Mar 22, 2013 - as achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, and achondro- genesis (Orioli et al. 1986)? And to what extent are normal relationships restored ...
Journal of
Anatomy
J. Anat. (2013) 222, pp526--537
doi: 10.1111/joa.12041
Fundamental ratios and logarithmic periodicity in human limb bones Alexis Pietak,1 Siyan Ma,2 Caroline W. Beck3 and Mark D. Stringer2 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand 3 Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 2
Abstract Fundamental mathematical relationships are widespread in biology yet there is little information on this topic with regard to human limb bone lengths and none related to human limb bone volumes. Forty-six sets of ipsilateral upper and lower limb long bones and third digit short bones were imaged by computed tomography. Maximum bone lengths were measured manually and individual bone volumes calculated from computed tomography images using a stereologic method. Length ratios of femur : tibia and humerus : ulna were remarkably similar (1.21 and 1.22, respectively) and varied little (
