Invited lecture on 11th Conference for young scientists in ceramics Satellite event: ESR COST IC1208 Workshop October 21-24, 2015, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia
From Boscovich’s theory to modern quantum theory Dragoslav Stoiljković University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology (Serbia) E-mail:
[email protected]
Roger J. Anderton (UK) E-mail:
[email protected]
Video record of the lecture is on the YOUTUBE site: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1vi0yk7BvU
1711 – Born in Dubrovnik Educated at the Jesuit Collegium in Dubrovnik 1725 – Educated at Collegium Romanum 1733 – 1772 Professor of grammar, mathematics, astronomy, optics in Rome, Pavia, Milan 1765-1772 Founded and managed the Astronomic observatory in Brera (Milan) Member of Academies: Paris, Royal Society in London, St. Petersburg, Bologna, Rome, Holland...
Roger Boscovich (1711-1787)
Published more than 100 books and articles
Presentation topics:
- Boscovich's "Theory of natural philosophy“ - Quantum aspects of Boscovich's Theory - Verifications of Boscovich's Theory by modern science Structures and interactions of particles: atoms, molecules, macromolecules, diamond, nano-particles, nucleons... elementary particles
- Our applications of Boscovich's theory - Concluding remarks
“Theory of natural philosophy reduced at one unique law of forces that exist in the nature”
Croatian and Latin version, 1974
Latin version, Wien, 1758, 1759
English version
Venice, 1763, 1764, 1765
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.), 1922 and 1966
Boscovich:
General and some particular shapes of Boscovich's curves
Hierarchy of matter
Repulsive force
... Molecules... ... Atoms... ...
Distance
Second order... First order particles...
Attractive force
Elementary points... Newton Leibnitz
Newton gravitation
Repulsive force
Cohesion limits
Distance Orbitals in Boscovich’s Theory
Attractive force Non-cohesion limits
Boscovich: The area P (delimited by the curve and abscissa) represents the increase or decrease of the square of velocity" Δ(v2) of the particles... If the areas delimited by repulsive arches are less than the attractive areas, the particles will reach the first limit of cohesion (E) by: - a speed proportional to the surface delimited by the first attractive arch (EG), - moving on a circle having radius of AE and - continuously oscillating around that limit.
Boscovich: As a passes from one to the other limits of cohesion (or orbitals), a particle will lose or gain exactly a certain amount of Δv2, i.e. energy. That "quantum energy", as it is now called, between the two limits of cohesion is equal to the difference between areas delimited by repulsive and attractive arches. What physicists say is false: Max Planck “discovered” quantum theory at the end of 19. c. True: Boscovich’s theory is the very first quantum theory presented in 18. c.
Model of atoms J. J. Thomson (Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge): (”The Corpuscular Theory of Matter”, Constable, London, 1907)
1. “Plum-pudding” model (Thomson) Positive charge (“pudding”)
Electrons (”plums”)
Model of atoms 2. Planetary model (Thomson)
Force and orbitals
“Suppose we regard the charged ion as Boscovichian atom exerting a central force on corpuscle which changes from repulsion to attraction and from attraction to repulsion several times...”
(”The Corpuscular Theory of Matter”, Constable, London, 1907)
E. Rutherford: - ex-student and ex-assistant of J. J. Thomson
- took a chair of physics at Manchester University in 1907 - in 1908-1911 showed that planetary model was more appropriated, i.e. atomic nucleus is positively charged and electrons are in orbits
Rutherford’s model of atom N. Bohr spent in 1912: - 7 months with Thomson in Cambridge
- 3 months with Rutherford in Manchester
Bohr’s model of atom
H. V. Gill emphasized that this model of atom should be named “Boscovich-Thomson” model of atom: “J. J. Thomson deducted his hypothesis directly from the theory of Boscovich, and showed that the notion of “allowed” and “forbidden” orbitals follows from it, and this laid the foundations of the theory developed later by Bohr and others”. “Where Boscovich planted two hundred years ago – other have reaped”. “Roger Boscovich, S. J., - Forerunner of Modern Physical Theories”, M. H. Gill and Sons. Dublin, 1941.
Verifications of Boscovich's “Theory of natural philosophy” by modern science
The most important question is:
Has been Boscovich’s curve (force vs. distance) confirmed by modern science?
Atom-Atom chemical interaction Benson S. W., The Foundation of Chemical Kinetics, Energy vs. Force McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960, p. 213 Modern sciences
Distance (r)
Energy
E = - ∫F dr Minimum potential energy Cohesion limits
F = - dE/dr Distance (r)
Force Boscovich curve
Stable positions
By my Unique law of all forces
Atom – Atom physical interactions Liquid sodium
Liquid aluminium
Potential energy (r)/eV vs distance r between two atoms of liquid. (Solid lines = theoretical calculations; points = experimental values.) Clive A. Croxton, "Liquid State Physics - A Statistical Mechanical Introduction", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1974, p. 227
By my Unique law of all forces
Molecule – Molecule physical interactions Potential energy Eint vs distance R between two ethylene molecules
Kaplan, I. G.: Vvedenie v teoriyu mezhdumolekulyarnikh vzaimodeistvii, Nauka, Moskva, 1982, p. 175.
Transition from physical to chemical adsorption of molecules
N. G. Gaylord, H. F. Mark, "Linear and Stereoregular Addition Polymers", Interscience, New York, 1959
Macromolecules (Polymers) i.e. Molecule - Molecule chemical bonding
It is generally accepted that the macromolecular hypothesis was presented for the first time by Hermann Staudinger in 1920.
?!
Flory, P.: Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1953
Macromolecular chain
Boscovich (1758): Atoms could be connected “in a very long series” by the “cohesion of parts of atoms“. Covalent bond
Electrons
"In a such way atoms might be formed like spirals; and, if these spirals were compressed by a force, there would be experienced a very great elastic force or propensity for expansion." Theory, paragraph 440
Macromolecules Spiral structures of some natural and synthetic macromolecular chains
Protein
Double helix of DNA
Poly--olefins
By my Unique law of all forces
Entropy (Sij) and enthalpy (Uij) change by distance (R) of two macromolecular chains (i and j)
P. G. de Gennes, "Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics" Cornell University Press, Itacha, 1979
Boscovich proposed a structure of “continuous series of little cubes and points situated at each of their corners”.
Nano-tube
By my Unique law of all forces! Don’t ask me again!
Monte Carlo simulation of interactions between nano-particles
Jie Feng, Eli Ruckenstein, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 281 (2006) 254–260
Interaction of two charged colloidal particles
Potential energy vs. distances for two
clay particles in suspension
Distance
Đaković Lj., "Koloidna hemija“, Tehnološki fakultet, Novi Sad, 1985
R. H. Bennett, M. H. Hulbert, "Clay Microstructure", International Human Resources Development Corporation, Boston/Houston/London, 1986, p.34
Interactions of two particles: Colloids Macromolecules Nano-particles Molecules Atoms Nucleus and electrons ...
Parts of nucleus of heavy atoms Nucleons and λ° hyperons Nucleons Neutrino Quarks
Potential energy change by deformation of heavy atoms
Potential energy
Cornelius Keller, "Radiochemie ", Diesterweg Salle, Frankfurt, 1975., Fig. 2.18
Splitting
Deformation of nucleus
Bošković, 1758.
Potential energy vs. density of atomic nucleus Мигдал A. Б., "Фазовые превращения ядерного вещества“
(Migdal A. B., “Phase transitions of nuclear substances”) in Е. Б. Этингоф, ”Наука и человечество", Знание, Москва, 1978, p.138-147
Relative density
Distance → n is actual and n0 is equilibrium density of nucleus
Interaction of hyperon with nucleones Григорьев В., Мякишев Г., «Силы в природе», (Grigorev V., Myakishev G., “Forces in the Nature”) Наука, Москва, 1977., стр. 291
Decreasing of distance Repulsion Attraction Repulsion Attracion
p+ or
n Particle Λ is a baryon, no chared, mass = 2184,1 mass of electron, Spin ½; life time 2,5*10-10 sec
Proton or neutron
Boscovich
Leon Lederman (Nobel prize laurate for physics, 1988) stated in the book “The God Particle” published in 1993: Roger Boscovich had an idea, totally foolish for 18th century (and perhaps for any other century)... “Boscovich claimed, in 18th century, that matter is built from the particles that have no dimensions! 20 years ago we found a such particle and named it – quark.” Lederman: Boscovich’s Theory, however, is “a key for the entire modern physics!”
Our applications of Boscovich's theory of natural philosophy
- Physical meaning of cohesion and non-cohesion limits - Free radical polymerization of compressed ethylene gas - Effect of pressure on melting temperature of low density polyethylene - Supra-molecular organization and polymerization of liquid methyl methacrylate (MMA) - Average densities of Solar planets
COHESION AND NON-COHESION LIMITS CORRESPOND TO VERY CHARACTERISTIC POINTS OF MATTER Molecular mobility
No mobility
Lower
Highest
Characteristic volumes Critical volume Cohesion limits Covolume
Characteristic volumes Rotationg molecule
Hard sphere Non-cohesion limits
Zero temperature
Triple point
Lines -calculation; Points – experimental (142 substances) Stoiljković D., Jovanović S., (a) Bull. Soc. Chim. Beograd, 48, 49 (1983); (b) J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 60, 15 (1995)
Free radical polymerization of compressed ethylene gas CH2=CH2 + CH2=CH2 → -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2Polymerization Pressure (bar) Volume (cm3/mol)
1000 57
Critical point 50 127
Lennard-Jones (1924.) 0.466 nm
Boscovich (1745.)
Ideal gas 1 22000
Polymerization Pressure(bar) Volume (cm3/mol)
1000 57
Critical point 50 127
Ideal gas 1 22000
Phase state and supramolecular species of compressed ethene gas Molecular Bimolecule pair
Oligomolecule
Stoiljković D., Jovanović S., "On the mechanism of the high pressure free-radical polymerization of ethylene", J. Polym.Sci.,Polymer Chem. Ed., 19,741-747(1981)
Effect of pressure on melting temperature of polyethylene
Bošković (1754): De Continuitatis Lege
Phase transitions in compressed ethylene gas (solid line S/Sc=1) and in compressed polyethylene (points) occur at about the same pressure-temperature conditions D. Stoiljković, S. Jovanović, Acta Polymerica, 39 (1988) 670
Boscovich (1745): In fluids the particles are at a cohesion and a non-cohesion limits
Methylmetacrylate CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3 T. Sasuga, M. Takehisa, J. Macromol. Sci., A12 (1978) 1307 i 1321
Supra-molecular organization and polymerization of liquid methyl methacrylate (MMA) CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3
Specific volume of MMA
V = Xb*b + (1-Xb)*Vt,s Xom = 1 - Xb
Fractions of ordered (upper) and disordered (bottom) domains of liquid MMA at different temperatures
Lines – predicted by calculation Points – experimental
R. Radicevic, Lj. Korugic, D. Stoiljkovic, S. Jovanovic, J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 60 (1995) 347.
Average densities of planets related to density of Sun -1
Saturn 1/2
Sun
0
1
21/1
1
0
2-1/0 1 Asteroids 2
Mercury, Venus, 4 Earth
2
2-1/2
1 Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
2-1/1
4/21/2
Mars
Average densities of planets (g/cm3)
Sun 1,41 g/cm3
* Data: www.astronomija.co.yu ** Twin of Sun: Galaksija, No 4,33(1988)
Empirical* Mercury 5,43 Venus 5,25 Earth 5,52 Mars 3,93 Asteroids 2-3,5 Jupiter 1,33 Saturn 0,71 Uranus 1,27 Neptune 1,77 Pluto 1,75 Nemesis** 79,21
Calculated 5,33 5,33 5,33 4,00 2,83 1,41 0,71 1,41 1,41 1,41 80,63
“Theoria philosopohiae naturalis redacta We have applied sucessfully ad an unique mathematical model unicam legem (i.e. staircase diagram)
“Theory of natural philosophy reduced at
for different interactions: atomic, molecular, supramolecular, gravitational…
forces that exist in the nature”
virium in natura existentium”
one unique law of (different !)
Concluding remarks
Boscovich’s quantum Theory had the great contributions to: - Discovery of structure of matter but also to the other scientific fields: • Particle theory • Electric and magnetic field theory • Quantum mechanics • Theory of relativity...
Was Boscovich just a visionary, a prophet, a magic man? NO!
Acceptance of Boscovich’s Theory In the time of Boscovich: - Euler
A great number of Boscovich’s Followers and Supporters
- Lagrange - dAlambert - Laplace
In 18th and 19th century in institutions that now belong to - Austria - Hungary - Croatia - Italy - Germany - Poland - England
- Amper - Caushy - Fehner - Priestley - Gay-Lisak - Faraday - Kelvin - Thomson
- Mendeljejev - Helmholz - Henry - Maxwell - Lorenz - Davy - Bohr - Heisenberg
They have built the modern science using the foundations given by Boscovich!
Procedure of scientific research: Hypothesis
→ Logical Consequences → Experiments → Verification of hypothesis 19th and 20th century
18th century Boscovich: - Hierarchy of
Elementary particles Atoms
matter - Law of forces
Molecules Macromolecules
Interactions between the particles
Reappearance of Boscovich Theory: - Hierarchy of matter - Law of forces
Bodies...
Boscovich is founder and promoter of modern sciences
Niels Bohr (1958): - Boscovich developed a systematic account of the properties of matter - His ideas exerted a deep influence at the work of the next generation of physicists: Laplace, Faraday and Maxwell - His great scientific work... served to pave the way for later developments.
Werner Heisenberg (1958): - The remarkable concept that forces are repulsive at small distances, and have to be attractive at greater ones, has played a decisive role in modern atomic physics. - His main work, Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis, contains numerous ideas which have reached full expression only in modern physics of the past fifty years, an which show how correct were the philosophical views which guided Boscovich in his studies in the natural sciences.
Leon Lederman (1993): - His theory is
a key for the entire modern physics.
We suggest to you: Be introduced with Boscovich’s Theory in order to: recognize it in the current science achievements use it in own research as we have done 1. Download free electronic books: Google → Dragoslav Stoiljkovic ResearchGate 2. Buy printed books from by publishers
Истраживачка станица Петница, 2010.
LULU Publishing, 2014.
The end Thank you!
