GLOBAL INTERDISCIPLINARY BUSINESS

GLOBAL INTERDISCIPLINARY BUSINESS-ECONOMICS ADVANCEMENT CONFERENCE (GIBA) CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 15-18 May,2014 Clearwater Beach, Florida, USA Co-Editors: Prof. Dr. Cihan Cobanoglu Prof. Dr. Serdar Ongan

ISSN: 2333-4207 Authors are fully responsible for corrections of any typographical, technical and content errors.

Conference Chairs  Cobanoglu, Cihan, Ph.D, CHTL, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, USA  Ongan, Serdar, Ph.D, CHTL, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, USA Scientific Committee:  Agarwal, Anurag, Ph.D,College of Business,University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, USA  Arlt, Wolfgang G., Ph.D, Faculty of Economics, Westküste University, Germany  Cetin, Tamer, Ph.D, Department of Economics,Yildiz Technical University,Turkey  Clark, Ephraim, Ph.D, School of Business, Middlesex University, UK  Cockshott, William, Ph.D, School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, UK  Cláudia Custódio, Ph.D., W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, USA  Dallari, Fiorella, Ph.D, Department of Political and Economic Geography, University of Bologna, Italy  Dwyer, Larry, Ph.D, Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales, Australia  Gill, Grandon, Ph.D, College of Business, University of South Florida-Tampa,USA  Halıcıoglu, Ferda, Ph.D, Department of Economics, Yeditepe University, Turkey  Harrolle, Michelle, Ph.D, College of Business, University of South Florida, USA  Hji-Avgoustis, Sotiris, Ph.D, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Ball State University, USA  Holecek, Don, Ph.D, Department of Community Sustainability, Michigan State University, USA  Incekara, Ahmet, Ph.D. Department of Economics, Istanbul University, Turkey  Kaplanidou, Kyriaki, Ph.D, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, USA  Kizildag, Murat, PhD, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, USA  Li, Robert, Ph.D, School of Hotel, Restaurant, and Tourism Man., University of South Carolina, USA  Lianos, Theodoros, Ph.D, College of Economics and Business, Athens, University, Greece  Mahony, Daniel, Ph.D, College of Education, Health and Human Services, Kent State University, USA  Martin, Rand D., Ph.D, Department of Finance, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA  O’Halloran, Robert M., Ph.D, College of Human Ecology, East Carolina University, USA  Okumus, Fevzi, Ph.D, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, USA  Pennington-Gray, Lori, Ph.D, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, USA  Rascher, Daniel A., Ph.D, Department of Sport Management, University of San Francisco, USA  Riordan, James, Ph.D, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, USA  Serra, Francisco, Ph.D, School of Management, University of the Algarve, Portugal  Shu, Tao, Ph.D, Department of Banking and Finance, University of Georgia, USA  Song, Haiyan, Ph.D, SHTM, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong  Tingle, Jacob, Ph.D, Department of Business Administration, Trinity University, USA  Tuna, Muharrem, PhD, Faculty of Tourism, Gazi University, Turkey

Scientific Relations Coordinator: Cavusoglu, Muhittin “Tim”, CHTL, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, USA

PREFACE

“Ask someone to tell you the story of the blind men and the elephant, and they'll tell you a tale of six men, each of whom touched a different part of an elephant, unable to see what their hands were resting on. Asked to describe what they had touched, the man who felt the side of the elephant said, "I touched a wall," and the man who felt the elephant's tusk said, "I touched a spear." The six men argued among themselves--was it a snake, a cow, a piece of rope? Only when they worked together, sharing their different ideas and experiences, were they able to discover the truth.

National Academies defines interdisciplanary research as “a mode of research by teams or individuals that integrates information, data, techniques, tools, perspectives, concepts, and/or theories from two or more disciplines or bodies of specialized knowledge to advance fundamental understanding or to solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline or area of research practice.” The fields of business and economics are very suitable for interdisciplinary research. For this reason, we decided to create a global conference that feature research that spans to more than one discipline. We are very happy to repor that the first Globa Interdisciplanary Business-Economics Advancement conference attracted 163 very interesting papers from a diverse variety of fields within the areas of Business and Economics from 40 different countries. We thank our contributors and reviewers for making GIBA a truly global conference. The USB-stick also includes the abstracts and full papers with the program. GIBA 2014 aimed to bring together researchers, scientists, scholar and scholar students to exchange and share their experiences, new ideas, and research results about all aspects of Business and Economics, and discuss the practical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted. University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee, USA is proud to sponsor GIBA 2014 Conference. We would like to let you know that we plan to produce three conferences each year, one in the America continents, one in Europe/Africa and one in the Asia. We look forward to seeing you in Istanbul in July 2014 or Bangkok in February 2015. Once again, we would like to thank all of our authors and reviewers for their contribution to GIBA 2014. Co-Editors Prof. Dr. Cihan Cobanoglu Prof. Dr. Serdar Ongan May 2014

SPONSORS

GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings

Table of Contents Crisis Forecasting in Ask and Bid Prices Formation Systems in Case of Precious Metals ........................... 11 Andrey V. Dmitrieva, Svetlana V. Maltseva and Nicolay V. Markov ....................................................... 11 The European Common Single Market in the Context of Taxation .............................................................. 19 Monika Bušovská ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Bitcoin’s Future in Derivatives Markets ....................................................................................................... 28 Radoslav Tzoncheva and Stoimenka Tonovab ........................................................................................... 28 GAAP Influence on Bid-Ask Spreads and Share Turnovers ......................................................................... 38 Deborah A. Corbin .................................................................................................................................... 38 Access and Barriers to Finance in Turkey: An Exploratory Study................................................................ 47 Ihsan Isik and Daniel Folkinshteyn ........................................................................................................... 47 Exchange Rate Sensitivity: How Receptive are the Philippines Bilateral Trade Flows to Real Depreciation of Peso? ......................................................................................................................................................... 61 Hanafiah Harvey ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Determinants of Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey ................................................................................ 68 Halil Tuncaa, Nihat Batmazb ..................................................................................................................... 68 How to Build a Smarter Institute: A Perspective from Intellectual Capital Synergy .................................... 72 Liu Caoa and Jian-hua Xiaob ..................................................................................................................... 72 Basel III: Will Borrowing Money from Czech Banks Become More Expensive? ........................................ 81 Milan Matejasak ........................................................................................................................................ 81 Auditor's Reactions on Fair Value Measurements during the Financial Crisis of 2008 ................................ 82 Mei Zhang ................................................................................................................................................. 82 Testing the Efficiency of the Investment Sector in Kuwait ........................................................................... 83 Abdulwahab Alsarhana, Nayef Al-Shammarib and Mohammad Alenezic ................................................. 83 Case Analysis of Supply Chain Brand Consolidation in a Consumer and Commercial Credit Dependent Entrepreneurial Venture ................................................................................................................................ 93 Joseph L. Rosetti ....................................................................................................................................... 93 Cost Accounting Systems: A Holistic View from the Top ............................................................................ 94 Debra Stone ............................................................................................................................................... 94 Using Econometrics for Analysing the Turkish Inflation: Evidence from the post-2000 Period ................ 103 Levent Korapa and Pelin Karatay Gögülb ................................................................................................ 103 The Impact of Sustainability Rhetoric in Disclosures: How Perceptions of Sustainability Affect Accountants’ Assessments of Risk and Economic Viability ....................................................................... 114 Tamara K. Kowalczyka and Tracy N. Reedb ........................................................................................... 114 Irrationality of Macroeconomic Forecasts and Behavioral Characteristics of Forecasters.......................... 115 Paulina Ziembińska ................................................................................................................................. 115 Developments in the Russian Economy in the Post-Soviet Era .................................................................. 125 1

GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings Ercan Sancaka and S. Cem Karamanb...................................................................................................... 125 The Implications of the EMU Debt Crisis on the Process of Gulf Cooperation Countries’ Monetary Integration’ .................................................................................................................................................. 132 Reham Fakieh and Dimitrios Syrrakos.................................................................................................... 132 Liquidity Management of Small Firms ....................................................................................................... 133 Haitham Nobaneea and Jaya Abrahamb ................................................................................................... 133 Does the Turkish Stock Market Overreact? An Application in the Industrial Index ................................... 134 Turan Ondesa and Ramazan Bozkurtb ..................................................................................................... 134 Ex-post Return Efficiency of the Investment Trust Funds Using Data Envelopment Analysis with HigherOrder Moments Framework ........................................................................................................................ 141 Murat Kizildaga and Jalayer Khalilzadehb ............................................................................................... 141 The Effects of Monetary Shocks in OECD Countries on Other Macroeconomic Variables ....................... 142 Ekrem Gula and Pinar Torunb .................................................................................................................. 142 The Relationship between Perception and Utilization of Export Incentive Schemes among Indian Exporters ..................................................................................................................................................................... 149 Shivendra Pandeya, O P Walib and Rajan Chandrac ................................................................................ 149 Changing Risk Perception and Interactions among the Global Markets: Asymmetric Causilty Approach. 163 Guven Sevila, Serap Kamışlıb, Melik Kamışlıc and Alp Polatd ................................................................ 163 Luxury Consumption Behaviour in Mainland China: the Roles of Brand Commitment and Brand Trust .. 164 Ning Lia, Andrew Robsonb and Nigel Coatesc ........................................................................................ 164 Human Behaviour Experiments for the Time Series of Stock Price with Fundamental Information .......... 174 Fumihiko Hashimoto ............................................................................................................................... 174 Does Sequence Patterns of Recent Gains and Losses Effect Individuals Risk Taking Behavior: An Experimental Study ..................................................................................................................................... 182 Sezin Zengina and Michael A. Arnoldb .................................................................................................... 182 Analysis of Consumer Demands and Needs Related to Regions in Turkey And a Research ...................... 188 Sefer Gümüş ............................................................................................................................................ 188 Determinants of Mobile Penetration to Forecast New Broadband Adoption: OECD Case ........................ 201 Osman Sahina, Lutfu Sagbansuab and Muhterem Colc ............................................................................ 201 The Perception of Employing an Aging Workforce in the Industrial Sector............................................... 208 Pornrat Sadangharn ................................................................................................................................. 208 Economic Structure and Innovative Capacity ............................................................................................. 209 Xin Xiea and Wenai Zhang ...................................................................................................................... 209 The Impact of Internal Conflict & Judicial Outlay upon the Inflows of Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan ....................................................................................................................................................... 220 Toqueer Syeda and Hamza Muhammadb ................................................................................................. 220 Real Option Strategic Approach to Find Optimal Company’s Source of Financing ................................... 231 Dmytro Shestakov ................................................................................................................................... 231 Turkey’s Export Dynamics: A Simultaneous-Equation Model Analysis .................................................... 236 2

GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings S. Cem Karamana and Nurettin Cana ....................................................................................................... 236 The Impact Assessment of Central Bank Autonomy & Exchange Rate Regimes upon Exchange Rate Volatility in Pakistan ................................................................................................................................... 241 Toqueer. Syeda and Shah. Syed Ali Razab............................................................................................... 241 Use of Evolutionary Algorithm in the Investment Project Evaluation ........................................................ 251 Hasan Durucasua and Elif Acarb .............................................................................................................. 251 Selected One-Factor Models for Pricing of Synthetic CDOs ...................................................................... 261 Marek Kolman......................................................................................................................................... 261 Testing Time Series Momentum Strategies in Turkish Futures Market ...................................................... 262 Alp Polata and Güven Sevilb .................................................................................................................... 262 Exploring Factors Influencing Generation Y Trust on Internet Banking .................................................... 263 Syadiyah Abdul Shukor........................................................................................................................... 263 Marketing Strategies of Boutique Hotels: A Model Proposal and an Evaluation of Boutique Hotels in İstanbul ........................................................................................................................................................ 264 Füsun Istanbullu Dinçera, Mithat Zeki Dinçerb and Zehra Binnur Avunduk........................................... 264 Proposals of Insurance Model to Interest Free Banking .............................................................................. 281 Melahat Karadağa and Hamide Selçuka ................................................................................................... 281 A Fuzzy TOPSIS Approach to Ecopreneur Selection ................................................................................. 289 Shirin Noeia, Yasamin Amirpour and Mehmet Emre. Bayraktar ............................................................ 289 Clustering Countries based on their Healthcare Status and Anlaysis of Correlation between Economic Development and Healthcare Status ............................................................................................................ 297 Keziban Seckina and Erman Coskunb ...................................................................................................... 297 A Consultative Hotel Sales Force Conundrum: Are we being Commoditized out of a Job? ...................... 305 Richard G. McNeill ................................................................................................................................. 305 The Impact of Brand Value on Shareholder Value: the Case of Turkey ..................................................... 306 Israfil Zora and Ilkut Elif Kandil Gokerb ................................................................................................. 306 Sport Sentiment and Stock Market Returns: Case of Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST) .............................. 313 Tuba Sevila and Alp Polatb ...................................................................................................................... 313 Sampling Frequency and Empirical Analyses of Term Structure of Interest Rates and Exchange Rates ... 314 A. Can Inci .............................................................................................................................................. 314 Investment and Competition in Turkish Mobile Market ............................................................................. 315 Lutfu Sagbansuaa, Osman Sahinb and Muhterem Colc ............................................................................ 315 The Effect of Economic Growth and Inflation on Stock Returns: A Panel Data Application ..................... 322 Ali Akgun ................................................................................................................................................ 322 Sustainable Entrepreneurs: The Role of Small Businesses in Global Sustainable Efforts .......................... 331 Chloë Abu-Jabera and Bella L. Galperinb ................................................................................................ 331 Influence of Sport Facility Design Dimensions on Customer Satisfaction ................................................. 336 Huseyin Kosea, İzzet Kirkayab and Guven Sevilc .................................................................................... 336 The Changing Term “Individualization” ..................................................................................................... 338 3

GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings Monika Kriewald..................................................................................................................................... 338 Brand Islamization: Marketing with Islam in Mind .................................................................................... 346 Ahmed Maamoun .................................................................................................................................... 346 The Effects of Legibility on Behavioral Intentions through Pleasure and Dominance Emotions: The Case of Business Events ........................................................................................................................................... 347 Deniz Yüncü............................................................................................................................................ 347 The Cluster Activities in Sustaining the Competitive Advantage and an Overview of Cluster Activities in Turkey ......................................................................................................................................................... 359 V. Özlem Akgün ..................................................................................................................................... 359 Disaster Risk and Urban Regeneration Practices in Urban Residential Areas: An Example in Bursa/TURKEY .......................................................................................................................................... 366 Zehra Berna Aydına, Neslihan Samb and Nihal Açıkalınc ....................................................................... 366 Perceptions of Risk and Cigarette Package Warning Labels of Adults in Turkey ...................................... 374 Destan Kırımhan ..................................................................................................................................... 374 A Review of the Legislative Framework for Addressing Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Trinidad and Tobago ..................................................................................................................................................................... 383 Malini Mohanie Maharaj ......................................................................................................................... 383 Consumer Perceptions on Brand Obscuration: An Invitation to Sin? ......................................................... 393 Mehpare Tokay Argana, Metin Arganb, N.Serdar Severc and Nurdan Sevimd ........................................ 393 Examination of the Effectiveness of the Surveillance Cameras in Reducing Traffic Accidents: The Bursa Case ............................................................................................................................................................. 399 İsmet Nezih Abanoza and Zehra Berna Aydınb ....................................................................................... 399 An Exploratory Study to Examine the Different Attitudes toward Facility Improvement in a Private Country Club by Age and Gender ............................................................................................................... 406 Jim Butlera and SoJung Leeb ................................................................................................................... 406 Vroom and Yetton’s Decision Tree for the Selection of Leadership Style: An Implementation in Ataturk Airport ......................................................................................................................................................... 415 Celal Hakan Kağnıcıoğlu a and Savaş Selahattin Ateşb ........................................................................... 415 An Empirical Research of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model: A Practice in Kindergarten in the City of Adiyaman /Turkey ..................................................................... 422 Murat Ayana and Suat Aşkınb .................................................................................................................. 422 Human Resource Management and Labour Relations in Multinational Companies: A Case Study in a Multinational Hypermarket in Turkey......................................................................................................... 432 Deniz Kağnıcıoğlua and Banu Uçkanb ..................................................................................................... 432 Information Asymmetry, Accounting Conservatism, and Stock Return ..................................................... 442 Mohammed M. Yassin ............................................................................................................................ 442 The Harmonization Requirement of the Turkish Insurance Industry by the EU: From the Perspective of Turkey’ s Full Membership ......................................................................................................................... 443 Cem Berka and Niyazi Berkb ................................................................................................................... 443 Impact Assessment of Job Tenure, Gender Status, and Nature of Job Contract upon the Income Prospects of Private University Faculty: Findings of a Cross Sectional Study ................................................................ 452 4

GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings Toqueer Syeda and Ali Azharb................................................................................................................. 452 Factors Affecting Foreign Direct Investment in the Accommodation Sector ............................................. 461 Cristina Barrocoa, Eduardo Anselmo Castrob and Carlos Costac............................................................. 461 An Assessment on the Effect of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction: The Case of Tourist Standard Hotels of Gondar Town ............................................................................................................................... 472 Mehariw Belaya and Siraw Megibarub .................................................................................................... 472 Exploring the Value of Behavioural Characteristics of an Umbrella Brand in the German Hospitality Industry: a Top Management Perspective ................................................................................................... 473 Kaouther Kooli, Len Tiu Wright, and Cornelia Beer .............................................................................. 473 Tourism’s Potential for Learning: Understanding Local Cultural Perspectives on Environment ............... 483 Tom Mcdonalda, Ying Zhangb, Feng Pengc, and Hooi Chan Jind, ........................................................... 483 Tourism Economic Impacts of Administrative Boundary Adjustment: A case study in Shanghai ............. 490 Yang Guoa, Jizhe Sunb, Jia Huc ,and Shengyang Wangd ......................................................................... 490 The Effect of TQM, Market Orientation, and Learning Orientation on Hotel Performance in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Conceptual Framework..................................................................................................... 496 Muslim Amina and Abdullah Mohammed Aldakhilb .............................................................................. 496 Using Social Media in Hotel Risk Management: The Case of Bed Bugs ................................................... 501 Bingjie Liua and Lori Pennington-Grayb ................................................................................................. 501 Tourism Competitiveness Enhancement: A Case Study of Samed Island, Thailand .................................. 502 Sakchai Setarnawat ................................................................................................................................. 502 The Potential Impact of Miscommunication ın the Hospitality Industry in Multicultural Societies ........... 503 Saloomeh Tabaria and Hadyn Ingramb .................................................................................................... 503 Managing Costa Vicentina as a Tourism Destination for Foreign Surf Practitioners.................................. 504 Maria Leonor da Cruz Fernandesa and Sonia Dahabb .............................................................................. 504 The Impact of Exchange Rate on Tourism Industry: The Case of Turkey .................................................. 505 Meryem Samırkaş and Mustafa Can Samırkaş ........................................................................................ 505 A Strategic Performance Management Framework for Tourism Companies.............................................. 513 Yıldırım Yılmaz ...................................................................................................................................... 513 Measuring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Tourism Students towards Tourism Sector and These Attitudes’ Effects on Career Choice of Students .......................................................................................................... 519 Aylin Kilica, Remziye Ekicib and Gamze Mesec..................................................................................... 519 Co-Marketing Strategy and Developing New Products: A Case of Trabzon Local Tourism Destinations . 529 Hasan Ayyıldıza and Hayri Uygunb ......................................................................................................... 529 The importance of Marketing Places in Developing Tourist Regions. Study of Thermal Spa in Portugal. 538 Joaquim Antunes ..................................................................................................................................... 538 Authenticity in the Experience of Tourism Product .................................................................................... 546 Kadir Çorbacı .......................................................................................................................................... 546 Management Process of Food and Beverage Sector and a Model Proposal ................................................ 551 Dündar Denizer ....................................................................................................................................... 551 5

GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings Personality Trait Inferences about Hotel Businesses: Development of a Scale .......................................... 557 Alev Dundar Akcay ................................................................................................................................. 557 Application of Cash Waqf Transfer in Islamic Financial Industry: Indonesian Study Case ....................... 567 Ahmad Mikaila, Saim Kayadibib and Ibrahim Guran Yumusakc ............................................................. 567 Near Field Communication Technology (NFC) in the Hospitality Industry ............................................... 568 Ahmet Bulent Ozturk and Mathilda van Niekerk .................................................................................... 568 The Influence of Corporate Reputation on Affective Commitment: Mediating Roles Played by Organizational Factors ................................................................................................................................ 569 Muharrem Tunaa, Murat Yeşiltaşb and Pelin Kantenc ............................................................................. 569 Destination Marketing Organizations: A Comparative Study of the United States and European Union Countries ..................................................................................................................................................... 581 Aysen Akbas Tunaa, Muharrem Tunab, Hasan John Yılmazc, Ali Yaylid and Murat Bayrame ............... 581 Globalization, Production of Generics in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry: Problems and Prospects ......... 583 J .Manohar Rao ....................................................................................................................................... 583 The Perception of and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Ethiopia: The Case of Rice Producers in Fogera Woreda, Amhara Region ................................................................................................................. 589 Girma Abejeaa and Meseret Kassahunbb ................................................................................................. 589 Social Media Use for Travel Purposes: A Cross Cultural Comparison between Portugal and the United Kingdom ...................................................................................................................................................... 590 Suzanne Amaroa and Paulo Duarteb ........................................................................................................ 590 Conceptualizing Destination Image and Effect on Visitors’ Future Intentions ........................................... 601 Bassey Benjamin Esu .............................................................................................................................. 601 Increasing Labor Productivity by Youth Employment in Turkey ............................................................... 610 Suat Aşkına, Murat Ayanb and Mehmet Tatarc ........................................................................................ 610 Cost Management Practices in the Hospitality Industry: The Case of the Turkish Hotel Industry ............. 619 Adnan Sevima and Erdem Korkmazb ...................................................................................................... 619 A Probe into Eco-Tourism in Beautiful Qingdao from an Ecological Civilization Perspective.................. 626 Yuling Gaoa and Tianming Gaob ............................................................................................................. 626 Development of Hunting Tourism in Adıyaman (2004-2013) .................................................................... 635 İsmail Ukava and Abdulkadir Çorbacıb .................................................................................................... 635 The Effect of Moral Appeals on Consumers’ Attitudes: The Case of Digital Piracy .................................. 644 Ryan McCafferty ..................................................................................................................................... 644 Supplier Selection and Lot-Sizing Optimization Problem under Changing Demand.................................. 645 Andrey Bochkareva and Pavel Bochkarevb ............................................................................................. 645 An Economic Analysis of Landfill Gas to Energy Projects in the Island State of Trinidad and Tobago .... 652 Gopiechand Boodhan .............................................................................................................................. 652 A Proposal of Architecture for a Social Media Platform for Promoting Events ......................................... 663 Paulo Tomé ............................................................................................................................................. 663

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GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings Learned Helplessness and Demographic Factors Influence Teachers’ Perception of Glass Ceiling Syndrome ..................................................................................................................................................................... 667 Rabia Bato Çizela and Beykan Çizelb ...................................................................................................... 667 Strategic Dilemma as a Game Theorsy: Retortion and Negotiation Dilemma of Companies and Suppliers ..................................................................................................................................................................... 672 Merve Inela, Nihal Canturkb and Huseyin Cicekc .................................................................................... 672 Relationships between Perceptions of Virtual Destination Environment, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention ...................................................................................................................................................... 676 Deniz Yüncüaand Pembe Gül Çakırb ....................................................................................................... 676 Organizational Culture Integration in Mergers and Acquisitions ................................................................ 684 Nevra Saniye Gül and Ahu Tuğba Karabulut .......................................................................................... 684 Innovation Design in Mobile Gaming and Digital Music: The Next Frontier (Technological Convergence, Innovation Design and Revolutionary Business Concepts) ......................................................................... 691 Filipe Castro Soeiroa and Mariana Santosb .............................................................................................. 691 Strategy Ranking Methods Which Integrate Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods with SWOT Analysis (A Review of Literature) ............................................................................................................................. 692 Emin Başar Baylana, Yasemin Claire Erensalb and Tuğba Karabulutc .................................................... 692 Game Theory Analysis: Telecommunication Companies of Turkey .......................................................... 699 Merve Inela and Huseyin Cicekb.............................................................................................................. 699 Information Technology Employees’ Business Intelligence Perceptions at Enterprises ............................. 702 Gülin Ülkeraand Erman Coşkunb ............................................................................................................. 702 A Data Mining Approach towards Predicting the Academic Succes of Students based on Demographic Features and Highschool Education Parameters: Results of a Preliminary Study at Sakarya University ... 708 Tuğrul Cabir Hakyemeza and Erman Coşkunb ........................................................................................ 708 Storytelling Brand Narratives in the Digital Age ........................................................................................ 714 David Colley ........................................................................................................................................... 714 Designing an Information Technology Development Index for Business Organizations ........................... 722 Tuğba Çekicia, Dilek Özceylan Aubrechtb and Erman Coşkunc .............................................................. 722 Examining the Residents' Attitudes toward Tourism Development: Case Study of Kaş, Turkey ............... 727 Remziye Ekicia and Beykan Cizelb.......................................................................................................... 727 Swiss Army: Diversifying into the Fragrance Business? ............................................................................ 735 Ilan Alona and Claudia Carvajalb ............................................................................................................. 735 The Influence of Social Media on Consumer Perception of Brands ........................................................... 736 Caroline Cronemberg Caixeta and Antonio Nascimento Junior ............................................................. 736 Middle East Tourists: Impact of Destination Experience on Recommendation and Loyalty ...................... 745 Batikan Yasankula, Gurel Cetinb and Fusun Istanbullu Dincerc .............................................................. 745 Trends in Roll-Your-Own Tobacco Use: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys ........................................................................................................................................................ 746 Abraham Brown ...................................................................................................................................... 746

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GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings Evaluation of Protected Areas from the Perspective of Sustainable Tourism: Case Study of Mount Nemrut National Park/Adıyaman ............................................................................................................................. 756 Caner Çalışkan ........................................................................................................................................ 756 Private and Public Debt ............................................................................................................................... 760 Vratislav Izaka and Stanislav Klazarb ...................................................................................................... 760 Health Care Delivery through Public Private Partnership Model in India: An Evaluation ......................... 769 J .Manohar Rao ....................................................................................................................................... 769 Travel Content Creation: the Influence of Innovativeness, Involvement and Use of Social Media ............ 776 Henrique Ribeiroa, Suzanne Amarob, Cláudia Seabrac and José Luís Abrantesd ..................................... 776 The Management of Sport Innovation in Sport Markets: The Case of Decathlon (Oxylane Group) .......... 786 Yann Abdourazakou ................................................................................................................................ 786 Management Success Factors of the World Class Research Universities ................................................... 796 Juan Rocka, Medardo Aguirreb and Andrew Philominrajc....................................................................... 796 Assessment of the Health Care Workforce Interest in Job Performance ..................................................... 806 I.A. Kabashevaa, I.A. Rudalevab and R. Kovalevac ................................................................................. 806 Impact Assessment of State of Technology & the WTO Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement upon the Export Intensity of Textile Sector Exporters in Pakistan ........................................... 816 Syed Toqueera and Adil Mehboobb, ........................................................................................................ 816 Market Efficiency of Refined Soy Oil Futures: Evidence from India ......................................................... 826 Rajib Sarkar ............................................................................................................................................. 826 The Draft of the System Supporting Purchasing Decisions Making in Project Management Processes ..... 827 Paweł Błaszczyka and Tomasz Błaszczykb .............................................................................................. 827 The Submissions on Information Technology Auditing and Auditing Profession for Public Organizations in Turkey ......................................................................................................................................................... 834 Ömer Yurdagül a and Yavuz Kahramanb ................................................................................................. 834 Environmental Settings, Fast Eaters and Changing Dining Patterns ........................................................... 843 Tolga Benli .............................................................................................................................................. 843 Revealing the Secret Relationship between Associative Networks and Destination Image ........................ 845 Hilmi Atahan Atadil ................................................................................................................................ 845 Customer Relationship Management Practices in the UK Retail Industry .................................................. 846 Jessica Abollo and Trevor Uyi Omoruyi ................................................................................................. 846 Responsible Actors for Sustainable Air Transport ...................................................................................... 847 Vildan Durmaz ........................................................................................................................................ 847 Game Theory in Safety Management: Do I Report or Not? ........................................................................ 848 Hakan Korul ............................................................................................................................................ 848 Cultural Perceptions of Managerial Style: Is the perfect “high-high” manager an American stereotype? .. 849 R. Douglas Waldoa, Gunce Malanb, Robert B. Whartonc, and Cihan Cobanoglud .................................. 849 Understanding the Factors Influencing the Customers’ Purchase Intention from Social Commerce Websites: A Case of Deal-of-the-Day Websites in Thailand ...................................................................... 855 8

GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings Dissatat Prasertsakula and Pakawakarn Koottatepb ................................................................................. 855 Predicting Turning Points in Financial Markets Using a Wave Smoothing Algorithm .............................. 856 Omar Ait Hellal and Gerald H. Meyer .................................................................................................... 856 External Debt Accumulation in Sub-Saharan African Countries: How Fast Is Safe? ................................. 857 Olusegun Ayodele Akanbi ...................................................................................................................... 857 An Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale ....................... 858 Serkan Dolmaa, Ozlu Azaklia, and Burak Koseoglu ................................................................................ 858 Decentralized Model of Governance: A Study about Governance of Local Councils in Rural Areas of Brazil ........................................................................................................................................................... 859 Alexandre Maduro-Abreua, and Roberto Ellery Jr.b ................................................................................ 859 Processual Model of Consumption: a Building from the Meanings of Products and Values and Consumption Patterns of Individuals .......................................................................................................... 860 Alexandre Maduro-Abreua, Antônio César Pinho Brasil Jr.b, and Roberto Ellery Jr.c ............................ 860 A Multi-Criteria Approach for Attracting Movie Industry to a City as an Economic Leverage ................. 861 Muzaffer Kapanoglua, Alper Cam and Tugce Kır ................................................................................... 861 A Preference-Based Bottleneck Assignment Problem ................................................................................ 865 Muzaffer Kapanoglua, Asuman Saglamb and Nihat Adarc ...................................................................... 865 Leadership Challenges of Charter School Principals .................................................................................. 870 Mehmet Emirhan Kulaa and Anil Tanb .................................................................................................... 870 Modeling the Repurchase Option on Equity ............................................................................................... 871 Pia Guptaa and Khaled Abdoub................................................................................................................ 871 Comparing the Academic Success of Community College Transfer Students versus Traditional Four Year Students ....................................................................................................................................................... 872 Sunita Mondala, Diane Galbraithb and John Rindyc ................................................................................ 872 Do Popular Management Techniques Improve Firm Performance? Evidence from Turkish Firms ........... 873 Ela Unler, Ekrem Tatoğlu and Can çelik ................................................................................................. 873 Investigating Forensic Science’s Bumpy Transition from Small Scientific Field to Large, Dynamic Industry ..................................................................................................................................................................... 874 Kevin Lothridge ...................................................................................................................................... 874 Household Level Determinants of Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies in Rural Areas of Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Approach (Evidence from Tigray Regional State) ............................................................ 875 Dereje Yohannesa and Fredu Negab ........................................................................................................ 875 Exploring the Financial Sustainability of International Non-Government Organizations........................... 876 Emmanuel Jean Francois ......................................................................................................................... 876 Digital Ecosystems: an Evaluation of Innovation and Economic Impacts .................................................. 877 Arthur Taylor........................................................................................................................................... 877 Implications of Market Uncertainty on Sustainable Bioenergy Development ............................................ 878 Haluk Gedikoglu ..................................................................................................................................... 878 A Mature Reflection on Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions ........................................................................... 879 9

GIBA 2014 Conference Proceedings Mehmet Emirhan Kulaa and Anil Tanb .................................................................................................... 879 Labor Force Creativity and Economic Growth: A Panel Study .................................................................. 880 Oguz Demir ............................................................................................................................................. 880 Tourism Industry Stock Performance: A Comparative Investigation.......................................................... 881 Engin Kucukkaya .................................................................................................................................... 881 Visitor Satisfaction of Muziris Heritage Site in Kerala ............................................................................... 882 Suja John ................................................................................................................................................. 882

10


Measuring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Tourism Students towards Tourism Sector and These Attitudes’ Effects on Career Choice of Students Aylin Kilica, Remziye Ekicib and Gamze Mesec a

Tourism Faculty University of Akdeniz, TURKEY [email protected] b

Tourism Faculty University of Akdeniz, TURKEY [email protected] c

Tourism Faculty University of Akdeniz, TURKEY [email protected]

Abstract This study is aimed to examine the attitudes of undergraduate tourism students towards tourism sector and these attitudes’ effects on career choice of students after graduation. The research was conducted on a total of 251 students who were enrolled in Akdeniz University Tourism Faculty. In the context of the research students responded to a questionnaire measuring the attitudes of university level tourism students towards tourism industry and factors that affect their career choice. The exploratory factor analysis is used to the scale of attitude toward sector and the effects of sub-dimensions of the scale on the career choosing are determined. Keywords: Undergraduate Tourism Students, Attitudes towards Tourism Sector, Career Choice.

Introduction As one of the sectors that develop the most and are predicted to develop in the future as well, tourism sector creates a significant volume of labor due to its labor-intensive characteristics (Davras and Bulgan, 2012). Therefore, the development of tourism sector in a country would enable employment of the people of this country in this sector and it could also be an important factor in resolving unemployment problem without the need of intervention (Çeken and Erdem, 2003). To obtain an advantageous position in the increasingly competitive environment of international tourism market, will only be possible by giving qualified service through the usage of the potential of the skills the sector has (Üngören, 2007) and enabling satisfaction of customers. The qualified labor needed to enable customer satisfaction, on the other hand, may only be provided by effective and high-quality tourism education (Ünlüönen, 2000) and training and by the employment of tourism school graduates in the sector (Kuşluvan,2000). Since higher occupational, technical and educational levels of the labor employed in the sector would enable higher service quality in modern tourism approach and healthier and high-quality relations between tourists and people providing service for them (Christou, 1999; Alp, 1992: 47). Turkey Tourism Strategy 2023 Action Plan indicates that high-quality basic training would enable the development of effective labor and contribute in the prevention of disorganization and lack of coordination in the sector. In addition, effective and successful tourism education is specified as a factor that would change the perspective of the people who work or will be working in the sector concerning tourism service sector and that would affect not only the choice of profession of the individual but also the success individual would achieve throughout his/her career significantly (www.ktbyatirimisletmeler.gov.tr). The present study has been conducted in order to investigate the attitudes of undergraduate tourism students towards tourism sector and these attitudes’ effects on their professional career choices after graduation. The first section of the study contains information regarding tourism education in Turkey and the notions of career and career choices. The second section presents findings to specify the effect of the attitudes of undergraduates concerning the sector on their career choices after graduation. And the conclusions regarding the findings and some suggestions are given in the last section.

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Tourism Education in Turkey Employment is rendered easier and more effective in tourism due to the labor-intensive characteristic of the sector while this very fact increases the need for educated and qualified labor in terms of occupational knowledge and behavior due to the intensive face-to-face relations tourism service industry has (Kozak, 2012: 12). What is needed for tourism development is enabling professional training of the labor force in tourism sector. In this way, personnel of the sector would contribute effectiveness and meaning to the physical elements found in the tourism activity as a potential representative of tourism (Ünlüönen, 2004: 109) and provide tourists the services they expect (Ünlüönen and Boylu, 2005: 11). And this could only be provided by institutions giving effective tourism training in Turkey (Üngüren, 2007) which has been developing especially since 2000 (Çatı and Bilgin, 2013: 24) by increasing its international competitive power in tourism sector. There are more than 50 institutions providing tourism education in undergraduate and two-year degrees in Turkey (www.turkturizmkurultayi.org). Tourism education in Turkey could be classified in two groups: formal education and non-formal education. The educational institutions providing formal education in tourism field are constituted of the schools giving tourism education in secondary and higher education (two-year degree/undergraduate/graduate) levels while short-term occupational courses concerning tourism given by official or private organizations are classified under non-formal education (Ünlüönen and Boylu, 2005: 15). 6% of the people receiving tourism education from these foundations are located in Antalya with approximately 4 thousand students in 18 institutions (www.aktob.org.tr). Career Choice in Tourism Sector Career, in its most general terms, means to take on responsibility in the business field of choice, to achieve a status and to earn respect (Taştepe, 2001: 27). Career is defined as "the model of experiences determining a person's flow of life" (Robbins et al., 2006: 736) and "the series of works arranged in time" (Riley and Ladkin, 1994: 225). Although career, in its wider sense, is defined as the whole of the works a person has undertaken in professional life, it has a wider meaning beyond this definition. A person's career is not only the job that person undertakes but also education the person gets in order to realize the expectations, targets, emotions and desires regarding the professional role and advance in professional life (Yalçın, 1990 cited by Pehlivan, 2008). The individual's inclination towards one of the options in front of him/her, emerges as a cognitive process (Payne et al., 1988). Career, in this sense, could be seen as a process starting with entering a job, having different jobs in the ongoing process and ending with leaving labor force (Özsalmanlı, 2004). The choice of occupation and career also means the evaluation of jobs with regard to the individual's characteristics and living one's life by choosing one of the options which has more desired characteristics than undesired ones in terms of personal needs (Baltaş, 1993: 36). Researchers have classified the factors effecting individuals' occupation and career choices in various ways (Razon, 1983; Kuzgun, 1991; Aytaç, 1997). Razon (1983) lists the factors effecting career choice as follows: coincidences, environment, individual conditions and family. In business literature, on the other hand, psychological and social characteristics have been studied as the factors effecting individual's career choice (Ahmed et al., 1997; Kochanek and Norgaard, 1985; Paollilo and Estes, 1982). And, some sociologists suggest that career choice takes shape by the effect of social institutions or communities such as culture, family structure, school and friendship relations (Kuzgun, 1991: 94). Working in tourism sector does not look very attractive to individuals due to various reasons. The negative perception of tourism sector in the society sometimes prevents people from seeing tourism as a promising field of work (O’Leary and Deegan, 2005). Many issues standing in the way of making a career in tourism are emphasized in the relevant literature, including many jobs in the sector being seasonal and preventing people from permanent employment, inadequate social security opportunities, stressful work environment, society's having a low value of tourism as an occupation, irregular and long working hours, sector's limitations on personal, social and family life, low wages, restricted opportunities with regard to progressing in the job, high turnover observed in the sector etc. (Öztürk and Pelit, 2008). Following previous researches, Walmsley (2004) has expressed the general characteristics of the occupations found in tourism sector as follows: “low waged, requiring low skills, having a negative image that leads to see these jobs as insignificant and simple, being subject to bad management, seasonal and lacking career structure". Many people who will be participating in labor force in the future do not see hotel and restaurant jobs as career choices, although there have been some positive developments in years to improve the image of tourism and hotel management sector (Baum, 2007:1390). In the study conducted by Altman and Brothers (1995) in America, 30,6% of the people who graduated from tourism and hotel management schools have been seen to leave the sector within first five years. In another study 520


conducted by Pavesic and Bryner (1990), on the other hand, the findings showed that 20% of the students who received tourism education have left the sector within the first year while 33% have left the sector within 5 years following graduation. Koko and Guerrier's (1994) findings revealed that majority of graduates left the sector due to various reasons such as working conditions, the banality of the job, low wages, long working hours, low motivation and work dissatisfaction. The relevant studies conducted in Turkey have revealed similar results as well. For example; Kuşluvan and Kuşluvan (2003) have revealed that 33% of the students receiving tourism education at the level of undergraduate do not plan on working in the sector and only half of them see their future in tourism sector. In the study conducted by Duman et al. (2006), findings have revealed that the students think that the nature and working conditions of the job are heavy, wages and additional benefits are low, and the factors effecting their motivation of working in the sector are harmony of individual with the industry and promotional opportunities. The vision and mission of many universities include the future and career of their students. There are many ongoing implementations in higher education institutions related to career planning and development. In Akdeniz University Faculty of Tourism which constitutes the sample of the present study, this is considered a very important issue and activities such as "Employment Fair", "Career Days" and "Career Talks" are organized with the purpose of bringing students and sector representatives together. Aim and Importance of the Research The present study has been conducted in order to investigate the effect of the attitudes of the students currently receiving tourism education on their professional career choices after graduation. The findings obtained as a result of the study have a great importance in terms of evaluating the tourism sector and tourism education in Turkey from the perspective of students receiving tourism education at undergraduate level and determining future oriented education policies. Research Question 1. Do the attitudes of students concerning the sector differ depending on their classes? Research Question 2. What are the factors influencing the desire of making a career in tourism sector after graduation? Research Question 3. What kinds of relationships are there between the dimensions influencing the attitudes of students towards the sector? Research Question 4. How do attitudes of students participating to the study towards the sector influence their desire of making a career in the sector after graduation?

Methodology of the Research The universe of the present study consists of the students studying tourism at the level of undergraduate in Akdeniz University Faculty of Tourism. The number of students studying tourism at the level of undergraduate in the Faculty of Tourism is 1619 as of 2013-2014 Spring Semester. The questionnaire has been applied on volunteer students studying at the level of undergraduate in Akdeniz University Faculty of Tourism who were chosen by convenience sampling. 285 students were reached during the period of questionnaire implementation and 251 of these questionnaires were returned and subjected to analysis. 251 people who have participated to the study have the power to represent the universe with an error margin of 10% and a reliability level of 90% (Ryan, 1995). A pilot study has been conducted with the participation of the students (100 persons) in December 2013 before the implementation of the questionnaire. The reasons of the choice of Akdeniz University Faculty of Tourism in this study include its being a prominent institution giving tourism education for years in line with its targets, ability to collect the results more conveniently and easily, and time limitation. For the study, a literature review has been conducted related to tourism education in Turkey and career notions and secondary data analysis has been conducted with the theoretical information obtained from this review. Questionnaire technique has been preferred as the data gathering tool. The questionnaire consists of three sections. First section contains items measuring the attitudes of the students towards the sector. Second section contains items related to the desire of the students towards making a career, and the final section contains questions related to demographic information concerning the students. In the questionnaire, the scale created by Duman et al. (2006) has been used to measure the attitudes of the students regarding making a career in the sector and to determine their career choices. The dimensions in the scale measuring the attitudes of the students towards tourism sector may be listed as follows; (1) the nature of the work and work conditions, (2) the harmony of individual and sector, (3) managers, (4) 521


promotions and wages, (5) Education and work environment. The desire of students of making a career in tourism sector, on the other hand, has been measured by a total of 10 scale items gathered from the studies of Kuşluvan and Kuşluvan (2003) and Riegel and Dallas (1998) and adapted to Turkish by Duman et al. (2006). 39 items in the scale and 10 items in the career choice scale have been evaluated through 5 point Likert scale as 1=I definitely disagree and 5=I totally agree.

Findings 57.3% of the students participating in the questionnaire were male and 42,7% were female. 69% of the students have put the department they are studying at in their first three choices. 53.1% of the students participating in the study were studying in first and second classes while 46,9% of them were studying in third and fourth classes. 66% of the students answered the questions related to the person(s) who had an active influence in their choice of the department as "my own choice". This indicates that the majority of the students have chosen their departments willingly and voluntarily by themselves by putting the department in their first choice. Table 1.The Distribution of the Attitudes of the Students towards Tourism Sector According to Their Classes Statements Working hours are irregular. Working conditions are generally well. Working hours are long. Work does not receive much respect in society. Work motivation of workers is high. My personality is suitable to work in this sector. I can use my knowledge and skills in the sector. Many jobs in the sector have low wages. Side incomes outside of the sector are inadequate. The wage in the sector is inadequate. Promotional opportunities in the sector are limited. Managers confer power to their employees.

1st&2nd Classes ̅ 𝐗 3,96 2,60 3,87 3,31 2,93 3,70

3rd&4th Classes ̅ 𝐗 4,27 2,32 4,11 3,61 2,51

t

p

-2,156 2,038 -2,012 -2,030

,032* ,043* ,045* ,043*

2,864 3,072

,005* ,002*

2,581

,010*

-3,366 -2,385

,001* ,018*

-2,931 -2,902

,004* ,004*

3,466

,001*

3,23 3,96 3,64 3,61 3,37 3,29

3,59 4,11 3,94 3,79 3,65

3,42 2,94

*p