Framework for Mobile Historical Event Storytelling - wseas.us

Applied Computational Science

Framework for Mobile Historical Event Storytelling ISMASSABAH ISMAIL1,MARINA ISMAIL2,FARIZA HANIS ABD.RAZAK3 Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences1 Universiti Teknologi MARA Melaka, Kampus Jasin 77300 Merlimau, Melaka MALAYSIA Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences2,3 Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam MALAYSIA 1 [email protected] , [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: - Mobile platform is being used widely in various areas including in storytelling to disseminate information to the audience. The content of mobile storytelling ranges from folktale, personal information, public history and historical event. However, from the studies conducted, framework for historical event storytelling on mobile platform is hardly found. The existing framework lacks of important historical content elements. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the framework for historical event storytelling on mobile. The framework is derived based on website content analysis of historical event, survey and literature review from the previous studies. There are four components concerning the formation of historical event storytelling in this study, which are historical event segmentation and CDS model for storytelling, multimedia elements and mobile user interface design inspired from bee comb architecture. The framework will provide some contributions for proper historical content segmentation on mobile storytelling.

Key-Words: -Historical event, mobile interface, mobile platform, mobile storytelling framework suitable with small screen display. In this paper, a framework to develop mobile historical event storytelling as the first part of the research is presented. The organization of this article will begin with the introduction as the first part. This is followed by the literature review of the study from previous literature. Next, the proposed framework of the research will be discussed. The conclusion will be provided in the final part.

1 Introduction The advancement of mobile technology has seen many areas are being mobilized on the mobile platform, which cover science, religious, engineering, entertainment, communication and history. The latest mobile technology can be manipulated to convey the history subject besides other usage. Mobile technology has been used worldwide, especially in communication, searching information through mobile web, advertising, marketing, entertainment, medical and education. The education sector has seen the potential of teaching and learning session through mobile equipment such as mobile phone and PDA in ascertain the knowledge. There are research that used mobile platform in teaching science to students and also using PDA to gain the knowledge of history at museum. Even though there are some research that focus on using mobile platform for learning and gaining knowledge about history using storytelling, however the detail history content segmentation is hardly found in the mobile application. The aim of this research is to develop a mobile multimedia content tool for gaining knowledge about history with proposed content segmentation and user interface design that are

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2 Literature Review 2.1 Historical Event History is a chronological record of important event and essentially the story of how the world has come to be in its present state [1]. The historical record rarely includes a highly detailed description of the actions of historical figures from one moment to another. Instead, the historical record enumerates the significant events that occurred in the real world and it was recorded by historians, and we call these events historical events [1]. Through history, a person not only can gain knowledge about the past but also can learn from the moral value. People that want to know about the

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present should learn about the past to get the fundamental idea about certain topic. The subject of history is not just restricted to the root or fundamentals about origin but it is far beyond that. History covers wide range of previous events on human beings, war stories and history of certain countries or politics. In Malaysia, learning history is a fundamental and required subject by the Malaysian Ministry of Education. It has been regarded by the educators as a significant subject for the younger learner to appreciate the nation, religious, social, political and economics matters that can only be comprehended from the historical perspective [2]. Although history is considered as an important subject to be studied, it has been regarded by many students as an enumeration of facts, figures, dates and otherwise ‘useless’ and ‘dull’ events [3]. There are large numbers of students who have no interest in history and they rather think that it is not that important to know all the events or dates except that they studied the subject to pass the examination. This is because the subject is taught using the transmission of information solely from the textbook, lecture and question and answer strategies. Students merely memorize to pass the examination and later they will forget about the subject. However, the potential of the history subject to be taught and learn in more interesting manner emerged with the ICT technology through multimedia usage and storytelling approach. The finding from the field of cognitive psychology shows that multimedia is likely to enhance the learning process due to its multisensory and emphasizes the importance of making links among ideas [4]. Storytelling is an approach to deliver the facts of human culture and heritage for so many decades before the ICT times. When the ICT technology is embarked on the human life, the storytelling approach is still used to tell the stories or facts but with the new equipment of ICT technology, and hence it is called the digital storytelling. Nowadays, ICT technology offers the possibility of much more diverse and interesting forms of multimedia interfaces through the use of advance display facilities, including authoring packages that can deliver high fidelity sound, realistic colour image, in stills, graphics and full motion video [5]. In this context, historians have concluded that computers can make important contributions to the teaching and learning history. Studies by previous researchers showed that using multimedia computer technology in learning history improve students’ learning performance significantly [6], [7].

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2.2 Multimedia Content Multimedia has been proven to give benefits to the audience in terms of stimulating the learning process and retaining the information delivered to the user by allowing the presenter to garner attention, increase retention, improve comprehension and bring an audience into agreement [8]. It has also been proved that human is more receptive to new information and construct easier cognitive models if the information is presented in different modalities [9]. Multimedia gives the highest rate of information retention and makes the learning time shorter [5]. For example, in the process of delivering knowledge to the audience and receiving and churning knowledge by audience, multimedia can help the presenter to communicate the information in multiple media, interactive manner and multi-sensory environment. With this, the audience can have interactive experience with the subject that is difficult to understand by just solely reading books or articles and consequently achieve more understanding and retention of the subject itself. Studies have shown that interactive multimedia increased the comprehension and retention rates of the audience to about 75% compared to 40% from observe and listen, and 20% from what they see [8].

2.3 Storytelling Storytelling is the most general type of human conversation where, human performs the narration or explains by telling each other stories [10], and it serves as a “dialog between people, cultures and times” [11]. It is the discourse process of transferring knowledge about story from the narrator to the audience [1]. Storytelling is one of the oldest human activities [12] and it has been around for thousands of years for exchanging information and generating understanding and the power of storytelling never stops. Throughout the history, storytelling has been used to share knowledge, wisdom and values. Storytelling is found in the study of history, science, philosophy, religion, social science, business and medicine [13]. It is found to be a significant factor in bringing people together in families, schools and societies to create a common bond and learning environment. Storytelling is related with the oral history involved between people, culture and time [14]. However, with the new technology and platform of delivery, the oral history or folk tales can be found digitally. The digital storytelling (DST) can

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comprise both ‘picture driven’ [15] and ‘story driven’ approaches [14]. In addition, with the usage of mobile platform, the digital storytelling has been put to mobile [14], [16]. Even though the platform of delivering the storytelling varies, however the concept of stories that consist of event, action and actor is still the same. Thus, mobile storytelling for the author’s research is put under the consideration when this research was being embarked due to its mobility of technology advancement. Storytelling and DST have been misunderstood as an approach to tell folk tales and story only for children. However, the truth is DST has been widely used in delivering stories ranging from the application for children [17], generating historical fictions for educational purposes [1],[18], as pedagogical tool in cross cultural of literature [19], explorative journey through times into mobile and interactive environment [20] and emotional speech recognition [21]. It goes beyond that and has serve many purposes and not restricted only for children.

Figure 1: Components of the framework

3.1 Historical Event Historical event storytelling is the content for the user to acquire knowledge about history using storytelling approach. In these components, the user can gain information about historical event in more specific manner, where the content is segmented for better understanding. History can be defined as the usual chronological record of events, the life or development of a people or institution, which often includes an explanation of or commentary on those events [24]. Meanwhile, IbnuKhaldun, one of the greatest history philosophers of all time, said that history in the matter of fact is related with the information about human social organization, which itself is identical with world civilization, related with the stories and events [25]. IbnuKhaldun’s effort on the philosophy of history is a sign of common reflection, where he has bright idea on the history and society meaning, pattern and laws that have the interconnections between fields like politics, economy, sociology and education [26]. IbnuKhaldun’s thinking and philosophy has been praised by a western historian, Arnold Toynbee as ‘the greatest work of its kind that has ever been created by any mind in any time or place ‘[27]. Even though the historical event is part of the culture heritage, however not many researches are really focused on the historical event itself. Most of the research are interested with the cultural heritage and augmented reality by neglecting one of the important part in the cultural heritage; historical event. As mentioned by [25], historians, Qur’an commentators and leading transmitters have

3 Framework for Mobile Historical Event Storytelling The facilities provided by multimedia technology can solve the problem of churning the historical event narration. There is a need to study the approach of conveying the historical event through digital storytelling. The proper content segmentation for historical event shall be applied for the user and the proposed interface design shall be used. The proposed research framework involves certain domains in developing the mobile multimedia content that helps user in gaining knowledge about historical event on a mobile platform using storytelling approach. The components of the proposed framework for this study are based on a website analysis [22] that scrutinizes the extensive use of multimedia elements for 50 websites on historical content. In addition, the survey of 77 users was conducted to see the users’ preferences of multimedia elements on mobile content [23]. Furthermore, literature review was also conducted on various mobile storytelling researches of historical events to find the significant gap as the focus of this study is purposely on the mobile platform. The proposed framework for the mobile historical event storytelling will consist of historical event, storytelling, multimedia elements and mobile user interface design. Figure 1 illustrates the four components of this framework that are elaborated in the following subsections.

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storytelling outside there has been used for personal narratives but only a few in historical content. Even though the utilization of historical content is more about the cultural heritage, there is no DST that focuses on historical event in more details, especially with the proper segmentation of the content. Thus, this is the motivation to conduct the research.In this research, we adapted the center digital storytelling (CDS) model to be used in our framework. Table 1 shows the origin model of DST.

committed frequent errors in the stories and events that they reported by accepting the stories that are transmitted plainly without the regard for its value. If there is any, the research of how the arrangement of the content is fragmented is not that clear. Based on the literature review conducted, there is no proper content segmentation done for historical content on mobile platform. Even an existing historical content on mobile platform did not stress the elements of how, why and the moral values of their application. The enhancement of content segmentation with three more elements like how, why and moral values were adapted in this research. This is based on the theory by a famous historian that pointed out the elements of why and how is very important in the narration of history and not just only presents when, where and who [25],[28]. The elements of moral value have also been neglected in the historical event narration in DST. This research also adds moral values elements in the application. Moral values are very important in order for the latest generation to learn from the previous generation because human can learn lesson through history [29],[30]. Moral values through story like Surah Youseff can give lots of benefits if human learns it properly [31]. Furthermore, in conventional storytelling, the purpose of a story is to teach a lesson or moral [32]. However, in digital storytelling, the moral values seem to be improper to be conveyed to the listeners. In order for the historical content to be delivered to user through mobile platform, suitable information visualization can be used. The bee architecture with its amazing hexagonal comb cell has been used to draw the concept to be implemented in visualizing the historical content. The amazing concept of the hexagonal bee comb cell will be discussed in Section 3.4.

Table 1: CDS Model The Elements of DST by Joe Lambert, 2010 (CDS) Elements Explanation 1.Point of view Author’s perspective about the story 2.Emotional The meaning contained Content within the stories like serious issues convey to us in personal and powerful way 3.Dramatic Finding a moment of change Question to illustrate the insight that is wished to be conveyed 4. Visual Creating visual narratives to illustrate the story 5. Sound The recorded voice of storyteller, the music and the background music that support the storyline 6.Economy Simply put, just using enough content to tell the story without overloading the viewer with too much information 7.Pacing Related to economy but specifically deals with how slowly or quickly the story progress

3.2 Storytelling Storytelling or narrative is the mediated presentation of the event that has the beginning and end. Abreast with the technology of ICT, storytelling nowadays can be found digitally. The significant use of digital storytelling has been increasing. More authors, content creators and developers from various application domain are using digital storytelling (DST) to create interactive content for their system like training and simulation scenarios, e-Learning and edutainment application [33] and language education [40]. Digital storytelling can be used in many areas but it can be categorized into three main areas; personal narratives, inform/construct and historical event [34].Howevermany of the digital

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In the CDS model, the elements can be divided by certain phases in creating the DST. Elements 1, 2, 3 and 6 are related with the writing phases, where the author has to plan the story carefully. Meanwhile, elements 4 and 5 are related with the production phases, where the media used has to be created, recorded or captured. In addition, element 7 is related with the construction phases. Even though the CDS model provided the production phases like visual and sound, however the medium of presentation can be more elaborated. Due to the known benefits of using multimedia in the presentation, we try to enhance the elements of

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explore the presentation. Sight is used to see the colourful display or animation, sound is used to hear digitized music or auditory narratives, while touch is used to activate the mouse or touch the screen display. In other words, multimedia can stimulate more than one sense at a time and it will be getting more attention. Colour slides, sound, illustrations and moving images are intrinsically interesting. Through this mixed mode of presentation techniques, multimedia can appeal to learners who prefer to receive information by reading, hearing or hands-on environment. In additions, the computer can play an important role because it has the capacity to both motivate learners and focus their attention more effectively on the task on hand, which are best suited to their abilities, needs and interest [2]. Referring to the well-known benefits of multimedia in delivering information, the framework shall adapt other multimedia elements in presenting the DST. Besides text, image and sound, other multimedia elements can be used, such as animation and video. The utilization of multimedia in conveying knowledge to the audience has been proven helpful by previous research [41]. Thus, the knowledge of history can also use multimedia technology to embark better understanding on history subject. Furthermore, with the rapid growth of mobile technology, the mobile platform should not be left behind in spreading the knowledge. The combination of multimedia and mobile technology shall be one of the contributions in spreading the knowledge, especially in the history subject that is more likely full of facts, figures and events to be remembered.

visual and sound in the DST by combining the visual and sound elements. The combination of moving cartoon and sound can produce animation, while moving real photo and sound can produce video. The enhancement of the model is shown in Table 2 in highlighted part. Table 2: Enhancement of CDS Model The Enhancement Elements 1.Point of view 2. Emotional Content

3. Dramatic Question

4.Economy

5 .Visual

6. Sound

7.Animation

8. Video

9.Pacing

Explanation Author’s perspective about the story The meaning contained within the stories like serious issues convey to us in personal and powerful way Finding a moment of change to illustrate the insight that is wished to be conveyed Simply put, just using enough content to tell the story without overloading the viewer with too much information Creating visual narratives to illustrate the story The recorded voice of storyteller, the music and the background music that support the storyline Creating moving cartoon narratives to elaborate the stories with sound elements Creating moving real photo narratives to represent the stories with sound elements Related to economy but specifically deals with how slowly or quickly the story progress

Phases Writing Writing

Writing

Writing

Production

Production

Production

3.4 Mobile User Interface Design The interface for mobile platform should be put into consideration when designing the mobile application. The consideration of small screen display should not be neglected. Thus, the visualization technique for the mobile platform should also address this issue thoroughly. Information visualization can be defined as the visualization and navigation of abstract data structures [36]. There are various types of information visualisation techniques available, such as linear structures, hierarchies, networks and graphs, multidimensional metadata, text and object collection (feature spaces) and query spaces [36]. However, for this research that focuses on historical event information to be disseminated through mobile platform, the text and object collection (feature spaces) is highlighted. Mobile devices have many constraints that the

Production

Construction

3.3 Multimedia Elements Multimedia is a combination of digitally manipulated text, photograph, graphic art, sound, animation and video elements and it becomes interactive multimedia when the end user have the controls towards the elements [35]. Multimedia program provides the user to use all the senses to

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Meanwhile, the survey has highlighted the users’ preferences in communication and entertainment that are mostly related with multimedia elements. However, the extensive literature review on the historical event storytelling neglects the why, how and moral value concept on the narration that is based on IbnuKhaldun’s theory. The research concerning mobile content for historical event are rarely found and even the existing one did not focus on the concept of why, how and moral value of the history. Hence, a new study is needed to overcome the gap. Thus, this research enhances the content segmentation with the why, how and moral value concept. Furthermore, one of the approaches to deliver the history to the audience is through storytelling. We proposed two more elements; animation and video to be adapted in the CDS model. In addition, the historical event for mobile platform should cater the small screen display. This research proposed the bee comb architecture as the layout for the mobile user interface design for this framework due to its capability of utilizing area. The proposed framework can help in developing an effective mobile multimedia content to aid users in gaining knowledge of historical event using the mobile platform with proposed user interface inspired from the hexagonal bee comb architecture. The framework needs to be verified through the implementation in a mobile application for historical event.

researcher must consider compared to the desktop [37]. It is well known that the application developed for the desktop computers do not fit well with the mobile device. Furthermore, the mobility context itself also have the complications in terms of physical environment that varies greatly (lighting condition that ranges from glare to total darkness will affect the perception of graphic and colour). In addition, mobile applications must cater user’s special requirements that are suitable with the mobile device condition and context. The growing trend of mobile computing devices has embarked new challenges to mobile interface designers. Thus, any mobile application should consider the guidelines given by previous researcher in order to make a usable, useful, enjoyable and affordable mobile application. Due to the constraint and limitation of the layout of mobile platform, we proposed an adaptation of bee comb architecture as the design layout for this research. Honeycombs are based on very delicate calculations that most human beings cannot manage them. Scientist researched the honeycomb structure and they were wondering why the bees did not construct the comb randomly, in octagonal, pentagonal or triangular form rather than hexagonal. One of the popular scientist [38] mentioned that the round, octagonal or pentagonal shapes would have empty spaces between them, which signifies the poor utilization of spaces. Thus, the research adapts the amazing bee comb architecture in the framework for utilizing small screen space in the mobile platform. The interface shall be verified through the development of mobile application on Islamic history. Figure 2 shows the comparison between geometric shapes [39].

Acknowledgement:

Due acknowledgement is accorded to the Ministry of Education, Malaysia for the funding received through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), (600-RMI/ST/FRGS 5/3/Fst(212/2010)) and to the Research Management Institute (RMI), UniversitiTeknologi MARA for supporting the research. References: [1] M.O.Riedl, R.M.Young, “A Planning Approach to Story Generation for History Education”, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Narrative &Interactive Learning Environment(NILE), 2004. [2] S.C.Hii, F.F. Soon, "Effects of Multimedia Redundancy in History Learning among ‘Deep and Surface Students’", Asian Social Science, vol.6, no. 6, 2010.

Figure2 : Comparison between geometric shapes

4 Conclusion The findings on the website analysis study have shown the extensive use of multimedia elements in the historical content delivery especially in text.

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