functional assessment of urban assessment of urban green ... - Esri India

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12 Esri India User Conference 2011

FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF URBAN GREEN SPACES SPACES- A GIS ANALYSIS Kshama Gupta1, K P Sharma1, YVN Krishnamurthy2, Ram Kolapkar3 1 Scientist, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO/DOS, Dehradun 2 Deputy Director, Regional Centers, National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad 3 M. Sc. Student, University of Pune, Pune

Abstract:

About the Author:

The study attempts to assess functionality of public green spaces in four wards of East Delhi district of Delhi NCT, named Krishna nagar, Jagatpuri, Preetvihar and Vishwas nagar. Total area of these wards is 17.947 Km2 Total population of this region is 35 358980 as per census 2001. These four wards were chosen with respect to availability of data and heterogeneous development in these wards. Cartosat-22 and IRS P6 LISS IV merged product was used for carrying out the mapping of urban green spaces, public gree green spaces and roads in different classes in Arc GIS v. 9.3.. Eicher map of Delhi, Google Earth and Field data used for finalize the all layer. For assessment of functionality, buffer and network analysis was carried out in ARC GIS and ground data for variouss parameters were collected from ground i.e., maintenance, facilities in parks, proximity to heavy traffic road, number of uses , perception of peace, feeling of safety among users, access to public and availability of natural vegetation. Due to time limit,, samples parks amongst total public green spaces were selected based on their signature in remote sensing image and distribution. It was found, from GIS analysis in Arc GIS that all parks are maintained only in one ward i.e. Vishwas nagar ward. Authoritie Authorities responsible for cleanliness of the park should restrict the entry of animals and anti social elements that enhances feeling of safety among users. Most of the sample parks provide more than two facilities as benches and walking tracks. Other than that some parks have playing facilities like swing, slider etc. and those parks are used by people more frequently. 11% samples do not have any kind of facility therefore mostly they are not in use or used by anti social elements. Big parks, such as community and nd neighborhood parks should provide large number of facilities than small parks. But during field survey it is observed that many big parks do not provide more facilities such as playing facilities, drinking water. Most of the sample parks people are usingg for dual purpose, i.e. playing and resting. GIS is a powerful tool for analyzing the field data especially for urban studies. An index for assessing the functionality was developed by integrating the GIS analysis and field parameters in ARC GIS.

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Mrs Kshama Gupta, M.Tech Tech. ( Urban Planning) Kshama Gupta is a Scientist in Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (Indian Space research Organization) at Dehradun, Dehradun India. She did M. Tech. in Urban Planning from School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India. Since then she is working as researcher in the field of remote sensing and GIS applications for urban management. E mail ID: [email protected], [email protected]

Contact No: +91 – 9219021565

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Urban Green Spaces “Urban green spaces are defined as public and private open spaces in urban areas, primarily covered by vegetation, which are directly (e.g. active or passive recreation) or indirectly (e.g. positive influence on the urban environment) available for the t users.” (Manlun, 2003). Green spaces have their own ecological function in the environment. But when we concern with urban environment then we find their social function as well. Urban areas can comprises large variety of green spaces, such as Parks/ gardens & Playgrounds, green space near institution, Industrial area green spaces, P rivate Green spaces. It also includes woodlands, farm lands, etc. et Public gardens and play areas provide opportunity for various informal recreation and community events within settlement se boundaries.

Benefits of UGS

Ecological

Social Recreation

Clean Air

Adjust Urban Climate

Water and Soil

Eliminate Noise

Landscape aesthetics Adjust psychology

Adjust “Urban Heat Island

Education Balance between Carbon & Oxygen

Absorb toxic gases

Trap dust

Health

Fig 1: Role of Urban Green Spaces in Urban Environment

There is very less emphasis in today’s development for leaving the open spaces for children’s play, a place where one can restore his emotional well being within environment. There is relation between health & nature but little has been translated at the level of planning. Planning here goes by numbers i.e. this much green spa space ce for this much population. Or planning may concern with maintenance of Public green spaces to improve the attractiveness of them to enhance the quality of urban environment. 1.2 Functionality of UGS Functionality means a space is fulfilling the function or purpose for which it is designed. Functionality of UGS is complimentary to different functional levels. The distribution of UGS affects their functionality. They must have well distributed for satisfying satisfy the social needs of people, such as recreation, resting, playing etc. Well Well-distributed distributed green spaces can easily access by people and that increases their functional value. Functional levels: Empirical studies assume that green spaces fulfill different functions at different levels (Van Herzele et al. 2001). 01). Every level in the hierarchy of UGS system has different function and different levels are complementary to each other. Page 2 of 13

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For example, large areas of the forest in the urban periphery may have significance to the totality of an urban area for weekend week recreation, creation, while small parks in the inner city may have strong connection with the local everyday life. Precondition for use: Distance or walking time from the home is the basic precondition for use of public green spaces. People who live in close proximity ty to a green space use it frequently, rather than who live further away from green spaces.

2.0 STUDY AREA Four wards within East Delhi district of Delhi (NCT) Latitude: 28º 37’37.38’’ N to 28º 40’03.75’’ N Longitude: 77º 16’32.00’’ E to 77º 19’25.85’’ E Table 1: Ward wise area & population distribution of the study area Ward Name

Ward No.

Krishna-nagar Jagatpuri Preetvihar Vishwas-nagar

77 78 79 80

Population (2001) 70044 81281 120612 87043

Area (km²) 2.057 1.08 8.82 5.99

3.0 DATA USED Table 2: Specifications of various sensors and Data used Data Year Resolution Area Cartosat II 2008 1 meter East Delhi IRS P6 LISS IV Eicher map Ward map of Delhi Google Earth

2006 2010 2008 2011

5.8 meters 1:10000 --------1 meter

East Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi

4.0 METHOD 4.1 Thematic Data generation The maps generated by analyzing the remote sensing data are known as the thematic maps. Urban green spaces are digitized and classified with visual interpretation technique, using LISS LISS-IV and Cartosat II merge product in ARC GIS Ver. 9.3. 9.3 The classes of urban green spaces are as following: Built up, Parks, Roadside green, Railway green green, Institutional green, Sports Complex, Playgrounds, Playgrounds Vacant land, Open green, Industrial green and Water body Using “selection by attribute” query in ARC GIS, parks arks and playgrounds were separated and exported as new layer named; public green spaces. Assign separate attributes to each type of park and play ground. Using Table 2.5 in Chapter–2 Chapter Hierarchy of urban development Standards as per Master plan of Delhi for Urban Green Spaces (MPD (MPD-2021), on the basis of area of park we classify the parks and play grounds as public green spaces. This is secondary classification.

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Table 3: Classifications of Public green spaces

Totlot

It is the area for children to play. It is located at adjacent or nearby of the house. Area (>125m² to 5000m² 5000m² to 10000m² to 20000m² to Two Use Multi-Use

25 6

56.81 13.63

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12 Esri India User Conference 2011 % Of Use

% of Accessilbility

20%

14%

80%

Open to All

29%

57%

Single Use

Limited

Figure 10 Percentage of Accessible parks

Double Use

Multi-Use

Figure 11 Percentage of use of parks

The first pie chart shows that 80% samples are open to all people and others are accessible to limited people. In our sample survey there are some private parks, which are located within area of residential complex. Those parks used by people, which are living in this complex. The second pie chart shows the use of parks. For which purpose people uses it that we observe in the field. f Single use means either for playing or resting, double use indicates combination of both. And multi use means Playing, resting and socializing. socializing Where many people can gather for recreation and enjoyment. In chart we can see more than 50% of the samples sample are lying under the category of double use means they are used by people for resting and by children for playing. Very few parks are used for socializing, because only community parks can provide such opportunity. And in our samples there is less number of community parks. 5.4.5 Feeling of Safety Table 11 Percentage of safe parks Safety

# Of Parks

% Of Parks

Safe

36

81.81

Unsafe

8

18.18

% of Safety

18%

Safe

82%

Figure 12 Percentage of safe parks Page 11 of 13

Unsafe

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Given pie chart shows percentage of samples regarding perception of feeling of safety. Around in 80% of samples people feel safe and in other parks they do not feel safe. Earlier we think that there may be relation between feeling of safety and nearness of the park to the heavy traffic road, i.e. if park is near to heavy traffic road children may feel unsafe to reach there. There is no relation between proximity to heavy traffic road and perception of feeling of safety. This case we observe in the field that many parks are near to the heavy traffic road but people do not sscared cared to use the park. While conducting field survey we interact with park visitors and got some idea regarding their perception of feeling of safety. Feeling of safety is concern with animals and an anti social elements. Due to this reason children and ladie ladiess may afraid to use the park. And hence park becomes less functional.

Conclusion: The study attempts to assess functionality of public green spaces. The whole mapping, analysis and final results all are generated from start to end using ARC GIS ver. 9.3. For that purpose mapping of urban green spaces and public green spaces has been done on the satellite imagery. And find that Cartosat-IIII and LISS LISS-IV merged erged product gives better resolution to discriminate built up areas and green spaces. Also it gives sharp boundaries of features; this was helpful to map the boundaries of green spaces, to t check the association and to decide the category of green spaces. Remote sensing data is very useful to extract the real world information. On the other hand GIS is useful to analyze the spatial data. Ward wise analysis of urban green spaces and public green spaces gives idea about availability of parks and playgrounds. 2 Percentage of public parks is very less as compare to urban green spaces. Although all wards in study area have less than 9 m / 2 person public green spaces within that Krishna nagar and Jagatpuri wards have less than 2 m / person public green space. This is 2 very much less area than other two wards. As per the World Health Organization (WHO) at least 9 m public green space should be available for a person. Hence, well planning and management should be done for the development of public green spaces by local authority. It was observed that service area around parks using buffer and network analysis generate different values. Calculation of service se area around parks using Buffer and Network analysis gives different picture. But the most realistic one is obtained obt from Network analysis; because it considers pedestrian walk distance, travel time and service area goes along the road therefore it covers much less area than Buffer analysis. Network analysis covered about 20% service area of parks determined by simple sim buffer analysis. Evaluation of field parameters gives better idea about functionality of public green spaces. Due to time limit we have chosen few samples parks amongst total public green spaces. As Krishna nagar and Jagatpuri wards have very congested roads and unplanned colonies, the availability of the parks is very less compare to other two wards. Regarding maintenance only in Vishwas Vish nagar ward we found our all samples are maintained. Authorities responsible for cleanliness of the park and they restrict res the entry of animals and anti social elements that enhances feeling of safety among users. All of the private parks are well maintained than public parks. Most of the sample parks provide more than two facilities as benches and walking tracks. Othe Otherr than that some parks have playing facilities like swing, slider etc. 11% samples do not have any kind of facility. Big parks, such as community and neighborhood parks should provide large number of facilities than small parks. But the sample survey gives controversial picture i.e. many big parks do not provide playing facilities, drinking water. Even in neighborhood parks percentage of single facility facili is more than others. Most of the sample parks people using for dual purpose, i.e. playing and resting. For socializing purpose people use only big parks such as community or neighborhood parks. There is relation between nearness of the parks to the heavy traffic road and perception of peace in park. We observed in the field that those parks are situated ne near ar by heavy traffic road, having low peace and quiet rather than those parks, which are situated away from the heavy traffic road. But there is no effect of heavy traffic traff roads on use of the parks by people. As park is not available nearby residential area or the available park may not provide good facilities, people bound to use those parks which are located nearby heavy traffic roads. This study also concludes that GIS is a powerful tool to map, assimilate, integrate and doing multivariate analysis. In Th This is study ARC GIS software has been extensively used from start to end for creating database, generating outputs and for various GIS analysis.

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References: 1.

Kyushik Oh et al. (2007). “Assessing the spatial distribution of urban parks using GIS”, Department of urban planning, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 2. Van Herzele et al. (2002). “A monitoring tool for the provision of accessible and attractive urba urban n green spaces”, Department Human Ecology, Free University Brussels, Belgium. 3. Dunnett et al. (2002) “Improving Urban Parks, Play Areas And Green Spaces”, Department of Landscape, University of Sheffield Department for Transport, Local Government and the R Regions: London. 4. Manlun, (2003). “Suitability Analysis Of Urban Green Space System Based On GIS” International Institute for GeoGeo Information Science And Earth Observation Enschede, The Netherlands 5. Miller, (1996). “Urban Forestry: planning and managing urban green spaces.” New Jersy. 6. Jia J. (2001). “Planning and Design of Green Space System. Beijing, Chinese Forestry Press. 7. Comber et al. (2007), “Using a GIS based network analysis to determine urban green space accessibility for different ethnic and religious groups.” Department of Geography, University of Leicester, UK. 8. Venn et al. (2004), “Ecology in Multi disciplinary study of urban green space: The URGE Project, Boreal Environment Research 9: 479-489, Helsinki. 9. Master plan for Delhi, Delhi Development aut authority, hority, (2007), “Hierarchy of Urban Development Standards, MPD –2021. 10. Vittaya et al. (2004) “Remote sensing and GIS for Urban green space analysis, A case study of Jaipur city, Rajsthan.” ITPI Journal 1:2 (2004) 55-67.

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