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Floating-Point Algorithm
No OK?
Yes Quantization
Fixed-Point
Algorithmic-Level
Floating-Point
Idea
Fixed-Point Algorithm
No OK?
Yes
Implementational-Level
Code Generation
Architectural Description
No OK?
Yes Target System
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