demand …. Usage of oil

‘Addiction to Oil’

Edwin Drake drilled the first oil in 1859(www.energyandcapital.com)

Over utilization of oil • Over 1.5 trillon barrels of oil equivalent had been consumed since Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in 1859(www.energyandcapital.com)

• 40 years to consume the remaining 1.5 trillion bl at current rate of utilization at 85 million barrels a day, or about 31 billion barrels/year (BP Global Statistical Review of World Energy,2007 ) 5 trillion ton CO2 e

• Humanity consumes in one year what earth stored in 9 million years since the Silurian period ( Rodolfo,2007).

More than 70% of food price increases in 2008 were due to biofuels*. * Mitchell D. (2008). A note on rising food prices.

http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/07/28/000020 439_20080728103002/Rendered/PDF/WP4682.pdf

33% of the increase in U.S. maize price from 2007-2008 was due to US bioethanol production > 100million tons of corn >>they are directly responsible for the price crisis- >>>>>> 53M tonnes deficit Tollens E. (2009). Biofuels in Developing Countries: Situation and Prospects. International Symposium:Developing Countries Facing Global Warming: a Post-Kyoto Assessment. June, 2009. The Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences, Brussels.

3.5–4% of total maize production in China is used for bioethanol. Yang H. (2009) Land and water demand of biofuel and implications for food production and market supply in China. International Conference on Science and Sustainability. Bangkok, November 2009.

Economic Growth is the Driving force An increase of average growth in world GDP by 0.1%, leads to an increase in final energy demand of about 0.2%

Can we decouple economic progress with energy consumption?

RISING income—cars, food-m0re meat , high protein, milk, candies, chocolate etc. Urbanization -- increase energy use in transporting, processing, storage of food

Oil Price Forecast: A Return to $150.. 2020 ???? • U.S. oil production peak in 2016 –the EIA anticipates. >>unprecedented" jump in the cost of oil from U.S. fields, which rose from $89 a barrel in 2011 to $114 a barrel in 2012. • Russia's oil production

Population boom ! How Many People Should the Earth Support? Ross McCluney http://www.ecofuture.org/pop/rpts/mccluney_maxpop.html 1 October, 1999

2 billion ----US standard (Pimentel) 40 billion----vegetarian diet (Revelle)

9,3 BILI0N BY 2050

World population INCREASE

RISING income—cars, food-m0re meat , high protein, milk, candies, chocolate etc. Urbanization -- increase energy use in transporting, processing, storage of food

World Food Production Needs to Increase by 60% by 2050 to Meet the Demands

• World needs to increase food production by 60 % world Lands, water, nutrients, energy wide by 2050 • But 77% increase is needed in developing countries where the majority of population increase will occur

Commodity Speculators Globalization/Liberalization &Import of heavily subsidized foods from dev.countries

Crop yields plateud/declining Low public Investment in Agric.R&D Economic progress of China & India

Oil-dependent food prod.systems Peak oil

World Food supply/price

Agri-crops for Biofuel

Climate change Population boom !

Oil-Based Food Systems….Industrialized food systems World grain production increased 250% The amount of food available for human consumption did not occur as a result of an increased photosynthetic efficiencies  use high yielding crop cultivars dependent on fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and oil fuelled pumped irrigation, and machines for cultivation (Fraser and Rimas ,2010 ). The energy use in agriculture & food increase 50 x100 fold or more

Studies Done on Energy Use World : studies on Food and Energy Nexus are scattered in the literature - journals US : Accounting of Energy Usage in Food (400 gal/per American)

Agricultural Use of Oil in the U. S. Each American annually needs 400

gal of oil equivalents:

Manufacture of inorganic fertilizer

31%

Operation of field machinery

19%

Transportation

16%

Irrigation

13%

Raising livestock (excluding feed)

8%

Crop drying

5%

Pesticide production

5%

Miscellaneous

3%

1514 li

Energy in Processing, storage in processing plant, transport to supermarkets, cold storage in the mall, marketing, cooking are not yet included.

Source: McLaughlin et al., 2000, Comparison of energy inputs for inorganic fertilizer and manure based corn production: Canadian Agricultural Engineering 42:1.

Cited by Pfeiffer, D.A., 2003, The End of the Age of Oil: Frustrated Artist Productions, p. 176.

Our studies : Energy Usage in Rice, Corn & Sugarcane Production

Energy use in

Rice

Total=830 rice(LDOE/ha) Ldoe/ha 266 li diesel oil eq.

182

Fertilizer=47% /42 382 Hauling=53%

Mendoza et al 2006

Energy use (LDOE) in Hybrid corn Total Energy input for 1 ha. 862.99 LDOE • Production 535 61.79% fert.N= 324.6 LDOE(60.7%) • Post Production 328 38.21% 37.61% of total Energy use(LDOE) per kg corn; • Production 0.12 ldoe • Post Production 0.08 ldoe • TOTAL (Prod + Post Prod) 0.20 ldoe

Hauling=156 Ldoe 47.62% 18% of total

SUGARCANE

Sugarcane 1041 LDOe/ha

50%

20 %

Milling=13% of FFE, 87% bagasse

> Reducing the Energy Intensiveness of Food Production Systems : Value chain approach Energy accounting of the various stages across the supply (production), consumption (utilization) or value chain ENERGY hotspots Crops, Animals, Fish

Value chain sugar production * About Valuein Chain

Adopted from: Aro-Esquejo.2012. ATI

energy-hot spots.. Rice-

Land prepn., N fertilizer, mech. harvesting

drying(mechanical), Hauling(500 Km)X2li oil/Km=1000li=10000kg rice/1000li

 1li per 10 kg rice

Sugarcane- N fertilizer & Hauling canes to the mill

KEY PROCESSES: CANE PRODUCTION

CANE MILLING

MARKETING Increase consumption of Sugar

CANE ESTABLISHMENT:/Care of plants Adequate Land preparation Proper Planting 120HP Tractor Timing of planting

HARVESTING

TRANSPORTING

CANEUNLOADING/WEIGHING

JUICE EXTRACTION

PROCESSING

Core sampler

Animal ethanol Pre-mixed sugar washed sugar 3 in 1 coffee Molasses brown/red sugar

feed Deep plowing

Mechanical planter

Cultivation weeding

Detrashing

Check drainage

Cutting canes close to the

Land

Loading

Hauling/ transport

Cane weighing

Juice sampling

BHR juice concentration

ground

Furrowing/ Planting B-fert. Good tilth Location Seed Balance Weeding moisture Adapted piece Fertilizer Conservation Varieties Selection Application Composite Price

Tang

Refined sugar

preparation Harrowing

Household

No trash burning Supervision

Loading Roads Cane unloading to truck Farm to Transloading main road Cart hauling

Supervision Adequate Incentive Breeding Fertilizer LAV, LRV HRD (Longer Ratooning Variety) * Trash Farming Mudpress + mill ash Dairy cattle Manure for •Key players/actors carabao composting •Enabling factors/ environment •Information/service providers •Causes of in-efficiencies/gaps

Farm Performance Low to globally competitive yield 30-40 Tc/Ha 100 Tc/Ha

Fig. Value chain analysis of Sugar Production under Philippine condition.

Juice extraction

Centrifugation

Raw Sugar

Refined Sugar

Mudpress Mill ash

Sugar a. US Export

Buyer Consumer

Industries

b. Domestic Sugar Railways Soil Nutrient Cycling Mill Performance Low global standard sugar 1.2 Lkg/Ha 2.2 Lkg/TC (6%)

(11%)

c. Reserved Sugar d. World Market

Reduce the Energy Bill Nitrogen fertilizer, the most energy-expensive @ 2.04 LDOE/kg = 58 % energy bill(Eastern Batangas)

= 68.5 % Philippines) Fertilizer (Haber Bosch Process)-nitrogen manufacture >>> 1kg N= 1.8 LDOE 2.15LDOE (Phil.)

No burning canes promote the adoption of trash farming

trash farming reduces the energy bill by 40%

15 to 20 tonnes per ha trash Decomposition N Fixation (100-150 kg N/ha) (Patriquin et. al, 2002), prolong ratoon cycles ; Makes sugarcane sweeter more sugar

Mendoza ,TC. (2017). No Burning Sugarcane Trashes Makes Sugarcane production - Net Carbon Sequestering. Journal of Agricultural Technology 12(4):767-790

Rice : Balanced, organic + inorganic , IPM Organic Farming

• Growing rice by the organic method was 4 times more energy-efficient than conventional and almost 2 times compared to Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA). • Organic farms used 37% the total energy use on conventional farms, LEISA was using 62.2%. • Organic farms required the least amount of energy to produce 1 ton of paddy rice.

• Chemically grown rice used 3 times more energy to produce the same ton of paddy rice grown the organic method . Mendoza TC.2002.Comparative productivity, profitability and energy use in Organic, LEISA and Conventional rice production in the Philippines.Livestock Research for Rural Development 14 (6) 2002 .http://lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd14/6/mend146.htm

Food Logistics----Transport Hauling (Food Miles)  Reduce the energy bill of food logistics Localized production …… > reduce transport, packaging, storing Need Urban and Peri-urban agriculture ( Allot food production zones)



The most energy intensive food item In human diet Meat… Why meat ???

How meat is produced ……. • There is very low feed conversion from plant to animal protein. • 6 kg plant protein is needed to produce 1 kg animal protein • 3 kg mixed feeds/ kg liveweight of broiler • 4 kg feeds/ kg liveweight of pork • 7 kg grain/kg beef • • • •

1 kg grain consume 3-4,000 li of water 1 kg broiler uses 12-16,000 li of water 1 kg pork uses 12-16,000 li of water 1kg beef uses 22,000 li of water

Energy costs* .. Animal source

• Milk • Broiler • Pork • Egg • beef

MJ/Kg

LDOe

• 7 ---- 0.15 • 10---------0.21 • 68---------1.42 • 2- 2.25/egg-.05 • 201.45----4.22

1MJ=238.8459Kcal 1LDOe= 11.4Mcal

*https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ClAttEBYLHsC&pg=PA298&lpg=PA298&dq=energy+cost+of+1kg++broiler& source=bl&ots=mfPaG4J2Qo&sig=QGCycuGADfe6W5UzgrvyCqQvCWk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KhIuVbAFZCQoQTNioHwDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=energy%20cost%20of%201kg%20%20broiler&f=false

Feed utilization of livestock Feed conversion.. Kg feed/kg edible weight

Milk 0.7

egg 4.2

Chicken 4.2

pork 10.7

beef 31.7

Protein conversion efficiency, %

40

30

25

13

5

% of edible animal part Source: Smil (2000)

55

55

40

What RDA 50 gram means ? BROILER = 1.15 kg – (corneq.)X 0.2LDOe/Kg corn= 0.23ldoe = 1.70 kg CO2 emission = 2 days (6 meals) food for 1 person PORK = 1.58 kg – (corneq.)x 0.2 = 0.3166 ldoe = 2.70 kg CO2 emission = 4.53 (9 meals) food for 1 person

BEEF

= 6.03 kg - feed (corneq.) =1.206 ldoe = 5.8 kg CO2 emission = 10 days (30 meals food for 1 person Mendoza TC.2001.SEARCA Professorial Chair Lecture titled ‘Pursuing The Debates On Sustainable Food Security In The New Millennium’ delivered at UP Los Baños 03 July 2001.

Options : • Less and less meat in the diet • Be Vegetarian >>Lacto vegetarian >>Ovo vegetarian >> Lacto ovo vegetarian >>Pesco vegetarian

Vegans (pure vegetarians, if localized) USE .6% of the Land (10 % ENERGY ) use in foods relative to meat-lovers  Meat diet= 1.2ha  Vegan= .06 ha

Meat based diet could feed only 1.25billion people Vegan diet could feed 25 billion people

Energy Use and Carbon foodprint* Carbon Foodprint (CF) is the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (e.g. methane, CO, N2O) associated with a food product (Wiedman & Mins, 2008 ,UK Carbon Trust, 2008). The causes of emissions include the agricultural processes, emissions in electricity, burning of fossil fuels, transport operation and other industrial processes.

Food is the major source of green house gasses • 44-57% (Grain 2009)of all our green house gases causing global warming and climate change • Agricultural activities are responsible for 11 to 15% • Land clearing and deforestation cause an additional 15 to 18% • Food processing, packing and transportation cause 15 to 20%

• Decomposition of organic waste: 3 to 4% • Total emissions of the food system: 44 to 57% of total global greenhouse emission

Rice :

830 li/ha = 276.6 li/ton milled rice = 0.277 li/kg rice Per cap consumption : 112 kg Each Filipino (ave.) = 112 kg x .277 li/kg = 30.9 l DOE for rice Production is (30% of the total energy) Table rice = 51.6 L DOE = 204 kg CO2eq. + ( methane + N0x)*

*Author’s own estimate( Mendoza ,TC.2017)

The animal sector‘s contribution to GHG emissions • Livestock rearing is responsible for 18 percent of GHG emissions (CO2 equivalent), higher than the transport sector (Steinfeld et al., 2006). • Carbon dioxide (CO2) (9 %)Caused by Fertilizer production for feed crops, on-farm energy expenditures, feed transport, animal product processing, animal transport and land use changes • Methane ( 35-40 % CH 4) from enteric fermentation in ruminants and from farm animal manure. • Nitrous oxide (65%B N2O)From farm manure and urine and from nitrogen fertilizer •

Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have greater global warming potential (GWP) than CO2: if CO2 has a value of 1 GWP, CH4 has a GWP of 23 and N2O has a GWP of 289 (IPCC, 2007) (

C02 eq. Emission of…..

*1 kg >> beef = 14.8 kg CO2eq. pigs = 3.8 kg CO2eq.  chickens = 1.1 kg CO2eq. *Fiala (2008)

the "future of energy”

mix of energy efficiency, electrification of transport, and lower carbon fuels like natural gas“ renewables - solar, wind, 3rd Gen Biofuel, wave, hydroelectric, Ron Pernick (2012). "Clean Energy Trends 2012". Clean Edge. p. 6.

• In the US, $150 billion investment over the next decade to catalyze private efforts to build a clean energy future. …10% of electricity in 2012, rising to 25% by 2025. •

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12194

http://cleantechnica.com/car-answers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7E0GcoR46Q

In Conclusion: Interrelationships of Food and Energy , Carbonfood print 1. Of the 3 food groups( Caloric energy source – Carbohydrates, Sugars, Protein Source ; Regulatory Food ), the protein part is the most oil energy-intensive,GHG “HOTSPOT” most especially if the sources are the livestocks : beef> pork >poultry. Land and water resource intensive: 70% of 1.4 B agric lands, 80 % of fresh water use 56% of al grains

2. The production and post-production have both direct and indirect(embedded) energy on the inputs and logistics side. In crop production, fertilizer-N (Haber Bosch process of N manufacture) inputs is the most energy-intensive. Less fertilizer use and shift to organic farming method --- the logical option.

The food logistics ( hauling, processing, packaging and storing). >>Long distance hauling (500km or more)consumes a lot of energy. >>The energy involved in disposing the food left-over & in packaging the materials is yet to be quantified. Making food available in urban areas may become a logistic nightmare…. not only due to the energy involved but also due to the insufficient infrastructure ( seaport, railways network)

Options… LOCALIZED food production---urban, peri-urban agriculture Human settlement re-designing

General transition strategy ….. Farmers adopts regenerative /organic methods that build humus, sequester carbon in soils, less use of Haber-Bosch nitrogen fertilizersolving climate change rather than exacerbating it. More renewable energy should power farming activities and generated on farms. >> reduce the energy needed to transport food by reorganizing food production systems. . 1.bring producers and consumers closer together. 2.use efficient modes of transportation, such as ships and trains, to replace less efficient modes - trucks and planes.

The main challengeThe end of the fossil fuel era requires changes in dietary and consumption patterns among ……. foods that are grown locally, that are in season, and that undergo less processing.  shift away from energy- and meat-intensive… eat plant based diet, a vegecultural production systems Less fuel available to power agricultural machinery, more farmers are needed.  There is a need to shift Food eating culture  Food growing culture But for farmers to succeed, current agricultural policies that favour largerscale production and production for export will need to change in favour of support to small-scale farming, gardening and agricultural cooperatives. International , national and regional governments should craft policies in anticipation to the end of fossil fuel produced- foods.

Adopt Amory B. Lovins (2012 ) Farewell to Fossil Fuels :Answering the Energy Challenge https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2012-03-01/farewell-fossil-fuels

Burning all oil will emit 5 trillion tons of CO2e

Burning all fossil fuels would scorch Earth: study. May 23, 2016 by Marlowe Hood https://phys.org/news/2016-05-fossil-fuels-earth.html

The climate response to five trillion tonnes of carbon global mean warming of 6.4–9.5 °C, mean Arctic warming of 14.7–19.5 °C, mean regional precipitation increases by more than a factor of four. …. result in considerably more profound climate changes than previously suggested Katarzyna B. Tokarska, Nathan P. Gillett, Andrew J. Weaver, Vivek K. Arora & Michael Eby Affiliations(2016) The climate response to five trillion tonnes of carbon Nature Climate Change 6,851–855 (2016),doi:10.1038/nclimate3036

William Catton said………… ‘Mankind is always prey to its own exuberance,’ or ‘Mankind is always prey to its own extravagance?

Our Approach to Climate Change Isn’t Working. Let’s Try Something Else……KEVIN DRUM claimed ( July 10, 2017) http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2017/07/our-approach-to-climate-change-isnt-working-lets-try-something-else/

Chris Hayes’s asks: What are the odds that anyone is going to leave $10 trillion worth of fossil fuels in the ground and never use them?

KEVIN DRUM suggested ( July 10, 2017) http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2017/07/our-approach-to-climate-change-isnt-working-lets-try-something-else

Pour massive amounts of public money into energy R&D and infrastructure buildout.  technologies to eliminate 90 percent of our fossil fuel use: cheap solar, cheap wind power, and cheap battery storage. …deploy them ten or twenty times faster than we’re doing right now  kind of infrastructure buildout would be a huge economic stimulus for the entire world  funded by a progressive carbon tax. Maybe by taxes on the rich. Maybe with eye-watering deficits.

the economy would boom, fossil fuel use would plummet, the rich would still be rich, and the planet would be saved.

Treasure Our Gift

Sunlight

Land

CO2+H2O CHOn + O2 Capital

Water

Labor

Our Marine areas

Water

MARAMING SALAMAT PO! THANK YOU 'aw-koon ch'ran'(អរគុណច្រើន)

Ayllon, Conrad I.

Papers published on energy 1 Mendoza T.C. & R. Samson. 2006. Relative Bioenergy Potential of Major Agricultural Crop Residues in the Phil. The Phil of Crop Science. Vol.31(1):11-28 2 Mendoza T.C. , Castillo, E. and Aquino, A.L. 2007. Towards Making Jatropha “Tubang Bakod” a Viable Source of Biodiesel in the Philippines. The Phil. J of Crop Science,32(1):29-43. 3 Mendoza, T.C. 2007. Energetics of Ethanol Production from Sugarcane and its Implications. Asian Life Science Journal. 16(2):115-136 4 Mendoza, T. C., E.T. Castillo and R. Demafilis. 2007. The Costs of Ethanol Production from Sugarcane under Eastern Batangas Conditions. The Phil. J of Crop Science,32(3):25-48

5. Mendoza, T.C. 2008. Agronomic features, Ethanol Yields, Resource Use of Four Feedstocks for Ethanol Production Under Phil. Condition. The Phil. J of Crop Science 3(1): 21-36 6 Myo Kyaw Thu and Teodoro C. Mendoza .2011.Energy Use in Rice, Cotton and Sugarcane in Myanmar .The Philippine Scientist, University of San Carlos, 6000 Cebu City, Philippines 7.Egle, Rohilyn B and Teodoro C. Mendoza .2012.Energy Use of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Grown under Various Nutrient Supply Options. The Phil Journal of Crop Science. 37(1)

8 MENDOZA, T.C. and R. SAMSON. 2004. Energy Costs of Sugar Production in the Philippine Context. Philipp J Crop Sci 2002, 27(2):17-26. 9 MENDOZA, T.C., R. SAMSON and A.R. ELEPANO. 2004. Renewable Biomass Fuel as ‘Green Power’ Alternative For Sugarcane Milling in the Philippines. 2004. Philipp J Crop Sci 2002, 27(3):23-39. 10 Mendoza TC.2002.Comparative productivity, profitability and energy use in Organic, LEISA and Conventional rice production in the Philippines.Livestock Research for Rural Development 14 (6) 2002 .http://lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd14/6/mend146.htm 11 Mendoza , T.C. 2008. Why produce Ethanol from Sugarcane. The Asian Studies Journal. UP Diliman , Quezon City.

12 Mendoza, T.C. 2009 . Food Security Implications of Biofuel Production . Annals of Tropical Resaearch 319(1) : 1-33. 13 Seied Mohsen Taghavi and TC Mendoza .2011. Energy Accounting of Irrigated Wheat Production to Post Production (Baking Bread) in Doroodzan, Fars Province, Iran . Annals of Tropical Resaearch 32(1) 14. Mendoza TC. 2016. Green sugarcane accounting.