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ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 234 (2016) 36 – 44

ASEAN-Turkey ASLI (Annual Serial Landmark International) Conferences on Quality of Life 2016

AMER International Conference on Quality of Life, AicQoL2016Medan 25 – 27 February 2016, Medan, Indonesia

Food Hygiene’s Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices between Urban and Suburban Adolescents Nur Syakira Awang Teha*, Mohd Ramadan Ab Hamida, Ummi Mohlisi Mohd Asmawib, Norazmir Md Nora a

Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia b Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine whether there was a significant difference between urban and suburban about the impact of parental influences towards food hygiene practices. The test revealed that there are no statistically significant difference between urban and suburban (t = 0.779, df = 394.29, p > 0.001). Urban adolescents (M = 19.615, SD = 3.024) reported significantly equal with the overall parental influences suburban adolescents (M = 19.390, SD= 2.743). The result indicates that similar parental influences due to increased food safety awareness and information communication technology can be easily passed down to their children. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and cE© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open of access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers, AMER (ABRA malaysia) MARA, Malaysia. Keywords: Food hygiene; food safety; parental influences; adolescent

1. Introduction Food is a product that is rich in nutrients required by the microorganism and maybe exposed to

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6-03-3258-4510; fax: +6-03-3258-4599. E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers, AMER (ABRA malaysia) doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.217

Nur Syakira Awang Teh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 234 (2016) 36 – 44

contamination and deterioration. Every day, millions of people get sick from the food that they eat. This is called food-borne illness. Both developed and undeveloped countries faced this situation (World Health Organization, 2007) [WHO]. Hence, food safety is not only related to people’s health, but it is also related to the foundation of social stability and development of various undertaking. One of the major public-health problems in developing countries is the prevention of diarrhea. Every year, 1.5 million cases of diarrhea are reported in developing countries. Unfortunately, this figured remained more or less constant for almost 20 years. Each year, 2.5 million people die because of diarrhea and most of the cases involve children aged less than 5 years. In Bangladesh, the cases of diarrhea among children also a concern for this country because the morbidity cases among children in 2000 were 11.3% which the estimated annual number of children who die to diarrhea was 7900. There are a lot of negative impacts of diarrhea such as malnutrition, leading to impaired physical growth and cognitive development. Therefore, the prevention of diarrhea is important because it is better to prevent than cure. Food safety is a broad topic. Food safety is defined as the degree of confidence that food will not cause sickness or harm to the consumer when it is prepared, served and eaten according to its intended use (WHO, 2007). Food-borne illness or also known as food poisoning is defined as diseases, usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the food through the ingestion of food (WHO, 2007). One of the factors that contribute to diarrhea is inadequate food hygiene. Almost 70% of the main causes of diarrhea are regarded as food born. Most children in West Africa, Bangladesh, and Peru, are given weaning food, and this food contains a lot of bacteria. Besides, the other factors that contribute to diarrhea are food contamination. Cholera, typhoid, dysentery, viral hepatitis A and food poisoning that are known as food and water borne diseases are caused by food or water intake that had been contaminated. According to Ministry of Health, food and water borne diseases can lead to the permanent health problem and disability, and it can cause death if the person is not treated immediately. According to Bloomfield and Scott, studies had shown that 50 to 80 percent foodborne Salmonella and Campylobacter occur in the home. When consumers prepared food at home, most of them practice the variety of poor and bad hygiene (Worsfold, Griffith, 1996, 1997). 95.4percent are failing to implement basic food hygiene practices. It shows that most of the consumers are the lack of knowledge about food safety and how to practice it in daily activities. In Malaysia, the number of food borne illnesses had increased from 1999 until 2011 and had decreased on 2012 (Department of Statistics, 2013. The number of cases for cholera, typhoid and vital hepatitis A had decreased from 2011 to 2012. However, the number of dysenteries had increased compared to 2011. Most of the cases occurred in education and learning institution such school canteen, dining hall, and hostels. Parents play important roles while educating their child about food hygiene (Golan et al., 2006). This is because parents can influence their children greatly (Rimal, 2003).Besides, according to Tucker (2009), parents also play important roles to creating a healthy home environment, serving as a role model (Ventura & Birch, 2008) and last but not least, making the decision for their children (Golan & Crow, 2004). Parents have to spend more time with their children, show them the correct way of food hygiene practices and, doing thing together. As the result, they can learn and be influenced by their parents in a correct way of learning food hygiene. As the first step, a survey that related to parental influences towards the food hygiene practices was conducted between Shah Alam and Puncak Alam adolescents. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Subject’s selection and recruitments A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2015 to assess the impact of parental influences towards the food hygiene practices among adolescents. This research was focused on

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respondents from SMK Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, Shah Alam for urban adolescents and the for sub-urban adolescents, SMK Puncak Alam, Puncak Alam had been chosen. The researchers met the counseling teacher to inform the study, objectives of the study and the protocol of the study. Besides, 400 respondents had been selected randomly to participate and answer the questionnaire. 200 respondents were selected from each school. Respondents were in the 13 to 17 years old. Informed consent form was obtained by each respondent. Explanation about the study, objectives of the study and the protocol of the study was included in the consent form. The study protocol was approved by Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiTM Puncak Alam. Respondents were asked to answer and complete the questionnaire within 1 week and return it to counseling teacher. A total of 400 respondents participated in the study, and the overall response rate was 100%. 2.2. Data collection Modified questionnaire was used to assess the information from the respondents (Osaili et al., 2010; Sanlier, 2010; Mohd et al., 2009). Modified questionnaire was divided into two sections that are demographic (10 questions) and parental influences (10 questions). The first section was about demographic. Demographics question was developed to collect the information about respondents. Its included ages, gender, family income, the number of siblings, parent’s occupation, and the location of the school and self-rated of food hygiene knowledge. The second section was developed to obtain information about the relationship between parents education, parents income, time that parents spend with children, parents occupation with parents influences on adolescents food hygiene practices. Closedended questions were used for both sections. Respondents had answers multiple choices questions. The score will be given for each question. 1 point will be given for ‘almost never’, 2 points will be given for ‘sometimes’, 3 points for ‘often’ and 4 points for ‘always’. The grade will be designed in reverse order for negative questions. Self-administered questionnaires were used to access the information of research objectives which is to determine the parental impact towards the food hygiene practices. 2.3. Statistical analysis All statistical data were analyses by using IBM SPSS (predictive analytics software). Independent Ttest was performed to examine whether there was a significant difference between urban and suburban about the impact of parental influences towards food hygiene practices. Findings with a P-value < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents Characteristics (n=400)

Number of respondents

%

Male

158

39.5

Female

242

60.5

SMK Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah

200

50

SMK Puncak Alam

200

50

Gender

School

Age


13

86

21.5

14

78

19.5

15

89

22.3

16

69

17.3

17

78

19.5

3. Results 3.1. Profile of respondents The analyzable questionnaire was obtained from 400 respondents from two secondary schools. Demographic characteristics of survey respondents are listed in Table 1. 50 % of respondents were from SMK Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah while other 50% of respondents from SMK Puncak Alam. Percentages of male respondents were 39.5% (158) and 60.5% (242) were female respondents. Most of the respondents were aged 15 years old of a total 89 (22.3%), followed by respondents who aged 13 years old of a total 86 (21.5%), respondents who aged 14 and 17 years old of a total 78 (19.5%) and last but not least, respondents who aged 16 years of a total 69 (17.3%). Besides, results also show that 43.3% of respondents were from high-income family, followed by 42% of respondents were from moderate-income family and 14.8% of respondents from a low-income family. 3.2. Parental influences on food hygiene practices Overall, most of the parents influences their children on food hygiene practices with mean and SD 19.5025±2.88545. Table 2 showed the percentages of responses for the whole questionnaire of parental influences on adolescent’s food hygiene practices section. 66.5 % of the respondents cook their food at home. It shows that most of the respondents had experienced cook their food at home. Respondents had basic knowledge in preparing food. Results show that 88.0% of parents ask their children to wash their hand before and after their meal. It shows that most of the parents concern about their children practices on hand washing before and after their meal. It is important for parents to ask about the basic thing because childhood is an important and critical phase because, during childhood, most of the primary and principal foundations for all-time healths are laid. Besides, 81.0% of parents ask their children to wash hand before and after they used the toilet. It is shown that parents concerns about hand washing for both, which is before and after meal besides before and after using the toilet. 65% of the respondents were asked the parents to wash their hand in proper ways which are by following 7 steps of proper hand washing. It is important to learn and know the proper step of hand washing because if children learn and know the proper way of hand washing from the beginning, they will do the correct thing afterwards. Do the right thing at the beginning. 62.0% of the respondents learned about food hygiene for the first time from their mother, followed by 18.5% of the respondents learned about food hygiene from their parents. 7.0% of the respondents never learned about food hygiene. 41% of the parents have cooked together for 7-15 hours per week. It showed that most the parents prepared their food rather than eating out. Besides, 47.0% of the parents wash their hands with soap before they begin preparing food. It showed that parents show a positive value to their children. Results also showed that 70.0% of the respondents wash the kitchen table and counters every day. It is important to wash preparation table to make sure food does not contaminate with impurities and others. It showed that parents practice a proper food handling. Most of the parents’ only pre heat their leftover food once, 52.3%. Results also showed that 37.3% of the parents keep the leftover meat and eat it only for 1 day.

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Table 2. Parental influences on adolescents’ food hygiene practices Questionnaires

Answers

Frequency

Percent

Do you do any cooking at home?

Yes

266

66.5

No

134

33.5

Do your parents ask you to wash hand before and after the meal?

Yes

352

88.0

No

48

12.0

Does your parent ask you to wash hand before and after you used the toilet?

Yes

324

81.0

No

76

19.0

Yes

260

65.0

No

140

35.0

Never learned

28

7.0

Mother

248

62.0

Father

31

7.8

Parents

74

18.5

Others

19

4.8

Very little (7-10 hours)

164

41.0

164

41.0

72

18.0

Does your parent ask you to wash hand in proper ways?

Where you do first learned about food hygiene?

How much spare time does your parent have in a week to cook together?

Moderate (1115 hours) Ample (16 hours and above)

All the time Most of the time Before your parents begin preparing food, how often do they wash their hands with soap?

190

47.5

Some of the time

137

34.3

Rarely

55

13.8

15

3.8

Everyday

3

0.8

Some of the time

280

70.0

91

22.8

Rarely

22

5.5

Never

7

1.8

Not at all

19

4.8

Never

How often your parents wash the kitchen table or counters?


Once your parents have cooked, how many times your parents can safely reheat it?

How long do your parents usually keep leftover meat and eat it?

Personal assessment of family health in the past 6 months

Once

209

52.3

Twice

118

29.5

Don’t know

54

13.5

1 day

148

37.0

2 day

137

34.3

3 day

70

17.5

4 day

23

5.8

< 5 day

22

5.5

Excellent

75

18.8

Very good

158

39.5

Good

133

33.3

Average

29

7.3

Poor

5

1.3

3.3. Comparison of parental influences on food hygiene practices between two schools The relationships between parental influences on food hygiene practices were obtained by using Independents T-test. The test revealed that there are no statistically significant difference between urban and suburban (t = 0.779, df = 394.29, p > 0.001). Urban adolescents (M = 19.615, SD = 3.024) reported significantly equal with the overall parental influences suburban adolescents (M = 19.390, SD= 2.743). The result indicates that similar parental influences due to increased food safety awareness and information communication technology can be easily passed down to their children. Table 3 showed the results of the comparison of parental influences on food hygiene practices between two schools. Table 3. Comparison of parental influences on food hygiene practices between two schools

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

Equal variances

Equal variances

assumed

not assumed

F

1.968

Sig.

.161

t

.779

.779

df

3.98

394.289

Sig. (2-tailed)

.436

.436

Mean Difference

.22500

.22500

Std. Error Difference

.28869

.28869

-.34254

-.34256

.79254

-.79256

95% Confidence Interval Of the Difference

upper

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4. Discussion The result of the study shows that parental influences on food hygiene were important for both urban and suburban area. The previous study shows that young female plays an important role in foodborne prevention illness because they will be someone who does chores and prepares food for household (ByrdBredbenner, Maurer et al., 2007). Besides, most of the studies discovered that food safety knowledge among young generation especially adolescents is unsatisfactory (Byrd-Bredbenner, Maurer et al., 2007; Garayoa et al., 2005; Sanlier, 2010; Sharif & Al-Malki, 2010). The previous study by Sanlier (2010), discovered that food safety knowledge score of young consumers in Ankara, Turki was 5.81 out of 10 points. According to Darling and Steinberg, 1993; Sanders et al., 2000, parenting practices means parents intentionally or unintentionally action that can influence their children development. An effective parenting practice can be evaluated the ability of parents to encourage self-control, responsible attitude in their children by parental direction, monitoring and discipline through family warm and friendly interactions (Darling and Steinberg, 1993; Sanders et al., 2000). Previous study also shows that effective parenting and interactions can give positive impact to the children likes higher academic accomplishment, less depressive symptoms, better psychosocial and emotional improvement, less disruptive child behaviours and last but not least, they will have higher self-esteem (Dornbusch et al., 1987; Lamborn et al., 1991; Maccoby and Martin, 1983). Ineffective parenting can cause the negative impact to children including unhealthy diet, lifestyle and behaviours (Arredondo et al., 2006; Kremers et al., 2003; Rhee, 2008; Wake et al., 2007). The previous study showed that 50% and 87% of foodborne disease were related to domestic kitchen (Redmond & Griffith, 2002) and according to World Health Organization, 45.65 of foodborne disease cases caused by temperature mishandling during food preparation, food storage and food handling (Tirado & Schmidt, 2002). According to this study, there are no statistically significant difference between urban and suburban (t = 0.779, df = 394.29, p > 0.001). It showed that both urban and suburban adolescents were influences by their parents on food hygiene practices, and there is no difference between urban and suburban adolescents on food hygiene practices. The relationship between parental influences and food hygiene practices in this study showed that parental influences have influences on food hygiene practices. This study was involved only two secondary school which is SMK Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz and SMK Puncak Alam. Therefore the result of the study does not represent to all the secondary school in the district. Other than that, the self- administered questionnaire is used to obtain that result, and it may cause an occurrence of bias by the respondents. For the future research, varieties of data collection techniques can be used. 5. Conclusion The result of the study proved that parental influences play important roles in food hygiene practices among adolescents in both urban and suburban. Through this study, more evidence, information, and association on food hygiene’s practices among the adolescents. According to previous studies, there are a lot of studies about KAP’s but fewer studies that explore about food hygiene’s practices among adolescents in Malaysia. This study hopefully can give benefit for academic uses and also for industry players. With the analysis done upon finishing this research, it will bring new and latest information and knowledge to the academicians. The knowledge will be useful for teaching, upgrading the up-to-date information and will be helpful for further research to the related area. Furthermore, for government authorities, this study also can be useful as their benchmark to give the best services to the community especially adolescents. They can use it as their strategies to improve their performance in future. Besides, they also can come out with the new idea on how to improve food hygiene practices among adolescents such as campaign at school nationwide, home-made meal campaign, and others.


Acknowledgement This research was funded by the Universiti Teknologi MARA under grant no: 600-RMI/DANA 5/3/ LESTARI (48/2015).

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