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A new and remarkably local species of Myrsine (Myrsinaceae) from New Zealand a

P. B. Heenan & P. J. de Lange a

b

Landcare Research, P. O. Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand

b

Science & Research Unit, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908, Newton, Auckland, New Zealand Published online: 17 Mar 2010.

To cite this article: P. B. Heenan & P. J. de Lange (1998) A new and remarkably local species of Myrsine (Myrsinaceae) from New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 36:3, 381-387 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512576

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New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1998, Vol. 36: 381-387 0028-825X/98/3603-0381 $7.00 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 1998

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Downloaded by [Landcare Research New Zealand] at 01:52 05 October 2013

A new and remarkably local species of Myrsine (Myrsinaceae) from New Zealand

P. B. HEENAN Landcare Research P. O. Box 69 Lincoln, New Zealand P. J. de LANGE Science & Research Unit Department of Conservation Private Bag 68908 Newton Auckland, New Zealand Abstract Myrsine argentea is described as a new species from Mt Burnett, NW Nelson. Myrsine argentea is distinguished from M. divaricata by its growth habit, and by leaf, floral, and fruit characters. As Mt Burnett is being actively quarried for dolomite, M. argentea is considered to be a threatened species with a conservation status of vulnerable. Keywords Myrsinaceae; Myrsine; Myrsine argentea; Myrsine divaricata; new species; taxonomy; conservation status; New Zealand flora

INTRODUCTION Myrsine is a cosmopolitan genus of somewhere between 150 (Mabberley 1997) and 300 species (Chen Jie & Pipoly 1996). In New Zealand Myrsine is represented by eight species (Allan 1961), including the widespread M. australis, M. divaricata, M. nummularifolia, and M. salicina. The other species have restricted distributions, with M. coxii occurring on the Chatham Islands, M. chathamica on Chatham and Stewart Islands, M. oliveri on the Three Kings, and M. kermadecensis on the Kermadec Islands. An

B97070 Received 6 October 1997; accepted 28 January 1998

additional species, M montana, was also listed by Allan (1961), but this is now considered to be the hybrid M. australis x M divaricata, a suggestion first made by Cockayne & Allan (1934). Myrsine divaricata A.Cunn. was considered by W. R. B. Oliver to be variable, and he referred to large-leaved plants from the Poor Knights Islands (Northland) by the unpublished name "biloba" (WELT 939). The large leaf-size of plants from the Poor Knights Islands was also noted by Cockayne (1912, p. 27). Plants from these islands were illustrated by Eagle (1982) as M divaricata form (i), and based on information provided by A. P. Druce she also suggested that on Mt Burnett, NW Nelson, there was an unnamed form which is referred to as M. divaricata form (ii). Wardle (1991, p. 389) also implied that the Mt Burnett Myrsine may be a distinct species. To make our own assessment of the reported variation in M. divaricata, we began a study in 1994. Our objectives were to determine whether the largeleaved northern forms and plants from Mt Burnett, NW Nelson, warranted taxonomic recognition. To this end visits have been made to the Poor Knights Islands (PJdeL Feb 1994, Dec 1994, Oct 1995; PBH & PJdeI, Aug 1996) and to Mt Burnett (PBH Nov 1995, Feb 1997; PBH & PJdeL Sep 1996, Apr 1997). Additional observations have been made of M. divaricata at many other sites in North and South Islands. Furthermore, plants have been cultivated in Auckland and at the Landcare Research experimental nursery, Lincoln, and herbarium material at AK, AKU, CANU, CHR, WAIK, WELT, and WELTU has been studied. The status of the large-leaved northern forms has not been satisfactorily resolved. Although this form is distinct in having large leaves, an upright growth habit, and conspicuously lenticellate stems, it does appear to intergrade with typical M. divaricata at several sites. We are continuing to assess the distinctiveness of this form and whether it warrants some level of taxonomic recognition. The taxon restricted to Mt Burnett can be reliably distinguished from M. divaricata by floral and

New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1998, Vol. 36

382


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pink petals, stigma protruding from the calyx, and white fruit. HOLOTYPUS (Fig. 1): Mt Burnett, Wakamarama Range, NW Nelson, on dolomite rock outcrop among scrub, P. J. de Lange & P. B. Heenan, 4 Sep TAXONOMY 1996, AK 233705; Isotypi: AD, BISH, CHR, HO, Myrsine argentea Heenan et de Lange, sp. nov. K, MO, NSW, WELT. DIAGNOSIS: Species nova a M. divaricata statura DESCRIPTION (Fig. 2-4): Evergreen, upright, erecta, foliis argenteo-viridis, petalis luteo-roseis et dioecious, shrub or small tree, up to 9 m tall. Shrubs stigmate e calyce protrudente et fructu alba with few to numerous main stems, often densely branched, leafy throughout; branchlets sparse to distinguenda. New species, distinguished from M divaricata by crowded, upright or spreading, slender, linear, its upright growth habit, silver-green leaves, yellow- branching angle 25-65%; not drooping or

vegetative characters and we here name and describe this as a new species.

Heenan & de Lange—Myrsine argentea sp. nov.

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Fig. 2 Myrsine argentea upright and shrubby growth habit on a dolomite rock outcrop.

divaricating. Trees erect, with one to several main trunks, trunks up to 18 cm basal diam., terminal branchlets leafy. Bark smooth, grey; trunks with occasional ring-like constrictions, particularly near base; inner bark, when exposed, slightly corky, pink. Inner wood, when exposed, pale pink or yellow-pink. Seedling stem sparsely covered with transparent eglandular or purple or transparent glandular hairs, sparsely lenticellate; leaves 10-16 x 4-10 mm, obovate, serrate in upper lA, usually fringed in glandular or eglandular hairs, apex retuse, but often with a small apiculus. Leaves 5-20 x 5-15 mm, alternate, usually silvergreen, sometimes pale green or cream-green, with a dark blotch at lamina base, glabrous, usually obovate to obcordate, rarely oval or orbicular, glands conspicuous on lamina surface and margin; apex retuse, rarely entire; margin entire; petiole 1-2 mm long; on short spurs or along branchlet. Female flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2-4. Pedicels 0.7-0.8 mm long; subtended by a brown,

383 triangular bract, 0.6-0.8 x 0.6-0.8 mm. Sepals 4, 0.75-1.0 xc. 0.75 mm, broad-oval, brown to brownpink, abaxial and adaxial surfaces glabrous, glandular, margins hairy, apex obtuse. Petals (3-)4, 1.0-1.6 x 1.0-1.1 mm, pale yellow to yellow-pink, free, obovate, claw ± absent, abaxial and adaxial surfaces glabrous, glandular, margin hairy, apex obtuse, recurved at maturity. Ovary 1.0 x 0.7 mm; style distinct, up to 0.2 mm long; stigma 0.5-1.0 x 0.50.8 mm, triangular, surface irregular, protruding beyond petals in late bud. Anthers rudimentary, pollen not present. Male flowers in fascicles of 3—4. 1 c.l mm long; subtended by a brown, triangular bract, 0.60.8 x 0.6-0.8 mm. Sepals 4, 1.0 x 0.7 mm, broadoval, brown to brown-pink, abaxial and adaxial surfaces glabrous, glandular, margin hairy, apex obtuse. Petals (3-)4, 2.8-3.0 x 1.3-1.6 mm, pale yellow to yellow-pink, free, obovate, claw 0.20.4 mm long, abaxial and adaxial surfaces glabrous, glandular, margin hairy, apex obtuse, recurved at maturity. Filaments absent or up to 0.2 mm long, attached to petal '/3 from base. Anthers (3-)4, 1.01.8 x 1.0-1.1 mm, yellow, antrorse. Gynoecium rudimentary. Fruit a drupe. Mesocarp green when immature, style base persistent; at maturity 4.0-5.2 x 4.06.0 mm, slightly broader than long, white, very rarely flushed pink at base, style base intruded. Endocarp 2.7-3.0 mm diam., round, thin, brown with pale, fibrous stripes. Seed 2.2-2.3 mm diam., 1.7-2.0 mm high, pale olive green, surface irregular, funicle-end intruded. Chromosome number 2n = 46 (AK 233708; B. G. Murray pers. comm.). REPRESENTATIVE SPECIMENS: SOUTH ISLAND: NWNELSON:MTBURNETT:A .Wall,Nov 1924, CHR 297033/WELT 942; W. D. Burke, 22 Aug 1967, WELTU 6400; W. D. Burke, 26 Aug 1981,WELTU 14507-14508; A. P. Druce, May 1975, CHR 275509-275512; A.P.Druce, Jan 1979, CHR 355273; P. Wardle, 17 Nov 1980, CHR 369006; J. Smith-Dodsworth, 22 Jan 1989, AK 201362; P. J. de Lange & P. B. Heenan, 4 Sep 1996, AK230008-230010; P. B. Heenan & P. J. de Lange, 8 Apr 1997, CHR 512513-512514, AK 232605. ILLUSTRATION: Eagle (1982, fig. 158) as Myrsine divaricata form (ii). This figure includes a male flower and it very accurately illustrates the yellowpink petals. ETYMOLOGY: The epithet argentea alludes to the silver-white leaves and the white fruit.

384

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Fig. 3 Myrsine argentea female flowers with the stigma protruding (arrows) while in bud and before the petals open; Sep 1996.

DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 5): Myrsineargentea is restricted to Mt Burnett, Wakamarama Range, NW Nelson. Myrsine divaricata is not known from the Mt Burnett and Collingwood areas, and the nearest plants occur in the upper Takaka River valley (CHR 371821, 372671), near Takaka Hill (CHR 510575, 510573), and at Boulder Lake. HABITATS: On Mt Burnett Myrsine argentea is apparently restricted to elevations above 350 m a.s.l., where it is most frequently associated with the karst shrubland developed on exposed outcrops of dolomite. Within the karst shrubland M. argentea is locally abundant, usually forming compact shrubs on exposed solution karren and their associated semistabilised scree. Specimens are usually found growing directly on bare rock, or the associated rich rendzina soils. Less commonly, M. argentea grows on dolomite outcrops under silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii*) and southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata) forest. In this forest M. argentea also shows a distinct preference for growing directly on rock outcrops. Forest specimens of M. argentea usually develop single trunks, and have a tall, sparsely branched, spindly habit, unlike the more open shrubland or exposed form. This suggests that M. argentea, while tolerant of forested habitats, prefers shrubland situations.

Fig. 4 1997.

Myrsine argentea with mature, white fruit; Apr

* Nomenclature follows Allan (1 961), Connor & Edgar (1987), and Webb et al. (1988), except where authorities or herbarium voucher numbers are given.


Heenan & de Lange—Myrsine argentea sp. nov.

385

Coprosma obconica, Phormium cookianum subsp. hookeri, Olearia avicenniifolia, Brachyglottis greyii, Gingidia montana, and Carex dolomitica. RECOGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS: Myrsine argentea is distinguished from the other smallleaved Myrsine species by vegetative and floral characters. It is distinguished from M. divaricata s.s. by V its lack of a strongly divaricating and weeping / / -1 } Aorere growth habit, silver-green leaves (green in M. divaricata), yellow-pink petals (maroon in M. divaricata), stigma protruding from the calyx in bud (stigma enclosed within bud in M. divaricata), and white fruit (purple in M. divaricata). Another small-leaved species, M. coxii, also aps • pears to be related to M. argentea and the M. divaricata complex. It has maroon petals, like M. divaricata. However, Myrsine coxii differs from so 0 100 200 | these species by its leaves, which are thicker and lack Kilometres a dark blotch at the base of the lamina near the petiFig. 5 Distribution of Myrsine argentea (.) and M ole, and suckering habit. divaricata (•) in northern Nelson, based on CHR records. Some collections of M. argentea from Mt Burnett have been misidentified as hybrids between M. In addition, M. argentea has colonised the dolo- divaricata and M. australis (CHR 297033), as M. mite gravels which form the helipad near the south xmontana, and as M. divaricata x M. salicina (e.g., peak of Mt Burnett, and some seedlings have estab- CHR 369006). Stressed plants of M. divaricata, especially those lished within the repeater tower car park near the from the ultramafic soils of Mt Dun, Red Hill, and helipad. ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: Within the exposed dolo- the Cobb Valley (Asbestos Mine area), often have mite/marble karstfield of Mt Burnett, M argentea silver foliage. However, these specimens still have is commonly associated with a diverse suite of purple fruit and a weeping, divaricating habit not shrubs and herbs. Notable associates include Astelia seen in M. argentea. Myrsine divaricata also very aff. nervosa (AK 30033), Coprosma obconica, C. rarely has white (e.g., CHR 482876) and supposedly linariifolia, Carex dolomitica Heenan et de Lange, yellow fruit (e.g., CHR 77927). Olearia avicenniifolia, an extremely narrow-leaved, MT BURNETT GEOLOGY: The dolomite outcrops of Mt purple-stemmed form of Hebe townsonii (AK Burnett on which M. argentea occurs are considered 232599), Hebe aff. albicans (AK 224259), Hoheria part of an Ordovician carbonate sequence associated sexstylosa var. ovata, Melicytus obovatus, Phormium with Cambrian-aged schists (Bishop 1967, 1971). cookianum subsp. hookeri, Brachyglottis greyii, The dolomite consists of fine-grained, even-textured Senecio glaucophyllus s.s.,Libertia aff. grandflora, granoblastic rock that varies in colour from creamyand a peculiar, bronze-leaved form of Gingidia white to yellow-brown (Bishop 1967). It typically montana (CHR 510570). has a blocky-weathering surface pattern, with exIn forested situations, M. argentea is usually a posed outcrops eventually developing the steepscarce component of the subcanopy, where it grows sided, fluted habit characteristic of karrenfield with silver beech, southern rata, Archeria traversii, developed within high rainfall areas, and on similar Neomyrtus pedunculata, Coprosma aff. colensoi carbonate rocks. (AK 230030), C. foetidissima, and Pseudopanax The dolomite sequence is exposed in two places colensoi var. ternatus. Within forest gaps M. on Mt Burnett, near the southern summit (615 m) and argentea is often more common, growing with approximately halfway down (330 m) the southern Ascarina lucida, Brachyglottis hectorii, Archeria side of the southern peak (Bishop 1971). The first traversii, and Melictyus obovatus. commercial quarrying of the dolomite began in 1947 On the south peak helipad M. argentea is locally on the lower outcrops, increasing in intensity from common within a low shrubland dominated by 1966 when better access roads were developed

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386 (Bishop 1967). During our 1996 visit most of the lower dolomite outcrops had been quarried and plans were well advanced to quarry the upper dolomite exposures. Myrsine argentea has also been reported from the north peak of Mt Burnett (S. P. Courtney pers. comm.). The north peak is said to be calcite marble (Williams 1974), but, because of the often irregular and erratic nature of dolomite occurrences (Pellant 1992; Z. Viljevac & I. Lynn pers. comm.), the substrates on which M. argentea grows at the north peak should be critically studied to determine whether dolomite is present. Dolomitic marble, with high concentrations of magnesium carbonate, is difficult to distinguish from calcite marble without detailed petrological study ( Z. Viljevac & I. Lynn pers. comm.). CONSERVATION STATUS: Myrsine argentea, as Myrsine "Burnett", was listed as Rare by Cameron et al. (1995) because, although the taxonomy and exact distribution of the species were then unknown, submissions received by the New Zealand Threatened Plant Committee reflected increasing concern by members of the New Zealand botanical community over the loss of this taxon through dolomite quarrying (P. J. de Lange unpubl. committee files). Recent field work and herbarium searches confirm that M. argentea is endemic to Mt Burnett. Mt Burnett, the highest peak of the Wakamarama Range, is New Zealand's only significant commercial source of high grade dolomite rock (Williams 1974). Consequently, the lower mountain flanks have been extensively quarried (Bishop 1967,1971), and the entire dolomite sequence of the mountain has been made accessible by roads. The south peak of the mountain is surmounted by a telecommunications repeater station, which is serviced by road, and a helicopter pad was constructed sometime before, or during, the station's installation. All of these activities have to some extent damaged the unique dolomite vegetation of the mountain. However, of all these activities, quarrying remains the most serious threat to the remaining dolomite exposures, with their associated, relatively intact, unique vegetation. The quarrying operations are likely to continue for at least another 10 years, and if quarrying is expanded to include other dolomite outcrops on the south peak the unique dolomite vegetation sequences of the mountain will be under serious threat. In particular, a significant part of the habitat of M. argentea is likely to be eliminated. Aside from quarrying, M. argentea appears to be at little risk for, although a

New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1998, Vol. 36 local endemic, it is common in suitable habitats on the mountain and the abundance of seedlings and saplings suggests that recruitment is not limited. A conservation status (sensu Cameron et al. 1995) of Vulnerable is therefore recommended, with the proviso that this ranking should be reviewed if and when quarrying ceases.

DISCUSSION The new species described here is placed in Myrsine as this is consistent with several recent overseas treatments, and maintains the usage of Myrsine in New Zealand (Allan 1961). The New Zealand species currently placed in Myrsine by Allan (1947,1961) have also been placed in the genera Suttonia and Rapanea (Mez 1902; Cockayne 1903; Cheeseman 1925; Oliver 1951). However, Hosaka (1940) provided sound reasons to accept only the genus Myrsine and reduced Suttonia and Rapanea into synonymy, the main reason being that there is a continum from having the filaments being connate into a tube that is proximally adnate to the corolla tube (Myrine s.s.) through to the filaments being essentially sessile on the corolla throat (Rapanea s.s.). Nevertheless, Oliver (1951) for New Zealand, Smith (1973, 1981) for the Fiji region, Sleumer (1986) for New Guinea, and Green (1994) for Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands retain Rapanea as distinct from Myrsine. Rapanea is still not universally accepted, and in recent treatments of the Myrsinaceae only Myrsine has been used for eastern Polynesia (Fosberg & Sachet (1975), Hawai'i (Wagner et al. 1990), Colombia (Pipoly 1992), and China (Chen Jie & Pipoly 1996). In the treatment of Myrsine for the Flora of China, Chen Jie & Pipoly (1996) accepted 11 species but noted that these fall into both Myrsine and Rapanea as traditionally circumscribed. However, Chen Jie & Pipoly (1996) make the significant comment that when Myrsine and Rapanea are considered on a worldwide basis, the alleged floral differences do not hold.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Rhys Gardner, David Glenny, P. S. Green, and an anonymous referee for their comments on the draft manuscript. Brian Murray provided the chromosome count for M. argentea; Zeljko Viljevac and Ian Lynn commented on the nature and occurrences of dolomite

Heenan & de Lange—Myrsine argentea sp. nov. within New Zealand. Staff from the Department of Conservation Nelson/Marlborough Conservancy, most notably Shannel Courtney and John Taylor, provided transport and field assistance. Funds were provided to PBH by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology under Contract No. C09310, and to PJdeL by the Department of Conservation, Investigation 1262.


REFERENCES Allan, H. H. 1947: Notes on New Zealand floristic botany. Including description of new species, etc.-No. 8. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 76: 589-596. Allan, H. H. 1961: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. I. Wellington, Government Printer. Bishop, D. G. 1967: The structural geology of the Mount Burnett dolomite deposit, north-west Nelson. New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics 10: 870-891. Bishop, D. G. 1971: Sheets SI, S3, and pt. S4 FarewellCollingwood. 1st ed. Geological map of New Zealand 1: 63 360. Wellington, DSIR. Cameron, E. K.; de Lange, P. J.; Given, D. R.; Johnson, P. N.; Ogle, C. C. 1995: New Zealand Botanical Society threatened and local plant lists (1995 revision). New Zealand Botanical Society newsletter 39: 15-28. Cheeseman, T. F. 1925: Manual of New Zealand flora. 2nd ed. Wellington, Government Printer. Chen Jie; Pipoly III, J. J. 1996: Myrsinaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi; Raven, P. H. ed. Flora of China 15. Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae. St. Louis, Missouri Botanical Garden. Cockayne, L. 1903: On some recent changes in the nomenclature of the New Zealand Myrsinaceae. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 35: 355-359. Cockayne, L. 1912: Observations concerning evolution, derived from ecological studies in New Zealand. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 44: 1-50. Cockayne, L.; Allan, H. H. 1934: An annotated list of groups of wild hybrids in the New Zealand flora. Annals of botany 48: 1-55.

387 Connor, H. E.; Edgar, E. 1987: Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand flora, 1960-1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983-1986. New Zealand journal of botany 25: 115-170. Eagle, A. 1982: Eagles's trees and shrubs of New Zealand. Auckland, Collins. Fosberg, F. R.; Sachet, M.-H. 1975: Polynesian plant studies 1—5. Smithsonian contributions to botany 21. Green, P. S. 1994: Flora of Australia. Vol. 49. Oceanic Islands I. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service. Hosaka, E. Y. 1940: A revision of the Hawaiian species of Myrsine (Suttonia, Rapanea), (Myrsinaceae). Occasional papers ofBernice P. Bishop Museum 16: 25-76. Mabberley, D. J. 1997: The plant-book. Revised ed. Cambridge, Cambridge, University Press. Mez, C. 1902: Myrsinaceae. In: Engler, A. ed. Das Pflanzenreich IV 236 (9): 1-437. Oliver, W. R. B. 1951: The flora of the Three Kings Islands: additional notes: with note on Suttonia. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 4: 111-112. Pellant, C. 1992: Rocks and minerals. Pymble, Harper Collins Publishers. Pipoly III, J. J. 1992: Estudios en el genera Myrsine (Myrsinaceae) de Colombia. Caldasia 17: 3-10. Sleumer, H. 1986: A revision of the genus Rapanea Aub. (Myrsinaceae) in New Guinea. Blumea 31 (2): 245-269. Smith, A. C. 1973: Studies of Pacific Island plants, XXV. The Myrsinaceae of the Fijian region. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 54: 228-292. Smith, A. C. 1981: Flora Vitiensis Nova. Vol. 2. Hawai'i, Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Wagner, W. L.; Herbst, D. R.; Sohmer, S. H. 1990: Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. Vol. 1. Bishop Museum specialpublication 83. Hawai'i, University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum Press. Wardle, P. 1991: Vegetation of New Zealand. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Webb, C. J.; Sykes, W. R.; Garnock-Jones, P. J. 1988: Flora of New Zealand. Vol IV. Christchurch, Botany Division, DSIR. Williams, G. J. 1974: Economic geology of New Zealand. Parkville, The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.