brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or ..... 4.4.5 Can Power Transfer be Optimized with aTX = aRX? .... 7 Industrial and International Standards on PLC-based Networking ..... During this ambitious project, we involved 31 technical contributors from 27 institutions.
Power Line Communications
Power Line Communications: Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines Edited by Hendrik C. Ferreira, Lutz Lampe, John Newbury and Theo G. Swart © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-74030-9
Power Line Communications Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines Editors Hendrik C. Ferreira University of Johannesburg, South Africa
Lutz Lampe University of British Columbia, Canada
John Newbury The Open University, UK
Theo G. Swart University of Johannesburg, South Africa
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
This edition first published 2010 c 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Power line communications : theory and applications for narrowband and broadband communications over power lines / editors, H.C. Ferreira . . . [et al.] p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-74030-9 (cloth) 1. Electric lines–Carrier transmission. I. Ferreira, H. C. (Hendrik C.) TK5103.15.P695 2010 621.382–dc22 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-470-74030-9 Set in 10/12pt Times by Sunrise Setting Ltd, Torquay, UK. Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd.
2009053133
Contents List of Contributors
1
2
xv
Preface
xvii
List of Acronyms
xix
Introduction The Editors
1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Channel Characterization P. Amirshahi, F. Cañete, K. Dostert, S. Galli, M. Katayama and M. Kavehrad
7
2.1 2.2
2.3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Channel Modeling Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Brief Review of Indoor/Outdoor Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1.1 Low, Medium and High Voltage Mains Topologies . . . . . 2.2.1.2 Residential and Business Indoor Wiring Topologies . . . . 2.2.2 Some Fundamental Definitions and Properties of Band-Limited Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2.1 Impulse Response Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2.2 Average Channel Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2.3 Root Mean Square Delay Spread (RMS-DS) . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Characteristics of the Indoor Channel in the HF and VHF Bands . . . 2.2.4 Characteristics of the Outdoor Channel (LV and MV) . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 Characteristics of the Low Frequency Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.6 Fundamental Approaches: Deterministic and Empirical Models . . . 2.2.6.1 Time Domain-Based Modeling: The Multipath Model . . . 2.2.6.2 Frequency Domain-Based Modeling: Transmission-Line Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Modeling Approaches . . . . . . . 2.2.8 Merging the Deterministic and the Statistical Approaches: Towards a Hybrid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Models for Outdoor Channels: LV Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Access Network Topologies in Europe, Asia and the USA . . . . . . 2.3.2 Some Fundamentals of Transmission Line Theory . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2.1 Weakly Lossy Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 8 9 9 11 14 15 15 15 16 19 20 23 23 25 27 29 31 31 34 35
CONTENTS
vi
2.3.2.2 Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Power Line Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.1 Realistic Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3.2 Reference Channel Definition for the Access Domain Models for Outdoor Channels: MV Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Propagation on Overhead MV Transmission Lines . . . . . . . 2.4.1.1 Single Conductor over High-Loss Earth . . . . . . . 2.4.1.2 Analysis of MTLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1.3 Mathematical Derivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Channel Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Background Noise in Medium Voltage Lines . . . . . . . . . . Models for Indoor Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Modeling Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 LTI Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2.1 Device Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2.2 Measurements Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2.3 Channel Response Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3 LPTV Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3.1 Empirical Basis: Tests with Time-Varying Devices . . 2.5.3.2 Theoretical Basis for the Time-Varying Response . . 2.5.3.3 Channel Time-Varying Response Modeling . . . . . . 2.5.3.4 Measurements of Actual Channel Responses . . . . . 2.5.4 Reference Channel Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.4.1 Structural Modeling Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.4.2 Set of Reference Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.5 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noise and Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 PLC Noise in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1.1 Continuous Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1.2 Impulsive Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1.3 Narrowband Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1.4 Overall Noise Waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 PLC Noise in Frequency Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3 Mathematical Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3.1 Middleton’s Noise Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3.2 Frequency Domain Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3.3 Time Domain Approach for Impulsive Noise . . . . . 2.6.3.4 Cyclostationary Noise Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4 PLC Noise Features for Adaptive Coding, Modulation and Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measuring Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.2 Scattering Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.3 Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.4 Measurement Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLC Channel Emulation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.1 Power Line Channel Emulation for the HF Range . . . . . . . . 2.3.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
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37 37 42 46 48 49 49 53 56 59 63 65 66 69 69 69 70 73 73 74 77 78 82 83 83 86 86 86 86 87 88 89 89 90 91 93 93 93
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94 97 97 98 99 100 102 103
CONTENTS
vii
2.8.2 Power Line Channel Emulation for the LF Range Reference Channels for Access Domain . . . . . . . . . 2.9.1 Brief Description of the Reference Channels . . 2.9.2 Parameters of the Reference Channels . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9
3
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Electromagnetic Compatibility H. Hirsch and M. Koch Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parameters for EMC Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 EMC Relevant Transmission Line Parameters . . . 3.2.2 Coupling Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 Electric and Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Electromagnetic Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 Radiated Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Conducted Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Electromagnetic Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 EMC Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.1 Compatibility Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5.2 Definition of Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 EMC Regulation in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.1 Regulation for PLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.2 Market Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.3 Regulation in the Case of Interference Complaints 3.7 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Coupling P. A. Janse van Rensburg 4.1 4.2 4.3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Filtering Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transformer-Capacitor Coupler Design . . . 4.3.1 Frequency Specifications . . . . . . . 4.3.2 Impedance Levels/Winding Ratio . . 4.3.3 Maximum Voltage Levels . . . . . . 4.3.4 Maximum Current Levels . . . . . . 4.3.5 Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.6 Current Density . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.7 Skin Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.8 Number of Strands . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.9 Number of Turns . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.10 Flux Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.11 Leakage Inductance . . . . . . . . . 4.3.12 Enlarging of Leakage Inductance . . 4.3.13 Series Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.14 Magnetizing Inductance . . . . . . . 4.3.15 Check Combined Flux Density Levels
105 108 109 110 120 127
3.1 3.2
4
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127 128 128 130 131 133 134 135 138 139 139 140 141 141 142 143 144 144 147
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147 150 154 155 156 156 156 156 156 157 157 157 157 157 158 158 158 159
CONTENTS
viii 4.3.16 Reducing Magnetizing Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.17 Evaluation and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Impedance Adaptation Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 Is it Worthwhile Attempting Impedance Matching? . . . . . 4.4.2 Of What Order Should Practical Winding Ratios be? . . . . 4.4.3 Is there a Good, Versatile Receiver Winding Ratio? . . . . . 4.4.4 Is there a Good, Versatile Transmitter Winding Ratio? . . . 4.4.5 Can Power Transfer be Optimized with aTX = aRX ? . . . . 4.4.6 Can aTX and aRX be Optimized Independently? . . . . . . . 4.4.7 How should these Findings be Interpreted and Implemented? 4.5 Experimental Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.2 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.3 Emulated Transmitter and Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.4 Laboratory Verification of Simulation Results . . . . . . . . 4.5.5 Classifying Power Outlets for Impedance Adaptation . . . . 4.5.6 Dual Impedance-Adapting Coupler . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Further Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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159 159 162 166 166 167 168 169 169 171 172 172 175 178 179 182 185 191 192
Digital Transmission Techniques M. Ardakani, G. Colavolpe, K. Dostert, H. C. Ferreira, D. Fertonani, T. G. Swart, A. M. Tonello, D. Umehara and A. J. H. Vinck
195
5.1 5.2
195 196 196 206 209 216 224 225 227 231 235 237 239 239 239 240 247 251 255
5.3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulation and Coding for Narrowband PLC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 Signal Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 Capacity and Repeater Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.3 Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.4 Frequency Shift Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5 Combined Coding and Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5.1 Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5.2 Distance-Preserving Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5.3 DPM Constructions and Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5.4 Permutation Trellis Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modulation and Coding for Broadband PLC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Spread Spectrum Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1.1 Direct Sequencing Spread Spectrum (DSSS) . . . . . . . . 5.3.1.2 Frequency Hopping (FH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1.3 Chirp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1.4 Impulse Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1.5 Evaluation of Benefits and Drawbacks SS Technologies for PLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1.6 Practical Applications of SS Technologies in PLC Systems 5.3.2 Multicarrier Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2.1 Multicarrier Modulation as a Filter Bank . . . . . . . . . .
256 257 258 258
CONTENTS 5.3.2.2 DFT Filter Bank Modulation Solutions . . 5.3.2.3 DCT Filter Bank Modulation Solutions . . 5.3.2.4 Other MC Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2.5 Coexistence and Notching . . . . . . . . . 5.3.2.6 Bit Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3 Impulse Noise Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3.1 Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.3.2 Maximum a Posteriori Symbol Detection . 5.3.3.3 Ultimate Performance Limits . . . . . . . 5.3.3.4 Practical Communication Schemes . . . . 5.3.4 LDPC Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.4.1 LDPC Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.4.2 Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.4.3 LDPC Coding for Non-Uniform Channels 5.3.4.4 System Design for Power Line Channels . 5.3.4.5 Code Design Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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Protocols for PLC Systems G. Bumiller, H. Hrasnica, L. Lampe, M. Lobashov and T. Stockhammer 6.1 6.2
6.3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broadband PLC Media Access Control Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 Components of the MAC Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2 Multiple Access Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2.1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) . . . . . . 6.2.2.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) . . . 6.2.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) . . . . . . 6.2.3 MAC Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3.1 Contention Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3.2 Arbitration Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3.3 Hybrid MAC Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.4 MAC Implementations for Broadband PLC . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protocols for PLC Supporting Energy Management Systems . . . . . 6.3.1 What is Needed from a PLC Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.2 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.3 Media Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.3.1 Hybrid Media Access Control Protocol . . . . . . . 6.3.3.2 Pipelined TDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.3.3 Single-Frequency Network-Based Flooding Concept 6.3.3.4 Comparison of Flooding and Routing . . . . . . . . 6.3.3.5 Aloha in SFN-based PLC Networks . . . . . . . . . 6.3.4 Network Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.5 Transport Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.5.1 Functionality of the Transport Layer . . . . . . . . 6.3.5.2 Transport Layer Communication Services . . . . .
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311 312 312 313 313 314 314 315 317 318 319 319 320 320 321 322 325 325 326 327 329 333 336 337 338 339
CONTENTS
x
6.3.5.3 Transport Layer Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.6 Common Convergence Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.7 Service-Specific Convergence Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3.8 Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Internet Protocol Television Over PLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.1 Physical Layer Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.1.1 Modeling of Impulsive Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.1.2 Physical Channel Model Including Physical Layer FEC . . 6.4.2 Video Distribution over PLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3 Application Layer FEC Based on Raptor Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3.1 Raptor Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3.2 Fountain Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3.3 Luby Transform (LT) Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3.4 Nonsystematic Raptor Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3.5 The Systematic Standardized Raptor Code . . . . . . . . . 6.4.3.6 Application of FEC Streaming Framework to PLC . . . . . 6.4.4 Selected Results for IPTV Services with Application Layer FEC over PLC channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Industrial and International Standards on PLC-based Networking Technologies S. Galli, M. Koch, H. A. Latchman, S. Lee and V. Oksman 7.1 7.2
7.3
7.4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLC Standardization by Industrial Alliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1 Early Low Data Rate Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1.1 The X-10 PLC Command and Control System . . . . 7.2.1.2 The CE-Bus PLC Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.1.3 LonWorks PLC Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.2 High-Speed PLC Industry Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.2.1 HomePlug Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.2.2 DS2/United Power Line Alliance (UPA) Specification 7.2.2.3 Panasonic HD-PLC Specification . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Standards on PLC-Networking Technology . . . . . . . . 7.3.1 The IEEE 1901 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1.1 Technical Features of the Baseline Draft . . . . . . . 7.3.2 The ITU-T G.9960 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.2.1 Overview of G.9960 Network Architecture . . . . . . 7.3.2.2 Overview of the Physical Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.2.3 Overview of the Data Link Layer . . . . . . . . . . . ETSI and CENELEC Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.1 ETSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.1.1 ETSI TC PLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.1.2 ETSI TC ERM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.2 ETSI-CENELEC Joint Working Group . . . . . . . . . . . . .
340 341 343 343 343 344 344 345 346 348 348 349 350 351 354 355 356 359 359
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363 364 364 364 364 365 365 365 376 380 382 383 384 384 391 392 395 397 399 400 401 404 405
CONTENTS
xi
7.4.3 CENELEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 7.5 International EMC Product Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 8
Systems and Implementations I. Berganza Valmala, G. Bumiller, H. A. Latchman, M. V. Ribeiro, A. Sendin Escalona, E. R. Wade and L. W. Yonge 8.1 8.2
8.3
8.4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLC Smart Grid Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1 The Smart Grid Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1.1 Objectives of Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1.2 The Need for Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1.3 The Network Today and the Network Tomorrow . . . . . 8.2.1.4 What will be Smart in the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2 Electrical Network Implications on Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2.1 Quantities Associated with Electricity Infrastructures . . 8.2.2.2 Locations for Telecommunication Networks and Devices 8.2.2.3 Limitations of Electricity Related Premises . . . . . . . . 8.2.3 Telecommunication Networks for Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.3.1 Backbone and Access Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.3.2 Switching and Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.3.3 Characteristics of the Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.3.4 Private versus Public Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4 PLC Systems for Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4.1 PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution (PRIME) . . . 8.2.4.2 HomePlug Command and Control and RUN-M . . . . . 8.2.4.3 MAXIM’s Automatic Meter Management (AMM) Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4.4 DLC-2000 PLC Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLC Broadband Access Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.1 Grid Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.1.1 Medium Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.1.2 Low Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.2 PLC Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.3 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.4 Network Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.5 Network Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.6 Network Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.7 Interconnection of PLC Access Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3.8 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multimedia PLC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.1 QoS Requirements for Multimedia Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.2 Multimedia In-Home Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.2.1 Multimedia Traffic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.2.2 QoS Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.3 A PLC Solution for Multimedia Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
413
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413 414 414 414 415 415 416 418 418 419 421 422 422 423 423 424 425 426 429
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429 430 431 432 432 432 433 434 436 439 441 442 442 443 443 443 444 444 446 447
CONTENTS
xii 8.4.4
8.5
8.6
Optimizing PLC for Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.4.1 Overall Design Considerations for Multimedia PLC . 8.4.4.2 Multimedia PLC Design Choices . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.5 PLC PHY Design for Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.5.1 Multimedia PLC Features of the HomePlug AV Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.5.2 Frame Control (FC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.6 A Multimedia Friendly MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.6.1 Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.6.2 Network Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.6.3 MAC/PHY Cross-Layer Design for Multimedia . . . 8.4.7 Channel Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.7.1 Beacon Period Structure in Uncoordinated Mode . . . 8.4.7.2 Beacon Period Structure in Coordinated Mode . . . . 8.4.7.3 Neighbor Network Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.8 Channel Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.9 Convergence Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.10 Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.10.1 MAC Framing Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.10.2 Overall MAC Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4.11 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC-PLC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.1 Wearable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.1.1 PLC for Wearables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.1.2 Technical Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.2 System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.2.1 Using the DC Line for PLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.2.2 Electromagnetism in Conductive Fabrics . . . . . . . 8.5.2.3 DC Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.2.4 AC Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3 Hardware Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3.1 Sensor Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3.2 Central Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.3.3 Garment Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.4 Validation of the Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5.6 Further Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLC in Emerging Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.1 A Telecommunication Infrastructure Based on the Electric Grid 8.6.1.1 Utility’s Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.1.2 Electric Energy and Telecommunication Regulator’s Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.1.3 Government’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.1.4 Some Technical Hindrances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.2 Telecommunication Needs and Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.3 PLC in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6.4 PLC in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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447 447 448 448
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448 449 449 449 450 450 451 451 451 452 452 452 453 453 453 454 454 455 456 458 459 460 462 464 467 471 471 472 472 473 475 476 476 477 478
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CONTENTS 8.6.5 8.6.6 8.6.7 References . 9
Conclusions The Editors
Index
xiii PLC in Asia . . . . . A Case Study: Brazil Final Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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485 485 487 487 497
501
List of Contributors Pouyan Amirshahi Shared Spectrum Section 2.4
Halid Hrasnica Eurescom GmbH Sections 6.2 and 6.3
Masoud Ardakani University of Alberta Section 5.3.4
Piet A. Janse van Rensburg Walter Sisulu University Chapter 4
Inigo Berganza Valmala Iberdrola Sections 8.2 and 8.3
Masaaki Katayama Nagoya University Section 2.6
Gerd Bumiller iAd GmbH Sections 6.3 and 8.2
Mohsen Kavehrad The Pennsylvania State University Section 2.4
Francisco J. Cañete Universidad de Málaga Section 2.5 Giulio Colavolpe University of Parma Section 5.3.3 Klaus Dostert University of Karlsruhe Sections 2.2.5, 2.3, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 and 5.3.1
Michael Koch Devolo AG Chapter 3, Sections 7.4 and 7.5 Lutz Lampe University of British Columbia Editor, Section 6.3 Haniph A. Latchman University of Florida Sections 7.2 and 8.4
Hendrik C. Ferreira University of Johannesburg Editor, Section 5.2.5
Sunguk Lee University of Florida Section 7.2
Dario Fertonani Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Section 5.3.3
Maxim Lobashov Vienna University of Technology Section 6.3
Stefano Galli Panasonic Section 2.2 (except 2.2.5), Section 7.3 Holger Hirsch University of Duisburg-Essen Chapter 3
John Newbury The Open University Editor Vladimir Oksman Infineon Technologies Section 7.3
Moisés V. Ribeiro Federal University of Juiz de Fora Section 8.6 Alberto Sendin Escalona Iberdrola Sections 8.2 and 8.3 Thomas Stockhammer Nomor Research GmbH Section 6.4 Theo G. Swart University of Johannesburg Editor, Section 5.2.5 Andrea M. Tonello University of Udine Section 5.3.2 Daisuke Umehara Kyoto University Section 5.3.3 A. J. Han Vinck University of Duisberg-Essen Section 5.2 (except 5.2.5) Eric R. Wade University of Southern California Section 8.5 Lawrence W. Yonge III Intellon Corporation Section 8.4
Preface With this book we took on the challenge to cover most of the technical field of Power Line Communications (PLC) with wide-ranging contributions on selected topics. The scope of this book is thus uniquely wide, not only for a book on PLC, but also to our knowledge for any book in the general field of Telecommunications. The inspiration for this wide coverage came from a survey of the many papers contributed to the International Symposium on Power Line Communications from 1997. The reader will thus find information widely dispersed in the literature, including research publications, standards documentation and even trade literature. We have attempted a coverage of both techniques and information on which there is currently consensus, as well as a limited selection of promising ones still under investigation. The goal of this book is thus to inform newcomers to the exciting field of PLC, to inspire further research and perhaps to contribute to future consensus. This book may also pave the way for future books focusing more deeply on perhaps just one individual subfield of the various subfields covered here. During this ambitious project, we involved 31 technical contributors from 27 institutions and 11 countries. Coordination was a huge task. The editors would like to express their sincere thanks to all our contributors. As stated, this book was inspired by the International Symposium on Power Line Communications, which since 2006 has been an IEEE conference sponsored by the IEEE Communications Society. Much material included in our book evolved from the proceedings of this conference (refer to http://www.isplc.org/docsearch). The editors would thus like to dedicate this book to Professor A. J. Han Vinck from the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, for his contributions to PLC. The organization of the first International Symposium on Power Line Communications in 1997 at the University of Essen was one of his many leadership initiatives during his career.
PREFACE
xviii
Han Vinck (right) receives the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications Achievement Award. Lutz Lampe (left) presents the plaque at the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory in Seattle, WA, USA.
List of Acronyms 1D
One-dimensional
2D
Two-dimensional
3D
Three-dimensional
AC
Alternating current
ACF
Autocorrelation function
ADSL
Asymmetric digital subscriber line
ADTDM
Advanced dynamic time division multiplexing
AES
Advanced encryption scheme
AFE
Analog front end
AGC
Automatic gain control
AL-FEC
Application layer forward error correction
AM
Amplitude modulation
AMM
Automatic meter management
AMN
Artificial mains network
AP
Access point
ARQ
Automatic repeat request
AVLN
AV logical network
AWGN
Additive white Gaussian noise
BBC
Broadband bad case
BER
Bit-error rate
BGC
Broadband good case
BH
Burst header
LIST OF ACRONYMS
xx BICM
Bit-interleaved coded modulation
BPC
Bits per carrier
BPL
Broadband over power lines
BPRS
Binary pseudo-random sequence
BPSK
Binary phase shift keying
BSS
Basic service set
C-CDF
Complementary cumulative distribution function
CCF
Cross-correlation function
CCL
Common convergence layer
CCo
Central coordinator
CDF
Cumulative distribution function
CDMA
Code division multiple access
CENELEC
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
CEPCA
Consumer Electronics Powerline Communication Alliance
CEPT
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CF
Conductive fabrics
CFP
Contention free period
CISPR
Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques
CL
Convergence layer / Compatibility level
CM
Connection manager
CP
Cyclic prefix
CPCS
Common part convergence sublayer
CPE
Customer premise equipment
CPS
Consolidated power-signal
CRC
Cyclic redundancy code
CRP
Collision resolution protocol
CS
Critically sampled
CSI
Channel-state information
LIST OF ACRONYMS
xxi
CSMA
Carrier sense multiple access
CSMA/CA
Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance
CTS
Clear to send
C/DWDM
Coarse/dense wavelength division multiplexing
DC
Direct current
DCM
Distance-conserving mapping
DCT
Discrete cosine transform
DCT-OFDM
Discrete cosine transform orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
DDS
Direct digital synthesis
DFT
Discrete Fourier transform
DIM
Distance-increasing mapping
DLMS/COSEM
Device language message specification/companion specification for energy metering
DMT
Discrete multitone
DPM
Distance-preserving mapping
DRM
Distance-reducing mapping
DSSS
Direct sequencing spread spectrum
DUT
Device under test
DWMT
Discrete wavelet multitone
EMC
Electromagnetic compatibility
EMI
Electromagnetic interference
EN
European norm
ERC SE
European Radiocommunications Committee Spectrum Engineering
ES
ETSI specification
ESI
Encoding symbol ID
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EUT
Equipment under test
EXIT
Extrinsic information transfer
FB
Filter bank
LIST OF ACRONYMS
xxii FBA
Forward-backward algorithm
FC
Frame control
FDMA
Frequency division multiple access
FEC
Forward error correction
FFT
Fast Fourier transform
FH
Frequency hopping
FH-CDMA
Frequency-hopping code division multiple access
FIR
Finite impulse response
FMT
Filtered multitone
FPGA
Field-programmable gate array
FSK
Frequency shift keying
FTTx
Fiber to the x
GI
Guard interval
GPRS
General packet radio service
GPS
Global positioning system
HD-PLC
High definition power line communication
HDTV
High definition television
HE
Head end
HF
High frequency
HPPA
Homeplug powerline alliance
HV
High voltage
ICI
Inter-carrier interference
IDFT
Inverse discrete Fourier transform
IFFT
Inverse fast Fourier transform
IFT
Inverse Fourier transform
IH
In-home
INL
Interfering network list
IP
Internet protocol
IPTV
Internet protocol television
LIST OF ACRONYMS ISDN
Integrated services digital network
ISN
Impedance stabilization network
ISO/OSI
International Standardization Organization/Open Systems Interconnection
ISP
Inter-system protocol
ISI
Inter-symbol interference
JWG
Joint working group
LA
Latin America
LAN
Local area network
LCL
Longitudinal conversion loss
LDPC
Low-density parity-check
LF
Low frequency
LID
Link identifier
LLC
Logical link control
LLR
Log-likelihood ratio
LPTV
Linear periodically time-varying
LT
Luby transform
LTI
Linear time invariant
LTV
Linear time varying
LV
Low voltage
LVDN
Low voltage distribution network
LVDS
Low voltage differential signaling
MAC
Media access control
MAP
Maximum-a-posteriori
MC
Multicarrier
MCSS
Multicarrier spread-spectrum
MFBO
MAC frame boundary offset
MMSE
Minimum-mean-square-error
MoCA
Multimedia over Coax Alliance
xxiii
LIST OF ACRONYMS
xxiv MPDU
MAC protocol data unit
MSDU
MAC service data units
MTBA
Mean time between artifacts
MTL
Multi-conductor transmission line
MV
Medium voltage
NCo
Neighbor central coordinator
NCS
Non-critically sampled
NEK
Network encryption key
NL
Network layer
NLS
Non-linear system
NORM
NACK-oriented reliable multicast
NTU
Network termination unit
OFDM
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OOK
On-off keying
OPERA
Open PLC European Research Alliance
O-QAM-OFDM
Offset quadrature amplitude modulation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
PAM
Pulse amplitude modulation
PB
PHY block
PBB
PHY block body
PBH
PHY block header
PBCS
PHY block check sequence
PBER
PHY block error rate
PC
Personal computer
PCB
Printed circuit board
PCS
Physical carrier sense
PCo
Proxy coordinator
PCO
Pre-code only
PDF
Probability density function
LIST OF ACRONYMS PDH
Plesiochronous digital hierarchy
PDU
Protocol data unit
PER
Packet error rate
PGA
Programmable gain amplifier
PHY
Physical or Physical layer
PLC
Power line communications
PLT
Power line telecommunications
PPDU
PHY protocol data unit
PR
Perfect reconstruction
PSD
Power spectral density
PSK
Phase shift keying
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride
QAM
Quadrature amplitude modulation
QoS
Quality of service
QPSK
Quaternary phase shift keying
R&TTE
Radio and telecommunications terminal equipment
RADAR
Radio aircraft detection and ranging
RAM
Random access memory
REMPLI
Real-time Energy Management via Powerlines and Internet
RF
Radio frequency
RMS-DS
Root mean square delay spread
ROBO
Robust modulation
RRC
Root-raised cosine
RS
Reed–Solomon
RTP
Real-time transport protocol
RTS
Request to send
RUN-M
RENESAS ubiquitous network layer for metering
SACK
Selective acknowledgment
SALA
Slotted Aloha with local acknowledgments
xxv
LIST OF ACRONYMS
xxvi SAP
Service access point
SAR
Segmentation and reassembly
SCADA
Supervisory control and data acquisition
SCP
Shared contention period
SD
Standard definition
SDH
Synchronous digital hierarchy
SDU
Service data unit
SFN
Single frequency network
S-FSK
Spread-frequency shift keying
SISO
Soft-input soft-output
SNR
Signal-to-noise ratio
SOF
Start of frame
SOT
Start of transmission
S/P
Serial-to-parallel
SP
Service provider
SPA
Sum-product algorithm
SSCL
Service specific convergence layer
SSCS
Service specific convergence sublayer
SST
Spread spectrum techniques
STF
Special task force
TA
Token announce
TC
Technical committee
TCC
Turbo convolutional coding
TCL
Transverse conversion loss
TCP
Transmission control protocol
TCTL
Transverse conversion transfer loss
TDM
Time division multiplexing
TDMA
Time division multiple access
TEM
Transversal electromagnetic
LIST OF ACRONYMS T-ISN
T-shaped impedance stabilization network
TH-CDMA
Time-hopping code division multiple access
TL
Transmission line / Transport layer
TLT
Transmission-line transformer
TMI
Tone map identifier
TS
Technical specification
TXOP
Transmission opportunity
UDP
User datagram protocol
UPA
Universal power line association
UWB
Ultra wide band
VCS
Virtual carrier sense
VDSL
Very high speed digital subscriber line
VHF
Very high frequency
VoIP
Voice over Internet protocol
WNG
White noise generator
xxvii