7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page i mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
Fundamentals
of Fluid Mechanics Fourth Edition
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page ii mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page iii mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
Fourth Edition
Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics BRUCE R. MUNSON DONALD F. YOUNG Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics
THEODORE H. OKIISHI Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa, USA
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York
Chichester
Weinheim
Brisbane
Singapore
Toronto
7708d_FM_iv 8/28/01 1:27 PM Page iv mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
ACQUISITIONS EDITOR: ASSITANT EDITOR:
Wayne Anderson
Jennifer Welter
MARKETING MANAGER:
Katherine Hepburn
SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR:
Valerie A. Vargas
PRODUCTION SERVICES MANAGER: COVER DESIGNER:
Jeanine Furino
Madelyn Lesure
ELECTRONIC ILLUSTRATIONS:
Radiant Illustration and Design
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES:
Ingrao Associates
This book was set in 10/12 by TechBooks and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Copyright 2002© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail:
[email protected]. To order books please call 1(800)-225-5945. ISBN: 0-471-44250-X Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7708d_FM_i-xvii
8/31/01
9:03 AM
Page v mac45 Mac 45:1st Shift:
To Erik and all others who possess the curiosity, patience, and desire to learn
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page vi mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page vii mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
About the Authors
Bruce R. Munson, Professor of Engineering Mechanics at Iowa State University since 1974, received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Purdue University and his Ph.D. degree from the Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics Department of the University of Minnesota in 1970. From 1970 to 1974, Dr. Munson was on the mechanical engineering faculty of Duke University. From 1964 to 1966, he worked as an engineer in the jet engine fuel control department of Bendix Aerospace Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. Dr. Munson’s main professional activity has been in the area of fluid mechanics education and research. He has been responsible for the development of many fluid mechanics courses for studies in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering science, and agricultural engineering and is the recipient of an Iowa State University Superior Engineering Teacher Award and the Iowa State University Alumni Association Faculty Citation. He has authored and coauthored many theoretical and experimental technical papers on hydrodynamic stability, low Reynolds number flow, secondary flow, and the applications of viscous incompressible flow. He is a member of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers and The American Physical Society. Donald F. Young, Anson Marston Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Engineering, is a faculty member in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at Iowa State University. Dr. Young received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering, his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in theoretical and applied mechanics from Iowa State, and has taught both undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid mechanics for many years. In addition to being named a Distinguished Professor in the College of Engineering, Dr. Young has also received the Standard Oil Foundation Outstanding Teacher Award and the Iowa State University Alumni Association Faculty Citation. He has been engaged in fluid mechanics research for more than 35 years, with special interests in similitude and modeling and the interdisciplinary field of biomedical fluid mechanics. Dr. Young has contributed to many technical publications and is the author or coauthor of two textbooks on applied mechanics. He is a Fellow of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
vii
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page viii mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
viii
■ About the Authors
Theodore H. Okiishi, Associate Dean of Engineering and past Chair of Mechanical Engineering at Iowa State University, has taught fluid mechanics courses there since 1967. He received his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Iowa State. From 1965 to 1967, Dr. Okiishi served as a U.S. Army officer with duty assignments at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, where he participated in rocket nozzle heat transfer research, and at the Combined Intelligence Center, Saigon, Republic of South Vietnam, where he studied seasonal river flooding problems. Professor Okiishi is active in research on turbomachinery fluid dynamics. He and his graduate students and other colleagues have written a number of journal articles based on their studies. Some of these projects have involved significant collaboration with government and industrial laboratory researchers with two technical papers winning the ASME Melville Medal. Dr. Okiishi has received several awards for teaching. He has developed undergraduate and graduate courses in classical fluid dynamics as well as the fluid dynamics of turbomachines. He is a licensed professional engineer. His technical society activities include having been chair of the board of directors of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) International Gas Turbine Institute. He is a Fellow of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the editor of the Journal of Turbomachinery.
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page ix mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
Preface
This book is intended for junior and senior engineering students who are interested in learning some fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics. This area of mechanics is mature, and a complete coverage of all aspects of it obviously cannot be accomplished in a single volume. We developed this text to be used as a first course. The principles considered are classical and have been well-established for many years. However, fluid mechanics education has improved with experience in the classroom, and we have brought to bear in this book our own ideas about the teaching of this interesting and important subject. This fourth edition has been prepared after several years of experience by the authors using the previous editions for an introductory course in fluid mechanics. Based on this experience, along with suggestions from reviewers, colleagues, and students, we have made a number of changes in this new edition. Many of these changes are minor and have been made to simply clarify, update and expand certain ideas and concepts. The major changes in the fourth edition involve the CD-ROM that accompanies the book. This E-book CD-ROM contains the entire print component of the book, plus additional material not in the print version. This approach allows the inclusion of various materials that would either cause the print version to be too big or materials that are ideally (and only) suited for the electronic media. Approximately 25 percent of the homework problems in both the E-book and the print version are new problems. The E-book contains the following material. (1) There are 80 video segments illustrating many interesting and practical applications of “real-world” fluid phenomena. Each video segment is identified at the appropriate location in the text material by an icon of the type shown in the left margin. In addition, there are approximately 160 homework problems that are tied-in directly with the topics in the videos. The appropriate videos can be viewed directly from the problems. (2) There are 30 extended, laboratory-type problems that involve actual experimental data for simple experiments of the type that are often found in the laboratory portion of many introductory fluid mechanics courses. The data for these problems are provided in an EXCEL format. (3) There is a set of 186 review problems covering most of the main topics in the book. Complete, detailed solutions to these problems are provided. (4) Chapter 12, “Turbomachines,” is contained in the E-book only.
ix
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page x mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
x
■ Preface
The E-book material on the CD-ROM with all its links is navigated using Adobe AcrobatTM. The links within the E-book include the following types: 1. Links from the Table of Contents to major segments of the E-book (i.e., chapters, appendices, index, videos, lab problems, review problem). 2. Links from the Index to topics within the E-book. 3. Links from reference to a figure, table, equation, or section to the actual figure, table, equation, or section. All figures can be enlarged and printed. 4. Links from end-of-chapter Key Words and Topics to the appropriate location within the chapter. 5. Links from a video icon in the margin to that video segment. 6. Links from a video homework problem to the appropriate video segment. 7. Links from the beginning of the homework problems at the end of a chapter to the review problems for that chapter. 8. Links from a review problem to the complete solution for that problem. 9. Links from a brief problem statement for a lab-type homework problem to the complete detailed problem statement. 10. Links from a lab-type problem statement to the EXCEL data page for that problem. 11. Links from an even-numbered problem to its answer.
A summary or (highlight) sentence is inserted on each page of text.
One of our aims is to represent fluid mechanics as it really is—an exciting and useful discipline. To this end, we include analyses of numerous everyday examples of fluid-flow phenomena to which students and faculty can easily relate. In the fourth edition 165 examples are presented that provide detailed solutions to a variety of problems. Also, a generous set of homework problems in each chapter stresses the practical application of principles. Those problems that can be worked best with a programmable calculator or a computer, about 10% of the problems, are so identified. Also included in most chapters are several open-ended problems. These problems require critical thinking in that in order to work them one must make various assumptions and provide the necessary data. Students are thus required to make reasonable estimates or to obtain additional information outside the classroom. These openended problems are clearly identified. Other features are the inclusion of extended, laboratory-type problems in most chapters and problems directly related to the video segments provided. Since this is an introductory text, we have designed the presentation of material to allow for the gradual development of student confidence in fluid mechanics problem solving. Each important concept or notion is considered in terms of simple and easy-to-understand circumstances before more complicated features are introduced. A brief summary (or highlight) sentence has been added to each page of text. These sentences serve to prepare or remind the reader about an important concept discussed on that page. The entire page must still be read to understand the material—the summary sentences merely reinforce the comprehension. Two systems of units continue to be used throughout the text: the British Gravitational System (pounds, slugs, feet, and seconds), and the International System of Units (newtons, kilograms, meters, and seconds). Both systems are widely used, and we believe that students need to be knowledgeable and comfortable with both systems. Approximately one-half of the examples and homework problems use the British System; the other half is based on the International System. In the first four chapters, the student is made aware of some fundamental aspects of fluid motion, including important fluid properties, regimes of flow, pressure variations in fluids at rest and in motion, fluid kinematics, and methods of flow description and analysis.
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page xi mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
Preface ■
xi
The Bernoulli equation is introduced in Chapter 3 to draw attention, early on, to some of the interesting effects of fluid motion on the distribution of pressure in a flow field. We believe that this timely consideration of elementary fluid dynamics will increase student enthusiasm for the more complicated material that follows. In Chapter 4, we convey the essential elements of kinematics, including Eulerian and Lagrangian mathematical descriptions of flow phenomena, and indicate the vital relationship between the two views. For teachers who wish to consider kinematics in detail before the material on elementary fluid dynamics, Chapters 3 and 4 can be interchanged without loss of continuity. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 expand on the basic analysis methods generally used to solve or to begin solving fluid mechanics problems. Emphasis is placed on understanding how flow phenomena are described mathematically and on when and how to use infinitesimal and finite control volumes. Owing to the importance of numerical techniques in fluid mechanics, we have included introductory material on this subject in Chapter 6. The effects of fluid friction on pressure and velocity distributions are also considered in some detail. A formal course in thermodynamics is not required to understand the various portions of the text that consider some elementary aspects of the thermodynamics of fluid flow. Chapter 7 features the advantages of using dimensional analysis and similitude for organizing test data and for planning experiments and the basic techniques involved. Chapters 8 to 12 offer students opportunities for the further application of the principles learned early in the text. Also, where appropriate, additional important notions such as boundary layers, transition from laminar to turbulent flow, turbulence modeling, chaos, and flow separation are introduced. Practical concerns such as pipe flow, open-channel flow, flow measurement, drag and lift, the effects of compressibility, and the fluid mechanics fundamentals associated with turbomachines are included. The compressible flow tables found in the previous editions (and in other texts) have been replaced by corresponding graphs. It is felt that in the current era of visual learning, these graphs allow a fuller understanding of the characteristics of the compressible flow functions. An Instructor’s Manual is available to professors who adopt this book for classroom use. This manual contains complete, detailed solutions to all the problems in the text and is in CD format. It may be obtained by contacting your local Wiley representative who can be found at www.wiley.com/college. Students who study this text and who solve a representative set of the exercises provided should acquire a useful knowledge of the fundamentals of fluid mechanics. Faculty who use this text are provided with numerous topics to select from in order to meet the objectives of their own courses. More material is included than can be reasonably covered in one term. All are reminded of the fine collection of supplementary material. Where appropriate, we have cited throughout the text the articles and books that are available for enrichment. We express our thanks to the many colleagues who have helped in the development of this text, including Professor Bruce Reichert of Kansas State University for help with Chapter 11 and Professor Patrick Kavanagh of Iowa State University for help with Chapter 12. We wish to express our gratitude to the many persons who supplied the photographs used throughout the text and to Milton Van Dyke for his help in this effort. Finally, we thank our families for their continued encouragement during the writing of this fourth edition. Working with students over the years has taught us much about fluid mechanics education. We have tried in earnest to draw from this experience for the benefit of users of this book. Obviously we are still learning, and we welcome any suggestions and comments from you. BRUCE R. MUNSON DONALD F. YOUNG THEODORE H. OKIISHI
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page xii mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
7708d_FM_xiii 8/28/01 1:27 PM Page xiii mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
Contents 2.3
1
INTRODUCTION
3
1.1 1.2
4
Some Characteristics of Fluids Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units 1.2.1 Systems of Units 1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight 1.4.1 Density 1.4.2 Specific Weight 1.4.3 Specific Gravity 1.5 Ideal Gas Law 1.6 Viscosity 1.7 Compressibility of Fluids 1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 1.7.3 Speed of Sound 1.8 Vapor Pressure 1.9 Surface Tension 1.10 A Brief Look Back in History Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
2
FLUID STATICS 2.1 2.2
Pressure at a Point Basic Equation for Pressure Field
5 7 12 12 12 13 13 14 15 22 22 23 24 25 26 28 31 31 31 32
41 41 43
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest 2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 2.3.2 Compressible Fluid 2.4 Standard Atmosphere 2.5 Measurement of Pressure 2.6 Manometry 2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices 2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 2.9 Pressure Prism 2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface 2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 2.11.1 Archimedes’ Principle 2.11.2 Stability 2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion 2.12.1 Linear Motion 2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
45 45 48 50 51 53 54 54 58 59 61 68 72 74 74 76 78 78 81 84 84 84 84
3
ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS—THE BERNOULLI EQUATION 3.1 3.2
Newton’s Second Law F ma Along a Streamline
101 101 104
xiii
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page xiv mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
xiv
■ Contents
3.3 3.4 3.5
F ma Normal to a Streamline Physical Interpretation Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation 3.6.1 Free Jets 3.6.2 Confined Flows 3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 3.8.1 Compressibility Effects 3.8.2 Unsteady Effects 3.8.3 Rotational Effects 3.8.4 Other Restrictions Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
3.6
3.7 3.8
4
FLUID KINEMATICS 4.1
4.2
4.3 4.4
The Velocity Field 4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 4.1.2 One-, Two-, and ThreeDimensional Flows 4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines The Acceleration Field 4.2.1 The Material Derivative 4.2.2 Unsteady Effects 4.2.3 Convective Effects 4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates Control Volume and System Representations The Reynolds Transport Theorem 4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 4.4.2 Physical Interpretation 4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative 4.4.4 Steady Effects 4.4.5 Unsteady Effects 4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes 4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
109 111 115 119 119 121 128
5
FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS 5.1
134 137 137 140 142 144 144 144 145 145
5.2
161 161 5.3 163 165 166 166 171 171 174 175 178 180 181 184 189 190 191 191 193 194 195 195 196 196
5.4
Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation 5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum and Moment-ofMomentum Equations 5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-ofMomentum Equation 5.2.4 Application of the Moment-ofMomentum Equation First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation 5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation 5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows 5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-ofMomentum Equation Second Law of Thermodynamics— Irreversible Flow 5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation 5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
205 206 206 208 215 218
221 221 223 241 243 251 251 254
259
266
270 272
272
273
274
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page xv mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
Contents ■
5.4.4
Application of the Loss Form of the Energy Equation Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
6.9.1
275 277 277 277 277
6
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7 6.8
6.9
Fluid Element Kinematics 6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited 6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation Conservation of Mass 6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 6.2.3 The Stream Function Conservation of Linear Momentum 6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element 6.3.2 Equations of Motion Inviscid Flow 6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 6.4.5 The Velocity Potential Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows 6.5.1 Uniform Flow 6.5.2 Source and Sink 6.5.3 Vortex 6.5.4 Doublet Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows 6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half-Body 6.6.2 Rankine Ovals 6.6.3 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis Viscous Flow 6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships 6.8.2 The Naiver–Stokes Equations Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids
299 300 300 301 303 306 306 309 310 313 314 316 317 317 318 320 322 322 326 328 329 331 334 336 337 340 342 348 349 349 350 352
Steady, Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates 6.9.2 Couette Flow 6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes 6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus 6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis 6.10.1 Numerical Methods Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
xv
352 355 357 360 362 363 371 371 371 371
7
SIMILITUDE, DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, AND MODELING 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
Dimensional Analysis Buckingham Pi Theorem Determination of Pi Terms Some Additional Comments About Dimensional Analysis 7.4.1 Selection of Variables 7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data 7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms 7.8 Modeling and Similitude 7.8.1 Theory of Models 7.8.2 Model Scales 7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models 7.9 Some Typical Model Studies 7.9.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits 7.9.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies 7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
385 385 388 388 395 395 397 399 400 402 406 406 408 411 411 416 416 418 418 421 425 429 432 432 432 432
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page xvi mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
xvi
■ Contents
8
9.2.3
VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES 8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress Fully Developed Laminar Flow 8.2.1 From F ma Applied to a Fluid Element 8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations 8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis 8.2.4 Energy Considerations Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling 8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow 8.4.1 The Moody Chart 8.4.2 Minor Losses 8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits Pipe Flow Examples 8.5.1 Single Pipes 8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems Pipe Flowrate Measurement 8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters 8.6.2 Volume Flow Meters Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
9
FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES 9.1
9.2
General External Flow Characteristics 9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object Boundary Layer Characteristics 9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate 9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution
443
9.2.4
444 445 447 448 449
9.2.5 9.2.6 9.2.7
9.3
450 455 456 458 460 461 463 467 472 472 473 473 480 492 494 495 507 513 513 518 520 520 520 521
533 534 535 539 544 544 548
9.4
Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Effects of Pressure Gradient Momentum-Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient
Drag 9.3.1 Friction Drag 9.3.2 Pressure Drag 9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples Lift 9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 9.4.2 Circulation Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
10
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow 10.2 Surface Waves 10.2.1 Wave Speed 10.2.2 Froude Number Effects 10.3 Energy Considerations 10.3.1 Specific Energy 10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations 10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow 10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples 10.5 Gradually Varied Flow 10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes 10.5.2 Examples of Gradually Varied Flows 10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow 10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump 10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 10.6.4 Underflow Gates Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
552 559 561 567
572 573 573 575 578 592 592 603 607 607 608 608
621 622 623 623 626 627 628 633 634 634 635 638 647 648 649 651 653 659 662 665 668 668 668 668
7708d_FM_i-xvii 8/28/01 8:11 AM Page xvii mac79 Mac 79:1st shift:
Contents ■
11
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4
Ideal Gas Relationships Mach Number and Speed of Sound Categories of Compressible Flow Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Sectional Area 11.4.2 Converging-Diverging Duct Flow 11.4.3 Constant-Area Duct Flow 11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant-Area Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow) 11.5.2 Frictionless Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow) 11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves 11.6 Analogy Between Compressible and Open-Channel Flows 11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
679 680 686 689 693 694 696 714 715
12.1 Introduction 12.2 Basic Energy Considerations 12.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations 12.4 The Centrifugal Pump 12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) 12.4.4 System Characteristics and Pump Selection 12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws 12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws 12.5.2 Specific Speed 12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed 12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps
A
UNIT CONVERSION TABLES 715
730 737 747 748 751 751 752 752
759 760 762 766 768 770 774 776
790 791 793 803 807 807 812 814 815 815 815
824
B
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
828
C
PROPERTIES OF THE U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
834
D
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW DATA FOR AN IDEAL GAS
12
TURBOMACHINES (E-book only)
12.7 Fans 12.8 Turbines 12.8.1 Impulse Turbines 12.8.2 Reaction Turbines 12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 12.9.1 Compressors 12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines Key Words and Topics References Review Problems Problems
xvii
836
E
VIDEO LIBRARY (E-book only)
F
REVIEW PROBLEMS (E-book only)
R-1
G
LABORATORY PROBLEMS (E-book only)
L-1
778 782 785 787 787 788
ANSWERS
INDEX
ANS-1
I-1
