Functions in the Sentence

Categories, Phrases, and Functions

Functions in the Sentence

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Categories, Phrases, and Categories, Functions „

Categories, Phrases Phrases,, and Functions

What is a grammatical category? category?

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• A word with little meaning, e.g., Determiner, Quantifier, Auxiliary, Coordinator, Coo d ato , and a d Complementizer Co p e e t e „

What is a phrase? phrase? • A group of related words centered around a head, such as NP, VP, PP, AdjP, dj , AdvP d

What is a lexical category? category? • A word with lexical meaning, such as a Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, and Preposition 3

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Categories, Phrases, and Functions „

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Categories, Phrases, and Functions

Phrases and clauses have functions in the sentence. These are the main sentential functions:

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• Subject • Predicate P di t • Complement „ „ „ „

The name of the phrase that performs the function and the function itself must be kept separate. • You’re You re always giving, giving my therapist said said. • [My therapist] is an NP functioning as the subject of the sentence. • You have to learn how to take. • [You] is an NP pronoun functioning as the subject of the sentence.

Direct object Indirect object Subject predicate (or subject complement) Object predicate (or object complement)

• Adverbial 5

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Categories, Phrases, and Functions „

Categories, Phrases, and Functions

Whenever you meet a woman, the first thing you do is lend her your books.

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• Identify Nouns Nouns, Verbs Verbs, Determiners, Determiners an Adjective, an Adverb. • Identify phrases. • Identify the subject, the predicate, a subject predicate, and an adverbial.

Whenever you meet a woman woman,, the first thing you do is lend her your books.. books • Nouns Nouns,, Verbs Verbs,, Determiners Determiners,, an Adjective, and an Adverb Adverb..

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Categories, Phrases, and Functions „

Categories, Phrases, and Functions

[sWhenever you meet a woman], [sthe first thing you do] [VPis [Slend her your books]].

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• Phrases.

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[Whenever you meet a woman] is an adverbial. [the first thing you do] is the subject subject. [is lend her your books] is the predicate. [lend her your books] is a subject predicate.

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Three Diagnostic Tests for Subjects 1.

2.

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Three Diagnostic Tests for Subjects

Subjects invert in Yes/No questions

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Inversion in Yes/No questions • You think she’ll have to see you again in order to return them.

Subjects agree in number with the verb b or the th AUX AUX.

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Do you think she she’ll ll have to see you again in order to return them?

• She doesn’t have the time to read them.

Subjects are repeated in tag questions.

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Doesn’t she have the time to read them?

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Three Diagnostic Tests for Subjects 2.

Three Diagnostic Tests for Subjects

Agreement in number between the subject and verb/AUX

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• She’s afraid if she sees you again you you’ll ll expect her to talk about them them, and will want to lend her even more. „

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Tag questions • So she cancels the date. „

So she cancels the date, doesn’t she? she?

• You end up losing a lot of books.

She’s afraid if she sees you again you’ll expect her to talk about them, and will want to lend her even more. They are afraid if they see you again …

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You end up losing a lot of books, don’t you? you ?

• You should borrow hers hers.. „

You should borrow hers, shouldn’t you? you?

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Lending Out Books Hal Sirowitz

Pleonastic Subjects „

Pleonastic

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• Describes superfluous words „

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There are whole blocks of New York where no one lives. lives

4.

5.

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Expletive • A word that carries no meaning but has a grammatical function in a sentence

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It started to rain a few minutes ago.

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Lending Out Books Hal Sirowitz 1. 2. 3.

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6. 7. 8.

You’re always giving, my therapist said. You have to learn how to take. take. Whenever you meet a woman, the first thing you do is lend her your books. books. You think she’ll she ll have to see you again in order to return them. But what happens is, she doesn’t have the time to read them and she’s afraid if she sees you again you’ll expect her to talk about them, and will want to lend her even more more.. So she cancels the date date.. You end up losing a lot of books. books. You should borrow hers. hers. 17

You’re always giving, my therapist said. You have to learn how to take. Whenever you meet a woman, the first thing you do is lend her your books books.. You think she’ll she ll have to see you again in order to return them. But what happens is, she doesn’t have the time to read them and she’s afraid if she sees you again you’ll expect her to talk about them, and will want to lend her even more more.. So she cancels the date date.. You end up losing a lot of books. books. You should borrow hers hers.. 16

Where are the Subjects? 1.

2.

3.

4.

This problem we will explain in Chapter 5. Her father I like, but her mother I can’t stand. Sitti Sitting a ffew ffeett away from f Miss Mi Campbell in Court 13 was Piers Morgan, her arch tormentor and Mirror editor. Particularly interesting is the high percentage of unemployment in New England. 18

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There are the Subjects! 1.

2.

3.

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Direct Objects

This problem we will explain in Chapter 5. Her father I like, but her mother I can’t stand. Sitti Sitting a ffew ffeett away from f Miss Mi Campbell in Court 13 was Piers Morgan, her arch tormentor and Mirror editor. editor. Particularly interesting is the high percentage of unemployment in New England.. England

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Direct objects are sisters to the verb and can be passivized. I have h eaten t the plums that were in the ice box

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Direct Objects

Direct Objects

S

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NP

I have eaten the plums that were in the ice box

VP

N V

Passivization of direct objects.

NP

I

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have eaten the plums that were in the ice box

The plums that were in the ice box have been eaten.

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This Is Just To Say William Carlos Williams

Subject Predicates

I have eaten the plums that were in the ice box

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and which you were probably saving for breakfast

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Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so cold

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The plums were … They got … I became … I felt … They looked … They smelled … They tasted … They grew … 24

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Object Predicates „

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Where are the Object Predicates?

Object predicates are often realized by an AdjP, an NP, or a PP.

1. She painted the house purple.

Object Obj t predicates di t modify dif the th object bj t of a sentence.

2 Jenni considers Pride and Prejudice a 2. classic.

3. She put dinner on the table. 25

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This Is Just To Say Erica--Lynn Gambino Erica

There are the Object Predicates!

I have just asked you to get out of my apartment

1. She painted the house purple. purple. „

An AdjP functioning as an object predicate.

2. Jenni considers Pride and Prejudice j a classic.. classic „

even though you never thought I would

An NP functioning as an object predicate.

Forgive me you were driving me insane

3. She put dinner on the table. table. „

A PP functioning as an object predicate. 27

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Object Predicates „

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Indirect Objects

I consider Dave Cieslewicz … I know … They elected … I keep k … He proved … The people judged … I reckon … He drives … They made …

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Indirect objects are always realized by NP.

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Indirect objects can be passivized.

• I gave $25 to Ricky. • Ricky y was given g $25. $ „

Indirect objects can be preceded by to or for.. for • He sang a song for me.

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Indirect objects can be moved. • He sang me a song.

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Identify the Complements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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The Complements Identified

They sold us the furniture. Tom submits his tax tax--returns. She seemed very happy. He found it easy. easy He took the early train. The politician considered that argument valid. That sounds terrible.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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They sold [ious] [dothe furniture]. Tom submits [dohis tax tax--returns]. She seemed [scvery happy]. He found [doit] [oceasy]. easy] He took [dothe early train]. The politician considered [dothat argument] [ocvalid]. That sounds [scterrible].

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Six Categories of Verbs 1.

Six Categories of Verbs

Transitive verbs

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• select at least one object. 2.

Intransitive In transitive verbs

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• do d nott select l t an object. bj t 3.

Monotransitive Mono transitive verbs • select only one object.

Complex transitive verbs • select l t an object bj t and d an object bj t complement.

Ditransitive Di transitive verbs • select a direct and an indirect object.

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Copula verbs • select a subject complement.

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Define and Give Examples of … 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A transitive verb An intransitive verb A ditransitive verb A monotransitive verb A complex transitive verb A copula verb

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