Accredited by DGHE No. 81/DIKTI/Kep./2011
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, JOURNALS
Volume 14
Go )gle scho lar
No.1, January 2012
ANIMAL PRODUCTION Scientific Journal of Farm Animals and Feed Resources in the Tropic
VOLUME 141 NUMBER 11 JANUARY 2012 Accredited by DGHE No. 81/DIKTI/Kep./2011 ISSN 1411-2027
EDITOR IN CHIEF Mas Yedi Sumaryadi
MANAGING EDITOR
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Juni Sumarmono
Abdul Razak Alimon (Malaysia) Brian W McBridge (Canada) Budi Rustomo (Indonesia) Budi Santoso (Indonesia) Marsetyo (Indonesia) Mulyoto Pangestu (Australia) Peter J Murray (Australia) Rudy Samapathy (Germany) Samadi (Indonesia) SNO Suwandyastuti (Indonesia) Wardhana Suryapratama (Indonesia) Zainal Mohd Jelan (Malaysia)
EDITORS Akhmad Sodiq Ismoyowati Suwarno Ning Iriyanti
LAYOUT EDITORS Setya Agus Santosa Agus Susanto
SECRETARIATE Pambudi Yuwono, Diana Indrasanti, Titin Widyastuti, Win Puji Sulistyaningrum
ADDRESS Room 108 Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University (UNSOED) Dr. Suparno Street No 60, Po Box 110, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia Telp./Fax. +62-281-638792 Email:
[email protected]; Website: www.animalproduction.net Animal Production is a peer reviewed journal published quarterly by the Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University in collaboration with the Indonesian Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. Printed in Indonesia. The first issue was published in May 1999. Bank Account: Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) Purwokerto Utara Ace. No. 3112-01-000659-50-4 (Win Puji S.) Printed by UNSOED Press
Indexed in: Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ)
LIST OF CONTENT
Volume 14, Number 1, January 2012
In Vitro Digestibilities of Six Rumen Protected Fat-Protein Supplement Formulas L Hartati, A Agus, BP Widyobroto and LM Yusiati ... .... ... ....... ... ........... ............ ......... ..... ..
1-5
Lipid Biosynthesis in Blood and Egg of Local Hen Fed with Feed Containing Manhadden Fish Oil as Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids N Iriyanti, E Tugiyanti and E Yuwono .... .. ...... .. .. ...... ...... .. .... .. .. .......... ...... .......... ...... .. .. ....... .
6-12
Isolation and Effect of AI-Tolerant Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism for Production and Phosphate Absorbtion of Grasses and Phosphour Dissolution Mechanism PDMH Karti, S Yahya, D Sopandie, S Hardjosuwignyo and S Yadi .... .................. .. .. .... .. . 13-22 Vibrational Spectroscopic Investigation of Biomolecular Responses of Carbohydrate Structure to Moisture and Dry Heating in Soybean Seed (Glycine max) Samadi and P Yu ............ ..... ..................... .... ............ .......... .......... .. .... .. .. ..... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .... .
23-31
Effect of Number of Spermatozoa, Oviduct Condition and Timing of Artificial Insemination on Fertility and Fertile Period of Kampung Rooster Spermatozoa DM Saleh, Sug;yatno, 5 Mugiyono and RW Sis wadi .... .... .. .... .. .. .......... .... .............. .. ...... .. .
32-36
Opportunities for Change in Small Ruminant Systems in Central Java-Indonesia IGS Budisatria, HMJ Udo, TC Viets and AJ van der Zijpp .... ...... .. .... .. .. .......... ...... .... .... ... ...
37-46
Tenderness and the Calpain System of Three Different Types of Muscle of Kejobong Does under Two Different Energy Levels M Socheh, Ismaya, IGS Budisatria and Kustantinah ...... .. ...... ......... .. .. .. .... .. .... .............. .. .
47-55
Analysis of Carrying Capacity of Agro-Ecosystem Coconut - Cattle in South Minahasa AHS Salendu, Maryunani, Soemarno and B Po Ii; .. ... ...... .. .. .... ... .. ... .. .... ..... ...... .. .......... .. ....
56-62
Effect of Fish Meal Level on Growth, Food Digestibility and Fur Properties of Farmed Mink (Mustela vison) HT Korhonen and P Niemelii .. ...... .... .... .. .. .. ... .. ....... ... ... .. ..... .. .......... .... ...... ..... ... ... ... .. ... .. .. .... 63-69
PDMH Karti et ai/Animal Production 14(1}:13-22, January 2012
Isolation and Effect of AI-Tolerant Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism for Production and Phosphate Absorption of Grasses and Phosphour Dissolution Mechanism PDMH Karti i )·, S Yahya 2), 0 Sopandie
2 ),
S Hardjosuwignyoi) and S Yadi
3
)
l)Faculty of Animal Science, Bogar Agricultural University, Agatis Streets, Bogar, Indonesia 2)Faculty of Agriculture, Bogar Agricultural University, Agatis Streets, Bogor, Indonesia 3)Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Agatis Streets, Bogor, Indonesia • Corresponding author e-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract. The objective of this research was to study the isolation and effect of AI-tolerant phosphate solubilizing microorganisms to growth, production of grasses and phosphate dissolution mechanism. The planting materials used were S. splendida and C. gayana pols. The treatment consisted of four selected
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isolates, namely Po without phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB}, Pi RJM.30.2, P2 FT.3.2, P3 FT.3.4, P4 B8016495, Ps 88016498, P6 the mixture from four isolates P2 -P s. Observed variables were pH, shoot and root dry weight, and P absorption . The best phosphate solubilizing microorganism on acid soil were FP.3.2, FP .3.3, 88016495 and 88016498. Phosphate solubilizing microorganism could not yet increase shoot and root dry weight production on grasses S. splendida and C. gayana, but had shown increasing P shoot and root content and P uptake. On grass S. splendida the best isolate to increase P shoot and root of shoot and root, organic acid. The best phosphate solubilizing microorganism on acid soil content and P uptake was FT .3.3. On grass C gayana the best isolate to increase P shoot and root content and P uptake were RJM.30.2 . and FT.3.3. Organic acid exudated by FT.3.3 . were oxalic and acetic acid as phosphate dissolution mechanism .
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Keywords: phosphate solubilizing microorganism, acid soil, forage grasses, Setaria splendida, Chloris gayana Abstrak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mernpelajari isolasi dan pengaruh mikroorganisme pelarut P yang toleran terhadap AI terhadap pertumbuhan, produksi rumput dan mekanisme pelarutan fosfat. Bahan tanam yang digunakan adalah pols dari rumput Setaria splendida dan Chloris gayana. Perlakuan terdiri dari empat isolat yang terpilih dan satu isolat sebagai pembanding (RJM.30.2). Perlakuan terdiri dari Po = pelarut fosfat (PS8), PJ RJM.30.2, P2 = FP .3.2, P3 FP .3.3, P4 88016495, tanpa bakteri Ps 88016498, P6 campuran dari empat isolat P2 -P S ' Peubah yang diamati adalah pH, berat kering tajuk dan akar, dan serapan P. Mikroorganisme pelarut Fosfat pada tanah asam yang terbaik dalam pelarutan P adalah FP .3.2, FP.3.3, 88016495, dan 88016498 . Mikroorganisme pelarut fosfat belum dapat meningkatkan produksi berat kering tajuk dan akar pada S. splendida . Mikroorganisme pelarut fosfat terbaik untuk meningkatkan kadar dan sera pan P adalah FP.3 .3. Pada C. gayana telah menunjukkan peningkatan produksi berat kering tajuk dan akar dan peningkatan kadar dan serapan P. Mikroorganisme pelarut fosfat terbaik untuk meningkatkan sera pan dan kadar P adalah RJM .30.2 . dan FP.3.3 . Eksudat asam organik yang dikeluarkan oleh FP.3 .3 . adalah asa m oksalat dan asetat sebagai mekanisrne pelarutan fosfat.
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Kata kunci: mikroorganisme pelarut fosfat, tanah asam, rumput pakan, Setaria splendida, Chloris gayana
plants is limited by different chemical reactions .
Introduction Phosphorus elements
for
Phosphorus
is
one
plant
(P)
is
a
the
most
essential
growth
after
nitrogen .
major
Phosphorus plays a significant role in several physiological and biochemical plant activities like photosynthesis, transformation of sugar to
growth-limiting
starch, and transportation of the genetic traits
nutrient, and unlike the case for nitrogen, there
(Mehrvarz, 2008).
is no large atmospheric source that can be
Inorganic
made biologically available (Ezawa et ai., 2002).
phosphates
in
acidic soils are
associated with iron (Fe) and aluminium (AI)
However, the availability of this nutrient for 13
PDMH Karti et aI/Animal Production 14(1): 13-22, January 2012
compounds
where-as
calcium
Materials and Methods
(Ca)-
phosphatesare predominant form of inorganic phosphates
neutralor
in
calcareous
The study was conducted in the Forest and
soils
Environment
(Gyaneshwar et aI., 2002). Chemical fertilizers
Biological
playa significant role in the green revolution, soil
fertility
and
to
and
iron
in
soils
decrease
Laboratory
of
Biochemistry,
Biotechnology
Research Institute for Food Crops, Cimanggu,
P
Bogor, West Java. Th e planting materials used
availability as well as P-fertilizer efficiency also
I
of
Science, Bogor Agricultural University and in
2002) . In
addition, unfavourable pH and high reactivity of aluminium
Center
Research
Laboratory of Agrostology, Faculty of Animal
environmental
(Gyaneshwar et aI.,
degradation
Resources
Laboratory,
Biotechnology, in the Laboratory Field and in
but unbalanced use of them leads to reduction in
Biotechnology
were 5. splendida (AI-tolerant grass) and C.
with high total of P contents (Berling et aI.,
gayana (AI -sensitive grass) pots obtained from
2001; Hao et aI., 2002) . Microorganisms are
Agrostology
involved in a range of process that affects the
Laboratory,
Faculty
of Animal
Science, Bogor Agricultural University . The soil
transformation of soil phosphorus which was an
used was Red-yellow podzolic from Cigudeg,
integral component of the soil P cycle (Deubel
Jasinga, Bogor. This soil contained 28 .15 me
and Merbach, 2005) . In particular, soil micro-
Al dO-
organisms are effective in releasing P from inorganic P through solubilization . Fe and AI
Soil sampling. Composite soil from a depth of
bounding by resulting organic acid, phosphates
0-20 cm was taken, subsequently released from
solubilizing microorganism will reduce inorganic
plant residues, stones, gravel, and well stirred.
phosphate fixation.
To obtain a uniform grain size, soil was sifted with a 2-mm sieve .
Biological fertilizers (phosphate solubilizing bacteria/PSB) are considered among the most
Isolation of bacteria . Ten grams of soil to be
effective plant assistants to supply phosphorus microorganisms
refer
to
agroup
microorganisms
that
as
components
phosphorus
cycle,
isolated were dissolved in 90 ml of physiological
Phosphate solubilizing
at a favorable level
release
could
of it
solution (NaCI 0.85%), then serially diluted up
soil
to 105 times the of dilution levels . One ml of
of
this suspension were cu ltured in aseptically into
from
test tubes containing 9 ml Pikovskaya medium.
insoluble sources by different mechanisms,
One ml suspension was bred on the cup
phosphate solubilizing fungi and bacteria are
containing Pikovskaya and incubated on room
known as effective organisms in this process (Salehrastin,
1999) .
Zhao
and
Lin
temperature for 2 days .
(2001)
feculent white chromatic because it contained
reported that many PSB have been isolated for
including,
Pseudomonas, Serratia,
example,
those
Erwinia,
Salmonella,
zone indicated the dissolution of Ca3 (P0 4 h. Desirable colonies were then purified. Isolates
Enterobacter,
Azotobacter, Alcaligenes,
Ca3 (P0 4 h colony, surrounded by a bright, clear
Bacillus,
Agrobacterium,
Flavobacterium,
Micrococcus,
in
This medium was
acquired at collection in the oblique with
8radyrhizobium,
medium Pikovskaya were then kept at 4°C, and
Chromobacterium,
rejuvenated every 2 months.
Arthrobacter, Streptomyces, Thiobacillus, and Escherichia. The objective of this research was
Selection of isolates based on phosphate
to study isolation and effect of AI-tolerant
solubilizing. Isolates, previously collected and
phosphate
to
selected with a clear zone was formed by the
and
dissolution, then continued to improve the
growth
and
solubilizing production
microorganisms of
Grasses
ability of soil P available. 25 g of sterile soil was
phosphate dissolution mechanisms. 14
PDMH Karti et ai/Animal Production 14(1): 13-22, January 2012
placed in a tube, then inoculated with one ml of
without phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB),
isolate and incubated at room temperature for
PI = RJM.30.2, P2 = FT.3 .2, P3 =FT.3.4, P4
14 days . At the end of the incubation, pH H20, water soluble P and total P were measured. Soil
B8016495, Ps = B8016498, P6 = the mixture into This experiment the four isolates PrP s.
was sterilized by heating at 121 DC for 30
consisted of 42 experimental units measuring
minutes and repeated 3 times. This test was
2x7x3. Data obtained were statistically tested
performed with two replicates chosen based on
with analysis of variance and significant effect
their ability to increase P available.
would be tested with the Duncan test.
Standardization of the population bacteria. Standard
of
curve
determined
to
selected
facilitate
the
isolates
Implementation technique
was
technique
Sterilization. Soil was cleared from various
of
roots then screened and air-dried on room
inoculation for the next experiment. This curve
temperature. Afterwards it was sterilized using
was the relationship between the optical value (optical
density)
colony-forming
suspension units
(CFU),
isolates
with
which
was
=
wet method or braising up to 12 hours at 100°C, and incubated for 2 weeks.
determined by pour plate method, so that
Fertilization. 4 kg soil was dashed with 0.4
inoculation in experiments would be able to use
gjpots manure basics as manure of composites
a uniform population. The suspension isolates
until homogeneous then put into plastic pot.
in nutrient broth medium were sequentially
Inoculation
diluted 2, 4, 8 and 16 times and then measured
phosphate solubilizing bacteria was given 1 ml
using a spectrophotometer at a wave length of
bacteria suspension containing 1.0 x 10
620 nm . Next to each level of dilution, the
(CFU) around
population of isolates was determined using
cultivated with one pols grasses 5. sp/endida
plate count. Population isolates and optical
and 2 pols C. gayana with pols high average 20
value were associated with linear regression
..em. Observed variables were 1) pH analysis
equation which was used as standard curve of
from soil, 2) titrates p analysis of soil, done by
isolate populations within the medium .
utilizing atomic absorption spectrophotometer
and
cultivation.
grass
root.
Inoculum
Each
11
for cell
pot was
10
(AAS), 3) shoot dry weight, measured at the end
cells of microorganisms were inoculated in 100
of research by air drying the upper part of the
ml Pikovskaya medium, incubated at room
plant then heated in oven at 70°C for 24 hours,
temperature for 3 days with 100 rpm shaking.
4) root dry weight, measured at the end of
At the end of incubation the culture was
research by air drying part of root, then heated
centrifuged at 7500 rpm at 25°C for 20 minutes.
in oven at 70°C for 24 hours, 5) P titrates
The filtrate obtained was used to determine the
analysis on plant tissue (coronet and root), P
level of organic acids. The determination of
titrates analysis was done by Watanabe and
organic acids used High Performance Liquid
Olsen's
Chromatography (HPLC).
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and 6) P
Organic Acid Analysis. A number of 1.0 x 10
Pot
Experiment.
conducted completely
in
the
Pot
randomized
design
(1965)
utilizing
Atomic
was
absorption . Total Phosphorus absorption was
using
a
found from total acquired mUltiple shoot dry
with
6
weight (SOW) with shoot phosphorus content
experiment
greenhouse,
method
treatments and 3 replications in two separate
(SPCj
types of grass namely 5. sp/endida (AI-tolerant)
multiplied by root phosphorus content (RPCj.
and C. gayana (AI-sensitive). The treatment
Total absorption phosphorus
consisted of four selected isolates, namely Po
added
by
root
dry
weight
(ROW)
content was
counted as shoot phosphorus absorption =
= 1 ,'e:-
PDMH Karti et ai/Animal Production 14(1): 13-22, January 2012
A total of 20 soil samples from Northern
SDW(g)xSPC(%), root Phosphorus absorption = RDW(g)xRPC(%), total Phosphorus absorption =
Sulawesi showed
SDW(g)xSPC(%)+RDW(g)xRPC(%).
phosphate dissolving.
First selection from
zone resulted in 3 isolate . From Papua showed isolates
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolation and
4
selection of isolate which is tolerant of high AI
observing
of
microorganism
Northern Sulawesi by observing transparent
Results and Discussion
Result
24 isolate
microorganisms
where
most
effect
of
phosphorus dissolution .
isolating
selection
was
transparent
by
zone
Result selection to
solubilizing phosphate from Kalimantan East,
pass through transparent zone was selected 9
Papua and Northern Sulawesi presented on
isolate, then drawned out by selection phase
Table 1. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms
secondly. The next sele ction was by observing
isolate from Kalimantan East, as much as 26 soil
whether microorgan ism was able to dissolve
sample
resulted
in
42
isolates.
To
phosphorus well deep into neutral soil and also
get
preeminent isolate, selection was f irstly made
acid shown in Table 2. Neutral pH obtained by
via isolate's ability to dissolve phosphorus, by
dissolution P was sign ificantly different (PIane bacteria and its influence on the ava i,:l bil ity of t ertiary calcium phosphate. J. Plant Nu t , Soi : ~~i. 163 :387-392 . Deubel A_l id W Merbach . 2005 . Influence of microorganisms on phosphorus bioavailability in soils . In: Bu scot Fand A Varma (Eds .), Microorganisms in Soils : Roles in Genesis and Functions. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. Pp. 177191. Dutton VM and CS Evans. 1996. Oxalate production by fungi : Its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment. Can . J. Microbiol. 42:881895. Furukawa J, N Yamaji , HWang, N Mitani, Y Murata and K Sato. 2007. An aluminum-activated citrate transporter in barley. Plant Cell Physio\. 48 :10811091.
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PDMH Karti et aI/Animal Production 14(1): 13-22, January 2012
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Nahas E. 1996. Factors determining rock phosphate solubilization by microorganism isolated from soil. World J. Microb. Biotechnol. 12:18-23. Omar SA. 1998. The role of rock-phosphatesolubilizing fungi and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in growth of wheat plants fertilized with rock phosphate. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14:211-218. Otani T, N Ae and H Tanaka . 1996. Phosphorus (P) uptake mechanisms of crops grown in soilswithlow P status. II. Significance of organic acids in root exudates of pigeonpea. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 42 :553-560 Ryan PR, E Delhaize and DL Jones. 2001. Function and mechanism of organic anionexudation from plant roots . Annl. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. BioI. 52 :527-560. Sagoe CI, T Ando, K Kouno and T Nagaoka. 1998. Relative importance of protons and Solution calcium concentration in phosphate rock dissolution by organic acids. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 44:617-625. Salehrastin N. 1999. Biological Fertilizers, Soil and Water Research Institute of Iran. Scientific J. Soil and Water. 12(3):35-42. Sasaki T, Y Yamamoto, B Ezaki, M Katsuhara, SJ Ahn and PR Ryan . 2004. A wheat gene encoding an aluminum-activated malate transporter. Plant J. 37:645-653.
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