Government Services Integration Based on Cloud Technology Mubarik Ahmad
Zainal A.Hasibuan
Universitas Indonesia Depok Indonesia
Universitas Indonesia Depok Indonesia
[email protected]
[email protected]
lacking, whilst resources being used is limited. Overall government performances are at stake.
ABSTRACT The nature of Indonesian Government spreads over 70 sectoral and 530 regional government agencies in a very vast geographical area. Hence, to maintain the quality of government services (G2G, G2B, G2C) post such a challenge. These services still scattered among government agencies with silo system. A lot of resources being waste, synchronization is lacking, and interoperability is impossible. Over all government performances are declined and bureaucracy reform is slowing down. This study proposes cloud-based e-government architecture. The architecture consists of six layers: user, access, service, management, virtualization, and infrastructure layers. The access layers accommodate various technological access devices in order to widening users’ access. Initial experimental result shows that the implementation of cloud-based e-government architecture can improve cost-saving of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) investment.
Many attempts have been made to improve government performance. One of them is to endorse each government agency to implement e-government through a decree. However, the results still scarce and tend to waste so much resources, especially ICT resources. The root of the problem is the ICT investment on the e-government is silo and uncoordinated. These post further problems, such as lack of standardization, lack of interoperability, and lack of resource sharing. Indonesian Government has to deploy and provide convenient and easy-toaccess, logical groups of service, customized service to meet personal needs, and greater participation to determine what, how, and when service is provided in each government agencies [1]. As developing countries are continuously face many challenges in implementing e-government from budgetary barriers to citizen expectations and seamless services [2], Indonesia should change the paradigm in implementing egovernment from traditional infrastructure to cloud environment. The government should choose the best implementing strategy so e-government can be delivered in effective and eficient way. An effective e-government system should be reliable, cost effective, ease to maintenance, satisfying other nonfunctional [3].
Categories and Subject Descriptors C.0 [General]: System Architectures
General Terms Design, Experimentation, Performance
Nowadays two main trends in the area of information technology influence e-government. The first trend is constant development of computer infrastructure which becomes more powerful and at the same time less expensive. The second trend is constant increase of users’ skills and knowledge of operating computers. These two trends enhance possibilities of providing electronic services both in the public and the private sector [4]. Public sector should take this opportunities to provide egovernment based on services.
Keywords E-government, Cloud computing, Architecture
1. INTRODUCTION Indonesia is a unique country that has 33 provinces and 497 district/city spread over thousands of archipelagos. In governmental system, Indonesia practices central government (72 ministerial levels agencies) and regional government (530 local government agencies) with a degree of regional autonomy system where each region has the rights, authority and obligation to regulate and manage themselves accordance with laws and regulations. Coordination among these government agencies are
Cloud computing is a way to achieve the goals in delivering services with less infrastructure investment. Cloud computing provides a new service consumption and delivery model inspired by Consumer Internet Services [3]. Besides, as a kind of green technology, cloud computing can raise the utilization rate of resource of data center considerably and can reduce the consumption of energy. This study presents an architecture for implementing cloud environment in e-government based on analysis of current conditions in Indonesia. This architecture allows a greater access to information, improve resource sharing and promote more standardization and consolidation government’s data.
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government agencies. ICT infrastructure has not been adequate and evenly distributed throughout Indonesia.
2. E-GOVERNMENT BASED ON CLOUD ENVIRONMENT 2.1 E-Government in Indonesia
In leadership aspect, the main issue is there is a lack of political leadership and continuity of e-government program. Therefore, there is a need of special education (certification) for regional leaders in understanding e-government and ICT development.
Indonesia is a developing country with very large populations, 237.641.326 people in 2010. Furthermore, this country has a vast area that is 1,904,569 km2 and spread into 17.508 archipelago. These things that make Indonesia has its own characteristics compared to other countries.
In driver/demand (culture), some paradigm shift in government bring cultural changes. There are still bad cultures are found which cause negative impacts in ICT utilization, such as corruption, collusion, nepotism, unwillingness to share, etc. From the problems that are found above, Indonesia should change the paradigm of e-government implementation. One of ways is building cloud environment which can provides services for users with information technology resources via network. Cloud environment offers many benefits and overcome some of those problems. Benefits in data scaling, performance & scalability, reporting & intelligence and system integration can be used for solution in data sytems and technological problems. Auditing and logging benefit can solve the culture problems such as corruption. In legal aspects, policy and regulation can be formalized in data center.
In governance, Indonesia uses sectoral-regional approach. So, it causes Indonesia has central government and local government. According to Hermana and Silfianti [5] evaluation who used data on March 2010, there were 82,9 % local government website can be accessed. From these website 45,25 % (almost 50%) are from java island. It is indicated the digital divide in indonesia and java island is a center of technology and modernization. Based on content, most of these website just provide information and news. The important services like FAQ, eprocurement, site and location map are not provided in most of local government website. It showed that local government has not utilized e-government via website optimally. Implementation e-government in Indonesia can be considered less than satisfactory. It can be seen from their position in worldwide e-government ranking in 2010. From Waseda University institute of e-government [6] ranked Indonesia in 32th position. In United Nations study [7], Indonesia has experienced rank decline from 106 to 109. Finally, Intelligence Economist Unit [8] that showed digital economy ranking assessment indicates that Indonesia in rank 65 out of 70 countries.
2.2 Architecture Based on analysis of e-government in Indonesia earlier, we proposes cloud architecture that inspired by IBM Cloud Computing Architecture [12] and Zhang and Chen [13]. This architecture have three main layers (See Figure 1) :
Infrastructure / Physical Layer
Physical layer is base layer which represents all physical elements / hardware needed on cloud service provider, including server, storage, network, and facility.
From Sensuse and Lusa observation [9] based on findings in literatures [10][11], there are crucial problems from implementation e-government in Indonesia. These problems are divided into several aspects : data systems, legal (policy), institutional, human, technological, leadership, and driver/demand (culture).
Cloud Platform Layer
This layer consist of two platforms that manage cloud services to users. Service management includes service provisioning, monitoring, service automation, change management, virtualization management. The other platform is data management which includes security, authentification, auditing, and certification compliance. These two platforms functionality is accessible via portals and APIs. In this layer, cloud service provider is responsible to provide platforms that needed for cloud services.
In data systems aspect, It’s hard to do an integration because there is no standardization in platforms and databases application development. In legal aspect, there is lack of regulation on e-government promotion. E-government is still considered a project that depends on regional leaders who are in power. In addition, Cyber crime threats requires handling of a comprehensive law.
Cloud Services Layer
This layer is the outermost layer that interact with users. There are four service delivery models in this layer : Software as a Service (SaaS) This service model offers provider’s applications that can be accessed by users on cloud environment. The applications are blog / social media, productivity apps, email, virtual desktop, collaboration apps, G2G apps, G2B apps, G2C apps, legacy apps. Government as a Service (PaaS) GaaS focuses as a service from the government to public in easing bureaucracy with cloud and internet networks such as ereporting, tax services, business licensing, e-paspport, ecertificate, etc.
In institutional aspect, organization structures do not support the implementation of e-government, especially in the region. A partnership that is formed is not optimum, especially in local government. In human aspects, the capability in using ICT is considered low. Therefore, the measurable of competency readiness is needed, which measures the level of competence in a government institution. In other hand, the users are not getting adequate training and socialization in using e-government system. In technological aspect, many problems are found in terms of collaboration and integration of database that include the central government, regions, institutions and other relevant
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Fig. 1. Architecture of E-Government Based on Cloud Environment -
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Iaas provides services in computer infrastructure. In this case are server, storage, network and facility. Data as a Service (DaaS) Data as a Services are provided by Government at the data level. Users can access and use of data provided by the government. This data is typically displayed in certain units of time.
needed in the provision of additional services, especially in the field of business services. In order to satisfy users, we use multichannel-access so the services in cloud e-government system can be accessed widely from one portal (gate) by various digital communication devices [14].
In this architecture, there are 3 stakeholder that plays main role in cloud environment. Each stakeholder have different portal in cloud systems.
3. EXPERIMENT In this study, a cloud portal was developed based on proposed architecture named Indonesian Government – Cloud (Indigo-Cloud). This portal provides various services such as software, data, infrastructure, government services. In software as services, there are budgeting system, archive / document system, and staffing system. In data as services, there are statistics data, national library data, cultural heritage data, and institution data. In infrastructure as services, there is virtual machines. In government services, there are e-report and epasport. Each services can be accessed by stakeholders accordance with their role.
1.
Users E-government involves three essentials users which are government, business/enterprise, and citizen. So there are three relationships that must be provided in cloud environment: Government to Government (G2G), Government to Business (G2B), and Government to Citizen (G2C). 2. Regulator Regulator manages other stakeholders so the cloud environment can available as expected with regulations. In this case, the regulator is government institution who responsible for IT strategy in a country. 3. Provider Provider is a third party that provides all elements that needed for building cloud environment for e-government. They responsible for operate, manage, and maintain all services and system in cloud. 4. Business Partner Government Business Partners are organizations or companies both state and private that has a high capability and credibility in the field of ICT. Cooperation between government and business partners are formulated in terms of the agreement's scope, objectives, benefits, etc. These business partners are
Three experiment scenarios were designed based on proposed architecture : services accesibility, comparison between cloud and non-cloud, and efficiency. This scenarios aim to see the changes as a results in implementing proposed architecture in government. Data used in experiment were taken from institutions web in Indonesia. Services accesibility scenario measured cloud services accesibility by various communication devices. In this case, Indigo-Cloud can be accessed by cellular phone, smart phone, tablet computer, and computer. It showed that cloud services can be accesed with minimal communication devices such as basic cellular phone via SMS.
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In cloud vs non-cloud scenario measured the extent to which the use of cloud to improve the quality of government services than the current mechanism. The series of tests were carried out on application level (staffing and budgeting), data (employees and documents), infrastructure and public services. The test results indicated a change of the various aspects and leads to efficiency and access process data.
benefits than traditional infrastructure. This paper proposes initial architecture for implementing e-government based on cloud computing in Indonesia. This architecture allows for greater information, resource sharing and promote more standardization in the government’s resources. In deployment plan, the hybrid cloud approach is recommended based on the characteristics of e-government relationships in Indonesia.
In efficiency aspect, we simulated Indonesian government’s IT investment in a year. This simulations are viewed from noncloud and cloud environment. There are two investment model : capital expenditure (capex) and operational expenditure (opex). From non-cloud view, most IT investment in physical infrastructure cost. This different from cloud environment where institutions use cloud services on demand. From experiment simulations, cloud environment possible to make cost savings of 45,8%.
From the simulation, it is allowing the government to make an investment efficiency of 45.8%. Besides that, the comparison of Net Present Value (NPV) between the cloud and non-cloud suggests that the cloud is more profitable utilization. The value is relatively large and can be taken into consideration for the government in the state budget savings.
5. REFERENCES [1]
Efficiency =
x 100 [2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6] [7] [8]
Fig. 2. NPV differences (cloud vs non-cloud) in 5 years with various interest rates
[9]
In addition, Net Present Value (NPV) which shows a time series of cash flows (incoming and outgoing) is calculated. From NPV, the use of cloud services will be profitable for the government compared with non-cloud. This is indicated by the difference in NPV over a range of 5 years in which the value is higher and higher (see Fig. 7).
[10]
[11]
4. CONCLUSION Indonesia as a developing country still face many problems in implementing e-government and can be considered less than satisfactory. This is shown from position worldwide egovernment ranking. E-government in Indonesia tends to inefficient and ineffective. The heavy investment approach in each regions cause inefficiency in budget. Furthermore, human resources in government institutions are considered low, especially capability in using ICT. In order to improve it, there is a need to change the paradigm in providing e-government services in Indonesia.
[12]
[13]
[14]
Nowadays, the revolution of technology may lead to cloud computing in e-government. Cloud environment offers many
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